Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com ANIMAL SCIENCE, ISSUES AND PROFESSIONS DOGS: BIOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH DISORDERS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services www.Ebook777.com ANIMAL SCIENCE, ISSUES AND PROFESSIONS Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab Additional E-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the E-books tab ANIMAL SCIENCE, ISSUES AND PROFESSIONS DOGS: BIOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH DISORDERS VINCENT M DEGIOVINE EDITOR Nova Biomedical Books New York Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Copyright © 2012 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The 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should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dogs : biology, behavior, and health disorders / editors, Vincent M DeGiovine p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-62081-546-5 (eBook) Dogs Dogs Behavior Dogs Health I DeGiovine, Vincent M SF433.D653 2011 636.7 dc22 2011001422 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc † New York www.Ebook777.com CONTENTS Preface Chapter vii Characterization of the Extracellular Matrix Metabolism in Normal Mitral Valves and Chronic Valve Disease (CVD) (Syn Endocardiosis) in Dogs: Morphology, Immunohistochemistry and mRNA Analyses Heike Aupperle, Jens Thielebein, Andreas Schubert and Imke März 1 Chapter Genetics of Dog Behavior Linda van den Berg, Diane van Rooy and Claire Wade Chapter How the Past Affects the Present: A Genetic History of the Irish Wolfhound Silvan R Urfer 69 What Do Dogs Understand about Human Communicative Signals?: A Novel Synthesis Victoria Wobber and Juliane Kaminski 93 Chapter 35 Chapter Canine Leishmaniosis: An Expanding Disease G Santos-Gomes, G Alexandre-Pires, J Meireles, J Correia, T Villa de Brito and I Pereira da Fonseca 111 Chapter Dogs as Reservoirs and Transmitters of the Rabies Virus Pedro Carnieli Junior, Karin Corrêa Scheffer, Luciana Botelho Chaves, Graciane Maria Medeiros Caporale, Carla Isabel Macedo, Juliana Galera Castilho, Alexandre Mendes Batista and Andréa de Cássia Rodrigues da Silva 127 Chapter Dog Bites to the External Genitalia in Children: Review of Pediatric Literature Mirko Bertozzi and Antonino Appignani 147 Chapter Cataract in Large and Small Dogs: A Biomarker for Life Span Silvan R Urfer, Kimberly Greer and Norman S Wolf 161 Chapter Knowing Human Gaze Miriam Ittyerah 179 vi Contents Chapter 10 Strategies for Dog Rabies Control: An Example of Bolivia K Suzuki, G Ruiz, G Ascarrunz, A Loza, M Pérez, E T González, M R Pecoraro, J A Guzman and J A C Pereira 189 Chapter 11 Diagnosis of Brucella Canis by Polymerase Chain Reaction Zeki Aras and Uỗkun Sait Uỗan 201 Chapter 12 A Study on Cardiac Enzyme in Dog Heart Worm Infection Viroj Wiwanitkit 209 Index 215 PREFACE This new book explores the biology, behavior and health disorders of dogs Topics discussed include chronic valve disease in dogs; Canine Leishmaniosis; dogs as the reservoirs and transmitters of the rabies virus; dog bites to the external genitalia in children; understanding the human gaze in dogs; strategies for dog rabies control in Bolivia; diagnosis of Brucella Canis by polymerase chain reaction and a study on cardiac enzymes in heart worm infection in dogs (Imprint: Nova Biomedical Press) Chapter – Chronic heart valve disease (CVD) in dogs and the mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in man have similar characteristics but some clinical and pathological differences have been noted The pathogenesis of CVD in dogs is still unclear but alterations of the extracellular matrix (ECM), enzymatic imbalances and atypical differentiation of valvular stromal cells (VSC) are discussed The present study characterized the composition and distribution of the ECM components, the expression patterns of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), and the expression of different isoforms of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) This was performed in mitral valves (MV) of unaffected dogs, as well as in dogs suffering from abnormal mitral valves due to CVD MVs of 85 dogs (normal (n=22); mild (n=26), moderate (n=21), severe (n=16) CVD) were investigated macroscopically, histologically (H.-E., picrosirius red) and immunohistochemically (collagen I, III, VI, laminin, fibronectin, MMP-2, -9, -14, TIMP-2, -3, TGF-β1, β2, -β3, actin) Samples from normal (n=15) or diseased (n=10) canine MVs were subject to real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for quantification of mRNA encoding MMP-2, -9, -14 and TIMP-2, -3 In the normal MV, ECM components were expressed in a typical layered pattern MMP-2, -9, -14, and TIMP-2 were detected in single VSC TIMP-3 showed moderate intra- and extracellular expression The mRNA encoding MMP-2, -9 and -14 and TIMP-3 was low The VSC showed no expression of actin but displayed mild expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 and moderate expression of TGF-β3 Advanced CVD was characterized by myxomatous nodular lesions, displaying a marginal and a central region containing mainly collagen I, VI and fibronectin in the former and collagen I and III in the latter Immunohistochemical labelling intensity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 decreased significantly However, mRNA values encoding MMP-2 and -9 were not decreased In contrast, immunohistochemical MMP-14, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 expression was increased This was confirmed by significantly increased transcription of mRNA encoding MMP-14, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 The activated subendothelial VSCs strongly expressed actin, TGF-β1 and -β3 Inactive VSCs within the centre of the nodules had significantly less labelling for TGF-β1 and -β3 In conclusion, in canine CVD an accumulation of proteoglycans and a distinctly viii Vincent M DeGiovine altered expression of ECM components were detected MMPs and TIMPs are involved in ECM metabolism in normal canine MV During CVD, a decreased expression of proteolytic MMPs and an increased expression of profibrotic TIMPs probably resulted in a depressed metabolism and an accumulation of ECM components These processes are regulated by TGF-β isoforms which also induce myofibroblast-like differentiation of VSC Changed haemodynamic forces and expression of MMPs may in turn regulate TGF-β expression Chapter – All modern dog breeds are descendants of the grey wolf Dogs were originally selected for behavioral traits: dogs have been bred to guard, herd, hunt, pull sledges, and to provide companionship Early canid domestication involved selection for tameness Studies of silver foxes at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics in Novosibirsk have shown that a few generations of selection for tameness can lead to a domesticated strain of foxes that not only show dog-like behaviors, but that also display phenotypic traits such as curly tails, drop ears, and loss of pigment The early domestication of dogs was followed by the formation of dog breeds much later Extreme founder effects, drift, and selection for novelty, in combination with genetic isolation during breed formation, have resulted in a canine genome sequence with features that are highly favorable for the molecular genetic study of inherited traits Long linkage disequilibrium within breeds and a limited number of short common haplotypes across breeds greatly facilitate gene mapping Canine genomic tools such as microarrays for genotyping and gene expression studies have enabled the identification of causal mutations for several canine morphological and disease susceptibility traits in recent years In this review chapter, the authors discuss the latest knowledge regarding the inheritance of behavioral traits in dogs The authors also describe molecular genetic studies that have pinpointed some genetic variants that contribute to behavior Behavioral traits that are discussed are canine personality, working behavior, anxiety, aggression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and feeding behavior Chapter – Modern dog breeding following a breed standard dates back to the latter half of the 19th Century The Irish Wolfhound presents an example of a dog breed with an extraordinarily well-documented genetic history, making it possible to track almost every modern dog’s ancestors back to 1862 Since that time, the breed has gone through four important genetic bottlenecks associated with the establishing of the original breeding population and both World Wars Genetic bottlenecks in combination with selection for fitness can lead to purging of the genetic load, a phenomenon during which deleterious alleles are eliminated from the population, resulting in a reduction of elimination of susceptibility to future inbreeding depression Using a pedigree database containing over 50.000 individual Irish Wolfhounds dating back to 1862, it could be shown that no discernable effects of inbreeding over 5, 10 and 20 generations on either life span and causes of death or fertility can currently be found in the breed The breed has been subject to at least four genetic bottlenecks during the past 150 years; thus, over 50% of genetic variability in the present population can be explained by just individual ancestors and over 90% by 10 ancestors Given that the bottlenecks occurred in combination with selection pressure for fitness, It is suggested that the breed may have been subject to purging phenomena during these genetic bottlenecks However, the exponential increase in population size that took place since about 1965 tends to mask this intense past inbreeding when inbreeding is calculated over just a few generations There is currently a considerable movement towards the reduction of inbreeding levels, with the goal of reducing or eliminating inbreeding depression While the above results not invalidate the well-documented advantages of reducing inbreeding in many Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Preface ix breeds, they suggest that some breeds may have been subject to purging phenomena and that therefore, caution may be advised in extrapolating results on inbreeding depression between breeds Research in other breeds with similarly high inbreeding levels (such as the Kromfohrländer) may be useful to further test this hypothesis Chapter – A large body of research has demonstrated that domestic dogs are proficient at following human communicative signals to find hidden food In fact, dogs’ abilities in this area surpass those of our closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Hare et al, 2002; Bräuer et al, 2006) This indicates that dogs can serve as a valuable model to better understand what makes our own species’ use of communicative signals unique However, it is still open to debate exactly what dogs comprehend about these signals It is possible that dogs understand humans’ signals similarly to children and interpret others’ intentions in this communicative interaction If this is the case, they may view these signals as a means for a human to share novel information Alternatively, dogs’ success at following human communicative signals may rely on simpler mechanisms, such as a desire to be near a human hand This hypothesis suggests that dogs have learned to associate the human hand with food and thus merely move wherever there is a hand Here we review the evidence for these hypotheses and propose that dogs’ understanding of human communicative signals is in fact intermediate to these alternatives The authors argue that dogs respond to these signals as spatial directives that order them where to go The authors discuss the evidence for this hypothesis to date and encourage further direct tests of the nature of dogs’ comprehension in this area Such research can inform the degree to which dogs are comparable to human infants in their use of communicative signals and what elements of human signal comprehension are unique to our species Chapter – Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is an endemic and zoonotic disease in South Europe, North Africa, Medium Orient, China and South America In the Old World Phlebotomus is the insect vector of Leishmania while in the New World the genus Lutzomyia transmits the parasite L infantum/chagasi but also other species of Leishmania causing American tegumentary leishmaniosis Other alternative ways of transmission such as direct contact, blood transfusion, vertical and venereal transmission have also been referred The disease follows the geographical distribution of the vectors and is continuously expanding, particularly in South America After the sand fly female bit the host and deposit the metacycle promastigote forms of L infantum, the parasite is phagocyted by neutrophils and macrophages and taken to organs like spleen, lymph node, bone marrow and skin where replicates The type of immune response developed by the host plays an important role in determining the evolution of disease Symptomatic dogs show several clinical signs like emaciation, enlargement of lymph nodes and spleen, onicogriphosis, epistaxis, renal failure, diarrhea and variation on biochemical and haematological values Besides the clinical evaluation, laboratorial diagnosis techniques, either conventional or molecular approaches, are extremely useful mainly in detecting asymptomatic dogs once they may be a source of infection to healthy animals and man Treatment of CanL can be done using antimoniates, miltefosin, allopurinol, and other drugs but usually is not effective In fact, total remission of this chronic disease is rare and relapses are common Prophylaxis measures directed to the vector or the hosts are useful tools to restrain the spreading of this canine disease An efficient vaccine against CanL, conferring long last immunity, being safe and affordable should be the most cost effective way to control zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis However, with exception of Brazil, there is no available vaccine for this parasitic disease The sequencing of L www.Ebook777.com INDEX A abuse, 151 access, 42, 55, 80, 101, 102, 193 accounting, 137 acid, 83, 91 activation state, 24 activity level, 46, 50 acute infection, 129 adaptation, 2, 43 adhesion, 51, 116, 123 adipose, 51 adipose tissue, 51 adiposity, 57, 68 adulthood, 44, 151, 157 adults, 96, 128, 148, 149, 156, 180 advancement, 150 aetiology, Africa, 131, 133, 141, 142 agar, 202, 203 age, x, xi, 4, 6, 23, 30, 44, 47, 49, 77, 81, 83, 87, 94, 96, 103, 104, 108, 124, 161, 162, 163, 164, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 180, 185, 190, 194, 195, 196, 211 agglutination, xii, 201, 203, 207 agglutination test, 203, 207 aggregation, 33, 173 aggression, viii, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 55, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 140, 148 aggressive behavior, 37, 42, 47, 49, 50, 54, 55, 64, 67, 68 aggressiveness, 45, 49, 131, 151 aging process, x, 161 agriculture, 144 albumin, 118 alertness, 53 allele, 39, 50, 51, 65, 79, 80, 83, 176 alopecia, 115, 117 altruistic behavior, 53 amputation, 151, 153, 155, 157 amygdala, 55 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 46 anastomosis, 151, 154 anatomy, 90, 210 ancestors, viii, 66, 69, 71, 74, 81, 83, 84, 86 androgens, 156 anemia, 118, 123 aneurysm, 210, 213 anger, 182 angiogenesis, animal behavior, 57, 59 animal cognition, 95 animal welfare, 50, 78 annealing, anorexia, 47 ANOVA, 168, 169 antibiotic, x, 81, 119, 147, 149, 156, 158 antibody, xi, 6, 26, 114, 116, 122, 124, 189, 191, 192, 193, 195, 198 antigen, 11, 17, 21, 114, 195, 202, 207, 210 anti-inflammatory drugs, 120 antimicrobial therapy, 158 antimony, 119, 126 antioxidant, 120 antisocial behavior, 44, 55 anus, 151, 152, 156 anxiety, viii, 35, 47, 48, 63, 65 anxiety disorder, 47, 48 aorta, 31 aortic valve, 3, 30, 31 APC, 114, 115 apoptosis, 3, 116, 123, 124 appetite, 56, 62, 117 ARC, x, 161, 162, 173, 174 Argentina, 113, 126, 135, 189 arousal, 47 arrhythmia, 30 Index 216 arson, 43 Asia, 105, 133, 142, 209 Asian countries, 142 assessment, 45, 48, 49, 52, 60, 63, 90 asymptomatic, ix, xii, 111, 113, 114, 116, 118, 121, 122, 123, 125, 128, 201, 202, 205, 210 ataxia, 118 ATP, 119 atrophy, 115, 202 attachment, 97 attribution, 109, 181 authorities, xi, 113, 190, 198, 205 authority, 104 autism, 42 aversion, 57 avoidance, 37, 38, 47, 48, 56 awareness, xi, 142, 179, 184 B bacteria, xii, 128, 129, 201, 202, 203, 204 bacterial infection, 118, 129 bacterium, 149 barriers, 39, 101, 102, 105, 107, 186 base, 5, 7, 82, 88, 153 basement membrane, 8, 14, 19, 25, 116 batteries, 54 behavior modification, 59 behavioral biology, 65, 67 behavioral change, 130 behavioral disorders, 56 behavioral dispositions, 42 behavioral genetics, 42, 54, 65 behavioral problems, 53 behavioral variation, 42, 43 behaviors, viii, 35, 36, 37, 40, 42, 47, 48, 50, 55, 56, 96, 184 benefits, 149 bias, 89 bicuspid, 31 bile, 83, 91 bioavailability, biochemistry, 33 biological processes, 42, 212 biological samples, 205 biomarkers, 162, 212 biopsy, 205 bipolar disorder, 46 birds, 131, 162 birth weight, 174 blame, 84, 148 blepharitis, 117 blood, ix, xii, 37, 47, 83, 111, 112, 113, 114, 118, 120, 123, 149, 194, 203, 205, 209, 210, 212, 213 blood pressure, 47 blood supply, 149 blood transfusion, ix, 111, 113, 120, 123 blood transfusions, 120 blood vessels, 83, 114 body composition, 61, 65 body fat, 51 body mass index, 51 body size, x, 43, 91, 161, 162, 163, 172, 174, 177 body weight, 51, 176 Bolivia, vii, xi, 135, 136, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 199 bone, ix, 32, 43, 111, 112, 114, 117, 118, 126, 182 bone marrow, ix, 111, 112, 114, 117, 118, 126 boxer, 48 brain, 42, 46, 55, 66, 129, 150, 156, 191 Brazil, ix, 112, 113, 121, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141 breakdown, 3, 48 breeding, viii, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 52, 53, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 113, 202 Britain, 72 brucellosis, xi, 129, 143, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208 buccal mucosa, 156, 157 buttons, 95 buyers, 83 C calcium, 51, 176 campaigns, xi, 131, 133, 190, 191, 198 cancer, 173, 176 candidates, 82, 120 cardiac enzymes, vii cardiac involvement, 209 cardiac muscle, 212 cardiomyopathy, 30 cardiovascular disease, 6, 30, 214 caregivers, 97 carnivores, 132, 142, 145 catabolism, 25, 28 cataplexy, 53 cataract, 91, 162, 163, 164, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177 catatonic, 48 cattle, 79, 90, 135, 206 causality, 51, 86 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Index CD8+, 116, 120, 125 cDNA, CEE, 144 cefazolin, 152, 156 cell cycle, 55 cell death, 124 cell line, 116, 125 cell lines, 116 cell surface, 27 cellulitis, 150 certificate, 191 challenges, 94 changing environment, 49 Chicago, 8, 65, 89 chicken, 23 child development, 185 childhood, 57, 68, 147 children, vii, ix, x, xi, 44, 58, 65, 67, 68, 93, 94, 95, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 127, 128, 133, 147, 148, 149, 151, 158, 159, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184 Chile, 135 chimpanzee, 105 China, ix, 111, 112, 133, 145, 202, 209 chondrodysplasia, 64 chromosome, 45, 46, 59, 204 circulation, xi, 189, 213 cirrhosis, 140 cities, 190 classes, 164, 169, 170 classification, 5, 29, 49, 57, 130, 203 cleaning, 113 climate, 192, 199 clinical presentation, 143 cloning, 66 closure, 28, 148, 149, 151, 153, 154, 157 clustering, 191, 204 clusters, 17, 191 CNS, 58, 129 CO2, 202, 203 coding, 40, 54 codon, 36, 43, 59 cognition, xi, 108, 175, 179, 184, 185 cognitive abilities, 95 cognitive capacity, 103 cognitive development, 108, 185 cognitive function, 46 cognitive skills, 94, 97 cognitive tasks, 185 colitis, 117, 122 collaboration, 48 collagen, vii, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 212 217 College Station, 195 Colombia, 134, 135, 144 coma, 130 combined effect, 67 commercial, 37, 54, 121, 132, 195, 202 communication, 87, 94, 97, 98, 101, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 180, 183, 184, 185, 192 communication abilities, 184 communicative intent, 105 communities, 56, 143 community, 128, 130, 131, 140, 191, 205 comorbidity, 56 comparative analysis, 61, 62, 107 compatibility, 87 complexity, 43 compliance, 144, 149 complications, 51, 83 composition, vii, 1, 3, 4, 23, 29, 60, 61 compounds, 119 comprehension, ix, 93, 94, 97, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 182, 183, 186, 187 compulsive behavior, 50, 51 computed tomography, 212 computer, 89, 101 conflict, 87, 104, 184 congestive heart failure, 2, 210 conjunctivitis, 117 connective tissue, 3, 5, 31, 33 consolidation, 71 constituents, 114 containers, 94, 95 contaminated water, 128 contamination, 128, 129, 195 contradiction, 87 control condition, 98, 101 control measures, xi, 136, 189 controversial, 83, 113, 149, 156 controversies, 176 cooperation, 87 copper, 66 correlation, x, 26, 45, 76, 77, 99, 113, 114, 116, 161, 162, 170, 173 correlations, 162, 170, 172 cortex, 48, 175 cortisol, 37 cosmetic, 157 cost, ix, 112, 121 Costa Rica, 135 cough, 128 Council of the European Union, 132 cranial nerve, 45 critical analysis, 213 Croatia, 126 www.Ebook777.com Index 218 cross-sectional study, 175 Cuba, 135 cues, xi, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186 culture, xii, 149, 192, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205 culture media, 202 cure, 138 cutaneous larva migrans, 128, 141 CVD, vii, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 cycles, 7, 117, 139, 140 Cyprus, 206 cytokines, 3, 114, 115, 116 cytoplasm, 14, 25 D danger, 47 data analysis, 88, 200 data collection, 194 data set, 172 database, viii, x, 6, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 77, 81, 84, 86, 87, 88, 161, 162, 195, 199 deaths, 81, 82, 129, 133, 137, 171, 190 defects, 89 defence, 58 deficiencies, xi, 189 deficiency, 175 deficit, 46 deformation, 28 degenerate, 21 degradation, 26, 43 dehydration, 128 demography, 64, 144 dendritic cell, 114, 124 Denmark, 63, 200 deoxyribonucleic acid, 208 dependent variable, 197 deposition, 15, 27, 116, 117 deposits, 14, 18, 25, 115 depression, viii, 69, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 90 depth, 87 deregulation, 42 dermatitis, 115, 117, 128 destruction, 18, 116 detectable, 17, 24 detection, xii, 6, 43, 87, 113, 118, 185, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210 developed countries, 51, 140, 190 developing countries, 129, 190, 199, 200, 212 DHS, 128, 141 diabetes, 64 diarrhea, ix, 47, 111, 117, 128 diastole, 23 dichotomy, 115 diet, 42, 44, 120 dietary fat, 64 diffusion, 27 digestion, 114 directionality, 99 directives, ix, 93, 94, 100, 103 discrimination, 207 disease progression, 117, 121, 123 diseases, 3, 29, 31, 37, 39, 54, 56, 58, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 90, 118, 128, 129, 130, 131, 143, 145, 147, 156, 173, 200, 209, 213, 214 disequilibrium, viii, 35, 40, 66 disorder, 46, 48, 51, 57, 59, 62, 67, 68, 213 dispersion, 116 disposition, 55 distribution, vii, ix, 1, 19, 23, 26, 30, 31, 36, 61, 82, 111, 121, 133, 191, 213 diversity, 39, 53, 67, 108, 117 DNA, xii, 7, 36, 40, 41, 54, 55, 56, 80, 118, 120, 124, 174, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207 DNA repair, 55 domestication, viii, 35, 37, 39, 40, 55, 64, 66, 67, 96, 97, 105, 106, 181, 183, 185 dominance, 36, 49, 59, 64, 78, 79, 80, 127, 148 Dominican Republic, 135 donors, 118 dopamine, 43, 46, 50, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 66 dopaminergic, 41, 60 double blind study, 158 down-regulation, 26 draft, 40 drawing, 72 drug targets, 55 drugs, ix, 81, 111, 118, 119, 121, 123 dysphoria, 155 E East Asia, 142 Eastern Europe, 132 eavesdropping, 103 ECM, vii, 1, 2, 3, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 ECM degradation, 26, 27 ecology, 130 economic losses, xii, 201, 202 Ecuador, 135 edema, 149 editors, 56, 58, 199, 200 education, 130, 191 Index educational programs, 120 effusion, 119 Egypt, 39 ehrlichiosis, 214 El Salvador, 135, 136 elastin, 10, 28 ELISA, 114, 195, 200, 203 elongation, 7, 120 elucidation, 55 emboli, 212, 213 emergency, 148, 157 emigration, 70 emotion, 46, 55 encephalitis, xi, 189 encoding, vii, 2, 6, 7, 13, 22, 26, 27, 29, 39, 203 endocarditis, 129, 202 endocrine, 37, 47, 68 endocrine system, 37, 47 endoscopy, 155 endothelial cells, 3, 8, 12, 24 endothelium, 8, 11, 15, 24, 27 end-stage renal disease, 118 energy, 52, 61, 176 energy expenditure, 52 engineering, 32 England, 108 enlargement, ix, 111 environment, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 55, 68, 94, 114, 120, 130, 131, 151 environmental conditions, xi, 189 environmental contamination, 141 environmental effects, 58 environmental factors, 43, 44, 52, 58, 60, 173 environmental influences, 42, 43 environmental stress, 50 enzymatic activity, 2, 25, 27 enzyme, xii, 43, 114, 195, 207, 209, 213 enzyme immunoassay, 207 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 195 enzymes, 3, 7, 25, 26, 32, 114, 119 eosinophilia, 128 eosinophils, 118, 210 epidemic, 113, 141 epidemiology, x, 64, 112, 113, 131, 142, 144, 145, 200 epididymis, 202 epididymitis, 202 epithelial cells, 173, 175 equilibrium, x, 116, 127 erythrocytes, ESR, 176 ethics, 83 etiology, 126 219 Europe, ix, 71, 111, 112, 113, 121, 132, 140, 144, 202, 209, 213 European Community, 132 European Parliament, 132 euthanasia, 47, 63, 120 evidence, ix, 39, 49, 50, 52, 53, 58, 66, 83, 84, 87, 90, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 108, 120, 121, 156, 174, 187 evolution, ix, 65, 66, 67, 97, 105, 109, 111, 140, 185 examinations, 162, 174 exclusion, 83 exercise, 55 expertise, 105 exports, 71 exposure, 113, 190 extinction, 133, 184 extinction phase, 184 extracellular matrix, vii, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 26, 28, 29, 31, 33 extraction, 23, 181 eye movement, 180, 183 F factor analysis, 45, 46, 60 false belief, 108 false positive, 45 families, 43, 50, 83, 148, 151 family members, 148 family studies, 49 famine, 70 fat, 63, 64 fear, 37, 44, 45, 47, 48, 83, 127, 148 fear response, 47, 48 fears, 47 feces, 128, 141, 202 fertility, viii, 66, 69, 74, 77, 89, 151, 157 fetus, 128 fever, 128, 150, 209 fiber, 173, 176 fibers, 23 fibroblast growth factor, 39 fibroblasts, 25, 31, 32 fibrocytes, 4, 8, 29 fibrosis, 3, 24, 29 fights, 131 financial, 128 first generation, 154, 156 fitness, viii, 69, 79, 80, 81, 90, 116 fixation, 40 flaws, 133 flexibility, 23 Index 220 flight, 47, 49 flora, 157 fluid, 120, 203 fluoxetine, 67 food, ix, 48, 51, 57, 63, 68, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 127, 128, 130, 131, 144, 148, 180, 181, 182, 184 food intake, 63, 68 force, 68, 140 formation, viii, 23, 24, 32, 35, 39, 106, 115, 116, 175 founder effect, viii, 35, 39, 41, 80 fragments, 7, 33 France, 58, 113, 195, 200 freedom, 170, 171, 172 freezing, 48 frequency distribution, 61 frontal cortex, 55 fungal infection, 129 fungi, 128, 129 glomerulonephritis, 115, 116, 119, 123 glucose, 191 glutamate, 46, 61, 66 glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, 25, 33 graph, 73 Great Depression, 71, 73 Greece, 124 grouping, 41 growth, x, 3, 29, 30, 31, 32, 61, 72, 74, 80, 87, 123, 161, 162, 173, 174, 175, 176, 203 growth factor, x, 3, 29, 30, 31, 32, 123, 161, 162, 176 growth hormone, 162, 176 growth rate, 87, 173 Guatemala, 135 guidance, 158 guidelines, 149, 156 Guinea, 97, 107 Guyana, 135 G H gastroenteritis, 115 gel, 203 gene expression, viii, x, 23, 25, 31, 35, 54, 55, 60, 126, 161 gene mapping, viii, 35, 61 gene pool, 80, 81, 84 genes, 3, 13, 26, 27, 29, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 65, 66, 67, 78, 82, 120, 121, 203, 204 genetic background, 43 genetic diversity, 67, 109, 208 genetic drift, 39, 53, 80 genetic factors, 2, 43, 51, 120 genetic load, viii, 69, 79, 80, 90 genetic marker, 41, 53 genetic predisposition, 47, 52, 82 genetics, 37, 40, 42, 45, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 63, 64, 66, 67, 88, 90 genome, viii, 35, 40, 41, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 53, 56, 57, 61, 63, 64, 132, 204, 207 genomic regions, 39, 41 genomics, 60, 175 genotype, 44, 58, 89 genotyping, viii, 35, 41 genus, ix, 111, 112, 128, 133, 203, 204, 206, 208 Germany, 1, 6, 7, 64, 90, 93, 199 gerontology, 176 gestures, 97, 101, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 184, 186 gland, 115, 124 habitats, 120 habituation, 47 hair, 36, 65 hairless, 59 Haiti, 135, 136 half-life, 26 haplotypes, viii, 35, 40, 41 hazards, 144 healing, 149 health, vii, xi, 51, 81, 82, 87, 88, 120, 128, 129, 132, 144, 173, 190, 192, 198, 205, 213 health care, 81, 129 health condition, 132 health information, 87 health problems, 87 health promotion, 128 health risks, 51, 120 heart disease, 30, 213 heart failure, 31, 32, 212 heart rate, 47, 48 heart valves, 3, 23, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32 height, 87, 175, 176 hematemesis, 117 hepatitis, 117, 125 hepatitis a, 117, 125 hepatomegaly, 115 herbicide, 119 heredity, 42, 54, 59, 88 heritability, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 54, 55, 56, 65, 86, 87, 88 Index heterogeneity, 43, 53, 91, 116 heterosis, 79 hippocampus, 48 histology, 23 history, viii, 37, 39, 41, 43, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 78, 79, 80, 81, 95, 96, 97, 105, 120, 140 homeostasis, 3, 116, 176 homogeneity, 39, 53 Honduras, 135 horizontal transmission, 130 hormone, 36, 59 hormones, 42 horses, 79, 107, 113, 162, 175, 213 host, ix, 111, 112, 114, 116, 124, 141, 209 House, 209 housing, 81 human behavior, 42, 53, 64 human exposure, xi, 189 human health, 120, 145 human psychology, 53 Hunter, 64 hunting, 44, 62, 131 hybridization, 207, 208 hygiene, 130, 199 hyperactivity, 46, 48, 59 hypergammaglobulinemia, 114, 118 hypothalamus, 53, 55 hypothesis, ix, 37, 69, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 106, 109, 185 I ideal, 51, 120, 204 identification, viii, xii, 35, 37, 41, 53, 54, 55, 56, 132, 141, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207 identity, 39, 104 IFN, 115, 116, 120, 122, 124 imbalances, vii, imitation, 106 immune response, ix, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 123, 125, 126, 150, 191, 209 immune system, 132 immunity, ix, xi, 112, 115, 116, 120, 121, 123, 124, 132, 190, 198 immunization, 132, 133, 150, 156 immunocompromised, 149 immunofluorescence, 114 immunogenicity, 132 immunoglobulin, 150, 156 immunoglobulins, 116 immunohistochemistry, 6, 24, 26 immunoreactivity, 59 221 immunosuppression, 47 improvements, 81 impulsive, 43 impulsivity, 46, 60, 63 in vitro, 207 in vivo, 31 inbreeding, viii, 43, 57, 69, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 89, 90 inbreeding coefficient, 74, 77, 82, 89 incidence, x, 83, 90, 121, 136, 141, 148, 149, 161, 163, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 191 income, 121 incubation period, 117, 121 India, 145, 179 individual differences, 43, 106 individuals, 37, 45, 71, 76, 79, 81, 83, 86, 102, 103, 104, 148, 173, 183, 193 inducible protein, 120 induction, 120, 124 industry, 121 infancy, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186 infants, ix, x, 93, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 140, 156, 179, 180, 181, 182, 185, 186, 187 infarction, 212 infection, vii, ix, xi, xii, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 128, 129, 130, 140, 142, 148, 149, 150, 156, 157, 158, 159, 201, 202, 205, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213 inferences, 184 inflammation, 3, 212 inflammatory cells, 27, 210 inflammatory disease, 129 ingest, 112 ingestion, 128, 129, 150 inguinal, xii, 201, 202, 205, 206 inheritance, viii, 35, 47, 88, 90 inhibition, 114, 119 inhibitor, 3, 11, 12, 21, 22, 27, 32, 33, 149 initiation, 120 injuries, x, 127, 130, 131, 147, 148, 151, 155, 156, 157, 158, 212 inoculation, 114, 129 insecticide, 120 insects, 113, 129 insulin, x, 161, 174, 175, 176 insulin signaling, 176 intellect, 105 interferon, 115, 123, 125 intervention, 130 intima, 210 intramuscular injection, 149 Index 222 intravenous antibiotics, 148 intravenously, 150 involution, 175 ions, 105 Iowa, 123 Ireland, 65, 70, 72, 77, 84, 89 irrigation, x, 147, 148, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157 islands, 207 isolation, viii, xii, 35, 201, 203, 205, 206 issues, 134, 213 Italy, 113, 122, 147 J Japan, 50, 199, 202 joint swelling, 115, 118 K keratoconjunctivitis, 115, 117, 124 L labeling, 12, 17, 20, 104 laboratory tests, 203 laceration, 127, 151, 152, 153 lactate dehydrogenase, 214 larva, 143 larvae, 128 latency, 183, 184 Latin America, xi, 131, 133, 134, 136, 189, 190 lead, viii, 25, 26, 35, 37, 39, 49, 55, 69, 71, 79, 83, 129, 162, 209, 210 learners, 106 learning, 47, 57, 95, 96, 97, 98, 106, 107, 127 learning skills, 127 legend, 73, 74 legs, 39, 43 leishmaniasis, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129 lens, x, 161, 162, 173, 174, 175, 176 lesions, vii, x, 2, 14, 17, 18, 21, 24, 27, 33, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 124, 127, 147, 151, 157, 174, 210 lethargy, 202 levator, 152, 156 life cycle, 113, 117, 120, 213 life expectancy, x, 65, 74, 81, 82, 161, 162, 163, 164, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174 life experiences, 52 lifetime, 95, 96, 97, 163, 170, 171, 172 ligand, 121 light, 6, 40, 51, 95, 175 light scattering, 175 limb weakness, 115 limbic system, 46 liver, 112, 114, 115, 116, 128, 176 livestock, 36, 43, 52, 199, 200 living conditions, 43 localization, 23, 29, 30, 31, 41, 124 loci, 36, 41, 43, 45, 50, 79, 88, 91 locus, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52, 56, 59, 74, 203 longevity, 82, 87, 162, 172, 175, 176 longitudinal study, 186, 192 Louisiana, 91 love, 127 LPG, 114 luciferase, 46 Luo, 89, 101, 107, 108 lupus, 107, 109 lymph, ix, xii, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 122, 129, 201, 202, 205, 206 lymph node, ix, xii, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 122, 129, 201, 202, 205, 206 lymphadenopathy, 115, 117 lymphocytes, 115, 116, 118, 210 lymphoid, 114, 205 lymphoid organs, 114 lysosome, 114 M Machiavellian intelligence, 105 macrophages, ix, 30, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 124, 125, 210 macular degeneration, 175 magnitude, 64 major histocompatibility complex, 114, 125 majority, 36, 41, 42, 47, 82, 96, 102, 132, 133 malnutrition, 27 maltreatment, 44 mammal, 79 mammals, 35, 40, 79, 133, 162, 174 man, vii, ix, 1, 2, 24, 32, 111, 118, 202 management, x, 51, 64, 87, 89, 130, 141, 144, 147, 151, 157, 158, 159, 191, 212 manipulation, 122 manufacturing, xi, 190, 198 mapping, 41, 43, 45, 51, 53, 56, 58, 61 mares, 30 Marfan syndrome, 32 mass, 63, 162, 163, 164, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 190, 194, 198 mass media, 191 masseter, 118 mast cells, 5, 30 Index maternal care, 43 matrix, vii, 1, 3, 11, 12, 19, 22, 23, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 115, 212 matrix metalloproteinase, vii, 1, 11, 12, 22, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 212 matter, iv, 128, 129 MCP, 114 MCP-1, 114 measurements, 61, 174 meat, 43 median, 7, 13, 22, 47, 172, 191, 196 medical, x, 47, 87, 128, 147 medical care, x, 147 medical history, 87 medication, 49, 53 medicine, 53, 81 melena, 117 melting, memory, 39, 120, 182 memory formation, 39 mental disorder, 42, 46, 53 mental retardation, 43 messages, 45 meta-analysis, 149, 158 metabolism, viii, 2, 4, 26, 47, 65, 66, 176 metabolites, 212 metalloproteinase, 11, 21, 27, 34 methodology, 95 Mexico, 127, 133, 135 mice, 39, 40, 63, 66, 79, 125, 162, 173, 175, 176 microarray detection, 31 microorganisms, 128, 202, 204, 205 Microsoft, 70, 163 Middle East, 112 migration, 3, 23, 24, 28, 173 military, 49, 52 mitochondrial DNA, 66 mitral valve, vii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 mitral valve prolapse, vii, 1, 2, 29, 32 mixing, 151 MMP, vii, 2, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 33 MMP-2, vii, 2, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28 MMP-9, vii, 2, 6, 7, 12, 13, 17, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28 MMPs, vii, 1, 2, 3, 12, 13, 17, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30 models, 53, 56, 58, 63, 81, 88, 120, 170, 173, 175, 180 modifications, 2, 115, 124 223 molecules, 30, 114, 116, 123, 125, 212 monocyte chemoattractant protein, 114 Moon, 59 morbidity, x, 47, 147, 148, 176 morphology, 23, 24, 25, 30, 39, 203 mortality, 77, 83, 89, 212 mortality rate, 77 mosquitoes, 128 motivation, 49, 87, 94, 96, 103 mRNA, vii, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 13, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 33, 55 mRNAs, 26 MTI, 33 mucoid, 203 mucosa, 117, 202 multiplication, 115 muscles, 115, 130 musculoskeletal system, 115 mutant, 121 mutation, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 58, 59, 62, 80, 84, 85 mutation rate, 80 mutations, viii, 35, 39, 40, 53, 63, 67, 80, 81, 176 mutilation, 59, 64 myocardial infarction, 29, 211 myocardial ischemia, 212 myocardium, 4, 23, 30 myocyte, 212 myofibroblasts, 2, 3, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32 myoglobin, 211, 212, 214 myositis, 118, 126 N narcolepsy, 53, 58, 62, 66 necrosis, neglect, 151 nephritis, 115 nephrotic syndrome, 118 nervous system, 58 nervousness, 47, 48 nested PCR, 207 Netherlands, 35, 90, 126 neural connection, 46 neural network, 44 neural networks, 44 neuralgia, 118 neurochemical dysfunction, 47 neurodegeneration, 66 neuronal cells, neurons, 53, 66 neuropathy, 59 neuropeptides, 54 Index 224 neurotoxicity, 46, 58 neurotransmission, 50 neurotransmitter, 37, 41, 46, 50, 60 neutral, 114 neutrophils, ix, 111, 210 New England, 29 New Zealand, xi, 201, 202 next generation, 37 Nicaragua, 135 nitric oxide, 212 nitrogen, nobility, 70 nodes, ix, 111, 114, 115, 202, 205 nodules, vii, 2, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 115, 128 norepinephrine, 43, 48 North Africa, ix, 111, 112 North America, 65, 70, 71, 72, 83, 84, 125, 133, 134, 175 nuclei, 5, 14, 25 nucleic acid, 203 nucleotides, 40, 41 null, 42 nutrient, 57, 176 nutrition, 58, 118 O obesity, 51, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68 object permanence, x, 179 objectivity, 54 observed behavior, 36, 37, 55 obsessive-compulsive disorder, viii, 35, 46, 50, 51, 63, 64 obstacles, 185 occipital cortex, 48 OCD, 50 OH, 141 oncogenesis, opacity, 14 openness, 87 opportunities, x, 53, 112 optical density, 195 oral cavity, 118, 149 orchitis, 202 organ, 149, 157 organelles, 173 organism, 40, 162, 202, 203 organs, ix, 111, 117, 118, 129 osteomyelitis, 123 ototoxicity, 119 overproduction, 25, 28 overweight, 51, 52, 63 ownership, 55, 191 oxidative damage, x, 161, 162, 173, 174 oxidative stress, 176 oxygen, 114 P Pacific, 64 pacing, 47 paclitaxel, 124 pain, 127, 128, 148 palliative, 156, 157 Panama, 135 panic disorder, 48, 60, 64, 66 Paraguay, 135, 136 parallel, 25, 26, 54, 58, 94 paralysis, 118, 130 parasite, ix, xii, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 128, 209, 212 parasites, 113, 114, 120, 121, 128, 210 parasitic diseases, 120, 129 parenting, 57 parents, 37, 39, 68, 77, 87, 157 paresis, 118 parietal cortex, 55 parity, 30 pathogenesis, vii, 1, 2, 3, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32 pathogens, 42, 128, 142, 149, 202 pathology, x, 31, 112, 121, 209, 210, 212, 213 pathophysiology, 48, 213 pathways, x, 24, 30, 41, 42, 55, 114, 115, 161, 173 PBMC, 126 PCR, vii, xii, 2, 6, 7, 13, 22, 26, 118, 142, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207 pedigree, viii, 69, 70, 72, 77, 78, 82, 84, 87, 88, 89, 91 penicillin, 149 penis, 151, 152, 155 peptides, 214 perineum, 150 peripheral blood, 116 peripheral blood mononuclear cell, 116 peritonitis, 129, 140 personal autonomy, 87 personal communication, 79, 190, 192 personality, viii, 35, 45, 46, 54, 56, 59, 65 personality traits, 45, 46 Peru, 135 phagocytosis, 114 pharmaceutical, 121 Index pharmacogenetics, 213 pharmacological treatment, 48 phenol, 191 phenotype, 29, 32, 39, 41, 43, 44, 51, 89 phenotypes, 40, 41, 46, 50, 54, 58, 65, 162 Philadelphia, 126, 158 phobia, 47, 59, 63 phosphate, physical activity, 51 physicians, 149, 156 physiology, 27, 39 pigmentation, 38, 115 pilot study, 125 placebo, 158 plants, 79 plaque, 17 plasma cells, 210 plasma membrane, 176 plasminogen, 3, 24 plasticity, 32 platelet aggregation, 32 playing, 101, 102, 112, 128 pleural effusion, 128 PM, 58, 59, 125, 145, 206, 207 pneumonia, 118, 129, 143 point mutation, 43, 58 police, 46, 49, 52 policy, 192 policy makers, 192 polydipsia, 117 polymerase, vii, xii, 2, 55, 201, 203, 206, 207 polymerase chain reaction, vii, xii, 2, 55, 201, 203, 206, 207 polymorphism, 44, 46, 50, 59, 60, 61, 64 polymorphisms, 39, 50, 52, 59, 60, 66 polymyositis, 118 polyuria, 117 population, viii, xi, 37, 39, 42, 43, 48, 50, 53, 56, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 112, 124, 126, 127, 130, 133, 139, 140, 163, 168, 169, 173, 190, 191, 192, 193, 198, 199, 207 population control, 130, 140 population growth, 39, 71, 80, 81 population size, viii, 69, 73, 82 Portugal, 111, 113 positive emotions, 53 potato, 70, 202 poverty, 212 predators, 36, 48 pregnancy, 128 preparation, iv 225 prevention, 126, 130, 140, 142, 143, 144, 158, 190, 213 prevention of infection, 158 primate, 96, 104, 186 probability, 47, 74, 82 problem behavior, 55 problem solving, 186 problem-solving, 36 problem-solving behavior, 36 producers, 82 prognosis, 64 project, 41, 55, 59, 87, 174, 199 prolapse, 29, 32 proliferation, 3, 24, 27, 28, 55, 115, 119, 125 prophylactic, 134, 140, 149, 150, 156 prophylaxis, 129, 131, 147, 149, 150, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 190 prosperity, 73 prostate gland, 202 prostatitis, 202 prosthesis, 149 protection, 45, 89, 116, 120, 121, 122, 127, 131, 175, 191, 195 protective mechanisms, x, 161 protein synthesis, 119 protein-protein interactions, 26 proteins, 3, 26, 32, 33, 42, 53, 120, 174 proteinuria, 118 proteoglycans, vii, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 14, 15, 17, 18, 23, 25, 26, 28 pruritus, 65 psychiatric disorders, 57, 60 psychotropic drugs, 41 puberty, 156 public health, xi, xii, 59, 127, 129, 142, 147, 157, 189, 198, 201, 202 puncture wounds, 149 purines, 119 Q quality control, 211 quality of life, 47, 131 quantification, vii, 2, 141 questionnaire, 46, 51, 54, 67, 194 R rabies virus, vii, xi, 129, 132, 133, 134, 139, 140, 142, 143, 150, 189, 190, 191 radiation, 191 radicals, 114 226 random mating, 79 rape, 43 rapid eye movement sleep, 53 reactions, xii, 45, 201, 203 reactive oxygen, x, 161, 173 reactivity, 36, 47, 116 receptors, 24, 48, 114, 174 recognition, 106, 114, 185 recommendations, iv, 118, 120, 158 reconstruction, x, 147, 151, 155, 157 recovery, 79, 80, 90, 114, 120 recovery process, 114 rectum, 156 regional cooperation, 199 regions of the world, 202 Registry, 162, 175 regression, xi, 173, 190, 195, 197, 198 regression analysis, 173, 195 regression model, xi, 190, 196, 197, 198 regulations, 90 relapses, ix, 111 relative size, 184 relatives, ix, 37, 44, 79, 93, 181 relevance, 65, 89, 183 remission, ix, 111 remodelling, 3, 29, 30, 31, 32 renal failure, ix, 111, 117, 119 repair, 152, 155, 156, 175 repellent, 120 replication, x, 46, 114, 116, 161, 174 reproduction, 48, 81 reputation, 52 requirements, 132 researchers, 40, 41, 43, 44, 50, 53, 95, 184 resection, 151 residues, 131 resistance, 116, 120, 124, 129, 149 resources, xi, 40, 41, 51, 189, 190 respiratory disorders, 118 respiratory rate, 47 response, x, xi, 32, 37, 38, 42, 47, 106, 112, 114, 115, 116, 121, 124, 132, 148, 150, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 191, 192, 199 responsiveness, 51, 108, 183, 186 restoration, 125 retinal disease, 41 retinitis, 56 retinitis pigmentosa, 56 reversal learning, 98 rewards, 96 rhinitis, 118 rhythm, 210 Index risk, xii, 39, 40, 48, 51, 55, 63, 64, 65, 83, 86, 112, 113, 128, 144, 148, 149, 150, 156, 159, 190, 191, 195, 201, 203, 206, 213 risk factors, 48, 63, 65, 159, 191, 206 risks, 45, 131, 176 RNA, rodents, 112, 129, 131 room temperature, 195 routes, 119, 185 rules, 94 rural areas, 133, 209 S saccades, 180 safety, 120, 150 saliva, 129, 202 salivary gland, 31, 129 salivary glands, 31, 129 saponin, 121, 122 scatter, 170 scatter plot, 170 schizophrenia, 45, 46 school, 53 science, 210 scientific understanding, 53 sclerosis, 115 scrotal, 151, 153, 155 scrotum, 151, 152, 155, 157 sea level, 192 secretion, 27, 31 seeding, 122 segregation, 45 self-destruction, 121 semen, 87, 202, 205, 206, 207 sensing, 47 sensitivity, 98, 183, 195, 205 sensitization, 39 sequencing, ix, 7, 54, 61, 112, 132, 208 serology, 210 serotonin, 43, 48, 59, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67 serum, 6, 200, 202, 203 sex, xi, 57, 68, 72, 84, 85, 124, 190, 194, 195, 197, 211 sexual orientation, 156 shape, 25, 43, 162 sheep, 44, 206 shelter, 131 showing, x, 14, 47, 48, 51, 55, 130, 133, 134, 179, 194 shyness, 45, 47, 48 sibling, 86 siblings, 87 Index side effects, 119 signal transduction, 46 signaling pathway, 176 signalling, 24, 29, 30, 34, 175 signals, ix, 41, 51, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 121, 182, 184, 187 significance level, 196 signs, ix, 39, 47, 63, 108, 111, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 148, 150, 151, 155, 186, 202, 210 silver, viii, 35, 37, 38, 42, 60, 64 skeletal muscle, 126 skilled personnel, xii, 201, 203 skin, ix, 36, 47, 111, 112, 114, 117, 128, 129, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157 skin grafting, 151, 152 sleep disturbance, 53 slit lamp, 162 smooth muscle, 3, 30 smooth muscle cells, SNP, 39, 40, 41, 44, 50, 67, 207 sociability, 45 social behavior, 96, 132 social cognition, 94, 97, 105, 106, 185, 186 social fabric, 52 social group, 180 social network, 95 social relations, 40 social situations, 106 social skills, 94, 109 social status, 48 socialization, 43, 55 society, 44, 52, 185 sodium, 124, 154, 156 software, 7, 87, 193, 195, 200 solution, 6, 148 South Africa, 141, 145 South America, ix, 111, 112, 113, 194, 199, 202 Southeast Asia, 210 Spain, 113 specialists, 48 species, ix, x, 24, 27, 39, 40, 41, 43, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 61, 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 104, 108, 111, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 141, 149, 150, 161, 162, 172, 173, 179, 181, 186, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 209 species richness, 141 speech, 182 sphincter, 151, 152, 156 spin, 176 spinal cord, 129 spindle, 14, 18, 25 227 spleen, ix, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 122, 124 splenomegaly, 115, 117 Spring, 64, 67 SPSS software, stability, 23, 120 standard deviation, 74 standard error, 54 state, 38, 47, 80, 82, 101, 102, 105, 137, 182 states, 94, 101, 103, 130, 183 statistics, 172 stereotypes, 44, 61 stimulus, 47, 94, 98, 99 stratification, 197 stress, 43, 47, 120, 175, 212 stroke, 46 stromal cells, vii, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 structural gene, 54, 58 structure, 3, 4, 10, 14, 18, 24, 27, 32, 40, 41, 56, 62, 85, 174 subjectivity, 54 subtraction, 187 success rate, 99, 183 successful aging, 175 suicide, 121 Sun, 195 supplementation, 59 suppression, 116 surgical intervention, 148, 151 surveillance, 124, 131, 132, 139, 140, 200 survival, 47, 81, 83, 114, 116, 121, 124, 172 survival rate, 83 susceptibility, viii, 35, 39, 59, 69, 79, 80, 120 suture, x, 147 Sweden, 66, 77, 78, 85, 89 Switzerland, 70, 199 symmetry, 51 symptoms, 29, 65, 83, 128, 129, 130, 202, 210 syndrome, 2, 26, 29, 32, 39, 115, 129, 213 synthesis, 3, 56, 119, 207 T T cell, 115, 116, 120, 123, 125 T lymphocytes, 114, 115 target, 49, 53, 94, 101, 102, 103, 180, 181, 183, 193, 203 task performance, 181 teams, 194 techniques, ix, xii, 26, 52, 54, 56, 111, 113, 118, 155, 191, 201, 203, 204 technologies, x, 53, 54, 112, 132 technology, 212 228 telephone, 148 temperament, 45, 54 temperature, 7, 42, 192 tension, 25, 31 territorial, 49, 59, 131 territory, 127, 130, 131, 148 testing, 55, 63, 68, 96, 131, 163, 191, 212 testis, 151, 152, 154, 157 tetanus, x, 128, 147, 150, 152, 154, 156, 157 Tetanus, 147, 150 TGF, vii, 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 11, 16, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 116, 122 Thailand, 133, 143, 209, 210 therapy, x, 49, 120, 147, 149, 156, 158 thimerosal, 191 threats, xii, 201, 202 thrombus, 24 time periods, 74 TIMP, vii, 2, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28 TIMP-1, 27 tissue, vii, 1, 3, 7, 8, 12, 15, 22, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 54, 115, 117, 131, 148, 151, 157, 192, 212 TNF, 3, 115, 122 TNF-alpha, 122 TNF-α, total energy, 64 toxic effect, 120 toxicity, 121 toxoplasmosis, 141 toys, 101, 102, 148, 180 training, 42, 55, 97 traits, viii, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 81, 82, 87, 90 trajectory, 175 transcription, vii, 2, 24, 26 transcription factors, 24 transcripts, 54 transformation, 26, 32, 123 transforming growth factor, vii, 1, 3, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 translation, 26 transmission, ix, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 121, 122, 125, 127, 130, 132, 134, 139, 140, 190 transport, 67, 129, 213 trauma, 46, 57, 127, 148, 151, 155, 156, 157, 158 treatment, 6, 50, 54, 55, 57, 59, 64, 91, 118, 119, 124, 125, 126, 128, 133, 141, 143, 149, 150, 153, 155, 157, 158, 213 trial, 121, 125 tricyclic antidepressant, 48 Index tricyclic antidepressants, 48 tryptophan, 59 tumor, 115, 116, 212 tumor growth, 116 tumor necrosis factor, 115, 212 tumors, 118 Turkey, 206 turnover, 174 U Ukraine, 200 uniform, 8, 90 United, 57, 59, 72, 84, 90, 142, 145, 148, 158, 202 United Kingdom (UK), 57, 59, 65, 67, 68, 72, 73, 77, 84, 85, 86, 89, 148, 200 United States (USA), 41, 55, 69, 72, 73, 84, 90, 127, 135, 142, 145, 148, 158, 161, 176, 185, 193, 195, 202, 209 urban, 52, 56, 131, 133, 136, 139, 140, 141 urban areas, 131, 133, 136, 141 urethra, 151, 153, 155, 156 urinary tract, 119 urine, 129, 155, 202 urologist, 149, 157 uveitis, 115, 117, 119, 202 V vaccine, ix, xi, 112, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 131, 132, 150, 154, 156, 157, 190, 191, 198, 199, 206, 207 vagina, 151, 152, 156 validation, 46 valve, vii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33 variables, 44, 45, 46, 74, 162, 163, 170, 171, 172, 173, 195, 197, 198 variations, 46, 54 vas deferens, 151, 154, 157 vasculature, 210 vasculitis, 126 vector, ix, 111, 112, 113, 121, 128, 129, 209, 213 Venezuela, 112, 113, 135 vertebrates, vessels, 11, 157 victims, 37, 49, 133, 148, 190 violence, 58 viruses, 128, 133 viscera, 112, 114 vision, 181 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Index visual attention, 185, 186 visualization, 74 vomiting, 47, 117 W war, 45, 71, 72, 145 Washington, 69, 140, 144, 158, 161 water, 131 weakness, 128 weight loss, 115, 117, 128 welfare, 60 Western blot, 123 Western Europe, 132 wild animals, 131, 132, 133, 140, 150 wildlife, 131, 132, 134, 135 witnesses, 102 workers, xii, 56, 201, 205 229 World Health Organization (WHO), 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 145, 191, 195, 199, 200 World War I, 39, 71, 73, 74 worldwide, 72, 87, 129, 147 worms, 209, 212 worry, 127 wound infection, 156 Y yield, 149 Z Zulu, 133, 145 www.Ebook777.com ... explores the biology, behavior and health disorders of dogs Topics discussed include chronic valve disease in dogs; Canine Leishmaniosis; dogs as the reservoirs and transmitters of the rabies... biology, behavior, and health disorders / editors, Vincent M DeGiovine p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-62081-546-5 (eBook) Dogs Dogs Behavior Dogs Health I DeGiovine, Vincent... learned to associate the human hand with food and thus merely move wherever there is a hand Here we review the evidence for these hypotheses and propose that dogs understanding of human communicative