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Tài liệu này được tổng hợp để hệ thống hóa các dạng cơ bản của câu điều kiện tiếng Anh (dạng 0; 1; 2; 3) cùng với một số dạng nâng cao hơn (điều kiện hỗn hợp, đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện,...) và một số cấu trúc có thể sử dụng trong các bài tập viết lại câu. Sau phần tóm tắt ngắn gọn Lý thuyết, độc giả có thể làm một số bài tập cơ bản để nắm chắc hơn điểm ngữ pháp này. Hi vọng rằng, tài liệu này sẽ là một công cụ để các bạn nâng cao hơn trình độ ngữ pháp tiếng Anh của bản thân. Chúc bạn học tốt.
Biên soạn sưu tầm Nguyễn Huy Hoàng LÝ THUYẾT Câu điều kiện loại - Chức năng: Câu điều kiện loại diễn tả chân lý, việc luôn - Cấu trúc: If + Hiện đơn, Hiện đơn Ví dụ: If you heat the ice, it smelts (Nếu bạn đun nước đó, tan chảy) The water reaches 100 degree if you heat it (Nước đạt nhiệt độ 100 độ C bạn đun sơi nó) Câu điều kiện loại - Chức năng: Câu điều kiện loại diễn trả việc/hành động xảy tương lai - Cấu trúc: If + Hiện đơn, Tương lai đơn ► Lưu ý: - will thay can/may/shall/must - Mệnh đề mệnh đề if đứng trước đứng sau Ví dụ: If you take this medicine, you will feel better (Nếu bạn uống thuốc, bạn thấy đỡ đó) If it stops raining, we can go out Biên soạn sưu tầm Nguyễn Huy Hồng (Nếu trời ngừng mưa chúng tơi ngồi) Câu điều kiện loại 2: - Chức năng: Câu điều kiện loại câu điều kiện khơng có thực Câu điều kiện loại sử dụng để diễn tả điều xảy tương lai, giả thiết, ước muốn trái ngược với thực trạng - Cấu trúc: If + Quá khứ đơn (Tobe: WERE), S + would/could (not) + Vo … Ví dụ: If I were you, I would help him (Nếu anh, giúp anh ta) If you tried hard again, you would succeed (Nếu bạn cố gắng chăm lần nữa, bạn thành công thôi) Câu điều kiện loại - Chức năng: Câu điều kiện loại câu điều kiện khơng có thực q khứ Câu điều kiện loại dùng để diễn tả điều khơng thể xảy q khứ, mang tính ước muốn khứ, giả thiết trái ngược với thực trạng khứ - Cấu trúc: If + Quá khứ hoàn thành, S + would/ could + have + PP Ví dụ: If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exams (Nếu cậu ta học hành chăm chỉ, câụ ta đậu kỳ thi rồi) If I had known she was sick, I would have visited her (Nếu biết cô bị bệnh, tơi tới thăm rồi) Biên soạn sưu tầm Nguyễn Huy Hoàng Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp - Dạng 1: Dùng để diễn tả giả thiết trái ngược với khứ kết trái ngược với (Hình thức: thường có “now”) If + Quá khứ hoàn thành, S + would/could + Vo Ví dụ: I didn't eat breakfast this morning, so I’m hungry now → If I had eaten breakfast this morning, I wouldn’t be hungry now (Nếu sáng tơi ăn sáng, tơi khơng thấy đói bụng rồi) - Dạng 2: Dùng để tiễn tả giả thiết trái ngược với thực kết trái ngược với khứ If + Quá khứ đơn, S + would + have + PP Ví dụ: Thomas is not a good guy He cheated on Rosie → If Thomas were a good guy, he wouldn't have cheated on Rosie (Nếu Thomas người đàn ông tốt, khơng phản bội lại Rosie) LƯU Ý VỀ CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN Cấu trúc Unless (=If … not) If + S + V() = Unless + S + V(+) Sau Unless câu khẳng định Ví dụ: If it is not cold, we will go swimming → Unless it is cold, we will go swimming (Nếu trời không lạnh, bơi) Biên soạn sưu tầm Nguyễn Huy Hoàng If I have time, I will help you → Unless I have time, I won’t help you (Nếu tơi khơng có thời gian, tơi khơng giúp bạn được) ► Lưu ý: - If … not đổi sang Unless mệnh đề (main clause) khơng đổi; - If đổi sang Unless mệnh đề (main clause) phải đổi sang nghĩa phủ định Will/Would Should mệnh đề If: will/would dùng mệnh đề if mang tính lịch (polite request), khơng có nghĩa tương lai/ mà có nghĩa đồng ý/sẵn sàng (a willingness or an agreement) Ví dụ: If you will/would help me, we can finish by six (Nếu bạn chịu giúp mình, làm xong hết tầm 6h) should dùng mệnh đề if để diễn tả tình cờ will dường mệnh đề Ví dụ: If it should rain, take the raincoat in (Đề phòng trời mưa, mang áo mưa cho chắc) If the director should come in, what will we do? (Nếu mà giám đốc có xuất hiện, đây?) Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại Should + S + Vo, S + will +Vo If he has free time, he’ll play tennis => Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại Were + S + to + Vo, S + would + Vo Biên soạn sưu tầm Nguyễn Huy Hoàng If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book => Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại Had + S + PP, S + would have + PP If he had trained hard, he would have won the match => Had he trained hard, he would have won the match CÁC DẠNG CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN ĐẶC BIỆT were to: Đứng sau chủ ngữ (S) mệnh đề if để nhấn mạnh điều giả định khó xảy Ví dụ: If I were to win a lottery, what should I do? (Nếu mà tao trúng số, tao nên làm nhỉ?) If it were not for / hadn't been for + (cụm danh từ): Được dùng để miêu tả việc phụ thuộc vào việc If + it + were not for / hadn't been for + Noun phrase Ví dụ: If it weren’t for his dedication, our team wouldn’t succeed in this game (Nếu khơng có cống hiến anh ấy, đội chúng tơi khơng thể giành chiến thắng được) supposing (giả sử rằng): Sử dụng thay cho IF, tỏ ý nhấn mạnh tưởng tượng Ví dụ: Supposing he came to visit you, would you be happy? (Giả sử đến thăm cậu đi, cậu có vui khơng?) but for (+ cụm danh từ): Được sử dụng để thay cho ‘if … not’ theo sau danh từ cụm danh từ Biên soạn sưu tầm Nguyễn Huy Hồng Ví dụ: But for our savings, we wouldn’t have been able to make the payments (If we hadn’t saved money) (Nếu khơng tiết kiệm, chẳng thể toán đâu) if it hadn't been for/ hadn't it been for (+ cụm danh từ): Cụm if it hadn't been for có nghĩa khơng có khơng có Ví dụ: If it hadn’t been for Jack’s help, we would have failed (If Jack hadn’t helped us) (Nếu khơng có giúp đỡ Jack, chúng tơi thất bại thảm hại rồi) in case (trong trường hợp), even if (ngay khi, cho dù), as long as, so long as, provided (that), on condition (that) (miễn là, với điều kiện là) Các từ sử dụng If, thay if câu điều kiện loại 1, 2, hỗn hợp Ví dụ: You should take this raincoat in case it rains (Em nên mang theo áo mưa phòng trường hợp trời đổ mưa) Even if you try really hard, people only concentrate on the result (Cho dù bạn có nổ lực cực khổ đến đâu, người ta quan tâm đến kết mà thôi) I won't hurt you as long as you love me (Anh không làm tổn thương em miễn em yêu anh) I will buy a motorbike for you provided that you pass the entrance exam (Mẹ mua xe máy cho với điều kiện phải thi đậu đại học) without: khơng có Ví dụ: Without you, I can't survive ≈ If you go away, I can't survive (Nếu khơng có anh, em khơng thể sống nổi) or: này, Một hai mệnh đề nối với or thường câu mệnh lệnh Biên soạn sưu tầm Nguyễn Huy Hồng Ví dụ: Take the bus or you will be late ≈ If you don't take the bus, you will be late (Bắt xe buýt không muốn bị muộn) BÀI TẬP EXERCISE I Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses If I (have) a typewriter, I could type it myself If I had known that you were in hospital, I (visit) you You could make much progress if you (attend) class regularly If I (know) his telephone number, I would give it to you If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat If he (study) harder, he can pass an exam She may be late if she (not hurry) Tell him to ring me if you (see) him If you (speak) more slowly,he might have understood you 10 What (you do) if you got fat? EXERCISE II Supply the correct verb tense If you are kind to me, I (be) _ good to you He (come) _ if you waited If you (ring) _ the bell, the servant would come If I had known that the baby was hungry, I (feed) _ him If it (not, rain) _ a lot, the rice crop wouln’t grow If today (be) _ Sunday, we wouldn’t have to work If she had had your address, she (write) _ to you We lost the match If you (play) _ for us, we (win) _ 10 They would not be paid unless they (do) _ their work well EXERCISE Correct the correct form of the word in the blanket If we meet at 9:30, we (have) _plenty of time If you (find) _ a skeleton in the cellar, don't mention it to anyone The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she ( feed) _ the animals If you pass your examination, we (have) _a celebration Lisa would find the milk if she (look) _ for it in the fridge What (happen) _if I press this button? The door will be unlocked if you (press) _ the green button I should have voted for her if I (have) _ a vote then If you go to Paris, where you (stay) _? Biên soạn sưu tầm Nguyễn Huy Hoàng 10 If you (swim) _ in this lake, you'll shiver from cold 11 If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you (choose) _? 12 The flight may be cancelled if the fog (get) _thick 13 If the milkman (come) _, tell him to leave two pints 14 I (call) _ the office if I were you 15 Someone (sit) _on your glasses if you leave them there 16 You would hear my explanation if you (not talk) _so much 17 What I (do) _if I hear the burglar alarm? 18 If you (read) _the instructions carefully, you wouldn't have answered the wrong question 19 If Mel (ask) _ her teacher, he'd have answered her questions 20 I would repair the roof myself if I (have) _a long ladder 21 Unless they turn that radio off, I (go) _mad 22 If you were made redundant, what you (do) _? 23 We'll have a long way to walk if we (run) _out of petrol here 24 If you shake that bottle of port, it (not be) _ fit to drink 25 If you spoke louder, your classmates (understand) _ you 26 I'll probably get lost unless he (come) _with me 27 You (not have) _ so many accidents if you drove more slowly 28 If you (wear) _ a false beard, nobody would have recognized you 29 If she (leave) _ the fish here, the cat will eat it 30 You (have) _ no trouble at school if you had done your homework 31 Unless you (tell) the truth, I won't help you 32 You'll get pneumonia if you (not change) _ your wet clothes 33 If I had known that you couldn't eat octopus, I (not buy) _ it 34 If they (hang) _ that picture lower, people would be able to see it 35 She (be) _able to walk faster if she didn't have such high-heel shoes 36 I (bring) _ you some beer if I had known that you were thirsty 37 If you had touched that electric cable, you (be) _ electrocuted 38 If the story hadn't been true, the newspaper (not print) _ it 39 I (not buy) _ things on the installment system if I were you 40 Dan (arrive) _ safe if he drove slowly EXERCISE IV Choose a correct answer If I the same problem you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have A have B would have C had had D should have I you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital A would have visited B visited C had visited D visit C I have needed D I should need more help, I would call my neighbor A needed B should I need then what I know yesterday, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years A had I known B did I know C If I know D If I would know Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people the same language? A spoke B speak C had spoken D will speak Biên soạn sưu tầm Nguyễn Huy Hoàng If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this, this incident again A I will never mention B I never mention C will I never mention D I don't mention If I had known you were asleep, I so much noise when I came in A didn't make B wouldn't have made C won't make D don't make Unless you all of my questions, I can't anything to help you A answered B answer C would answer D are answering Had you told me that this was going to happen, I it A would have never believed B don't believe C hadn't believed D can't believe 10 If Jake to go on the trip, would you have gone? A doesn't agree 11 B didn't agree C hadn't agreed D wouldn't agree C he has told me D he would tell me J: "John went to the hospital alone" K: "If , I would have gone with him" A had he told me B he had told me 12 If you , I would have brought my friends over to your house yesterday to watch T.V, but I didn't want to bother you A had studied 13 B studied C hadn't studied D didn't study C would have called D will call Peter: "Did you need help with your Math last night?" Mary: "If I had needed, I you" A would call B called 14 If someone in to the store, smile and say, "May I help you?" A comes 15 B came C come D should come "Here's my phone number" "Thanks I'll give you a call if I some help tomorrow" A will need B need C would need D needed 16 If I didn't work for an accounting firm, I in a bank now A work B will work C have worked D would work 17 The death rate would decrease if hygienic conditions improved A was B is C were D had been 18 The education in Japan if the basic principles of education had not been taken into consideration A would go down B would have gone down C went down D had gone down 19 If there , the rice fields could have been more productive A had been enough water B were enough water C would be enough water D are enough water 20 The patient will not recover unless he an operation A had undergone B would undergo C undergoes D was undergoing C met D should meet 21 If she him, she would be very happy A would meet B will meet 22 If he a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post A had had B had C has D has had 23 If I had enough money, I abroad to improve my English A will go B would go C went D should have go to Biên soạn sưu tầm Nguyễn Huy Hoàng 24 The bench would collapse if they on it A stood B stand C standing D stands C was D were 25 If it convenient, let's go out for a drink tonight, A be B is EXERCISE V Fill in the blanks with a correct form of the word If we meet at 9:30, we (have) _ plenty of time If you (find) _ a skeleton in the cellar, don’t mention it to anyone The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she ( feed) _ the animals If you pass your examination, we (have) _a celebration Lisa would find the milk if she (look) _ for it in the fridge What (happen) _if I press this button? The door will be unlocked if you (press) _ the green button I should have voted for her if I (have) _ a vote then If you go to Paris, where you (stay) _? 10 If you (swim) _ in this lake, you’ll shiver from cold 11 If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you (choose) _? 12 The flight may be cancelled if the fog (get) _thick 13 If the milkman (come) _, tell him to leave two pints 14 I (call) _ the office if I were you 15 Someone (sit) _on your glasses if you leave them there 16 You would hear my explanation if you (not talk) _so much 17 What I (do) _if I hear the burglar alarm? 18 If you (read) _the instructions carefully, you wouldn’t have answered the wrong question 19 If Mel (ask) _ her teacher, he’d have answered her questions 20 I would repair the roof myself if I (have) _a long ladder 21 Unless they turn that radio off, I (go) _mad 22 If you were made redundant, what you (do) _? 23 We’ll have a long way to walk if we (run) _out of petrol here 24 If you shake that bottle of port, it (not be) _ fit to drink 25 If you spoke louder, your classmates (understand) _ you 26 I’ll probably get lost unless he (come) _with me 27 You (not have) _ so many accidents if you drove more slowly 28 If you (wear) _ a false beard, nobody would have recognized you 29 If she (leave) _ the fish here, the cat will eat it 30 You (have) _ no trouble at school if you had done your homework 31 Unless you (tell) the truth, I won’t help you Biên soạn sưu tầm Nguyễn Huy Hoàng 32 You’ll get pneumonia if you (not change) _ your wet clothes 33 If I had known that you couldn’t eat octopus, I (not buy) _ it 34 If they (hang) _ that picture lower, people would be able to see it 35 She (be) _able to walk faster if she didn’t have such high-heel shoes 36 I (bring) _ you some beer if I had known that you were thirsty 37 If you had touched that electric cable, you (be) _ electrocuted 38 If the story hadn’t been true, the newspaper (not print) _ it 39 I (not buy) _ things on the installment system if I were you 40 Dan (arrive) _ safe if he drove slowly EXERCISE VI Multi-choice questions If I the same problem you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have A have B would have C had had D should have I you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital A would have visited B visited C had visited D visit C I have needed D I should need more help, I would call my neighbor A needed B should I need then what I know yesterday, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years A had I known B did I know C If I know D If I would know Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people the same language? A spoke B speak C had spoken D will speak If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this, this incident again A I will never mention B I never mention C will I never mention D I don’t mention If I had known you were asleep, I so much noise when I came in A didn’t make B wouldn’t have made C won’t make D don’t make Unless you all of my questions, I can’t anything to help you A answered B answer C would answer D are answering Had you told me that this was going to happen, I it A would have never believed B don’t believe C hadn’t believed D can’t believe 10 If Jake to go on the trip, would you have gone? 11 A doesn’t agree B didn’t agree C hadn’t agreed D wouldn’t agree Jenny: “John went to the hospital alone”, Kennedy: “If ,I would have gone with him” A had he told me B he had told me C he has told me D he would tell me 12 If you , I would have brought my friends over to your house yesterday to watch T.V, but I didn’t want to bother you A had studied 13 B studied Peter: “Did you need help with your Math last night?” C hadn’t studied D didn’t study Biên soạn sưu tầm Nguyễn Huy Hoàng Mary: “If I had needed, I you” A would call B called C would have called D will call 14 If someone in to the store, smile and say, “May I help you?” A comes 15 B came C come D should come “Here’s my phone number” “Thanks I‘ll give you a call if I some help tomorrow” A will need B need C would need D needed 16 If I didn’t work for an accounting firm, I in a bank now A work B will work C have worked D would work 17 The death rate would decrease if hygienic conditions improved A was B is C were D had been 18 The education in Japan if the basic principles of education had not been taken into consideration A would go down B would have gone down C went down D had gone down 19 If there , the rice fields could have been more productive A had been enough water B were enough water C would be enough water D are enough water 20 The patient will not recover unless he an operation A had undergone B would undergo C undergoes D was undergoing C met D should meet 21 If she him, she would be very happy A would meet B will meet 22 If he a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post A had had B had C has D has had 23 If I had enough money, I abroad to improve my English A will go B would go C went D should have go to C standing D stands C was D were 24.The bench would collapse if they on it A stood B stand 25 If it convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight, A be B is EXERCISE VII Fill in the blank If you take my advice, you _ (be) happy What would you if you _ (be) me? If you _ (lend) me some books I will give them back in two weeks I _ (send) her a letter if I had found her address She _ (not/steal) the bread if she hadn't been hungry If she _ (come) here I will tell her about the film I will be unhappy if you _ (leave) me If you hadn't been so crazy you _ (not/buy) this expensive house If the sun _ (shine) I will go to the beach 10 If _ (win) the lottery I would leave my country 11 _ we _(have) enough time if we wanted to see the castle? 12 In case you _ (buy) a car, will you teach me to drive? Biên soạn sưu tầm Nguyễn Huy Hoàng 13 If I _ (not be) in a hurry, I wouldn't have made so many mistakes 14 She won't finish it on time if she _ (not start) right now 15 She _ (get angry) if you had told her 16 On condition that they _ (support) our product, they would get a discount 17 Even if I _ (ask) him, he won't come 18 Had I driven slowly, I _ (not crash) 19 It will be a disaster unless they _ (help) us 20 If you _ (have) something to eat, you wouldn't have felt sick 21 I wouldn't risk it if I _ (be) you 22 She would get fat if she _ (not stop) eating 23 The chicken wasn't good It _ (taste) better if you had put some spices on it EXERCISE VIII Using the given information, make conditional sentences with conditional sentences She is living in China because she got married to a Chinese → ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I am tired now because I went home late yesterday → ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… She did the homework last night so she gets a high score today → ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… It rained yesterday so I don’t go to school today → ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I missed the end of the film so I don’t know who the murderer was → ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… We reach Sally’s house now because we didn’t ask for direction earlier → ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Since he is an only child, his parents have spoiled him → ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Bob didn’t learn Chinese in high school, so he doesn’t have many job opportunities → ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I am not rich I didn’t buy that house last month → ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 I fail the exam because I din’t study hard enough → ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… EXERCISE IX Choose the best answer If she _ the lottery last year, She _rich now A Have won/would be B had won/would be C.won/would be D wins/will be If I _the homework last night, I _bonus today A Had done/would get B had done/would have got C done/would get If we had played this game yesterday, we _a lot of money now D does/will get Biên soạn sưu tầm A Will have Nguyễn Huy Hoàng B may have C would have had D would have C have rained D was raining If it _last night, it would be cold today A Had rained B rained If she _to me, she _in trouble right now A Had listened/would be B had listened/would have be C had listened/would not be D A & B If it had rained one hour ago, the streets _wet now A Would have be B will be C be D would be If I _to the beach yesterday, I would be tired today A Have gone B Goes C had gone D A & B If they had gone to school yesterday, they _to the museum now A Would go B will go C could go D A&C If he had done exercise last night, he _soccer right now A Will play B can play C plays D could play 10 If Nina had not gone out last week, she _die now A Will B would C could D B&C ... Hoàng (Nếu trời ngừng mưa chúng tơi ngoài) Câu điều kiện loại 2: - Chức năng: Câu điều kiện loại câu điều kiện thực Câu điều kiện loại sử dụng để diễn tả điều xảy tương lai, giả thiết, ước muốn... him (Nếu anh, giúp anh ta) If you tried hard again, you would succeed (Nếu bạn cố gắng chăm lần nữa, bạn thành công thôi) Câu điều kiện loại - Chức năng: Câu điều kiện loại câu điều kiện khơng... Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại Should + S + Vo, S + will +Vo If he has free time, he’ll play tennis => Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại