Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com CHEMISTRY RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS ESSENTIAL OILS HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MEDICINAL USES AND BENEFITS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services CHEMISTRY RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS Additional books in this series can be found on Novařs website under the Series tab Additional e-books in this series can be found on Novařs website under the e-book tab Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com CHEMISTRY RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS ESSENTIAL OILS HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MEDICINAL USES AND BENEFITS MIRANDA PETERS EDITOR New York www.Ebook777.com Copyright © 2016 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content from this publication Simply navigate to this publicationřs page on Novařs website and locate the ŖGet Permissionŗ button below the title description This button is linked directly to the titleřs permission page on copyright.com Alternatively, you can visit copyright.com and search by title, ISBN, or ISSN For further questions about using the service on copyright.com, please contact: Copyright Clearance Center Phone: +1-(978) 750-8400 Fax: +1-(978) 750-4470 E-mail: info@copyright.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readersř use of, or reliance upon, this material Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Peters, Miranda, 1975- editor Title: Essential oils : historical significance, chemical composition, and medicinal uses and benefits / editor, Miranda Peters Description: Hauppauge, New York : Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2016 | Series: Chemistry research and applications | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2015046169 (print) | LCCN 2016001085 (ebook) | ISBN 9781634843515 (hardcover) | ISBN: (eBook) Subjects: LCSH: Essences and essential oils | Essences and essential oils Therapeutic use Classification: LCC QD416 E8765 2016 (print) | LCC QD416 (ebook) | DDC 615.3/21 dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015046169 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc † New York CONTENTS Preface Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter vii Essential Oils: Properties, Applications, Extraction Methods, and Perspectives Gustavo Haralampidou da Costa Vieira, Barbara Barbosa Dias and Denise Caren Ozório Leonel Phenological Changes in the Biosynthesis and Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils Jaime Usano-Alemany, Jesús Palá-Pẳl and David Herráiz-Palver Extraction Techniques and Pharmacological Potential of Essential Oils from Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Mauritius Z Aumeeruddy-Elalfi and F Mahomoodally Evaluation of Essential Oil of Ocimum gratissimum L for Antibacterial Activity and Potential to Modify Aminoglycoside Toxicity José J S Aguiar, Cicera P B Sousa, Fernando G Figueredo, Vanessa C N Bitu, Francisco A V Santos, Maria I Ferreira, Maria A da Silva, Flórido S N Peixoto, Henrique D M Coutinho and Edinardo F F Matias Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Plinia jaboticaba (Vell.) Kausel Essential Oil Michele Debiasi Alberton, Gabriele Andressa Zatelli, Leonard de Vinci Kanda Kupa, Adrielli Tenfen, Diogo Alexandre Siebert, Juliana Bastos, Edesio Luis Simionatto and Caio Maurício Mendes de Cordova Essential Oils as Potential Antioxidant Agents in the Treatment of Oxidative Stress-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: Results on In Vivo and In Vitro Models Carlos Fernández-Moriano, Elena González-Burgos and M Pilar Gómez-Serranillos 19 51 81 89 101 vi Chapter Chapter Contents Essential Oils of Some Algerian Endemic and Medicinal Plants: Variability of Their Chemical Compositions and Their Potent as Natural Antioxidants Nadhir Gourine Comparative Study of the Essential Oil Effects on the Aspergillus Flavus Growth Verụnica M S Santos, Fỏbio V Sussa, Edlayne Gonỗalez, Paulo S C Silva and Joana D'arc Felicio 121 139 Chapter Essential Oils Applications in Agriculture Francisco Wilson Reichert Jr., Maurício Albertoni Scariot, Jéssica Mulinari, Marcio Antơnio Mazutti, Helen Treichel and Altemir José Mossi 153 Chapter 10 Essential Oils As Growth Promoters in Broiler Chicken I L Azevedo, E R Martins, A C Almeida, W C L Nogueira, D E Faria Filho and F S A Fonseca 167 Chapter 11 Ishpink, Ocotea Quixos (Lam.) Kosterm History, Traditional Uses, Chemical, Pharmacological Properties and the Economic Potential of its Essentials Oils Present within This Amazonian Species Paco Noriega Index 181 189 PREFACE The use of essential oils by civilizations constitutes a common practice since antiquity In earlier times, China, India and the Middle East used herbs and oils in cooking, cosmetics, medicine and in religious rituals These substances come from a secondary metabolism of plants and are associated with several functions necessary for their survival, such as the defense against microorganisms, predators and attraction of pollinators Essential oils are composed of a complex mixture of biologically active substances, lipophilic and volatile, and in most cases derivatives of terpene compounds and in a lower occurrence - phenylpropanoids They have been long recognized for their medicinal uses: antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal and their antioxidant properties The increased interest in alternative natural substances is driving the research community to find new uses and applications of these substances This book provides research on the historical significance, chemical composition and medicinal uses and benefits of essential oils Some of the topics discussed include extraction methods of essential oils; an overview of the most relevant essential oil changes regarding plant phenology and plant development; the antibacterial properties of some essential oils; essential oils applications in agriculture; and the use of essential oils as additives in broiler diets Chapter - The use of essential oils has been a common practice in human societies since antiquity The ancient civilizations of China, India, and the Middle East were already using herbs and oils in cooking, cosmetics, medicine, and religious rituals These substances derive from plant secondary metabolism and are associated with several functions necessary for their survival, such as defense against microorganisms and predators and attraction of pollinators Essential oils are composed of a complex mixture of biologically active substances, lipophilic and volatile, in most cases derivatives of terpene compounds and, to a lesser extent, phenylpropanoids In recent years, interest in these substances has intensified due to the numerous properties associated with them, such as analgesic, expectorant, antimicrobial, antiseptic, insecticidal, fungicidal, and bactericidal qualities These latter properties in particular have aroused the interest of many researchers in different parts of the world, seeking alternative products to replace synthetic insecticides and fungicides, due to the risks posed by the latter to health and ecosystems The properties of essential oils make them good candidates for use in the production of medicines and natural insecticides Chapter - The biosynthesis of the essential oils can be affected by a number of factors, mainly genetic and environmental ones These potential variations in their chemical composition can occur and have been the subject of many researchers Since many of the Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com viii Miranda Peters most commercially important species are perennial species, their harvest time and cultivation conditions can be upgraded through better knowledge of the variations in the phenology in order to improve yields and quality of their essential oil Furthermore, examining the trend of qualities and yields over 5, or even more years throughout the plant development provides a key tool for the strategic establishment of new promising species as alternative crops Producers are interested in these alternative crops that may improve the environmental and economic sustainability of existing cropping systems In most species, the chemical composition of the essential oils is mainly determined by individual variations and, therefore, is largely subjected to a genetic control However, ontogeny changes throughout phenology can cause more or less pronounced variations in a few compounds of the whole essential oil chemical spectra Notwithstanding these slight variations in chemical composition, the phenological stages have a greater influence on the yields obtained from distillation of dry material The most recent published data leads to the suggestion that although flowering time is the most common harvest time for essential oil, producing plants may not always be in line with the highest yields Herein, the authors provide an overview of the most relevant essential oil changes regarding plant phenology and plant development, summarize the latest reports related to the monitoring of essential oil production, and outline their implications for productivity and quality Chapter - Essential oils (EOs) are natural volatile complex blends of biologically active molecules used nowadays for a panoply of applications Presently, their importance have been highlighted due to the increasing demand by the food and pharmaceutical industries but also for their potential to provide therapeutic benefits in the prevention and management of diseases In view of the multiple applications of the EOs, it is becoming important to explore different extraction techniques for higher yields of EOs as well as for the isolation of new biologically active compounds This chapter attempts to highlight recent extraction techniques for obtaining EOs from medicinal aromatic plants The conventional extraction techniques, their optimisation and improvements are discussed through the innovative principles, their benefits and disadvantages Moreover, this chapter also endeavors to provide an up-to-date literature on EOs, the reported traditional usage of EOs from medicinal and aromatic plants of Mauritius, common extraction methods, bioactivities, and applications Chapter - Bacteria are capable of causing severe infections, adapting to divergent situations and developing resistance to antibiotics Products extracted from medicinal plants can be utilized as antibacterial agents and drug-resistance modifiers, thereby potentiating or mitigating the activity of synthetic antibiotics The family Lamiaceae is characterized as having species with pharmacological potential, particularly with respect to combating bacterial infections The aim of the present work was to evaluate the antibiotic and antibioticmodifying activity of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum Lamiaceae, using the microdilution technique Standard and multiresistant bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were utilized, and antibiotics of the aminoglycoside class were tested With respect to evaluating the antibacterial effect of the O gratissimum L, they were found to have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 1024 µg/mL, except S aureus ATCC 25923 with MIC = 512 µg/mL The drug-modifying potential of the essential oil of O gratissimum L was found to be antagonistic, reducing the effect of antibiotics, against the bacterial strains tested, except against E coli when combined with amikacin and against P aeruginosa combined with gentamicin, where there was no effect The data obtained are promising, but further studies are needed to isolate the active www.Ebook777.com Ishpink, Ocotea Quixos (Lam.) Kosterm History, Traditional Uses, Chemical … 187 Ballabeni, V., Tognolini, M., Giorgio, C., Bertoni, S., Bruni, R., Barocelli, E.: Ocotea quixos Lam essential oil: In vitro and in vivo investigation on its anti-inflammatory properties, 2010, Fitorepia, 81 (4), 289 - 295 Biocomercio andino/MAE-CORPEI: Database of flora marketed in Ecuador 2015/10/22 Available from: URL: http:// www.biocomercioecuador.ec/recursos/base Bruni, R., Medici, A., Andreotti, E., Fantin, C., Muzzoli, M., Dehesa, M., Romagnoli, C., Sacchetti, G.: Chemical composition and biological activities of Ishpingo essential oil, a traditional Ecuadorian spice from Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm.(Lauraceae) flower calices, 2004, Food chemistry, 85 (3), 415 - 421 Camacho, R L., López, D C, and Hernández, R R.: Identification manual of wooden spices objetc of marketing in the colombian amazon 1ª Ed Bogotá-Colombia: Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas: 2002 Chankuap.org/Fundación Chankuap Recursos para el Futuro: Cosmetics catalog online ishpink 2015/10/12 Available from: URL: http:// chankuap.org/catalogo/cosmeticos/ linea-ishpink/ Chankuap.org/Fundación Chankuap Recursos para el Futuro: Utilization of ishpink, manual of good practice collection 2015/10/15 Available from: URL: http://chankuap.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/03/Manual-de-buenas-practicas-de-la-Ishpink.pdf Chaudhri, S K and Jain, N K.: History of cosmetics Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2009, (3), 164 - 167 Cobo, B.: New word history, [1653] Madrid-España: Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, t Atlas; 1964 De Acuña, C.: New discovery of the great amazon river 1ª Edición Madrid-Espa: Editorial Iberoamericana; 2009 Estrella, E.: America bread Ethnohistory of the aboriginal food of Ecuador 3ª edición QuitoEcuador: Ed Abya-Yala; 1990 Fernadez de Oviedo, G.: General and Natural History of the Indias, Vol I Madrid-España: Ediciones Atlas; 1959 Grandtner, M M, and Chevrette, J.: Dictionary of Trees, Volume 2: South America: Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Ecology Boston, Mass, USA: Academic Press; 2013 León-Yánez, S., R Valencia, N., Pitman, L., Endara, C., Ulloa Ulloa and H Navarrete.: Red book of the endemic plants from Ecuador 2ª edición Quito-Ecuador: Publicaciones del Herbario QCA, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador: 2011 López, D., Salinas, N., Colorado, J., Duarte, L., Valencia, S., Hernández, R., Martínez, R., Aguilar, L., Segura, R.: Red book of the Colombian plants Volumen 4, Wooden species threatened: Primera parte Bogota-Colombia: Instituto de Estudios Amazónicos 2007 Martínez, C E C.: Medicinal plants of the ecuadorian andes Botánica Económica de los Andes Centrales, 2006, 285-293 Muñoz-Acevedo, A; Torres, E A.; Gutiérrez, R G.; Cotes, S B.; Cervantes-Díaz, M.; TafurtGarcía, G.: Some Latin American Plants Promising for the Cosmetic Perfume and Flavor Industries In: Teixeira-Duarte, M C.; Rai M Therapeutic Medicinal Plants from Lab to the Market Sao Paulo-Brazil: CRC Press; 2015; 279 - 331 Naranjo, P.; Kijjoa, A.; Giesbrecht, A M and Gottlieb, O R.: Ocotea quixos, American cinnamon Journal of ethnopharmacology, 1981, 4(2), 233 - 236 Noriega, P., and Dacarro, C.: Leaf oil of Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm.: antimicrobial and antifungal activity, 2008, La Granja, 7(1), - 188 Paco Noriega Phillips, W D., and Phillips, C R.: The Worlds of Christopher Columbus Cambridge-UK: Cambridge University Press; 1993 PUR Projet/Alto Samboyacu: Peru progress report (2012), Alto Shamboyacu project San Martin Region 2015/09/15 Available from: URL: http:// www.purprojet.com/en/ project/alto-shamboyacu/ Sacchetti, G., Guerrini, A., Noriega, P., Bianchi, A and Bruni, R (2006) Essential oil of wild Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm.(Lauraceae) leaves from Amazonian Ecuador Flavour and fragrance journal, 2006, 21(4), 674 - 676 Ulloa, C.: Aromas and Andean flavors Economic Botany of the Central Andes Universidad Mayor de San Andrés La Paz, 2006, 313, 328 Tropicos/ Kostermans, A J G H Ocotea quixos (Lam) Kosterm 2015/09/12 Available from: URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/17805788 Zárate, A.: Primitive historians by the Indias, Vol II Madrid-España: Ediciones Atlas; 1947 INDEX A access, 149, 182 accessions, 28, 44, 49 accounting, 21, 93 acetone, 10, 106 acetylcholinesterase, 9, 107, 108, 111, 112, 158, 163 acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, 107, 111, 163 acid, 4, 43, 49, 52, 55, 68, 75, 103, 106, 128, 131, 184, 185 acidic, 109 acidity, 98 acne, action potential, active compound, ix, 21, 30, 56, 60, 82, 85 additives, vii, x, 53, 54, 74, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175 adenocarcinoma, 106 adjustment, 132 adsorption, 49, 133 adults, 165 adverse effects, 11 aerial parts, 27, 34, 35, 45, 48, 129, 130, 131, 141, 142, 143, 151, 166 AFB1, 141 aflatoxin, 140, 143, 147, 149, 150, 152, 162 Africa, 3, 141, 182 agar, 83, 91, 142, 143 age, 29, 37, 40, 107, 115, 116, 160, 179 aggregation, 67, 186 aggressive behavior, 110 aging process, 29 agriculture, vii, x, 7, 13, 42, 140, 147, 153, 154, 156, 157, 159, 161 airways, 83 akinesia, 115 alcohols, 3, 105, 106 aldehydes, 3, 105, 143, 144 Algeria, ix, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 129, 130, 136, 137, 138 alkaloids, 18, 170 alkane, 143 alternative crops, viii, 19, 25 alternative medicine, 52 alters, 46 Alzheimer´s Disease, 107 amazon cinnamon, xi, 181 Amazon River, 182 amino, 2, 103, 104, 171 amino acid(s), 2, 103, 104, 171 aminoglycosides, 84, 85 ammonia, 92, 172 amplitude, 53 amylase, amyloid beta, 108 analgesic, vii, 1, 3, 9, 14, 61, 62, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 83, 141, 151 anatomy, 37 angina, 90 ANOVA, 84, 143 antagonism, 85 antibacterial activity, ix, 5, 13, 15, 39, 41, 85, 89, 95, 96, 97, 151 antibiotic, viii, 2, 6, 15, 17, 77, 81, 82, 83, 87, 91, 92, 168, 172, 177 antibiotic resistance, 17, 83, 177 anti-cancer, 105 anticonvulsant, 83 antidepressants, antimicrobials, x, xi, 7, 167, 168, 169, 171, 176 antioxidant, vii, ix, 3, 18, 20, 38, 39, 40, 43, 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62, 73, 75, 77, 83, 90, 97, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 113, 115, 116, 121, 122, 126, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 151, 152, 163, 170, 171, 185 190 Index antioxidant activity, x, 39, 47, 50, 53, 54, 55, 90, 113, 121, 127, 128, 131, 133, 136, 137, 151, 171, 185 antipyretic, 67, 70, 72 antitumor, anxiety, 9, 71, 109, 110 apoptosis, 102, 106, 109, 113, 115 apoptosis pathways, 102, 106 apoptotic mechanisms, 106 appetite, 10 Arabian Peninsula, 129 Argentina, 87, 90 arginine, 92, 98 aromatic compounds, 4, 10, 56 arthritis, 62, 95, 141 ascorbic acid, 128, 131, 132, 176 Asia, 3, 16, 76, 141, 163, 165, 182 aspartate, 107 aspergillosis, 13 assessment, 131, 150 asthma, 90, 128 astringent, 62 astrocytes, 112 atherosclerosis, 104 atmosphere, 14, 25 avoidance, 111 azadirachtin, 154 B B1 (AFB1), 140 bacillus, 82 bacillus subtilis, 5, 64, 68, 69, 70 bacteria, ix, 5, 6, 12, 15, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 72, 82, 89, 90, 94, 95, 96, 97, 142, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 175, 185 bacterial cells, 95 bacterial infection, viii, 81 bacterial strains, viii, 81, 83, 91 bactericides, bacteriostatic, 170 ban, 169 barriers, 169 base, 103, 108, 141, 155, 187 baths, beetles, 163 behavioral change, 158 behaviors, 34, 109, 110, 114 beneficial effect, 30, 103, 110, 113 benefits, vii, viii, xi, 51, 175, 181 benzene, 10 beverages, 2, 52 binomial nomenclature, 20 biochemical processes, biochemistry, 44, 177 biodegradation, 149 biodiversity, 26, 28, 60, 164 biological activities, 90, 105, 112, 187 biological activity, x, 11, 38, 90, 98, 153, 154 biologically active compounds, viii, 51, 140 biomass, 27, 47, 170 biomolecules, 76, 104 biosafety, 53 biosynthesis, vii, 4, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 37, 38, 45, 104, 147 biosynthetic pathways, 43, 96 biotechnology, 164 biotic, 25, 28, 42 birds, 5, 169 bleaching, 128 bleeding, 141, 142 blends, viii, 51, 170 blood, 9, 17, 91, 107, 110, 172, 176, 177 blood pressure, 17 blood-brain barrier, 9, 110 bloodstream, body size, 44 body weight, 172 boils, 141 Bolivia, 145, 152 brain, 21, 83, 91, 107, 108, 111, 113, 114, 115 Brazil, 1, 3, 16, 17, 76, 82, 83, 87, 89, 90, 96, 97, 139, 141, 142, 143, 145, 148, 153, 169, 187 breakdown, 56 breeding, 22, 41 bronchitis, 72, 142 budding, 23, 24, 31, 32 by-products, 103 C CAD, 109, 113 caecum, 179 calcium, 104, 171 calyx, xi, 181 Cameroon, 15, 179 cancer, 3, 16, 104, 106 cancer cells, 3, 16 candidates, vii, 1, 108, 109 capillary, 84, 142 carbohydrates, 96 carbon, 11, 52, 78, 102 carbon dioxide, 11, 52, 78 carcinogen, 140 carcinoma, 107 cardiac arrhythmia, 141 Index cardiac muscle, 70 carotene, 185 carotenoids, 137, 172 castor oil, cattle, 5, 171 cell death, ix, 101, 104, 115 cell line(s), 106, 109, 110, 112, 113 central nervous system, 9, 112, 115 cervical cancer, 106 Chagas disease, challenges, 47, 116 channel blocker, 107 cheese, 129 chemical(s), vii, ix, x, xi, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 19, 20, 21, 25, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50, 52, 56, 60, 75, 78, 83, 89, 90, 93, 95, 105, 106, 109, 111, 121, 122, 123, 129, 130, 136, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 150, 153, 155, 159, 161, 162, 170, 181, 184, 185, 186 chemical composition, vii, ix, x, 10, 19, 20, 21, 25, 29, 30, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 50, 56, 78, 83, 89, 93, 106, 111, 121, 122, 123, 129, 130, 136, 139, 143, 145, 146, 161, 162, 184 chemical properties, xi, 20, 150, 181 chemical reactions, chemical structures, 90, 105 chemoreceptors, chemotype, 22, 124, 126, 163 chicken, x, 167, 168, 172, 175, 176 Chile, 171, 173 China, vii, 1, 3, 162, 165, 182 Chinese medicine, chitin, 155 chitosan, 177 chlorophyll, 46 cholera, 63 cholesterol, 95, 172, 173, 174, 175 cholinesterase, 21, 74, 75, 112 chromatography, 14, 58, 59, 60, 77, 78, 79, 86, 98 chromosome, 103 cities, 182 clarity, 34 classes, 3, 4, 84, 105 classical methods, 106 classification, 60, 93, 183 cleavage, 109, 113 climate, 2, 30, 49, 157, 182 clinical trials, 45 CNS, 119 CO2, 10, 11, 13, 17, 52, 53, 57, 75, 78, 106, 110, 114 cocoa, 2, 182 cocoa butter, coding, 108 191 coffee, 75, 77 cognition, 107 cognitive capacities, 109, 113 cognitive capacity, 110 cognitive deficit(s), 114 cognitive function, 108, 110 cognitive impairment, 45 Colombia, xi, 164, 181, 183, 184, 187 colon, 3, 106 colon cancer, colonization, 60, 176 color, 92, 132, 176 commercial, x, 11, 34, 49, 139, 143, 146, 148, 168, 171, 172, 177, 179, 186 communities, xi, 129, 181, 186 community, vii, ix, xi, 121, 181 competition, 168 competitiveness, 154 complexity, composition, vii, ix, x, 2, 4, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 73, 74, 75, 78, 83, 85, 89, 90, 93, 96, 97, 98, 106, 111, 121, 122, 123, 126, 129, 130, 135, 136, 137, 139, 143, 145, 146, 148, 150, 151, 154, 157, 161, 162, 163, 164, 174, 177, 178, 184, 187 compounds, vii, viii, ix, x, 1, 2, 6, 9, 10, 19, 21, 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 45, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 76, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101, 104, 105, 106, 108, 111, 112, 116, 129, 131, 136, 141, 143, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 170 compression, 11 condensation, 10, 56 Congress, 162, 178 conservation, 52, 148, 186 constipation, 115 constituents, 4, 8, 10, 11, 20, 39, 44, 52, 78, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 111, 112, 113, 114, 131, 143, 145, 146, 162, 163, 166 construction, 13 consumers, 4, 169 consumption, 3, 140, 172 contact time, 54 contamination, 3, 4, 6, 7, 47, 140, 149, 152 continental, 135 controversial, controversies, 40 cooking, vii, 1, cooling, 56 cooperation, 86 correlation(s), 25, 30, 37, 172 cortex, 109 192 Index cosmetic(s), vii, 1, 4, 52, 73, 82, 186, 187 cost, 7, 11, 56, 169 cough, 69, 141 coumarins, 105 covering, 169 CPT, 16 critical value, 11 crop(s), viii, x, 19, 25, 28, 29, 153, 160, 179 crude herb, 109, 113 cues, 28 cultivars, 39, 40 cultivation, viii, 19, 22, 30, 33, 34, 37, 48, 50, 148, 154, 157 cultivation conditions, viii, 19 culture, x, 26, 49, 92, 114, 139, 140, 141, 149 culture conditions, 26, 149 culture medium, 92, 140, 141 cure, 116 cysteine, 103, 104 cytochrome, 103, 115 cytometry, 15 cytoplasm, 6, 104, 155 cytosine, 44 cytotoxicity, 108 D daily living, 107 damages, 155 database, 169 decay, defense mechanisms, 108 defensive strategies, 25 deficit, 28, 39 degradation, 6, 7, 148, 184 dementia, 21, 108, 110, 114 denaturation, dental caries, 62 depolarization, deposition, 108, 109 depression, 9, 71, 114, 115 depth, 30 derivatives, vii, 1, 2, 4, 142, 161 dermatitis, dermatology, 17 destructive process, detection, 59 deterrence, developing countries, 3, developmental factors, 29 diarrhea, 90, 142 diet, 169, 170 diffusion, x, 56, 139, 142, 146 digestibility, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177 digestion, 158, 168, 170 digestive enzymes, disease model, 113 disease progression, 115 diseases, viii, ix, 3, 5, 21, 25, 51, 60, 82, 85, 101, 102, 104, 112, 116, 122, 154, 159, 168 disorder, 65, 107, 108, 115 dissociation, 59 distillation, viii, ix, 10, 19, 27, 34, 35, 52, 54, 56, 57, 75, 76, 78, 101, 142, 154 distillation processes, ix, 101 distilled water, 84 distribution, 2, 4, 5, 21, 35, 37, 38, 59, 103 diuretic, 9, 65, 68, 141 divergence, 38 diversity, xi, 2, 40, 43, 75, 88, 154, 161, 181 DNA, ix, 30, 82, 101, 102, 103, 109, 113, 115, 117 DOI, 15 domestication, 41 dopamine, 115, 116 dopaminergic, 115 double bonds, 102 DPPH, x, 53, 55, 107, 109, 111, 113, 121, 126, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 185 drought, 28, 30, 48 drug resistance, drugs, 6, 11, 53, 77, 107, 108, 115, 116, 151, 176 drying, 38, 47, 169, 175, 176 duodenum, 172 dyeing, 52 E E coli, viii, 5, 6, 15, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 71, 82, 83, 94, 95, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175 eating disorders, ecological roles, 35 economic efficiency, 172 economic losses, 140 ecosystem, Ecuador, xi, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188 eczema, 9, 66, 71 edema, 141, 142, 186 education, 161 Egypt, 2, 178 electron, 6, 91, 103, 108, 142, 155 electron microscopy, 155 electrons, 6, 103 elongation, 141 emission, 46 emotion, 110 emulsions, 164 Index encapsulation, 169 endangered, 184 endothelial NO synthase, 107 energy, 56, 59, 84, 92, 171, 172 enforcement, 34 engineering, 22, 29, 41, 44, 45 enteritis, 168 environment(s), ix, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 25, 44, 52, 75, 92, 101, 127, 154, 156, 159, 184, 186 environmental change, 38 environmental conditions, 28, 30, 37, 50, 174, 175 environmental contamination, x, 153, 159 environmental factors, 29, 170 environmental impact, 55 enzyme(s), 2, 4, 6, 9, 94, 96, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 111, 158, 170 eosinophils, 103 epithelium, 172 equilibrium, 168 equipment, 55 erysipelas, 90 erythrocytes, 16 estrogen, ethanol, 8, 10, 53, 57, 134 eucalyptus, 7, 8, 9, 105, 155, 160, 170, 171 Europe, 11, 169 European Union, 3, 169 evaporation, 10, 11, 54, 77 evidence, ix, 101, 182 evolution, 33 expectorant, vii, 1, 63, 68, 71 experimental condition, 109, 110 exploitation, xi, 140, 181, 182, 184, 186 exports, 169 exposure, 46, 103, 108, 109, 113, 114, 154, 159, 170 external environment, 92 extraction, vii, viii, xi, 10, 11, 15, 20, 26, 35, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 75, 76, 77, 78, 90, 93, 106, 161, 181, 186 extracts, 6, 10, 13, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 34, 40, 43, 57, 60, 75, 90, 92, 94, 95, 97, 127, 131, 135, 137, 138, 142, 146, 150, 154, 169, 170, 171, 176 exudate, 122 F families, 2, 8, 105 farmers, 156 farms, 177 fasting, 107 fat, 10, 172 fatty acids, 2, 39, 54, 102, 131, 136 feces, 193 feed additives, 169 fermentation, 52 ferric ion, 107 fertility, 7, 15 fertilizers, 49 fever, 67, 71 fights, 122 film thickness, 58, 84, 91 films, 158 financial support, 96 fish, 66, 69, 73 fission, 82 flatulence, 62 flavonoids, 26, 88, 170 flavor, 2, 5, 54, 111, 175 flavour, 105 flooding, 28 flora, 88, 98, 186, 187 flora and fauna, 186 flowering time, viii, 20, 26, 28 flowers, 3, 10, 25, 26, 34, 35, 39, 45, 52, 62, 65, 105, 106, 131, 136, 142, 154 fluid, 2, 11, 78, 106, 114 fluid extract, 106, 114 fluorescence, 46 food, viii, x, 4, 5, 17, 18, 29, 40, 42, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 74, 75, 76, 103, 104, 106, 121, 129, 131, 139, 140, 149, 150, 153, 156, 158, 164, 168, 169, 186 food additive(s), 54, 60, 131 food chain, 140 food production, x, 4, 153 food products, 4, 54 food security, 156, 169 food spoilage, 17 force, 4, 56, 57, 95 forebrain, 109, 113 formation, 10, 25, 28, 33, 35, 37, 47, 52, 55, 103, 107, 109, 113, 126, 149, 170 formula, 132, 133, 134, 135 France, 3, 39, 61, 136, 137 FRAP, 107, 126, 127, 128, 131 free radicals, 103, 107, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134 frequency distribution, 21 fruit(s), 3, 7, 8, 10, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 39, 49, 52, 62, 63, 69, 70, 71, 76, 90, 93, 96, 97, 98, 104, 105, 122, 124, 127, 131, 137, 154, 161, 163 functional food, 53 fungal infection, fungi, x, 7, 28, 60, 61, 63, 67, 139, 140, 141, 143, 147, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 161, 164, 165, 166 fungus, 6, 7, 90, 140, 141, 143, 155 194 Index G GABA, 158 gait, 115 galls, 122, 124, 126, 137 gamma rays, 103 gastroenteritis, 82, 90 GC-FID, 91 gene expression, 41, 50 genes, 29, 42, 82, 103, 168 genetic control, viii, 19, 29 genetic factors, 29 genetics, 168 genomics, 44 genotype, 48 genus, 5, 6, 20, 44, 82, 90, 93, 96, 110, 111, 122, 129, 138, 141, 151 genus Candida, geographical origin, 21, 146 Germany, 3, 76 germination, 3, 140, 141, 156, 159, 160, 162 gibberellin, ginger, 5, 6, 21, 22, 66, 70, 105, 116, 170, 171, 172, 182 gingivitis, 71 gland, 25 glucose, 92, 107 glucoside, 137 glutamate, 107 glutamic acid, 104 glutathione, 104, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 115, 116 glycerol, 10, 91 glycine, 104 gout, 66 gracilis, 8, 14 grass, 16, 65, 72 Greece, 49, 123, 124, 126, 138 growth, ix, x, 3, 6, 7, 12, 15, 25, 28, 42, 48, 50, 67, 68, 84, 92, 98, 106, 121, 139, 140, 141, 142, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 155, 156, 159, 160, 162, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 182 growth rate, 141 H habitat(s), 35, 184 hair, 70 harmful effects, 103 harvesting, 29, 33, 34, 46, 49, 140 hazards, x, 53, 54, 153 headache, 71, 72, 141 healing, 141 health, vii, x, 1, 2, 3, 5, 54, 75, 139, 140, 153, 154, 172 health problems, 2, health status, 172 height, 122, 172 helium, 84, 142 hepatoma, 106 herbal medicine, 3, 169 herbicide, 154, 159, 160 herpes, 72 heterogeneity, 33 hexane, 10, 142 hippocampus, 108, 109, 111, 113, 114 histology, 169 HO-1, 109 homeostasis, 104 hormone(s), 2, 104 human, vii, 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 16, 43, 82, 90, 106, 109, 111, 113, 115, 140, 153, 168 human brain, 43 human health, 3, 90, 168 humidity, 170 Hunter, 52, 76 hybrid, 42, 129 hydrocarbons, 3, 30, 95, 99, 106, 131, 143, 144, 145, 146 hydrocortisone, 68 hydrogen, 6, 103, 104, 109, 115, 126 hydrogen peroxide, 103, 104, 109, 115 hydrolysis, 53 hydroperoxides, 104 hydrophobicity, 7, 95 hydroxyl, 18, 103, 107, 115 hypertension, 67, 72, 141 I ideal, 54 identification, 57, 58, 84, 91, 96 ileum, 172 immune response, 177 immunity, 177 immunocompromised, 82 impairments, 113 improvements, viii, 9, 51 impulses, 108 in vitro, x, 5, 6, 7, 12, 17, 49, 67, 72, 88, 96, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 121, 127, 137, 138, 161, 162, 166, 169, 170, 171, 185 in vivo, ix, 7, 17, 82, 108, 109, 114, 116, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 186, 187 incidence, 5, 50, 82 195 Index income, 186 India, vii, 1, 2, 3, 16, 75, 182 individuals, 28, 46, 168 induction, ix, 101 industries, viii, 4, 30, 51, 53, 60, 186 industry, 42, 54, 60, 82, 131, 168, 186 ineffectiveness, 168 infection, 72 inflammatory cells, 103 influenza, ingestion, 140, 158 ingredients, 52, 170 inheritance, 38 inhibition, x, 2, 4, 9, 21, 65, 71, 92, 109, 111, 132, 133, 139, 141, 143, 146, 147, 148, 155, 158, 159, 160, 165, 172 inhibitor, 140 initiation, 107 injury, 141, 171 inoculum, 84, 92, 143 insecticide, 8, 154, 158, 159 insects, x, 3, 7, 8, 9, 15, 21, 46, 68, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159, 161, 165, 166 insomnia, 71 integration, 59, 91, 168 integrity, 6, 95, 115, 160 integument, interference, international trade, intervention, 110 intestinal tract, 82 intestine, 168, 175 intracellular calcium, 115 invertebrates, ion channels, 3, 104 ionization, 84, 91, 142 ionizing radiation, 103 ions, 6, 59, 95, 127 Iran, 45, 47, 129, 163 Iraq, 129 Ireland, iron, 109, 115 irradiation, 56 Islam, 150 islands, 60 isolation, viii, 27, 35, 51, 52, 59, 60, 76, 77, 78 isomerization, 52 issues, 9, 59 J Japan, 3, 53, 182 joint swelling, 62 K ketones, 3, 105, 106, 143 kidney, 142 kill, 103 kinetic model, 152 Krebs cycle, 103 L lactobacillus, large intestine, 172 larva, 18 larvae, 163, 164 latency, 110 Latin America, 3, 8, 187 leakage, 95, 155 learning, 108, 109 leave, 8, 126 legend, xi, 181, 182, 186 Lepidoptera, 14, 17, 18, 162, 165 leprosy, 66 lesions, 103, 172, 186 liberation, 56 light, 2, 11, 28, 147, 175 lignans, 78 lipid oxidation, 54 lipid peroxidation, 102, 103, 107, 111, 115, 116, 171 lipid peroxides, 102 lipids, ix, 7, 95, 101, 102, 107, 131 liquid phase, 10, 11 liquids, ix, 11, 57, 101, 105, 106 Listeria monocytogenes, 5, 15 liver cancer, 106 livestock, x, 139, 140 local anesthetic, 182 local community, xi, 181 localization, 151 locomotor, 109 lung cancer, 12 Luo, 97 lymphocytes, 172 lysis, 4, M macromolecules, 102 macrophages, 103, 186 majority, 8, 52, 94, 156, 161 malaria, Malaysia, 76 mammals, 2, 4, 11 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 196 Index management, viii, 11, 20, 25, 29, 33, 49, 51, 106, 110, 159, 160, 165, 168 manipulation, 54 manufacturing, 76 marketing, 186 masking, 175 mass, 14, 57, 58, 59, 78, 84, 86, 91, 98 mass spectrometry, 14, 57, 59, 78 mastitis, 95 materials, 44, 52, 54, 55, 56, 177 matrix, 42 matter, Mauritius, viii, 51, 60, 61, 76 meat, x, 140, 167, 168, 169, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177 mechanical stress, 56 media, 98 medical, 41, 53 medicinal plants, viii, 2, 3, 6, 11, 16, 23, 25, 27, 31, 36, 41, 48, 57, 60, 81, 83, 115, 140, 151, 169, 182 medicine, vii, ix, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 52, 60, 82, 90, 101, 110, 121, 128, 129, 141, 142, 148 Mediterranean, 21, 30, 40, 46, 122 Mediterranean climate, 30 melanoma, 106 melting, 44 membranes, 108, 109, 113 memory, 45, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114 memory function, 108, 109 memory performance, 114 meningitis, 82 menopause, menstruation, 142 messengers, 104 metabolic, 40, 44, 45, 46 metabolism, 2, 115 metabolites, 2, 7, 21, 28, 30, 33, 41, 42, 43, 44, 50, 52, 55, 56, 75, 84, 85, 116, 129, 131, 138, 140, 169, 170, 176, 177 metal ion(s), 104, 131 metals, 108 methanol, 10, 18, 53, 92, 132, 137 methylation, 30, 44 Mexico, 145 mice, 61, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 116 microbiota, 82, 168, 169, 173, 176, 177 microorganism(s), vii, ix, x, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 15, 82, 85, 92, 94, 95, 140, 154, 156, 167, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 175 microparticles, 49 microscope, 155 microscopy, 147 microwave heating, 56 microwaves, 75 Middle East, vii, migration, mildew, 49 mitochondria, 95, 103, 104, 107, 108, 115 mitogen, 104 model system, 95 models, ix, 102, 108, 111, 112, 115, 116 moderate activity, 5, 94 modifications, 33, 58, 103, 173 molds, x, 139, 140 molecular orbital, 103 molecular oxygen, 103, 104 molecular weight, 2, 7, 20, 54, 170 molecules, viii, 11, 25, 51, 55, 57, 59, 72, 95, 96, 103, 104, 116, 185 monoterpenoids, 37 Morocco, 123, 124, 126, 129, 163 morphology, 25, 37, 40, 43, 169, 171, 172, 176, 177 mortality, 6, 7, 8, 9, 154, 157, 158, 159, 168, 169 mortality rate, 9, 158 mosquitoes, 15, 68 mucosa, 168, 171, 178 mutation(s), 82, 103 mycotoxins, x, 139, 140, 148, 149 N National Academy of Sciences, 44 natural additives, 169 natural compound, 28, 57, 59, 110, 131, 154 natural enemies, 60 natural food, 20 natural resources, 3, 45, 148 nausea, 62 NCTC, 92 necrosis, 102, 159, 160 nerve, 10, 108 nervous system, neuroblastoma, 109, 113, 115 neurodegeneration, ix, 102, 111, 113, 115 neurodegenerative diseases, 101, 111, 116 neurodegenerative disorders, ix, 101, 104 neuronal systems, 107 neurons, 107, 112, 115 neuroprotection, 108 neuroprotective agents, 115 neurotoxicity, 108, 113 neurotransmission, 17 neurotransmitter(s), 9, 108 neutrophils, 103 nicotine, 109, 113, 154 nitric oxide synthase, 103 www.Ebook777.com Index nitrite, 111, 114 nitrogen, 46, 132, 170 NMR, 77 nonane, 144, 145 non-polar, 57 North Africa, 50, 122, 129 Nrf2, 109, 112, 113 nuclear membrane, 155 nucleotides, nutraceutical, 60, 111, 131 nutrient(s), 28, 168, 171, 174, 175 nutrition, 43, 52, 158, 168, 169 O Oceania, 141 Ocotea quixos, xi, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188 officials, oil production, viii, 20, 37, 44 oil samples, 112, 127, 128 olfaction, 108 ontogeny, viii, 19, 38, 40, 41 opportunities, 42, 44 optimization, 152 organ, 35, 171, 176, 177 organelle, 103 organic compounds, 2, 3, 25, 35, 105 organic food, 54 organic solvents, 10 organism, xi, 92, 98, 156, 167, 173, 174 organs, ix, 26, 27, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 49, 50, 52, 101, 105, 159 overproduction, ix, 101, 115 ovulation, 65 oxidation, 102, 103, 115, 131, 173, 174, 175 oxidative damage, ix, 101, 103, 107, 171 oxidative stress, ix, 101, 102, 104, 107, 111, 115, 116 oxygen, 8, 103, 104, 107, 175 ozone, 148 P Pacific, 8, 16, 76, 163, 165 pain, 9, 62, 141 palpitations, 71 Paraguay, 90 parasite(s), 8, 28, 69, 95 partition, 95 pasta, 162 pathogenesis, 7, 104, 115 197 pathogens, 3, 4, 17, 28, 35, 90, 97, 103, 155, 162, 163, 165 pathology, 108 pathway(s), 4, 22, 28, 29, 35, 37, 40, 45, 50, 52, 107, 112 PCA, 126 PCR, 41 peptide, 109 permeability, 4, 6, 7, 102, 170 peroxidation, 102, 111, 114, 162 peroxide, 104 peroxynitrite, 103 Peru, xi, 181, 183, 188 pesticide, 42, 142, 154 pests, x, 11, 25, 153, 154, 156, 157, 161, 162, 163, 164 petroleum, 92, 142 pH, 4, 55, 92, 175, 177 pharmaceutical(s), viii, 4, 51, 53, 60, 82, 106, 177, 186 pharmacology, 11, 45 phenol, 92 phenolic compounds, 26, 77, 98, 136, 141 phenology, vii, viii, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38 phenotype, 34, 35 phosphate, 35 phosphorus, 171 phosphorylation, 6, 104, 109, 113 photosynthesis, 48 phthalates, 54, 78 physical structure, physiological mechanisms, 165 physiology, 25 phytosterols, 141 phytotherapy, 90 Pistacia atlantica, x, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 135, 136, 137, 138 Pituranthos scoparius, x, 121, 122, 128, 129, 136, 138 placebo, 110, 114 plant growth, 38 plants, vii, viii, x, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 60, 61, 76, 81, 82, 83, 87, 90, 96, 104, 105, 106, 108, 115, 117, 121, 122, 131, 140, 141, 146, 148, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 169, 170, 173, 174, 182 plasma membrane, 3, 6, 95, 160 plasticity, 30 platelet aggregation, 71 platelets, 67 198 Index Plinia jaboticaba, ix, 89, 90, 94 pneumonia, 95 polar, 53, 55, 82 pollinators, vii, 1, 25, 28, 170 pollution, 103, 146 polymerization, 52 polymers, polymorphism, 29, 38 polyphenols, 52, 131, 151 population, 3, 8, 28, 38, 116, 129, 168 Portugal, 47 post-transcriptional regulation, 34 potassium, 6, 104 potato, 143 potential benefits, 107 poultry, x, xi, 167, 168, 169, 171, 176, 177 poultry nutrition, 169 precedent, 186 predator(s), vii, 1, 3, 25, 170 preparation, xi, 134, 135, 181 prescription drugs, 52 preservation, 42 preservative, 4, 149, 150 prevention, viii, 51, 107, 109, 110, 140, 168 principles, viii, 51, 148 producers, 3, 140, 169 production costs, 169 prognosis, 82 project, 188 prokaryotes, 95 proliferation, 3, 154, 155, 172 promoter, 169, 172 propagation, 102 protection, 3, 25, 28, 149, 154, 186 protein kinase C, 116 protein kinases, 104 protein synthesis, 103 proteins, ix, 6, 96, 101, 102, 103 proteolysis, 103 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, viii, ix, 5, 81, 82, 83, 85, 89, 91, 95, 142 public awareness, 53 public health, 5, 8, 140 publishing, 98 pumps, 95 purification, 54 purines, 103 R radiation, 28, 106 radicals, 103, 115, 128, 132, 133 ramp, 58 raw materials, x, 11, 30, 121, 149 reaction mechanism, 102 reactions, 6, 103 reactive oxygen, ix, 101, 102, 107 reactivity, 175 recommendations, 91 recovery, 11, 54 registry, 151 relaxation, 9, 186 relevance, 5, 29, 35, 111, 115 reliability, 59 relief, 9, 108 repair, 103 repellent, 8, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 164 reproduction, 154, 158 reputation, 20, 21 requirements, 21, 22, 53, 75 researchers, vii, 1, 19, 90, 109 residue(s), x, 4, 8, 103, 153, 167, 168, 169, 175 resins, 182 resistance, viii, 3, 4, 7, 11, 17, 41, 81, 82, 83, 90, 140, 153, 159, 168, 169, 170, 175, 178, 179 resolution, 14, 44, 52, 58, 59 resources, ix, 82, 121, 154, 184, 186 respiratory failure, respiratory problems, 2, respiratory rate, 108 response, 6, 25, 28, 30, 164 restructuring, 168 retail, 179 retardation, 140, 159 reticulum, 103 Rhanterium adpressum, x, 121, 122, 130, 136, 137 rhizome, 16, 60, 78 Rhizopus, 64 ribonucleic acid, 103 risk(s), vii, x, 1, 3, 8, 139, 156 RNA, 102, 103, 106 room temperature, 57, 142 root(s), 25, 27, 35, 36, 52, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 72, 105, 159, 160, 161 routes, 2, 93 Q quality control, 131 quality of life, 110, 114 quercetin, 86 S safety, 20, 30, 150 salinity, 28 199 Index Salmonella, 5, 12, 15, 16, 67, 69, 106, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179 saprophyte, 95 scabies, 66 scanning electron microscopy, 25, 147 scavengers, 108, 115 scent, 17, 28, 40, 108 science, 149 scope, ix, 121 secondary metabolism, vii, x, 1, 2, 3, 90, 153, 154 secretion, 170 security, 149 sedative, 72, 141 seed, 2, 26, 28, 35, 138, 149, 178 seeding, 28 seedling development, 160 seedlings, 46, 159, 160 selectivity, 56, 59, 156, 160, 168 selenium, 104 senile dementia, 108 sensitivity, 58 sepsis, 82 sequencing, 41 serum, 116 shape, 21, 59 sheep, 91, 95 shoot(s), 43, 49, 159, 160 showing, xi, 5, 7, 92, 147, 155, 167, 171, 172, 175 side effects, 168 signals, 109 signs, 114 Singapore, sinusitis, 71 skeleton, 93 skin, 9, 45, 66, 82, 94 skin diseases, sleep disorders, 115 sleep disturbance, ix, 101 small intestine, 179 smoking, 52, 103, 113 sodium, 84, 90 soil type, 46 solubility, 53, 76, 103 solution, 3, 53, 84, 91, 92, 132, 134, 135, 143 solvents, 10, 53, 76 South Africa, 44, 162 South America, 141, 182, 187 Spain, 3, 38, 42, 46, 47, 49, 50, 101, 182 spatial memory, 109, 110, 113 species, viii, ix, x, xi, 2, 3, 6, 8, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 52, 55, 57, 60, 81, 82, 90, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 110, 111, 121, 128, 129, 139, 140, 141, 142, 146, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 167, 170, 174, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186 spectroscopy, 86, 98 spore, 143, 156 sprains, 72 spreadsheets, 169 Spring, 34 stability, 33, 95, 175 stamens, 183 standard deviation, 148 standardization, 22, 75 starch, 177 state, x, 11, 112, 132, 167, 169 sterile, 91, 92, 141, 143 steroids, stimulant, 67, 68, 69, 71 stimulation, 17 stomach, 71, 122, 175 storage, 4, 20, 49, 105, 106, 140, 154, 156, 170, 175 stress, ix, 2, 9, 20, 25, 28, 42, 48, 50, 101, 102, 108, 111, 115, 146, 148, 170 stress factors, 20, 28 stress response, 42 striatum, 115, 116 structure, 6, 38, 57, 102, 103, 112, 171, 178 substitutes, x, 167 substitution, x, 121 substrate, 109, 158 sulfate, 84, 90, 169 Sun, 78, 118, 120, 165 supplementation, 169, 176 supply chain, 149 surface tension, 53 survival, vii, 1, 2, 113, 172 survival rate, 172 susceptibility, 103, 168 suspensions, 91 sustainability, viii, 19, 148 sustainable development, 11 Switzerland, symptoms, 9, 108, 110, 115 synapse, 158 synergistic effect, 6, 116, 152 synthesis, 2, 11, 44, 48, 73, 75 syphilis, 71 T tannins, 26, 141, 151 Tanzania, 16 target, 29, 57, 59, 78, 107, 108, 140, 159 200 Index TCC, 83, 91 techniques, viii, 4, 10, 14, 51, 55, 57, 59, 60, 106, 175 technologies, 53, 75, 77, 168 technology, 149 temperature, 3, 10, 11, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 84, 90, 91, 106, 142, 170 tension, terpenes, 3, 4, 29, 34, 46, 52, 60, 74, 93, 95, 105, 170 territory, 142, 182 testing, 13, 75, 91, 152, 155, 170, 186 therapeutic agents, 111 therapeutic benefits, viii, 51 therapeutic effect, therapeutic use, 175 therapy, 87, 110, 112, 116 thermal decomposition, 54 thermal degradation, 53 thermodynamics, 49 thymus, 27 thyroid, 104 time frame, 56 tissue, 25 TNF, 104 TNF-α, 104 tobacco, 42, 182 tonic, 61 tourism, 60 toxic substances, 54, 140 toxicity, x, 2, 4, 7, 11, 13, 15, 21, 28, 52, 61, 97, 99, 109, 110, 111, 114, 140, 141, 150, 157, 158, 163, 164, 166 trace elements, 59 trade, 182 traits, 41, 177 transcription, 104, 112 transcription factors, 104 transcriptone, 43 transformation, 104 transgene, 29, 34 transition metal, 107 translation, 86 translocation, transmission, transport, 6, 108 treatment, ix, 4, 6, 8, 9, 42, 62, 66, 82, 85, 90, 96, 101, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 116, 128, 136, 141, 168, 171, 172 tremor, 115 trial, 110, 111, 116 triglycerides, tuberculosis, 61 tumor, 62 turnover, 171 tyrosine, 104 U ulcer, 62 ultrasonic frequency, 57 ultrasound, 56, 57, 78, 106 United Kingdom, United States(USA), 3, 8, 86, 87, 135, 187 urban population, 168 urea, 92 urethritis, 95 urinary tract, 15, 82, 94 urinary tract infection, 15, 82, 94 UV light, 103 V vacuum, 53, 54, 57 vagus nerve, Valencia, 187 valorization, 148 vapor, 17, 54 variability, ix, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 34, 39, 41, 45, 49, 121, 122, 126, 129, 148 variable factor, 56, 58 variables, 171, 172, 173 variations, vii, 4, 19, 20, 26, 28, 30, 39, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 115, 129 varieties, 40, 172 vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 107 vector, 16 vegetable oil, 10 vegetables, 6, 104, 131 vegetation, 96 velocity, 58 Venezuela, 142, 151 vertical transmission, 172 villus, 172 viscosity, 11, 53 vitamin E, 131 volatile organic compounds, 25, 43 volatility, 3, 170 volatilization, 158, 175 vomiting, 142 W waste, 75 water, 2, 3, 8, 10, 42, 50, 53, 55, 56, 84, 103, 104, 106, 109, 110, 127, 141 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 201 Index weight gain, 168, 173 wells, 91 West Africa, 21 wood, 105 workers, 132 World Health Organization (WHO), 8, 15 worldwide, 8, 9, 52, 107, 115, 116 wound healing, 66 Y Yaounde, 179 yeast, yield(s), viii, x, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 38, 39, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 76, 78, 84, 93, 106, 115, 143, 153, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175 www.Ebook777.com ... antibacterial properties of some essential oils; essential oils applications in agriculture; and the use of essential oils as additives in broiler diets Chapter - The use of essential oils has been a common... and medicinal uses and benefits of essential oils Some of the topics discussed include extraction methods of essential oils; an overview of the most relevant essential oil changes regarding plant... potential of Artemisia arborescens L essential oil Current Microbiology 62: 1274-281 doi: 10.1007/s00284-010-9855-3 Essential Oils 15 Morais, Lilia A S 2009 Essential oils in phytosanitary control