Tài liệu này được tổng hợp để hệ thống hóa các dạng cơ bản của câu điều kiện tiếng Anh (dạng 0; 1; 2; 3) cùng với một số dạng nâng cao hơn (điều kiện hỗn hợp, đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện,...) và một số cấu trúc có thể sử dụng trong các bài tập viết lại câu. Sau phần tóm tắt ngắn gọn Lý thuyết, độc giả có thể làm một số bài tập cơ bản để nắm chắc hơn điểm ngữ pháp này. Hi vọng rằng, tài liệu này sẽ là một công cụ để các bạn nâng cao hơn trình độ ngữ pháp tiếng Anh của bản thân. Chúc bạn học tốt.
Trang 1LÝ THUYẾT
1 Câu điều kiện loại 0
- Chức năng:
Câu điều kiện loại 0 diễn tả một chân lý, sự việc luôn luôn đúng.
- Cấu trúc:
If + Hiện tại đơn, Hiện tại đơn
Ví dụ:
If you heat the ice, it smelts.
(Nếu bạn đun nước đó, nó sẽ tan chảy)
The water reaches 100 degree if you heat it.
(Nước sẽ đạt nhiệt độ 100 độ C nếu bạn đun sôi nó)
2 Câu điều kiện loại 1
- Chức năng:
Câu điều kiện loại 1 diễn trả một sự việc/hành động có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
- Cấu trúc:
If + Hiện tại đơn, Tương lai đơn
► Lưu ý:
- will có thể được thay bằng can/may/shall/must
- Mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề if có thể đứng trước hoặc đứng sau đều được.
Ví dụ:
If you take this medicine, you will feel better.
(Nếu bạn uống thuốc, thì bạn sẽ thấy đỡ hơn đó)
If it stops raining, we can go out.
(Nếu như trời ngừng mưa thì chúng tôi có thể đi ra ngoài)
3 Câu điều kiện loại 2:
- Chức năng:
Câu điều kiện loại 2 là câu điều kiện không có thực ở hiện tại Câu điều kiện loại 2 được sử dụng để diễn tả một điều không
thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai, chỉ là một giả thiết, một ước muốn trái ngược với thực trạng hiện tại.
- Cấu trúc:
If + Quá khứ đơn (Tobe: WERE), S + would/could (not) + V …
Trang 2Ví dụ:
If I were you, I would help him.
(Nếu tôi là anh, tôi sẽ giúp anh ta)
If you tried hard again, you would succeed.
(Nếu bạn cố gắng chăm chỉ lần nữa, bạn sẽ thành công thôi)
4 Câu điều kiện loại 3
- Chức năng:
Câu điều kiện loại 3 là câu điều kiện không có thực trong quá khứ Câu điều kiện loại 3 được dùng để diễn tả một điều
không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ, chỉ mang tính ước muốn trong quá khứ, một giả thiết trái ngược với thực trạng ở quá khứ
- Cấu trúc:
If + Quá khứ hoàn thành, S + would/ could + have + PP
Ví dụ:
If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exams.
(Nếu cậu ta học hành chăm chỉ, thì câụ ta đã đậu kỳ thi rồi)
If I had known she was sick, I would have visited her.
(Nếu tôi biết cô ấy bị bệnh, thì tôi đã tới thăm cô ấy rồi)
5 Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp
- Dạng 1: Dùng để diễn tả một giả thiết trái ngược với quá khứ còn kết quả thì trái ngược với hiện tại (Hình thức: thường có
“now”)
If + Quá khứ hoàn thành, S + would/could + V o
Ví dụ:
I didn't eat breakfast this morning, so I’m hungry now
→ If I had eaten breakfast this morning, I wouldn’t be hungry now.
(Nếu sáng nay tôi ăn sáng, thì bây giờ tôi đã không thấy đói bụng rồi)
- Dạng 2: Dùng để tiễn tả một giả thiết trái ngược với thực tại còn kết quả trái ngược với quá khứ.
If + Quá khứ đơn, S + would + have + PP
Ví dụ:
Thomas is not a good guy He cheated on Rosie
→ If Thomas were a good guy, he wouldn't have cheated on Rosie.
(Nếu Thomas là một người đàn ông tốt, thì anh ta đã không phản bội lại Rosie)
Trang 3 LƯU Ý VỀ CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
1 Cấu trúc Unless (=If … not)
If + S + V () = Unless + S + V (+)
Sau Unless là câu khẳng định
Ví dụ:
If it is not cold, we will go swimming → Unless it is cold, we will go swimming.
(Nếu trời không lạnh, chúng tôi sẽ đi bơi)
If I have time, I will help you → Unless I have time, I won’t help you.
(Nếu tôi không có thời gian, thì tôi không giúp bạn được)
► Lưu ý:
- If … not đổi sang Unless thì mệnh đề chính (main clause) không đổi;
- If đổi sang Unless thì mệnh đề chính (main clause) phải đổi sang nghĩa phủ định.
2 Will/Would và Should trong mệnh đề If:
will/would được dùng trong mệnh đề if mang tính lịch sự (polite request), không có nghĩa tương lai/ sẽ mà có nghĩa đồng ý/sẵn
sàng (a willingness or an agreement)
Ví dụ:
If you will/would help me, we can finish by six.
(Nếu bạn chịu giúp mình, thì chúng ta có thể làm xong hết tầm 6h)
should được dùng trong mệnh đề if để diễn tả sự tình cờ và will được dường trong mệnh đề chính.
Ví dụ:
If it should rain, take the raincoat in.
(Đề phòng nếu trời mưa, mang áo mưa đi cho chắc)
If the director should come in, what will we do?
(Nếu mà giám đốc có xuất hiện, thì mình làm sao đây?)
3 Đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện
Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 1
Should + S + V o , S + will +V o
If he has free time, he’ll play tennis => Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis
Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 2
Trang 4Were + S + to + V o , S + would + V o
If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book => Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book
Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3
Had + S + PP, S + would have + PP
If he had trained hard, he would have won the match => Had he trained hard, he would have won the match
CÁC DẠNG CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN ĐẶC BIỆT
1 were to:
Đứng sau chủ ngữ (S) trong mệnh đề if để nhấn mạnh điều giả định khó có thể xảy ra
Ví dụ:
If I were to win a lottery, what should I do? (Nếu mà tao trúng số, thì tao nên làm gì nhỉ?)
2 If it were not for / hadn't been for + (cụm danh từ):
Được dùng để miêu tả một sự việc này phụ thuộc vào sự việc kia
If + it + were not for / hadn't been for + Noun phrase.
Ví dụ:
If it weren’t for his dedication, our team wouldn’t succeed in this game.
(Nếu không có sự cống hiến của anh ấy, thì đội của chúng tôi đã không thể giành chiến thắng được)
3 supposing (giả sử rằng):
Sử dụng thay cho IF, tỏ ý nhấn mạnh sự tưởng tượng
Ví dụ:
Supposing he came to visit you, would you be happy?
(Giả sử như anh ta đến thăm cậu đi, cậu có vui không?)
4 but for (+ cụm danh từ):
Được sử dụng để thay thế cho ‘if … not’ và theo sau là một danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ.
Ví dụ:
But for our savings, we wouldn’t have been able to make the payments (If we hadn’t saved money)
(Nếu chúng ta không tiết kiệm, thì chúng ta sẽ chẳng thể thanh toán nổi đâu)
5 if it hadn't been for/ hadn't it been for (+ cụm danh từ):
Cụm if it hadn't been for có nghĩa là không có cái này thì sẽ không có cái kia
Ví dụ:
If it hadn’t been for Jack’s help, we would have failed (If Jack hadn’t helped us)
Trang 5(Nếu không có sự giúp đỡ của Jack, thì chúng tôi đã thất bại thảm hại rồi)
6 in case (trong trường hợp), even if (ngay cả khi, cho dù), as long as, so long as, provided (that), on
condition (that) (miễn là, với điều kiện là)
Các từ này đều được sử dụng như If, có thể thay thế if ở các câu điều kiện loại 1, 2, 3 hoặc hỗn hợp.
Ví dụ:
You should take this raincoat in case it rains (Em nên mang theo áo mưa phòng trường hợp trời đổ mưa)
Even if you try really hard, people only concentrate on the result.
(Cho dù bạn có nổ lực cực khổ đến đâu, thì người ta cũng chỉ quan tâm đến kết quả mà thôi)
I won't hurt you as long as you love me.
(Anh sẽ không làm tổn thương em miễn là em yêu anh)
I will buy a motorbike for you provided that you pass the entrance exam.
(Mẹ sẽ mua xe máy cho con với điều kiện là con phải thi đậu đại học)
7 without: không có
Ví dụ:
Without you, I can't survive ≈ If you go away, I can't survive.
(Nếu không có anh, em không thể sống nổi)
8 or: hoặc như thế này, hoặc như thế kia Một trong hai mệnh đề được nối với nhau bởi or thường là câu mệnh lệnh
Ví dụ:
Take the bus or you will be late ≈ If you don't take the bus, you will be late.
(Bắt xe buýt đi nếu không muốn bị muộn)
BÀI TẬP
EXERCISE I Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses.
1 If I (have) a typewriter, I could type it myself
2 If I had known that you were in hospital, I (visit) you
3 You could make much progress if you (attend) class regularly
4 If I (know) his telephone number, I would give it to you
5 If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat
6 If he (study) harder, he can pass an exam
7 She may be late if she (not hurry)
8 Tell him to ring me if you (see) him
9 If you (speak) more slowly,he might have understood you
Trang 610 What (you do) if you got fat?
EXERCISE II Supply the correct verb tense.
1 If you are kind to me, I (be) _ good to you
2 He (come) _ if you waited
3 If you (ring) _ the bell, the servant would come
4 If I had known that the baby was hungry, I (feed) _ him
5 If it (not, rain) _ a lot, the rice crop wouln’t grow
6 If today (be) _ Sunday, we wouldn’t have to work
7 If she had had your address, she (write) _ to you
8 We lost the match If you (play) _ for us, we (win) _
10 They would not be paid unless they (do) _ their work well
EXERCISE 3 Correct the correct form of the word in the blanket.
1 If we meet at 9:30, we (have) _plenty of time
2 If you (find) _ a skeleton in the cellar, don't mention it to anyone
3 The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she ( feed) _ the animals
4 If you pass your examination, we (have) _a celebration
5 Lisa would find the milk if she (look) _ for it in the fridge
6 What (happen) _if I press this button?
7 The door will be unlocked if you (press) _ the green button
8 I should have voted for her if I (have) _ a vote then
9 If you go to Paris, where you (stay) _?
10 If you (swim) _ in this lake, you'll shiver from cold
11 If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you (choose) _?
12 The flight may be cancelled if the fog (get) _thick
13 If the milkman (come) _, tell him to leave two pints
14 I (call) _ the office if I were you
15 Someone (sit) _on your glasses if you leave them there
16 You would hear my explanation if you (not talk) _so much
17 What I (do) _if I hear the burglar alarm?
18 If you (read) _the instructions carefully, you wouldn't have answered the wrong question
19 If Mel (ask) _ her teacher, he'd have answered her questions
20 I would repair the roof myself if I (have) _a long ladder
21 Unless they turn that radio off, I (go) _mad
22 If you were made redundant, what you (do) _?
23 We'll have a long way to walk if we (run) _out of petrol here
24 If you shake that bottle of port, it (not be) _ fit to drink
25 If you spoke louder, your classmates (understand) _ you
26 I'll probably get lost unless he (come) _with me
27 You (not have) _ so many accidents if you drove more slowly
28 If you (wear) _ a false beard, nobody would have recognized you
29 If she (leave) _ the fish here, the cat will eat it
30 You (have) _ no trouble at school if you had done your homework
Trang 731 Unless you (tell) the truth, I won't help you.
32 You'll get pneumonia if you (not change) _ your wet clothes
33 If I had known that you couldn't eat octopus, I (not buy) _ it
34 If they (hang) _ that picture lower, people would be able to see it
35 She (be) _able to walk faster if she didn't have such high-heel shoes
36 I (bring) _ you some beer if I had known that you were thirsty
37 If you had touched that electric cable, you (be) _ electrocuted
38 If the story hadn't been true, the newspaper (not print) _ it
39 I (not buy) _ things on the installment system if I were you
40 Dan (arrive) _ safe if he drove slowly
EXERCISE IV Choose a correct answer.
1 If I the same problem you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have
2 I you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital
A would have visited B visited C had visited D visit
3 more help, I would call my neighbor
A needed B should I need C I have needed D I should need
4 then what I know yesterday, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years
A had I known B did I know C If I know D If I would know
5 Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people the same language?
A spoke B speak C had spoken D will speak
6 If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this, this incident again
7 If I had known you were asleep, I so much noise when I came in
8 Unless you all of my questions, I can't do anything to help you
A answered B answer C would answer D are answering
9 Had you told me that this was going to happen, I it
A would have never believed B don't believe
C hadn't believed D can't believe
10 If Jake to go on the trip, would you have gone?
A doesn't agree B didn't agree C hadn't agreed D wouldn't agree
11 J: "John went to the hospital alone"
K: "If , I would have gone with him"
A had he told me B he had told me C he has told me D he would tell me
12 If you , I would have brought my friends over to your house yesterday to watch T.V, but I didn't want to bother you
A had studied B studied C hadn't studied D didn't study
13 Peter: "Did you need help with your Math last night?"
Mary: "If I had needed, I you"
A would call B called C would have called D will call
Trang 814 If someone in to the store, smile and say, "May I help you?"
A comes B came C come D should come
15 "Here's my phone number"
"Thanks I'll give you a call if I some help tomorrow"
A will need B need C would need D needed
16 If I didn't work for an accounting firm, I in a bank now
A work B will work C have worked D would work
17 The death rate would decrease if hygienic conditions improved
A was B is C were D had been
18 The education in Japan if the basic principles of education had not been taken into consideration
A would go down B would have gone down C went down D had gone down
19 If there , the rice fields could have been more productive
20 The patient will not recover unless he an operation
A had undergone B would undergo C undergoes D was undergoing
21 If she him, she would be very happy
A would meet B will meet C met D should meet
22 If he a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post
A had had B had C has D has had
23 If I had enough money, I abroad to improve my English
A will go B would go C went D should have go to
24 The bench would collapse if they on it
A stood B stand C standing D stands
25 If it convenient, let's go out for a drink tonight,
A be B is C was D were
EXERCISE V Fill in the blanks with a correct form of the word.
1 If we meet at 9:30, we (have) _ plenty of time
2 If you (find) _ a skeleton in the cellar, don’t mention it to anyone
3 The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she ( feed) _ the animals
4 If you pass your examination, we (have) _a celebration
5 Lisa would find the milk if she (look) _ for it in the fridge
6 What (happen) _if I press this button?
7 The door will be unlocked if you (press) _ the green button
8 I should have voted for her if I (have) _ a vote then
9 If you go to Paris, where you (stay) _?
10 If you (swim) _ in this lake, you’ll shiver from cold
11 If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you (choose) _?
12 The flight may be cancelled if the fog (get) _thick
13 If the milkman (come) _, tell him to leave two pints
14 I (call) _ the office if I were you
15 Someone (sit) _on your glasses if you leave them there
Trang 916 You would hear my explanation if you (not talk) _so much.
17 What I (do) _if I hear the burglar alarm?
18 If you (read) _the instructions carefully, you wouldn’t have answered the wrong question
19 If Mel (ask) _ her teacher, he’d have answered her questions
20 I would repair the roof myself if I (have) _a long ladder
21 Unless they turn that radio off, I (go) _mad
22 If you were made redundant, what you (do) _?
23 We’ll have a long way to walk if we (run) _out of petrol here
24 If you shake that bottle of port, it (not be) _ fit to drink
25 If you spoke louder, your classmates (understand) _ you
26 I’ll probably get lost unless he (come) _with me
27 You (not have) _ so many accidents if you drove more slowly
28 If you (wear) _ a false beard, nobody would have recognized you
29 If she (leave) _ the fish here, the cat will eat it
30 You (have) _ no trouble at school if you had done your homework
31 Unless you (tell) the truth, I won’t help you
32 You’ll get pneumonia if you (not change) _ your wet clothes
33 If I had known that you couldn’t eat octopus, I (not buy) _ it
34 If they (hang) _ that picture lower, people would be able to see it
35 She (be) _able to walk faster if she didn’t have such high-heel shoes
36 I (bring) _ you some beer if I had known that you were thirsty
37 If you had touched that electric cable, you (be) _ electrocuted
38 If the story hadn’t been true, the newspaper (not print) _ it
39 I (not buy) _ things on the installment system if I were you
40 Dan (arrive) _ safe if he drove slowly
EXERCISE VI Multi-choice questions.
1 If I the same problem you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have
A have B would have C had had D should have
2 I you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital
A would have visited B visited C had visited D visit
3 more help, I would call my neighbor
A needed B should I need C I have needed D I should need
4 then what I know yesterday, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years
A had I known B did I know C If I know D If I would know
5 Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people the same language?
A spoke B speak C had spoken D will speak
6 If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this, this incident again
A I will never mention B I never mention C will I never mention D I don’t mention
7 If I had known you were asleep, I so much noise when I came in
A didn’t make B wouldn’t have made C won’t make D don’t make
8 Unless you all of my questions, I can’t do anything to help you
A answered B answer C would answer D are answering
Trang 109 Had you told me that this was going to happen, I it.
A would have never believed B don’t believe
C hadn’t believed D can’t believe
10 If Jake to go on the trip, would you have gone?
11 Jenny: “John went to the hospital alone”,
Kennedy: “If ,I would have gone with him”
A had he told me B he had told me C he has told me D he would tell me
12 If you , I would have brought my friends over to your house yesterday to watch T.V, but I didn’t want to bother you
A had studied B studied C hadn’t studied D didn’t study
13 Peter: “Did you need help with your Math last night?”
Mary: “If I had needed, I you”
A would call B called C would have called D will call
14 If someone in to the store, smile and say, “May I help you?”
A comes B came C come D should come
15 “Here’s my phone number”
“Thanks I‘ll give you a call if I some help tomorrow”
A will need B need C would need D needed
16 If I didn’t work for an accounting firm, I in a bank now
A work B will work C have worked D would work
17 The death rate would decrease if hygienic conditions improved
A was B is C were D had been
18 The education in Japan if the basic principles of education had not been taken into consideration
A would go down B would have gone down C went down D had gone down
19 If there , the rice fields could have been more productive
A had been enough water B were enough water
C would be enough water D are enough water
20 The patient will not recover unless he an operation
A had undergone B would undergo C undergoes D was undergoing
21 If she him, she would be very happy
A would meet B will meet C met D should meet
22 If he a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post
A had had B had C has D has had
23 If I had enough money, I abroad to improve my English
A will go B would go C went D should have go to
24.The bench would collapse if they on it
A stood B stand C standing D stands
25 If it convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight,
A be B is C was D were