DESIGN ELEMENTS T YPOGRAPHY FUNDAMENTALS DESIGN ELEMENTS T YPOGRAPHY FUNDAMENTALS a Graphic Style Manual for understanding how T Y POGRAPH Y A FFECTS DESIGN kristin cullen Introduction CONTENTS 146 Appendices 148 Readings 152 Contributors 155 Image Credits 156 Index 160 Acknowledgments 160 About the Author TYPE IN CONTEXT 12 Definition and Function 16 In Practice 30 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS 32 Anatomy and Terminology 52 O N T Y P E FA C E S 57 Categories of Type 70 Selection Considerations 76 In Combination 82 T Y P E S E T T I N G FA C TO R S 86 Space and Spacing 92 Alignments and Paragraphs 104 Hierarchy 114 Aesthetic Tailoring 118 STRUCTURE 122 Baseline Alignment 126 Grid Systems 138 Alternate Methods INTRODUCTION Designers engage with words, typographically expressing them with purpose and poise Typography is a process, a refined craft making language visible Designers shape language with type and give words life and power to speak text fluently Letterforms and their supporting characters are simple shapes that so much With distinct voices and personalities, type whispers delicately and shouts loudly Communication lies at its core Type is commanding and beautiful one moment, analytic and instructive the next It is dramatic, whimsical, modest, and extravagant Typographic practice (and those dedicated to it) gives spoken and written language vitality across time, generations, and cultures Rooted in everyday experience, type is ever-present It often goes unnoticed Other times, it radiates A central goal of designers is marrying content and form Function balances with aesthetics Boundless methods exist to visualize text with type Heightened attention and thoughtful articulation are essential Discipline fosters skill and knowledge Designing with type for communication challenges and fulfills and continually offers new things to explore Design Elements: Typography Fundamentals shares typographic basics An instructional reader rather than historical survey, it teaches the language of type and typesetting methods It is not a publication dedicated to software, tools, or technical tips, which evolve at rapid pace Content focuses on guiding, well-founded principles that endure They set solid ground on which to design with type across mediums Limitless potential for meaningful and creative visual communication exists Typography Fundamentals is the field guide for the journey May readers, especially students studying typography, gain knowledge and respect for language and typographic design (With any luck, these pages will also spark a passion for type and typography.) There is so much to delight in and discover TYPE IN CONTEXT 12 Definition & Function 16 In Practice “I M M A C U L AT E T Y P O G R A P H Y I S certainly the most brittle of all the arts To create a whole from many petrified, disconnected and given parts, to make this whole appear alive and of a piece— only sculpture in stone approaches the unyielding stiffness of perfect typography For most people, even impeccable typography does not hold any particular aesthetic appeal In its accessibility, it resembles great music Under the best of circumstances, it is gratefully accepted To remain nameless and without specific appreciation, yet to have been of service to a valuable work and to the small number of visually sensitive readers—this, as a rule, is the only compensation for the long, and indeed never-ending, indenture of the typographer.” from “Clay in a Potter’s Hand” The Form of the Book: Essays on the Morality of Good Design jan tschichold SELECTED READINGS The Alphabetic Labyrinth: The Letters in History and Imagination Johanna Drucker Letter Perfect: The Marvelous History of Our Alphabet from A to Z David Sacks A Short History of the Printed Word Warren Chappell Robert Bringhurst APPENDICES 148 Readings 152 Contributors 155 Image Credits 156 Index 160 Acknowledgments 160 About the Author 147 APPENDICES Readings A About Face: Counterpunch: Experimental Typography Reviving the Rules of Typography Making Type in the Sixteenth Century, Rob Carter David Jury Designing Typefaces Now RotoVision S A RotoVision S A Fred Smeijers Hyphen Press Alphabet: The History, Evolution, and Design Explorations in Typography: Mastering the Art of Fine Typesetting D Dangerous Curves: Carolina De Bartolo of the Letters We Use Today Mastering Logotype Design with Erik Spiekermann Allen Haley Doyald Young 101 Editions, L LC Watson-Guptill Delphi Press The Alphabetic Labyrinth: Design Elements: Form & Space and Arrangement of Type The Letters in History and Imagination Dennis M Puhalla, Ph.D Geoffrey Dowding Johanna Drucker Rockport Publishers Hartley and Marks F Finer Points in the Spacing Thames and Hudson Designing Type Font The SourceBook American Wood Type: 1828–1900 Karen Cheng Nadine Monem Notes on the Evolution of Yale University Press Black Dog Publishing Rob Roy Kelly Designing with Type: Fonts & Logos: Liber Apertus Press The Essential Guide to Typography Font Analysis, Logotype Design, James Craig Typography, Type Comparison Watson-Guptill Doyald Young Decorated and Large Types Anatomy of a Typeface Alexander S Lawson David R Godine Delphi Press Detail in Typography Jost Hochuli An A–Z of Type Designers Hyphen Press Neil Macmillan Laurence King Publishing Ltd The Form of the Book: Essays on the Morality of Good Design Jan Tschichold E The Education of a Typographer Hartley and Marks Steven Heller, ed C The Chicago Manual of Style Allworth Press The Elements of Typographic Style from the Earliest Letterforms The Complete Manual of Typography: Robert Bringhurst to the Latest Digital Fonts A Guide to Setting Perfect Type Hartley and Marks Robin Dodd James Felici Adobe Press Hartley and Marks An Essay on Typography Eric Gill David R Godine 148 From Gutenberg to OpenType: An Illustrated History of Type University of Chicago Press D E S I G N E L E M E N T S Typography Fundamentals G Geometry of Design: L Letter Forms Letterwork: Studies in Proportion Stanley Morison Creative Letterforms in Graphic Design and Composition Hartley and Marks Brody Neuenschwander Kimberly Elam Princeton Architectural Press Grid Systems in Graphic Design Phaidon Press Letter Fountain Joep Pohlen The Liberated Page Taschen Herbert Spencer Josef Müller-Brockmann Arthur Niggli Bedford Press Letter Perfect: The Art of Modernist Typography Logotypes & Letterforms: The Gutenberg Galaxy: 1896–1953 Handlettered Logotypes and The Making of Typographic Man David Ryan Typographic Considerations Marshall McLuhan Pomegranate Communications Doyald Young University of Toronto Press Design Press Letter Perfect: H A History of Writing from The Marvelous History of M Making and Breaking the Grid Hieroglyph to Multimedia Our Alphabet from A to Z Tim Samara Anne-Marie Christin David Sacks Rockport Publishers Flammarion Broadway Books How Typography Happens Letter by Letter Hermann Zapf Ruari McLean Laurent Pflughaupt M I T Press Oak Knoll Press Princeton Architectural Press An Introduction to the Lettering and Type: Manuale Typographicum Manuel franỗais de I typographie moderne History of Printing Types Creating Letters Francis Thibaudeau Geoffrey Dowding and Designing Typefaces Au Bureau de l’Édition Oak Knoll Press Bruce Willen J Jan Tschichold: Nolen Strals Modern Typography: Princeton Architectural Press An Essay in Critical History A Life in Typography Robin Kinross Ruari McLean Letterletter Princeton Architectural Press Gerrit Noordzij Hyphen Press Hartley and Marks Moving Type: A Book About Fonts Letters of Credit: Jeff Bellantoni Simon Garfield A View of Type Design Matt Woolman Gotham Books Walter Tracy RotoVision S A Designing for Time and Space Just My Type: David R Godine A P P E N D I C E S Readings 149 N The New Typography: Stop Stealing Sheep and Type: A Visual History of Typefaces A Handbook for Modern Designers Find Out How Type Works and Graphic Styles, 1628–1900, Jan Tschichold Erik Spiekermann Volume University of California Press E M Ginger Cees W De Jong Adobe Press Alston W Purvis P Paul Renner: Jan Tholenaar The Art of Typography The Stroke: Theory of Writing Christopher J Burke Gerrit Noordzij Hyphen Press Hyphen Press Taschen Type: A Visual History of Typefaces and Graphic Styles, 1900–1938, Pioneers of Modern Typography T Texts on Type: Volume Herbert Spencer Critical Writings on Typography Cees W De Jong M I T Press Steven Heller, ed Alston W Purvis Philip B Meggs, ed Jan Tholenaar The Power of Limits: Allworth Press Taschen Type: The Secret History of Letters Proportional Harmonies in Nature, Art, and Architecture The Thames and Hudson Gyorgy Doczi Manual of Typography Simon Loxley Shambhala Publications Ruari McLean I B Tauris & Co Ltd Thames and Hudson Printing Types: Type Design: Radical Innovations An Introduction Thinking with Type and Experimentation Alexander S Lawson Ellen Lupton Teal Triggs Beacon Press Princeton Architectural Press Harper Design S Selected Essays on the History of Treasury of Alphabets and Lettering Type, Form & Function Letter Forms in Manuscript and Print Jan Tschichold Jason Tselentis Stanley Morison W W Norton Rockport Publishers Cambridge University Press Twentieth-Century Type A Type Primer A Short History of the Printed Word Lewis Blackwell John Kane Warren Chappell Yale University Press Prentice Hall Twentieth Century Type Designers Type Sign Symbol Sebastian Carter Adrian Frutiger W W Norton Verlag Robert Bringhurst Hartley and Marks Type, Image, Message: A Graphic Design Layout Workshop Nancy Skolos Tom Wedell Rockport Publishers 150 D E S I G N E L E M E N T S Typography Fundamentals Type and Image: The Typographic Desk Reference Typography Workbook The Language of Graphic Design Theodore Rosendorf Tim Samara Philip B Meggs Oak Knoll Press Rockport Publishers John Wiley and Sons Typographic Specimens: U U&lc: Type and Typography The Great Typefaces Influencing Design and Typography Phil Baines Rob Carter John D Berry Andrew Halsam Philip Meggs Mark Batty Publisher Watson-Guptill John Wiley and Sons Type and Typography: Typographic Systems of Design Adrian Frutiger The Designer’s Type Book Kimberly Elam Verlag Ben Rosen Princeton Architectural Press The Univers Unjustified Texts: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Typography: A Manual of Design Perspectives on Typography Typeface: Classic Typography Emil Ruder Robin Kinross for Contemporary Design Arthur Niggli Hyphen Press James Grieshaber Typography: V The Visible Word: Princeton Architectural Press An Encyclopedic Survey of Experimental Typography and Modern Art, Type Design and Techniques 1909–1923 Typeforms: A History Throughout History Johanna Drucker Alan Bartram Fiedrich Friedl University of Chicago Press Oak Knoll Press Nicolaus Ott Tamye Riggs Bernard Stein Typographers on Type: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers An Illustrated Anthology from William Morris to the Present Day W While You’re Reading Gerard Unger Mark Batty Publisher Typography: Ruari McLean, ed Formation + Transformation Wolfgang Weingart: Typography W W Norton Willi Kunz Wolfgang Weingart Arthur Niggli Lars Müller Publishers Typographic Design: Form and Communication Typography: Rob Carter Macro + Microaesthetics Ben Day Willi Kunz Philip Meggs Arthur Niggli John Wiley and Sons Typography Referenced Allan Haley, Richard Poulin, Jason Tselentis, Gerry Leonidas, Tony Seddon, Ina Saltz, and Kathyrn Henderson Rockport Publishers A P P E N D I C E S Readings 151 APPENDICES Contributors A Addis Creson Bløk Design Collective Approach 2515 Ninth St 287 MacPherson Ave., Suite 201 info@collectiveapproach.com Berkeley, C A 94710 Toronto, Ontario M V A collectiveapproach.com USA Canada positivechange@addiscreson.com ve@blokdesign.com Patrick L Crawford addiscreson.com blokdesign.com 1044 Valencia St., #1 Despina Aeraki David Březina USA San Francisco, C A 94110 Giota Kokkosi Potocká 42 patricklcrawford@gmail.com 47 Troias str Brno 623 00 patricklcrawford.com 11251 Athens Czech Republic Greece brezina@davi.cz info@aeraki.gr davi.cz aeraki.gr D Design Sense Patteelstraat 24 8900 Ieper (Ypres) Tyler Brooks Belgium Kristín Agnarsdóttir 612 Broderick St info@designsense.be 2155 Ashby Ave San Francisco, C A 94117 designsense.be Berkeley, C A 94705 USA USA tyler.a.brooks@gmail.com kristinagnars@gmail.com dottirdesign.com E El Studio New St., Largs, Ayrshire C Antonio Carusone Scotland K A L L acarusone@mac.com UK Printing House Yard Paula Chang el-studio.co.uk Shoreditch, London E P R 1124 Palm Dr Alphabetical studio@el-studio.co.uk UK Burlingame, C A 94010 Euro R S CG C & O i@alphabetical.com USA Allée de Longchamp alphabeticalstudio.com chang.paula@gmail.com Suresnes, 92150 quitecurious.com France August Bureau Karen Cheng Kristine Matthews Av Emidio Navarro 91 University of Washington 3000–151 Coimbra Design Division, Box 353440 Portugal B Dan Becker 33 Pearl St., #14 Seattle, WA 98112 info@fba.pt San Francisco, C A 94103 USA fba.pt USA kcheng@uw.edu beckerdg@gmail.com design.washington.edu Face Vasconcelos 204– B dan-becker.com Cheng Design San Pedro, Nuevo León, 66250 2433 East Aloha St Mexico Seattle, WA 98112 hello@designbyface.com USA designbyface.com karen@cheng-design.com cheng-design.com 152 F FBA hello@augustbureau.com augustbureau.com D E S I G N E L E M E N T S Typography Fundamentals Foxtrot Bravo Alpha ( F B A) Kendra Inman The Luxury of Protest 638 Tillery 1520 Andalusia Ave., #5 Queensdown Rd., Unit 10 Austin, T X 78702 Venice, C A 90291 London E N N USA USA UK yall@foxtrotbravoalpha.com kendra@oneloveorganics.com info@theluxuryofprotest.com foxtrotbravoalpha.com oneloveorganics.com theluxuryofprotest.com G G2K Inventaire M MINE™ info@g2k.nl Av de la Gare g2k.nl 1630 Bulle 190 Putnam St San Francisco, C A 94110 Switzerland USA Galison office@inventaire.ch info@minesf.com 28 West 44th St inventaire.ch minesf.com New York, N Y 10036 USA K Tomato Košir Mirko Ilić Corp galison.com Britof 141 207 East 32nd St Kranj, 4000 New York, N Y 10016 Charles Gibbons Slovenia USA 11004 Avalon Dr tomato@tomatokosir.com studio@mirkoilic.com Northborough, M A 01532 tomatokosir.com mirkoilic.com USA cg@gibbonstype.net gibbonstype.net L L S D space San Andrés 36, 2º Puerta Monderer Design 2067 Massachusetts Ave., Suite 21 28004 Madrid Cambridge, M A 02140 Grip Limited Spain USA 179 John St., 6th Floor gabriel@lsdspace.com info@monderer.com Toronto, Ontario M G T lsdspace.com monderer.com Canada griplimited.com I Luke Langhus Mucca Design 407 West 3rd St 568 Broadway, Room 504 idApostle Monona, I A 52159 New York, N Y 10012 336 Liard St USA USA Stittsville, Ontario lukelanghus@gmail.com Canada info@muccadesign.com mucca.com steve@idapostle.com Luxecetera idapostle.com 3433 Lithia Pinecrest Rd., #285 N Naden/ Mesker Design Co Valrico, F L 33596 2105 Edina Blvd Imagine-cga USA Zion, I L 60099 The Stables, Ducie St luxecetera.com USA Manchester M J N mail@namedesignco.com UK namedesignco.com david@imagine-cga.co.uk imagine-cga.co.uk A P P E N D I C E S Contributors 153 Nelson Associates Pete Rossi Aggie Toppins Town Hall Buildings, Castle St topeterossi@gmail.com East Read St #500 Farnham, Surrey G U N D pgerossi.co.uk Baltimore, M D 21202 USA UK info@nelsonassociates.co.uk Rule29 turbotoppins@gmail.com nelsonassociates.co.uk 501 Hamilton St aggietoppins.com Niedermeier Design USA 5943 44th Ave S W rule29.com Geneva, I L 60134 Seattle, WA 98136 USA V Matthijs van Leeuwen 746 Ridge St Newark, N J 01704 S Sensus Design Factory USA kurt@kngraphicdesign.com Sijecanjska contact@matthijsvanleeuwen.com kngraphicdesign.com Zagreb, H R – 10000 matthijsvanleeuwen.com Croatia O Falko Ohlmer nedjeljko.spoljar@zg.t-com.hr Karin von Ompteda sensusdesignfactory.com Queensdown Rd., Unit 10 Germany Sergey Shapiro UK hello@falko-ohlmer.com Akademika Piljugina str 14–2–595 karin.von-ompteda@network.rca.ac.uk falko-ohlmer.com Moscow 117393 karinvonompteda.com Russia info@quantitativetype.com serjio@fromtheska.ru quantitativetype.com Waterloostrasse London E N N 22769 Hamburg P Project Projects 161 Bowery, 2nd Floor fromtheska.ru W Akshata Wadekar New York, N Y 10002 USA Strom Strandell project@projectprojects.com 1444 West Erie, D Cincinnati, O H 45240 projectprojects.com Chicago, I L 60642 USA USA wadekar.akshata@gmail.com R Jesse Reed stromstrandell@gmail.com Walk Up Press 1148 Academy Dr Youngstown, O H 44505 T take off – media services 194 Court St #11 USA Pestalozzistr 19 Brooklyn, N Y 11201 jesse.middle.reed@gmail.com 34119 Kassel USA jessereedfromohio.com Germany info@walkuppress.com info@takeoff-ks.de walkuppress.com Rui Ribeiro takeoff-ks.de Lance Wilson 34 Lottie Rd., Selly Oak Birmingham B J Z Tore Terrasi elance.wilson@gmail.com UK 5416 Independence Ave elancewilson.com ribeiro.r.rui@gmail.com Arlington, T X 76017 cofseeing.com USA toreterrasi@yahoo.com toreterrasi.com 154 12030 Norwell Ct D E S I G N E L E M E N T S Typography Fundamentals APPENDICES Image Credits A Addis Creson 63 F F B A 14, 48, 79, 98, 139 Despina Aeraki O Falko Ohlmer 67, 104 Face 51 P Project Projects 131 Foxtrot Bravo Alpha ( F B A) 29 R Jesse Reed 51, 69, 78, 92 Giota Kokkosi 91 Kristín Agnarsdóttir 75 G G K 22 Rui Ribeiro 56 Alphabetical 72 Galison 13 Pete Rossi 21, 49 August Bureau 85, 124, 125 Charles Gibbons 66, 79 Rule29 127 B Dan Becker 21, 112, 113 Bløk Design 37, 49, 91, 134, 135 Grip Limited 99 I S Sensus Design Factory 16, 36 idApostle 51 Sergey Shapiro 13 David Březina 70, 105 Imagine-cga 97 Strom Strandell 15 Tyler Brooks 106, 107, 108, 109 Kendra Inman 77 C Antonio Carusone 123 Inventaire 18 Paula Chang 28 K Tomato Košir 140 Karen Cheng & L L S D space 37, 136 T take off – media services 19, 67, 85 Tore Terrasi 56 Aggie Toppins 71 V Matthijs van Leeuwen 22 Kristine Matthews 17 Luke Langhus 24, 25 Cheng Design 110 Luxecetera 111 Collective Approach 27 The Luxury of Protest 145 Karin von Ompteda & Peter Crnokrak Patrick L Crawford 26, 62, 142 M M I N E ™ 20, 96, 111 D Design Sense 88 Mirko Ilić Corp 25, 143 E El Studio 21 Monderer Design 138 Euro R S CG C & O 21 144 W Akshata Wadekar 87 Walk Up Press 23 Lance Wilson 112, 113 Mucca Design 71 N Naden/ Mesker Design Co 27 Nelson Associates 65, 68, 97 Niedermeier Design 64 A P P E N D I C E S Image Credits 155 APPENDICES Index A abrupt serifs 43 B Balius, Andreu 59 C Caecilia 55, 59 Addis Creson 63 Banque Gothique 111 Calligraphic 55 adnate serifs 36, 43 baselines 39, 114, 122–125 Calvert 59 Adobe Wood Type Ornaments 55 Basic Commercial 60 Calvert, Margaret 59 Aeraki, Despina 91 Baskerville 59 Campanile 97 aesthetic tailoring 114–117 Baskerville, John 59, 73 cap height 39 Agenda 61 Bau 60, 111 cap lines 39 Agnarsdóttir, Kristín 75 Bauer Bodoni 64 Carmen 59 Aicher, Otl 81 Bauer, Konrad F. 60 Carnase, Tom 61 Aktiv Grotesk 61 Baum, Walter 60 Carolingian minuscule 11 Akzidenz-Grotesk 16, 60, 67, 138 Becker, Dan 21, 112 Carpenter, Ron 61 Alana 55 Bell Gothic 60 Carta 55 Albers, Josef 138 Bembo 43, 55 Carter, Matthew 58 Albertus 55 Benton, Morris Fuller 60 Carusone, Antonio 123 Aldus Nova 58 Benton Sans 63 Cassandre, A M 55 alignment 92, 94–98, 108 Berling 58 Cavanaugh, Jackson 76 Alphabetical Design Studio 72 Berlow, David 59 Centaur 26, 43, 58, 62, 77 Alright Sans 76 Besley, Robert 60, 73 Centennial 24 Ambroise 59 bilateral serifs 43 centered alignments 95, 97 American Typewriter 55 Bi Sheng 11 Century Gothic 37 ampersands 50 Blackletter 11, 55 Century Schoolbook 49, 51, 64, 79, 109 analphabetics 46 Blackoak 97 Chalet 111 Anna McGregor logotype 64 Bløk Design 36, 49, 91, 135 Chalet Comprimé 27 Antitled 49 Bodoni 77, 78 Chang, Paula 28 aperture 35 body sizes 40 Chansler, Kim Buker 55 apex 35 Bonesana 59 characters, definition of 33 apostrophes 116 Bordeaux 142 Cheng Design 111 Cheng, Karen 16, 69 appearing sizes 40 bowl 35 Archer 59, 99 Brandon Grotesque 61 chins 35 arc of stem 35 Brauhaus Alternate 29 Chromatic 55 A R G N 55 Březina, David 70, 105 Citizen 49 arithmetical signs 46 Bringhurst, Robert 57, 84 Clarendon 60, 73, 97 arm 35 Brodovitch, Alexey 64 Collective Approach 27 Arnhem 59 Brooks, Tyler 106 columns 129, 130–135 A R S Maquette 61 Brush Lettering 55 Conduit 104 Constructivism 49 ascent 35, 39, 90 Bryant 61 August Bureau 85, 124 Bureau Grot 60 contrast 41 Austin 97 Burian, Veronika 58 Corporate S 61 Avant Garde 21, 61, 145 Burtin, Will 56 Cortat, Matthieu 59 Avenir 127 counters 35 axis 35, 140–143 Crnokrak, Peter 144 crossbars 35 Crossgrove, Carl 55 crotches 35 cupped serifs 43 156 D E S I G N E L E M E N T S Typography Fundamentals D Dagny 61 Darden Studio 71 dashes 115 Democratica 55 descent 35, 39, 90 flowlines 129 H Haag, Fabio 61 flush-left alignments Hagmann, Sibylle 61 94, 96, 98, 108 hairline serifs 43 flush-right alignments half-line returns 100 94, 96, 108 Halja 55 Design Sense 88 fonts, definition of 55 Hattenbach, Stefan 60 Desmond, Matthew Aaron 55 Forsberg, Karl-Erik 58 Haus, Reinhard 58 diacritics 46 Fournier 59 Helvetica 21, 27, 49, 61, 75, 76, 123, 127 Didot 59 Fournier, Pierre Simon 59 Heroic 55 Didot, Firmin 59 Foxtrot Bravo Alpha ( F B A ) 29 hierarchy 104–113, 140 digital media 72 F B A 14, 49, 79, 98, 139 Highsmith, Cyrus 59 Dilworth, Silas 55 Fraktur 11 Hische, Jessica 12 D I N 135 Franklin Gothic 23, 60 Historical Fell 79 dipthongs See lexical ligatures Freebooter Script 97 Hoefler & Frere-Jones 59, 76 discretionary ligatures 50 Freight 112 Hoffmann, Edüard 61 Dispatch 59 Frutiger 77 hooks 35 Distressed 55 Frutiger, Adrian 61, 73, 76 Humanist Sans Serif 61 Dixon, Catherine 57 full-line returns 100 Humanist Serif 58 Dot Matrix 21 Futura 61, 67 Hunter 55 hyphenation 102–103, 115 dots 35 double stories 35 Downer, John 58 E ears 35 G G K 23 Galison 12 I idApostle 51 Galliard 58 Imagine-cga 97 Garamond 63 incised 55 Egizio 60 Garell, Lynne 55 indents 100 Egyptian Slab Serif 59 Geometric 61, 67 inferiors 45 Eidenbenz, Hermann 73 geometric shapes 144–145 Interstate 25 Elido 61 Gibbons, Charles 55, 66, 79 intervals See gutters Eloquent 59 Gill, Eric 61 Inventaire 18 Ironmonger 79 El Studio 21 Gill Sans 61 em measurements 40, 100, 115 Gingko Fraktur 26 en measurements 40, 115 Giza 66, 79 Epic 76 Glypha 76 Jenson, Nicolas 58 Etica 105 glyphs 33 JFFerrule 97 Euro R S C G C & O 21 Gotham 24, 71, 72, 77, 124 Jones, George William 58 Experimental 55 Granjon 58 justified alignment 95, 99 eyes 35 graphic elements 101 Gravur Condensed 36 F Face. 51 J Jenson 58, 77 K Kaden, Joel 55 grid systems 127–137 kerning 86, 88, 117 Filmotype Atlas 55 Griffith, Chauncey H. 60 Klavika 71 Filosofia 77 Griffo, Francesco 58 Knockout 85, 99, 124 finials 35 Grip Limited 99 Kobayashi, Akira 58 flags 35 Grotesque Sans Serif 60 Kokkosi, Giota 91 Flama 29 Guardi 58 Korolkova, Alexandra 61 Gutenberg, Johannes 11 Košir, Tomato 140 gutters 129, 132, 137 A P P E N D I C E S Index 157 L Lange, Günter Gerhard 60 minuscules 11 Mirko Ilić Corp. 25, 143 centered alignments 95, 97 Lawson, Alexander 57 Moderno F B 59 flush-left alignments 94, 96, 98 leading 39, 86, 90–91, 93 Modern Serif 59 flush-right alignments 94, 96, 108 legs 35 modular grids 136–137 full-line returns 100 Leonardt, André 61 modules 129 graphic elements 100, 105 Leska 61 Monderer Design 138 half-line returns 100 Lew, Kent 59 Monospaced 55 hierarchy 104–113 lexical ligatures 50 Monotype 60, 73, 97 hyphenation 102–103 Licko, Zuzana 61, 73 Mostra Nuova 61 indents 100, 108 ligatures 50, 115 Mr Eaves 61 indicators 100 Lind, Barbara 55 Mrs Eaves 73 justified alignment 95, 99 line length 93 Mucca Design 71 kerning 117 lining figures 45 multiple-column grids 132–135 leading 93 links 35 Myriad 77 line length 93 Linotype Design Studio 55, 60 Lipton, Richard 59 orphans 117 N Naden/Mesker Design Co. 27 outdents 100, 101 ragging 102–103, 116 logotypes 139 Neder, Rafael 55 loops 35 Nelson Associates 64, 69, 97 rivers 117 lowercase 44 Neue Sans 61 spatial factors 105 L S D space 37, 136 Neutraface 61 symbols 100 Lubalin, Herb 61 Newlyn, Miles 55 tracking 117 type size 93 Luxecetera 111 Newzald 55, 92 The Luxury of Protest 145 Nexus 81, 96 Lynton 58 Niedermeier Design 64 Parson, Michael 55 non-lining figures 45 Patrick L Crawford Design 26, 62, 142 Noordzij, Peter Matthias 55, 59 Peignot 55 Maiola 58 Nordling, Örjan 61 Period/Retro 55 Majoor, Martin 81 Novarese, Aldo 60 Photina 59 margins 129 Numbers Depot 111 picas 40 M macrotypography 14, 121, 144 widows 117 Pierpont, Frank Hinman 59, 60 Mathematical 55 O Ohlmer, Falko 67, 104 Pixeleite 55 mean lines 39 Old Style Serif 58 Pixellated 55 Memphis 59, 135 Olson, Eric 61 Plantagenet Cherokee 36 Mendoza y Almeida José 59 One Love Organics 77 Plantin 27 Mercury 85, 124 Orator 55 points 40, 74 Mesquite 142 Ornamental 55 Ponchak, Greg55 Metallophile131 orphans117 Porchez, Jean Franỗois59 microtypography14, 114, 144 outdents 100, 101 posture 47 Miedinger, Max 61, 76 overshoot 35 proportional aesthetics 114 Miller 27 Oxtail 60 proportional figures 45 Matthews, Kristine 16 M I N E ™ 21, 96, 111 Minion 74 158 P paragraphs Langhus, Luke 24 D E S I G N E L E M E N T S Typography Fundamentals punctuation 46, 115, 116 Q Quentin 55 quotation marks 116 R ragging 102–103, 116 Slimbach, Robert 74 U Underground 28 small caps 44 Unicase 55 Smeijers, Fred 59 Univers 61, 73, 76, 78, 87, 140 Söderström, Göran 61 Universal Mathematical Pi 55 Rand, Paul 126, 127 Sowersby, Kris 55 uppercase 44 Redick, Joy 55 spatial factors 105 U R W Studio 55 Reed, Jesse 51, 69, 78, 92 spines 35 Usherwood, Leslie 58 reflexive serifs 43 spurs 35 Utopia 98 Refrigerator Deluxe 111 Stag 60 Renner, Paul 61 Stan, Tony 55 Ribeiro, Rui 56 stems 35 Vendetta 58 rivers 117 Stencil 55 Vitesse 96 Rockwell 59 Stomper 55 Volta 60 Rogers, Bruce 58 Strandell, Strom 15 von Döhren, Hannes 61 Rooney Web 28 stress 41 von Ompteda, Karin 144 Rosewood 55 strokes 35 Vox, Maximilien 57 V van Leeuwen, Matthijs 23 Ross, David Jonathan 60 stylistic ligatures 50 Rossi, Pete 21, 49 Stymie 97 Rotis 81 Summerour, Neil 76 Walbaum 59, 77 Rotunda 11 superfamilies 81 Walbaum, Justus Erich 59 rounded serifs 43 superiors 45 Walcott, Jason 59 Ruder, Emil 86 swashes 35 Walk Up Press 23 symbols 46, 55, 101 S Sabon 58 sans serifs, definition of 42, 55 W Wadekar, Akshata 87 Warde, Beatrice 70 W B (Werner Bischof) 16 T tabular figures 45 wedge 43 Scala Sans 79 tails 35 weight 47 Schelter & Giesecke Foundry 60 take off – media services 19, 67, 85 Whitman 59 Scheltersche Grotesk 60 terminals 35 Whitney 76 Scheppler, John 55 Terrasi, Tore 56 widows 117 Schwabacher 11 Textura 11 width 47 Schwartz, Christian 60, 61 Thesis TheSans 19, 85, 109 Wilson, Lance 112 Scott, Si 55 Thibaudeau, Francis 57 Wolf, Rudolf 59 Sensus Design Factory 16, 36 Thompson, Greg 61 Wolpe, Berthold 55 Sentinel 66, 76 Times 127 Wood Type 55 serifs, definition of 35, 42, 43 Topaz 69 Worthington, Laura 55 Shamal, Angus R. 61 Toppins, Aggie 71 Shape Font 56 tracking 86, 88, 117 Shapiro, Sergey 12 Trade Gothic 16, 21, 49, 97 shoulders 35 Transitional Sans Serif 61 sidebearings 40 Transitional Serif 59 Simonson, Mark 61 transitive serifs 43 single-column grids 130–131 Trilby 60 Skolar 70 Tschichold, Jan 10, 58 slab serifs 43, 55, 59, 60, 99 Twombly, Carol 55 X x-height 39 Z Zapata 79 Zapf, Hermann 58 typefaces, definition of 55–56 Typewriter 55 A P P E N D I C E S Index 159 APPENDICES Acknowledgments & About the Author THANK YOU Don’t miss the other books in the series! Rockport Publishers, for the opportunity to work together again All contributors, for making the effort to share your work Edward and Pamela Cullen, for your steadfast support and love David Thomas, for your patience and trust Dennis Puhalla, for your guidance and friendship Design Elements Renate Gokl, for your instruction and example Tim Samara 978–1–59253–261–2 My Students, for your attention and dedication Family and friends, for your understanding With sincere gratitude, Joe Bottoni, Stan Brod, Maren Carpenter Fearing, Yoshiko Burke, Maureen France, The Grillo Group, Jonathan Hayes, Sandy McGlasson, Laura Morriss, Gordon Salchow, Heinz Schenker Design Elements: Form & Space Dennis M Puhalla, Ph.D 978–1–59253–700–6 Kristin Cullen is a graphic designer, author, and educator based in Chicago, Illinois Her work has appeared in national and international exhibits, as well as publications that include American Corporate Identity, Graphic Design USA , Graphis Poster Annual, HOW, and Print Kristin also wrote Layout Workbook: A Real-World Guide to Building Pages in Graphic Design She holds a master’s of fine arts from the Rhode Island School of Design and a bachelor’s of fine arts from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Design Elements: Color Fundamentals Aaris Sherin 978–1–59253–719–8 160 D E S I G N E L E M E N T S Typography Fundamentals © 2012 Rockport Publishers 10 First published I S B N 978–1–59253–767–9 in the United States of America in 2012 by Rockport Publishers, Digital edition published in 2012 a member of Quayside Publishing Group e I S B N 978–1–61058–400–5 100 Cummings Center Suite 406–L Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Beverly, Massachusetts 01915–6101 Data available (978) 282–9590 Telephone (978) 283–2742 Fax Design Kristin Cullen www.rockpub.com Visit RockPaperInk.com to share your opinions, Primary Typefaces creations, and passion for design Alright Sans, Jackson Cavanaugh, 2009 Epic, Neil Summerour, 2007 All rights reserved No part of this book may Heroic Condensed, Silas Dilworth, 2008 be reproduced in any form without written permission of the copyright owners All images Printed in China in this book have been reproduced with the Printed in Singapore knowledge and prior consent of the artists concerned, and no responsibility is accepted by producer, publisher, or printer for any infringement of copyright or otherwise, arising from the contents of this publication Every effort has been made to ensure that credits accurately comply with information supplied We apologize for any inaccuracies that may have occurred and will resolve inaccurate or missing information in a subsequent reprinting of the book .. .DESIGN ELEMENTS T YPOGRAPHY FUNDAMENTALS DESIGN ELEMENTS T YPOGRAPHY FUNDAMENTALS a Graphic Style Manual for understanding how T Y POGRAPH Y A FFECTS DESIGN kristin cullen... Contemporary typographers and type designers continue the legacy Typography endures and progresses with thrilling adventure past, present, and future Design Elements: Typography Fundamentals shares... Discipline fosters skill and knowledge Designing with type for communication challenges and fulfills and continually offers new things to explore Design Elements: Typography Fundamentals shares typographic