Film discourse interpretation

Multimodal Studies Exploring Issues and Domains Kay L O’Halloran and Bradley A Smith Multimodality, Cognition, and Experimental Literature Alison Gibbons Film Discourse Interpretation Edited by Kay L O’Halloran, National University of Singapore Janina Wildfeuer ROUTLEDGE STUDIES IN MULTIMODALITY free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com ROUTLEDGE STUDIES IN MULTIMODALITY Multimodality in Practice Investigating Theory-in-practice-through-methodology Sigrid Norris Multimodal Film Analysis How Films Mean John Bateman and Karl-Heinrich Schmidt Multimodality and Social Semiosis Communication, Meaning-Making, and Learning in the Work of Gunther Kress Edited by Margit Böck and Norbert Pachler Spoken and Written Discourse in Online Interactions A Multimodal Approach Maria Grazia Sindoni Critical Multimodal Studies of Popular Discourse Edited by Emilia Djonov and Sumin Zhao Film Discourse Interpretation Towards a New Paradigm for Multimodal Film Analysis Janina Wildfeuer Film Discourse Interpretation Towards a New Paradigm for Multimodal Film Analysis Janina Wildfeuer www.routledge.com www.ebook777.com ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Film Discourse Interpretation This book contributes to the analysis of film from a multimodal and textual perspective by extending formal semantics into the realm of multimodal discourse analysis It accounts for both the inferential as well as intersemiotic meaning-making processes in filmic discourse and therefore addresses one of the main questions that have been asked within film theory and multimodal analysis: How we understand film and multimodal texts? The book offers an analytical answer to this question by providing a systematic tool for the description of this comprehension process It aims to advance knowledge of the various resources in filmic texts, the ways the resources work together in constructing meaning and the ways people understand this meaning construction This new approach to film interpretation is thus able to remodel and improve the classical paradigm of film text analysis Janina Wildfeuer is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Faculty of Linguistics and Literary Science at Bremen University, Germany ✐ ✐ ✐ 229x152 HB ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Routledge Studies in Multimodality Edited by Kay L O’Halloran, National University of Singapore New Perspectives on Narrative and Multimodality Edited by Ruth Page Multimodal Studies Exploring Issues and Domains Kay L O’Halloran and Bradley A Smith Multimodality, Cognition, and Experimental Literature Alison Gibbons Multimodality in Practice Investigating Theory-in-practice-through-methodology Sigrid Norris Multimodal Film Analysis How Films Mean John Bateman and Karl-Heinrich Schmidt Multimodality and Social Semiosis Communication, Meaning-Making, and Learning in the Work of Gunther Kress Edited by Margit Băock and Norbert Pachler Spoken and Written Discourse in Online Interactions A Multimodal Approach Maria Grazia Sindoni Critical Multimodal Studies of Popular Discourse Edited by Emilia Djonov and Sumin Zhao Film Discourse Interpretation Towards a New Paradigm for Multimodal Film Analysis Janina Wildfeuer www.ebook777.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Film Discourse Interpretation Towards a New Paradigm for Multimodal Film Analysis Janina Wildfeuer ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com First published 2014 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business c 2014 Taylor & Francis The right of Janina Wildfeuer to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wildfeuer, Janina, 1984Film discourse interpretation: towards a new paradigm for multimodal film analysis / Janina Wildfeuer pages cm – (Routledge Studies in Multimodality ; #9) Includes bibliographical references and index Motion pictures and language Motion pictures—Philosophy Motion pictures—Semiotics Discourse analysis Modality (Linguistics) I Title PN1995.4.W55 2013 791.4301–dc23 2013017446 ISBN: 978-0-415-84115-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-76662-0 (ebk) Typeset in Palatino by the author, Janina Wildfeuer www.ebook777.com ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com This publication was handed in as a dissertation to the PhD Committee for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Bremen University, Germany Academic supervisor: Prof John A Bateman Academic supervisor: Prof Wolfgang Wildgen The colloquium took place on June 26, 2012 ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Contents Introduction 1.1 Making Sense of Film 1.2 Investigating Filmic Textuality 1.3 Exploring Filmic Narrative 1.4 Towards the Logic of Film Discourse Interpretation 1.5 Organisation of the Book The Logic of Film Discourse Interpretation 2.1 Relational Meaning-Making in Film 2.2 Model of Analysis 2.2.1 The Analytical Vocabulary for Multimodal Film Analysis 2.2.2 The Formal Framework for Film Discourse Analysis 2.2.3 The Logical Form of Discourse Segments 2.2.4 The Experimental Set of Film Discourse Relations 2.2.5 The Syntax for Segmented Film Discourse Representation Structures 2.2.6 Glue Language and Discourse Update in Filmic Discourse 2.3 Conclusion of Chapter Analysis 3.1 The Lives of Others (2006) 3.1.1 Summary of the Extract 3.1.2 Analysis 3.1.3 Conclusion 3.2 Vanilla Sky (2001) 3.2.1 Summary of the Extract 3.2.2 Analysis 3.2.3 Conclusion 3.3 Am´elie (2001) 3.3.1 Summary of the Extract 3.3.2 Analysis 3.3.3 Conclusion 3.4 Requiem for a Dream (2000) 3.4.1 Summary of the Extract 3.4.2 Analysis 3.4.3 Conclusion 3.5 Conclusion of Chapter 11 14 19 21 22 31 32 36 53 59 75 79 84 87 88 89 90 107 110 111 112 122 123 123 124 135 138 138 139 163 164 vi www.ebook777.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Contents vii Multimodal Narrative Construction in Filmic Text 4.1 The Functional Framework for Multimodal Film Analysis 4.2 The Strata of Film Discourse Interpretation 4.2.1 Intersemiotic Meaning Construction in Filmic Discourse 4.2.2 Metafunctional Diversification 4.2.3 Knowledge Sources for Building Logical Forms 4.2.4 Summary: A Stratificational View of Filmic Logical Forms 4.3 The Narrative Logic of Film Interpretation 4.4 Towards a Paradigmatic Organisation of Film Discourse Relations 4.5 Conclusion: Common Sense in Multimodal Film Analysis Conclusions and Outlook 5.1 A Method for Constructing Logical Forms of Filmic Discourse 5.2 Towards New Perspectives of Analysis 5.3 Towards Bridging the Gaps in Film Theory 5.4 Moving on to a Comprehensive Film Theory A Transcriptions A.1 WORDS (Everynone, 2010) A.2 The Lives of Others (Henckel von Donnersmarck, 2006) A.3 Vanilla Sky (Crowe, 2001) A.4 Am´elie (Jeunet, 2001) A.5 Requiem for a Dream (Aronofsky, 2000) 167 170 178 179 183 186 190 192 196 200 202 202 204 207 210 212 213 227 231 245 248 Filmography 265 Bibliography 266 Index 274 ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Page Intentionally Left Blank www.ebook777.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Introduction “Not the smallest advance can be made in knowledge beyond the stage of vacant staring, without making an abduction at every step.” (Peirce, Hartshorne and Weiss 1979: 8.238) This book provides a framework for the systematic examination of film interpretation from a linguistic perspective It aims at a detailed description of how coherence and structure as textual qualities of film guide the recipients’ meaning-making process during reception and evoke interpretive inferences as the grounding elements of narrative comprehension Meaning in film arises out of the multiple interaction of various modalities such as images, sounds, music, gestures, camera effects, etc., which are stringed together by film editing in a chronological, linear order The interplay of the modalities results in a narrative text whose comprehension and interpretation requires the spectator’s active participation As a dynamically unfolding discourse, the combinations of resources change in time and space and continually produce meaningful sequences which have to be analysed during their progression This analysis is in the same way dynamic and progressive in that it tries to find connections between filmic devices and to construct the unfolding discourse structure of the text by means of inferences and abductive reasoning Film interpretation is thus an active process of relational meaning-making and inferring its propositional content in terms of assumptions and hypotheses, which the recipient makes according to concrete cues within the text Contemporary approaches to film analysis have not yet succeeded in systematically defining and describing how filmic devices are intersemiotically combined to narrative structures This book investigates exactly how this interpretation process takes place with regard to the overall coherence of the text On the basis of recent theories in functional and formal discourse semantics, it assumes a certain logic of film discourse interpretation which, on the one hand, takes inferential strategies and defeasible reasoning as a fundament for making meaning, but, on the other hand, offers distinct constraints to control the interpretation Therefore, this book develops a method for constructing the logical form of filmic discourse which gives evidence for the film’s structure and coherence and elucidates the idea of its general textuality The notion of film as text today can be seen as a new starting point for investigation that bridges the gap between general approaches to film interpretation on the one hand and modern linguistic analysis of how meaning in multimodal texts is created on the other Whereas traditional ✐ ✐ ✐ / / / / / long shot of the garage, the two protagonists in front of it close-up of older man the two protagonists standing in front of the man, talking to him older man talking close-up of a bank note 58 59 60 61 62 / / “Such a son A goniff.” “Your mother needs you ” / / / “I ain’t my lepers schlepper Shit.” “You got a friend.” “Hey, you want me to schlep it on my back?” ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 261 ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ / / moaning / crackling noise long shot of garage close-up of a mouth a white bubble on black background close-up of a lighter extreme close-up of bubbles 63 64 65 66 67 / / / / “ like a moose needs a hat rack.” — (laughing) / / / / / ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 262 www.ebook777.com ✐ ✐ / shortly increasing noise / brewing / close-up of a fluid in an injection close-up of a pupil, dilating close-up of a second mouth (darker skin) close-up of a bottle’s cap close-up of a steaming fluid in the cap 68 69 70 71 72 / / / / / / / / / / ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 263 ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ / moaning / / close-up of a fluid in an injection abstract image of the infiltration of the fluid into the blood a close-up of a pupil, dilating (darker skin) long shot from above: the two men listening to music and dancing 73 74 75 76 “Sheeit that’s some boss scag, baby.” / / / music (record player) — short break — music / / / ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 264 www.ebook777.com ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Filmography Abre los ojos (1997) Alejandro Amen´abar Canal Espana, Spain / France / Italy Am´elie (2001) Jean-Pierre Jeunet Claudie Ossard Productions, France / Germany Original title: Le fabuleux destin d’Am´elie Poulain Industrial Britain (1931) Arthur Elton and Robert J Flaherty and Basil Wright Empire Marketing Board Film Unit, UK Requiem for a Dream (2000) Darren Aronofsky Artisan Entertainment, USA The Lives of Others (2006) Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck Arte, Bayerischer Rundfunk, Creado Film, Germany Original title: Das Leben der Anderen Vanilla Sky (2001) Cameron Crowe Paramount Pictures, USA / Spain WORDS (2010) Daniel Mercadante and Will Hoffman Everynone, USA 265 ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Bibliography Afantenos, S., Denis, P., Muller, P and Danlos, L (2010), Learning Recursive Segments for Discourse Parsing, in N Calzolari, K Choukri, B Maegaard, J Mariani, J Odijk, S Piperidis, M Rosner and D Tapias, eds., ‘Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’10)’, European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Valletta, Malta Allen, J F (1984), ‘Towards a General Theory of Action and Time’, Artificial Intelligence, 23, 123–154 Andrew, J D (1976), The Major Film Theories An Introduction, Oxford University Press Ankersmit, F R (1983), Narrative Logic A Semantic Analysis of the Historian’s Language, Martinus Nijhoff Arnheim, R (1960), Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of Creative Eye, University of California Press Arnheim, R (1969), Visual Thinking, University of California Press Asher, N (1993), Reference to Abstract Objects in Discourse, Kluwer Academic Asher, N (2008), Troubles on the Right Frontier, in P Kuhnlein ă and A Benz, eds., Constraints on Discourse (CID 2005) Pragmatics & Beyond New Series’, John Benjamins, pp 29–52 Asher, N and Lascarides, A (2003), Logics of Conversation, Cambridge University Press Asher, N and Vieu, L (2005), ‘Subordinating and Coordinating Discourse Relations’, Lingua, 115, 591–610 Baggett, P (1979), ‘Structurally Equivalent Stories in Movie and Text and the Effect of the Medium on Recall’, Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 18(3), 333–356 Baldry, A P and Thibault, P (2006), Multimodal Transcription and Text Analysis A Multimedia Toolkit and Coursebook, Equinox Bamberg, B (1983), ‘What Makes a Text Coherent?’ College Composition and Communication, 34(4), 417–429 Bateman, J A (2007), ‘Towards a Grande Paradigmatique of Film: Christian Metz Reloaded, Semiotica, 167(1/4), 1364 Bateman, J A (2013), Filmische Textualităat jenseits der narrativen Instanz, in J Bateman, M Kepser and M Kuhn, eds., Film, Text, Kultur Beitrăage zur ă Textualităat des Films’, Schuren, pp 88–138 Bateman, J A and Rondhuis, K (1997), ‘Coherence Relations: Towards a General Specification’, Discourse Processes, 24, 3–49 Bateman, J A and Schmidt, K.-H (2011), Multimodal Film Analysis: How Films Mean, Routledge Bazin, A (1967), What Is Cinema Essays selected and translated by Hugh Gray, University of California Press Bordwell, D (1985), Narration in the Fiction Film, Routledge Bordwell, D (1989), Making Meaning Inference and Rhetoric in the Interpretation of Cinema, Harvard University Press 266 www.ebook777.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Bibliography 267 Bordwell, D (2004), Neo-Structuralist Narratology and the Functions of Filmic Storytelling, in M.-L Ryan, ed., ‘Narrative Across Media The Languages of Storytelling’, University of Nebraska Press, pp 203–219 Bordwell, D (2006), The Way Hollywood Tells It Story and Style in Modern Movies, University of California Press Bordwell, D (2008), Poetics of Cinema, Taylor & Francis Group Bordwell, D (2009), Cognitive Theory, in P Livingston and C Plantinga, eds., ‘The Routledge Companion to Philosophy and Film’, Routledge, pp 356–367 Bordwell, D (2011), ‘Common Sense + Film Theory = Common-Sense Film Theory?’ David Bordwell’s website on cinema: Essays http://www.davidbordwell.net/essays/commonsense.php Bordwell, D., Staiger, J and Thompson, K (1985), The Classical Hollywood Cinema Film Style & Mode of Production to 1960, Routledge & Kegan Paul Bordwell, D and Thompson, K (2001), Film Art: An Introduction, McGraw Hill Bouquet, S and Sanders, C (2006), Ferdinand de Saussure Writings in General Linguistics, Oxford University Press Branigan, E (1975), ‘Formal Permutations of the Point-of-View Shot’, Screen, 16(3), 54–64 Branigan, E (1992), Narrative Comprehension and Film, Routledge Colburn, T R (1991), ‘Defeasible Reasoning and Logic Programming’, Minds and Machines, 1(4), 417–436 Colin, M (1995), The Grande Syntagmatique Revisited, in W Buckland, ed., ‘The Film Spectator: From Sign to Mind’, Amsterdam University Press, pp 45–86 Dorai, C and Venkatesh, S (2003), ‘Bridging the Semantic Gap with Computational Media Aesthetics’, IEEE MultiMedia, 10(2), 15–17 Doxiadis, A (2010), ‘Narrative, Rhetoric, and the Origins of Logic’, Story Worlds: A Journal of Narrative Studies, 2, 77–99 Eckkrammer, E.-M (2004), Drawing on Theories of Inter-Semiotic Layering to Analyse Multimodality in Medical Self-Counselling Texts and Hypertexts, in E Ventola, C Charles and M Kaltenbacher, eds., ‘Perspectives on Multimodality’, Benjamins, pp 211–226 Eco, U (1990), The Limits of Interpretation, Indiana University Press Eickmann, B (2003), Incrementality in Discourse Update, Master’s thesis, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/publications/thesis/online/IM030069.pdf Eisenstein, S (1949), Film Form Essays in Film Theory Edited and translated by Jay Leyda Harvest Book Falck, M (2006), Das Leben der Anderen, in Bundeszentrale fur ¨ politische Bildung/bpb Fachbereich Multimedia & IT, ed., ‘Filmheft Das Leben der Anderen Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck Deutschland 2005’, dmv druckmedienverlag, pp 3–22 http://www.bpb.de/files/NSUEAK.pdf Firth, J R (1957), A Synopsis of Linguistic Theory, 1930–1955, in T P Society, ed., ‘Studies in Linguistic Analysis’, Blackwell, pp 1–32 Fledelius, K (1979), ‘Syntagmatic Film Analysis, Papiere des Munsteraner ă Arbeitskreises fur ă Semiotik e.V (papmaks), 8, 31–68 ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 268 Bibliography Forceville, C J (2007), ‘Book Review: Multimodal Transcription and Text Analysis: A Multimedia Toolkit and Coursebook: Anthony Baldry, Paul J Thibault, Equinox, London/Oakville, 2006’, Journal of Pragmatics, 39(6), 1235–1238 Frege, G (1980), Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege Edited by Peter Geach and Max Black Blackwell Gallie, W B (1966), Peirce and Pragmatism, Dover Genette, G (1980), Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method Translated by Jane Lewin Cornell University Press Graesser, A C., McNamara, D S and Louwerse, M M (2003), What Do Readers Need to Learn in Order to Process Coherence Relations in Narrative and Expository Text? in A P Sweet and C Snow, eds., ‘Rethinking Reading Comprehension’, Guilford, pp 82–98 Grice, H (1975), Logic and Conversation, in P Cole and J Morgan, eds., ‘Syntax and Semantics’, Vol 3, Academic Press, pp 41–58 Grimes, J (1975), The Thread of Discourse, Mouton Groenendijk, J and Stokhof, M (1991), ‘Dynamic Predicate Logic’, Linguistics and Philosophy, 14, 39–100 Halliday, M (1978), Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning, Edward Arnold Halliday, M (2004), An Introduction to Functional Grammar Third Edition, Edward Arnold Halliday, M and Hasan, R (1976), Cohesion in English, Longman Harris, Z (1952), ‘Discourse Analysis’, Language, 28, 1–30 Hartung, M (2006), Die Ausnutzung von Diskurswissen zum Zwecke der Informationsextraktion Zur Gewinnung impliziter Information aus Texten Masters thesis, Ruprecht-Karls-Universităat Heidelberg Heim, I (1983), On the Projection Problem for Presupposition, in M Barlow, D P Flickinger and M Westcoat, eds., ‘Proceedings of the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics’, Vol 2, pp 397–405 Herman, D (2002), Story Logic Problems and Possibilities of Narrative, University of Nebraska Press Hjelmslev, L (1961), Prolegomena to a Theory of Language Translated by F.J Whitfield Originally published 1943 University of Wisconsin Press Ho-Dac, L.-M., Fabre, C., Pery-Woodley, M.-P and Rebeyrolle, J (2009), ‘Corpus Annotation of Macro Discourse Structures’ http://www.um.es/lacell/aelinco/contenido/pdf/60.pdf Hobbs, J R (1979), ‘Coherence and Coreference’, Cognitive Science, 3(1), 67–82 Hobbs, J R (1990), Literature and Cognition, Lecture Notes Hobbs, J R (2003), Discourse and Inference, Information Sciences Institute http://www.isi.edu/∼hobbs/disinf-tc.html Hobbs, J R and Redeker, G (1997), A Note on Coherence Relations Unpublished http://www.isi.edu/∼hobbs/redeker.pdf Hobbs, J R., Stickel, M E., Appelt, D E and Martin, P H (1993), ‘Interpretation as Abduction’, Artificial Intelligence, 63, 69–142 Jasinskaja, K (2010), ‘Knowledge Base: Quest, the Paper Scene’ http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/∼jasinsk/Event sequences/Other documents/ wissensbasis.pdf www.ebook777.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Bibliography 269 Jasinskaja, K and Rossdeutscher, A (2009), ‘Through Narrative Planning Towards the Preverbal Message: A DRT-based Approach’ http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/∼jasinsk/Event sequences/Papers/jasinskaja rossdeutscher 2009.pdf Jaworski, A and Thurlow, C (2009), Gesture and Movement in Tourist Spaces, in C Jewitt, ed., ‘The Routledge Handbook of Multimodal Analysis’, Routledge, pp 253–262 Jewitt, C (2009), The Routledge Handbook of Multimodality, Routledge Jost, F (1989), L’oeil-cam´era Entre film et roman 2eme e´ dition revue et augment´ee, Presses Universitaires de Lyon Kamp, H (1981), A Theory of Truth and Semantic Representation, in J Groenendijk, T M V Janssen and M Stokhof, eds., ‘Truth, Interpretation and Information Selected Papers from the Third Amsterdam Colloquium’, Mathematics Center, pp 1–42 Kamp, H (2007), ‘Script Semantics II: Syllabus Semantics II’ http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/∼hans/Teaching/SemII.Scr.PrtI.\-1.21.12.07.pdf Kamp, H and Reyle, U (1993), From Discourse to Logic Introduction to Modeltheoretic Semantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory, Kluwer Academic Kehler, A (2002), Coherence, Reference, and the Theory of Grammar, CSLI Kintsch, W (1988), ‘The Role of Knowledge in Discourse Comprehension: A Construction-Integration Model’, Psychological Review, 95, 163–182 Kracauer, S (2004), From Caligari to Hitler A Psychological History of the German Film Revised and Expanded Edition Edited and Introduced by Leonardo Quaresima Princeton University Press Kress, G (1993), ‘Against Arbitrariness: The Social Production of the Sign as a Foundational Issue in Critical Discourse Analysis’, Discourse and Society, 4(2), 169–93 Kress, G (2010), Multimodality A Social Semiotic Approach to Contemporary Communication, Routledge Kress, G and van Leeuwen, T (1996), Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design, Routledge Kress, G and van Leeuwen, T (2001), Multimodal Discourse The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication, Arnold Kuhn, M (2011), Filmnarratologie Ein erzăahltheoretisches Analysemodell, de Gruyter Kuhn, M (2013), Narrativităat Transmedial Von der sprachbasierten zur audioă visuellen Narratologie Uberlegungen zur medialen Reichweite der Narrativităat und den Grundlagen einer audiovisuellen Filmnarratologie, in J Bateman, M Kepser and M Kuhn, eds., Film, Text, Kultur Beitrăage zur Textualităat des ă Films, Schuren, pp 58–87 Lascarides, A and Asher, N (1991), Temporal Interpretation, Discourse Relations and Common Sense Entailments, HCRC/RP -16 Edinburgh Human Communication Research Centre Lascarides, A and Asher, N (2007), Segmented Discourse Representation Theory: Dynamic Semantics with Discourse Structure, in H Bunt and R Muskens, eds., ‘Computing Meaning: Volume 3’, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 87–124 Lemke, J (1985), Ideology, Intertextuality and the Notion of Register, in J D Benson and W S Greaves, eds., ‘Systemic Perspectives on Discourse Selected Theoretical Papers from the 9th International Systemic Workshop’, Ablex, pp 275–294 ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 270 Bibliography Lemke, J (1998), Multiplying Meaning Visual and Verbal Semiotics in Scientific Text, in J R Martin and R Veel, eds., ‘Reading Science’, Routledge, pp 87–113 Liu, Y and O’Halloran, K L (2009), ‘Intersemiotic Texture: Analyzing Cohesive Devices between Language and Images’, Social Semiotics, 19(4), 367–388 Longacre, R E (1996), The Grammar of Discourse Second Edition, Plenum Press Lundquist, L (1989), Coherence in Scientific Texts, in W Heydrich, F Neubauer, J S Petofi ¨ and E Sozer, ¨ eds., ‘Connexity and Coherence Analysis of Text and Discourse’, de Gruyter, pp 122–149 Magliano, J P., Miller, J and Zwaan, R A (2001), ‘Indexing Space and Time in Film Understanding’, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 533–545 Maier, E and Hovy, E (1993), Organizing Discourse Structure Relations Using Metafunctions, in H Horacek and M Zock, eds., ‘New Concepts in Natural Language Generation’, Pinter, pp 69–86 Mancini, C (2000), ‘From Cinematographic to Hypertext Narrative’, Hypertext 2000, pp 236–237 Mancini, C (2005), Cinematic Hypertext Investigating a New Paradigm, IOS Press Mann, W C and Thompson, S A (1987), ‘Rhetorical Structure Theory: A Theory of Text Organization’, Text, 8(3), 243–281 Martin, J (1992), English Text — System and Structure, Benjamins Martin, J and Rose, D (2003), Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the Clause, Continuum Martinec, R and Salway, A (2005), ‘A System for Image-Text Relations in New (and Old) Media’, Visual Communication, 4(3), 337–371 Matthiessen, C M (2007), The Multimodal Page: A Systematic Functional Exploration, in T Royce and W Bowcher, eds., ‘New Directions in the Analysis of Multimodal Discourse’, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp 1–62 Meng, A P K (2004), Making History in From Colony to Nation: A Multimodal Analysis of a Museum Exhibition in Singapore, in K O’Halloran, ed., ‘Multimodal Discourse Analysis: Systemic-Functional Linguistics’, Continuum, pp 28–54 Metz, C (1974), Film Language: A Semiotics of the Cinema, University of Chicago Press Metz, C (1995), The Impersonal Enunciation, or the Site of Film, in W Buckland, ed., ‘The Film Spectator: From Sign to Mind’, Amsterdam University Press, pp 140–163 Mitchell, E (2011, November 2), ‘Am´elie (2001) Film Review; Little Miss Sunshine as Urban Sprite’, New York Times Moeller-Nass, K.-D (1986), Filmsprache — Eine kritische Theoriegeschichte, MAkS Publikatkionen Montague, R (1974), Formal Philosophy: Selected Papers of Richard Montague Edited and with an Introduction by Richmond H Thomason Yale University Press Muller, P and Reymonet, A (2005), Using Inference for Evaluating Models of Temporal Discourse, in ‘Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Temporal Representation and Reasoning (TIME’05)’ Noad, B and Unsworth, L (2007), ‘Semiosis in the Film Soundtrack: Aural Perspective and Social Distance in The Queen Filmtrailer’, Literacy Learning: The Middle Years, 15(2), 8–19 O’Halloran, K (1999), ‘Interdependence, Interaction and Metaphor in MultiSemiotic Texts’, Social Semiotics, 9(3), 317–354 www.ebook777.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Bibliography 271 O’Halloran, K (2004), Visual Semiosis in Film, in K O’Halloran, ed., ‘Multimodal Discourse Analysis: Systemic Functional Perspectives’, Continuum, pp 109– 130 Peirce, C S., Hartshorne, C and Weiss, P (1979), Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Polanyi, L (1985), A Theory of Discourse Structure and Discourse Coherence, in W H Elifort, P D Kroeber and K L Peterson, eds., ‘Papers from the General Session of the 21st Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society’, University of Chicago, pp 306–322 Pollock, J L (1974), Knowledge and Identification, Princeton University Press Portner, P and Partee, B (2002), Formal Semantics The Essential Readings, Blackwell Prevot, L and Vieu, L (2008), The Moving Right Frontier, in A Benz and ¨ P Kuhnlein, eds., ‘Constraints in Discourse’, John Benjamins, pp 53–66 Pudovkin, V (1926), Film Technique and Film Acting, Bonanza Books Republished by Grove, New York, 1960 Reichman, R (1985), Getting Computers to Talk Like You and Me: Discourse Context, Focus, and Semantics, MIT Press Rumelhart, D E (1975), Notes on a Schema for Stories, in D G Bobrow and A Collins, eds., ‘Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science’, Academic Press, pp 185–210 Saeed, J I (2003), Semantics Second Edition, Blackwell Sandys, J E and Cope, E M (1970), The Rhetoric of Aristoteles, Olms Sperber, D and Wilson, D (1986), Relevance Communication and Cognition, Basil Blackwell Stanovich, K and West, R (1981), ‘The Effect of Sentence Context on Ongoing Word Recognition: Tests of a Two-Process Theory’, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7, 658–672 Stede, M (2004), The Potsdam Commentary Corpus, in B Webber and D K Byron, eds, ‘Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) 2004 Workshop on Discourse Annotation, pp 96102 ă Stockl, H (2004), In Between Modes Language and Image in Printed Media, in E Ventola, C Charles and M Kaltenbacher, eds., ‘Perspectives on Multimodality’, Benjamins, pp 930 ă M (1997), Film Erleben Narrative Strukturen und physiologische Prozesse — Suckfull, “Das Piano” von Jane Campion, Sigma Thompson, K (1988), Breaking the Glass Armor Neoformalist Film Analysis, Princeton University Press Tibus, M (2008), Do Films Make You Think? Inference Processes in Expository ă Film Comprehension, PhD thesis, Eberhard-Karls-Universităat Tubingen Tseng, C (2009), Cohesion in Film and the Construction of Filmic Thematic Configuration: A Functional Perspective PhD thesis, University of Bremen Tseng, C (2013), Cohesion in Film: Tracking Film Elements, Palgrave Macmillan Tseng, C and Bateman, J A (2010), Chain and Choice in Film Narrative: An Analysis of Multimodal Narrative Construction in The Fountain, in C Hoffmann, ed., ‘Narrative Revisited: Telling a Story in the Age of New, Multimodal Media’, John Benjamins, pp 213–244 ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 272 Bibliography Tseng, C and Bateman, J A (2012), ‘Multimodal Narrative Construction in Christopher Nolan’s Memento A Description of Analytic Method’, Journal of Visual Communication, 11(1), 91–119 van Dijk, T (1980), Macrostructures: An Interdisciplinary Study of Global Structures in Discourse, Interaction, and Cognition, Erlbaum Associates van Dijk, T (1985), Discourse and Communication: New Approaches to the Analysis of Mass Media Discourse and Communication, de Gruyter van Dijk, T (1990), Issues in Functional Discourse Analysis, in H Pinkster, ed., ‘Liber Amicorum for Simon Dik’, Foris, pp 27–46 van Dijk, T A and Kintsch, W (1978), Cognitive Psychology and Discourse: Retelling and Summarizing Stories, in W U Dressler, ed., ‘Current Trends in Text Linguistics’, de Gruyter, pp 61–80 van Dijk, T A and Kintsch, W (1983), Strategies of Discourse Comprehension, Academic Press van Leeuwen, T (1991), ‘Conjunctive Structure in Documentary Film and Television’, Continuum, 5(1), 76–114 van Leeuwen, T (1996), Moving English: The Visual Language of Film, in S Goodman and D Graddol, eds., ‘Redesigning English—New Texts, New Identities’, Routledge, pp 81–105 van Leeuwen, T (1999), Speech, Music, Sound, Macmillan Palgrave van Leeuwen, T (2005), Introducing Social Semiotics, Routledge von Stutterheim, C., Halm, U and Carroll, M (2012), Macrostructural Principles and the Development of Narrative Competence in L1-German: The Role of Grammar (8–14 year olds), in S Benazzo, M Hickmann and M Watorek, eds., ‘Comparative Perspectives to Language Acquisition: A Tribute to Clive Perdue’, Multilingual Matters, pp 59–585 Watkins, T (2007), ‘He Who Has Ears To Hear’ Exploring the Message Behind the Media http://www.damaris.org/content/culturewatcharticles/535 Webber, B L (1991), ‘Structure and Ostension in the Interpretation of Discourse’, Language and Cognitive Processes, 6(2), 107–135 Weber, H J (1984), Elements of Text-Based and Image-Based Connectedness in Comic Stories, and Some Analogies to Cinema and Written Text, in M.-E Conte, ă and E Sozer, ă J S Petofi eds., Text and Discourse Connectedness Proceedings of the Conference on Connexity and Coherence Urbino, July 16–21, 1984’, John Benjamins, pp 337–360 Wildfeuer, J (2012), ‘More than WORDS Semantic Continuity in Moving Images’, Image and Narrative Online Magazine of the Visual Narrative, 13(4), 181–203 Wildfeuer, J (2013), Der Film als Text Ein Definitionsversuch aus linguistischer Sicht, in J Bateman, M Kepser and M Kuhn, eds., Film, Text, Kultur Beitrăage ă zur Textualităat des Films, Schuren, pp 32–57 Wildgen, W (1994), Process, Image, and Meaning, John Benjamins Wildgen, W (2013), Erzăahlung und Action im James Bond-Film: Ein Quantum Trost, in J Bateman, M Kepser and M Kuhn, eds., Film, Text, Kultur Beitrăage ă zur Textualităat des Films’, Schuren, pp 320–344 Wirth, U (1995), ‘Abduktion und ihre Anwendungen, Zeitschrift fur ă Semiotik, 17, 405424 www.ebook777.com ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Bibliography 273 Wirth, U (2000), Die Welt als Zeichen und Hypothese Perspektiven des semiotischen Pragmatismus von Charles Sanders Peirce, Suhrkamp Wirth, U (2005), ‘Abductive Reasoning in Peirce’s and Davidson’s Account of Interpretation’, Semiotica, 153(1), 199–208 Wuss, P (1993), Filmanalyse und Psychologie Strukturen des Films im Wahrnehmungsprozess, Sigma Zacks, J M and Magliano, J P (2011), Film, Narrative, and Cognitive Neuroscience, in D P Melcher and F Bacci, eds., ‘Art and the Senses’, Oxford University Press, pp 435–454 Zacks, J M., Speer, N K and Reynolds, J R (2009), ‘Segmentation in Reading and Film Comprehension’, American Psychological Association, 138(2), 307–327 Zacks, J M., Speer, N K., Swallow, K M., Braver, T S and Reynolds, J R (2007), ‘Event Perception: A Mind-Brain Perspective’, Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 273– 293 Zhao, S (2009), Intersemiotic Relations as Logogenetic Patterns: Towards the Restoration of the Time Dimension in Hypertext Description, in J R Martin and M Bednarek, eds., ‘New Discourse on Language: Functional Perspective on Multimodality, Identity and Affiliation’, Continuum, pp 195–218 ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index Abre los ojos (1997), 110, 265 Afantenos et al (2010), 206, 266 Allen (1984), 65, 66, 70, 266 Am´elie (2001), 87, 265 Andrew (1976), 33, 266 Ankersmit (1983), 193, 266 Arnheim (1960), 35, 266 Arnheim (1969), 35, 266 Asher and Lascarides (2003), 2, 15, 16, 21, 22, 31, 37, 40–53, 59–65, 67, 69–71, 73, 74, 76–83, 92, 120, 123, 128, 152, 164, 186, 189, 194, 195, 198, 205, 266 Asher and Vieu (2005), 198, 206, 266 Asher (1993), 206, 266 Asher (2008), 205, 206, 266 Eckkrammer (2004), 178, 267 Eco (1990), 202, 267 Eickmann (2003), 44–46, 79, 267 Eisenstein (1949), 7, 267 Falck (2006), 4, 207, 267 Firth (1957), 172, 267 Fledelius (1979), 33, 267 Forceville (2007), 36, 268 Frege (1980), 39, 268 Gallie (1966), 14, 268 Genette (1980), 12, 268 Graesser et al (2003), 41, 268 Grice (1975), 42, 268 Grimes (1975), 38, 268 Groenendijk and Stokhof (1991), 39, 268 Baggett (1979), 58, 266 Baldry and Thibault (2006), 32, 33, 36, 266 Bamberg (1983), 10, 266 Bateman and Rondhuis (1997), 84, 196, 266 Bateman and Schmidt (2011), 4, 5, 7–9, 12, 13, 17, 18, 58, 66, 83, 96, 129, 187– 189, 196, 200, 201, 204, 209, 210, 266 Bateman (2007), 8, 9, 13, 33, 122, 123, 129, 196, 266 Bateman (2013), 2, 10, 210, 266 Bazin (1967), 7, 266 Bordwell and Thompson (2001), 7, 64, 87, 267 Bordwell et al (1985), 12, 147, 192, 200, 267 Bordwell (1985), 12, 87, 164, 167, 176, 177, 188, 189, 193, 200, 206, 266 Bordwell (1989), 5, 11, 13, 15, 167, 176, 177, 266 Bordwell (2004), 209, 267 Bordwell (2006), 12, 206, 267 Bordwell (2008), 2, 12, 13, 177, 191, 267 Bordwell (2009), 209, 267 Bordwell (2011), 169, 179, 201, 210, 211, 267 Bouquet and Sanders (2006), 7, 9, 267 Branigan (1975), 155, 267 Branigan (1992), 12, 267 Halliday and Hasan (1976), 38, 170, 176, 268 Halliday (1978), 170, 172–175, 268 Halliday (2004), 84, 170, 172, 179, 196, 268 Harris (1952), 37, 268 Hartung (2006), 42, 268 Heim (1983), 39, 268 Herman (2002), 17, 182, 183, 193, 268 Hjelmslev (1961), 171, 268 Ho-Dac et al (2009), 207, 268 Hobbs and Redeker (1997), 41, 268 Hobbs et al (1993), 15, 16, 268 Hobbs (1979), 11, 268 Hobbs (1990), 40, 72, 268 Hobbs (2003), 15, 268 Industrial Britain (1931), 54, 265 Jasinskaja and Rossdeutscher (2009), 52, 165, 268 Jasinskaja (2010), 52, 165, 269 Jaworski and Thurlow (2009), 175, 269 Jewitt (2009), 2, 176, 269 Jost (1989), 90, 269 Kamp and Reyle (1993), 10, 15, 39, 269 Kamp (1981), 39, 269 Kamp (2007), 36, 269 Kehler (2002), 72, 269 Kintsch (1988), 59, 269 Kracauer (2004), 33, 269 Kress and van Leeuwen (1996), 2, 30, 34, 35, 54, 73, 141, 155, 173, 175, 180, 269 Colburn (1991), 44, 267 Colin (1995), 8, 267 Dorai and Venkatesh (2003), 209, 210, 267 Doxiadis (2010), 17, 192, 267 274 www.ebook777.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index 275 Kress and van Leeuwen (2001), 2, 32, 173, 179, 269 Kress (1993), 180, 269 Kress (2010), 10, 269 Kuhn (2011), 206, 269 Kuhn (2013), 206, 269 Lascarides and Asher (1991), 46, 269 Lascarides and Asher (2007), 31, 39, 40, 46, 65, 66, 68, 193, 269 Lemke (1985), 171, 269 Lemke (1998), 176, 270 Liu and O’Halloran (2009), 176, 178, 183, 270 Longacre (1996), 38, 270 Lundquist (1989), 11, 270 Magliano et al (2001), 54, 55, 270 Maier and Hovy (1993), 60, 196, 270 Mancini (2000), 52, 270 Mancini (2005), 52, 270 Mann and Thompson (1987), 60, 270 Martin and Rose (2003), 9, 170–172, 175, 270 Martin (1992), 170, 171, 176, 270 Martinec and Salway (2005), 176, 178, 183, 270 Matthiessen (2007), 183, 270 Meng (2004), 175, 270 Metz (1974), 7, 8, 270 Metz (1995), 18, 270 Mitchell (2011, NOvember 2), 138, 270 Moeller-Nass (1986), 8, 270 Montague (1974), 38, 270 Muller and Reymonet (2005), 15, 270 Noad and Unsworth (2007), 35, 270 O’Halloran (1999), 176, 270 O’Halloran (2004), 2, 13, 174, 175, 203, 271 Peirce et al (1979), 1, 14–16, 81, 271 Polanyi (1985), 205, 206, 271 Pollock (1974), 44, 271 Portner and Partee (2002), 38, 39, 271 Prevot and Vieu (2008), 82, 206, 271 Pudovkin (1926), 7, 271 Reichman (1985), 38, 271 Requiem for a Dream (2000), 87, 265 Rumelhart (1975), 38, 271 Saeed (2003), 39, 271 Sandys and Cope (1970), 10, 271 Sperber and Wilson (1986), 16, 17, 271 Stanovich and West (1981), 58, 271 Stede (2004), 207, 271 ă Stockl (2004), 34, 179, 271 ă (1997), 208, 271 Suckfull Thompson (1988), 12, 271 Tibus (2008), 58, 271 The Lives of Others (2006), 87, 265 Tseng and Bateman (2010), 16, 271 Tseng and Bateman (2012), 13, 168, 203, 272 Tseng (2009), 7, 13, 14, 21, 84, 168, 171, 176–178, 191, 271 Tseng (2013), 7, 13, 35, 176, 177, 180, 182, 183, 203, 271 van Dijk (1980), 38, 272 van Dijk (1985), 36, 37, 272 van Dijk (1990), 172, 272 van Dijk and Kintsch (1978), 57, 272 van Dijk and Kintsch (1983), 57–59, 272 Vanilla Sky (2001), 87, 265 van Leeuwen (1991), 13, 29, 54, 176, 196, 272 van Leeuwen (1996), 180, 184, 185, 272 van Leeuwen (1999), 35, 36, 272 van Leeuwen (2005), 173, 174, 272 von Stutterheim et al (2012), 52, 165, 272 Watkins (2007), 207, 208, 272 Webber (1991), 205, 206, 272 Weber (1984), 33, 272 Wildfeuer (2012), 22, 272 Wildfeuer (2013), 10, 89, 272 Wildgen (1994), 193, 272 Wildgen (2013), 203, 272 Wirth (1995), 15, 272 Wirth (2000), 14, 273 Wirth (2005), 14, 273 WORDS (2010), 22, 265 Wuss (1993), 209, 273 Zacks and Magliano (2011), 55, 57, 59, 96, 104, 273 Zacks et al (2007), 54, 273 Zacks et al (2009), 54–56, 273 Zhao (2009), 178, 273 ✐ ✐ ... Framework for Film Discourse Analysis 2.2.3 The Logical Form of Discourse Segments 2.2.4 The Experimental Set of Film Discourse Relations 2.2.5 The Syntax for Segmented Film Discourse Representation... Construction in Filmic Text 4.1 The Functional Framework for Multimodal Film Analysis 4.2 The Strata of Film Discourse Interpretation 4.2.1 Intersemiotic Meaning Construction in Filmic Discourse. .. 1.1 Making Sense of Film 1.2 Investigating Filmic Textuality 1.3 Exploring Filmic Narrative 1.4 Towards the Logic of Film Discourse Interpretation 1.5