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HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY HYDROGEN BOMB AND NUCLEAR BOMB Team member: Nguyễn Xuân Minh Phạm Trọng Tân Phạm Phú Duy Khương Huỳnh Đức Nguyên Nguyễn Ngọc Đăng Khoa Nguyễn Quang Trường Hồ Thiên Trường Lecturer: Ms Nguyễn Thị Thuý Hằng Table of contents Brief history of all Nuclear bombs 2 Nuclear bomb Hydrogen bomb References 18 1.Brief history of all Nuclear bombs Atomic science began many centuries ago with experimenting and probing into the nature and structure of matter This began with Thales had described the power of attraction in electricity long before electricity was known Democritus (460-370 BC), a Greek philosopher was called the "father of the atom.", argued that all matter must consist of a number of fundamental pieces James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) stated that atoms were the foundation stones of the universe Dimitri Mendeleef (1834-1907)-discoverer of the periodic system of the elements, opened new areas of atomic knowledge Pierre and Marie Curie discovered that the atom has a core, or nucleus, quite different from the shell of the atom In 1905, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) wrote the mass-energy conversion equation in 1932, James Chadwick discovered the third fundamental particle of the atom, the neutron This would provide an ideal projectile for splitting the nucleus of the atom In 1938, the discovery of fission of the uranium nucleus by neutron bombardment Leading names in this research carried out in Germany, were Dr Otto Hahn and Dr Fritz Strassmann And also in 1938, to the fear of Nazi Germany were trying to make an atomic bomb, project Manhattan was created under the command of President Franklin Roosevelt In June 1940, President Roosevelt organized the National Defense Research Committee The Uranium Committee became a part of this group, reporting to Dr Vannevar Bush Dr Bush and the National Defense Research Committee determined on an all out effort to develop an atomic bomb Under the direction of Major General Leslie R Groves, the Manhattan Engineer District (the Manhattan Project), a new branch of the Army Corp of Engineers, was established to administer work on military uses of uranium On December 2, 1942, the first self-sustaining chain reacting pile was successfully operated at the university of Chicago by Enrico Fermi This success brought authorization for construction of the Clinton diffusion plant at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the giant plutonium producing plant on the columbia river at Hanford, Washington The Oakridge plant was designed to concentrate U-235, one of five known isotopes of uranium while the Hanford plant was the source of a new, man-made element, Plutonium Dr J Robert Oppenheimer arrived at Los Alamos in March 1942 to take charge of the development of the atomic bomb From Los Alamos came the design of the implosion bomb and treatment of many theoretical problems Methods of purifying materials to be used were developed Finally, in July, 1945, a practical atomic bomb was completed On July 16, 1945, the first test, code named "Trinity" was exploded at Alamogordo, New Mexico General Structure of Atomic bomb: The immense destructive power of atomic weapons derives from a sudden release of energy produced by splitting the nuclei of the fissile elements making up the bombs' core The US type of atomic bomb‘s cores: the gun-type weapon with a uranium core in the Little Boy and the implosion-type device with a plutonium core in the Fat Man Little Boy and Fat Man utilized different elements and completely separate methods of construction in order to function as nuclear weapons Little Boy detonated due to a fission chain reaction involving the isotope U-235 of uranium, while Fat Man used plutonium (Pu-239 form) Nuclear bomb a Definition + Nuclear fission In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, every nucleus has different stability, heavy nucleus is less stabilize than others since it has lots of proton Thus it easily splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei) in either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay The fission process often produces free neutrons and gamma photons Nuclear fission can occur without neutron bombardment as a type of radioactive decay This type of fission is rare except in a few heavy isotopes In engineered nuclear devices, essentially all nuclear fission occurs as a "nuclear reaction" — a bombardment-driven process that results from the collision of two subatomic particles In nuclear reactions, a subatomic particle collides with an atomic nucleus and causes changes to it Nuclear reactions are thus driven by the mechanics of bombardment, not by the relatively constant exponential decay and half-life characteristic of spontaneous radioactive processes Nuclear fission of heavy elements produces exploitable energy because the specific binding energy (binding energy per mass) of intermediate-mass nuclei with atomic numbers and atomic masses close to 62Ni and 56Fe is greater than the nucleon-specific binding energy of very heavy nuclei, so that energy is released when heavy nuclei are broken apart The total rest masses of the fission products (Mp) from a single reaction is less than the mass of the original fuel nucleus (M) The excess mass Δm = M – Mp is the invariant mass of the energy that is released as photons (gamma rays) and kinetic energy of the fission fragments, according to the mass-energy equivalence formula For example, an uranium nucleus fissions into two nuclei fragments, about 0.1 percent of the mass of the uranium nucleus appears as the fission energy of ~200 MeV + Chain reactions A nuclear chain reaction occurs when one single nuclear reaction causes an average of one or more subsequent nuclear reactions, thus leading to the possibility of a self-propagating series of these reactions The specific nuclear reaction may be the fission of heavy isotopes (e.g., Uranium-235, ) The nuclear chain reaction releases several million In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, every nucleus has different stability, heavy nucleus is less stabilize than others since it has lots of proton Thus it easily splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei) in either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay The fission process often produces free neutrons and gamma photons Nuclear fission can occur without neutron bombardment as a type of radioactive decay This type of fission is rare except in a few heavy isotopes In engineered nuclear devices, essentially all nuclear fission occurs as a "nuclear reaction" — a bombardment-driven process that results from the collision of two subatomic particles In nuclear reactions, a subatomic particle collides with an atomic nucleus and causes changes to it Nuclear reactions are thus driven by the mechanics of bombardment, not by the relatively constant exponential decay and half-life characteristic of spontaneous radioactive processes Nuclear fission of heavy elements produces exploitable energy because the specific binding energy (binding energy per mass) of intermediate-mass nuclei with atomic numbers and atomic masses close to 62Ni and 56Fe is greater than the nucleon-specific binding energy of very heavy nuclei, so that energy is released when heavy nuclei are broken apart The total rest masses of the fission products (Mp) from a single reaction is less than the mass of the original fuel nucleus (M) The excess mass Δm = M – Mp is the invariant mass of the energy that is released as photons (gamma rays) and kinetic energy of the fission fragments, according to the mass-energy equivalence formula For example, an uranium nucleus fissions into two nuclei fragments, about 0.1 percent of the mass of the uranium nucleus appears as the fission energy of ~200 MeV Times more energy per reaction than any chemical reaction The effective neutron multiplication factor, k, is the average number of neutrons from one fission that cause another fission The remaining neutrons either are absorbed in non-fission reactions or leave the system without being absorbed The value of k determines how a nuclear chain reaction proceeds: k < (subcriticality): The system cannot sustain a chain reaction, and any beginning of a chain reaction dies out over time k = (criticality): Every fission causes an average of one more fission, leading to a fission (and power) level that is constant Nuclear power plants operate with k = unless the power level is being increased or decreased k > (supercriticality): For every fission in the material, it is likely that there will be "k" fissions after the next mean generation time Nuclear weapons are designed to operate under this state There are two subdivisions of supercriticality: prompt and delayed In nature, uranium is found as (99,3 %), : (0.7%) becomes fissionable by absorbing fast neutrons with energy greater than MeV However, when absorbing slow neutrons, will transmute to by following diagram: Half-life of the reaction above is 23 minutes.Then isotope becomes Plutonium: Plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24,110 years and becomes isotope Uranium : will fission when either absorbing slow neutrons or fast neutron In conclusion, if the concentration of in a medium is high then the reaction cannot happen Nonetheless, with sufficient mass can cause a chain reaction which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing a tremendous amount of energy b.Nuclear bomb’s operation The isotopes uranium-235 and plutonium-239 were selected by the atomic scientists because they readily undergo fission Fission occurs when a neutron strikes the nucleus of either isotope, splitting the nucleus into fragments and releasing a tremendous amount of energy The fission process becomes self-sustaining as neutrons produced by the splitting of atom strike nearby nuclei and produce more fission This is known as a chain reaction and is what causes an atomic explosion When a uranium-235 atom absorbs a neutron and fissions into two new atoms, it releases three new neutrons and some binding energy Two neutrons not continue the reaction because they are lost or absorbed by a uranium-238 atom However, one neutron does collide with an atom of uranium-235, which then fissions and releases two neutrons and some binding energy Both of those neutrons collide with uranium-235 atoms, each of which fission and release between one and three neutrons, and so on In the Fat Man Bomb,we could not use the same gun-type design that allowed Little Boy to explode effectively due to the fact it was powered by plutonium Therefore, Physicist Seth Neddermeyer at Los Alamos constructed a design for the plutonium bomb that used conventional explosives around a central plutonium mass to quickly squeeze and consolidate the plutonium, increasing the pressure and density of the substance An increased density allowed the plutonium to reach its critical mass, firing neutrons and allowing the fission chain reaction to proceed To detonate the bomb, the explosives were ignited, releasing a shockwave that compressed the inner plutonium and led to its explosion Criticality In order to detonate an atomic weapon, you need a critical mass of fissionable material This means you need enough U-235 or Pu-239 to ensure that neutrons released by fission will strike another nucleus, thus producing a chain reaction The more fissionable material you have, the greater the odds that such an event will occur Critical mass is defined as the amount of material at which a neutron produced by a fission process will, on average, create another fission event Enrich Uranium process: Uranium found in nature consists largely of two isotopes, U-235 and U-238 Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its mass 235U is the only nuclide existing in nature (in any appreciable amount) that is fissile with thermal neutrons The production of energy in nuclear reactors is from the 'fission' or splitting of the U-235 atoms, a process which releases energy in the form of heat U-235 is the main fissile isotope of uranium Natural uranium contains 0.7% of the U-235 isotope The remaining 99.3% is mostly the U-238 isotope which does not contribute directly to the fission process During the Manhattan Project enriched uranium was given the codename oralloy, a shortened version of Oak Ridge alloy The term oralloy is still occasionally used to refer to enriched uranium The 238U remaining after enrichment is known as depleted uranium (DU), and is considerably less radioactive than even natural uranium, though still very dense and extremely hazardous in granulated form and was used to make armor-penetrating weapons and radiation shielding and in some cases: outside armour for tanks which the US had did with the M1 Abrams tanks Hydrogen bomb Definition + Synthesis reaction In nuclear physics, nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons) The difference in mass between the products and reactants is manifested as the release of large amounts of energy This difference in mass arises due to the difference in atomic "binding energy" between the atomic nuclei before and after the reaction Fusion is the process that powers active or "main sequence" stars, or other high magnitude stars It takes considerable energy to force nuclei to fuse, even those of the lightest element, hydrogen This is because all nuclei have a positive charge due to their protons, and as like charges repel, nuclei strongly resist being pushed close together When accelerated to high enough speeds, nuclei can overcome this electrostatic repulsion and brought close enough such that the attractive nuclear force is greater than the repulsive Coulomb force As the strong force grows very rapidly once beyond that critical distance, the fusing nucleons "fall" into one another and result is fusion and net energy produced The fusion of lighter nuclei, which creates a heavier nucleus and often a free neutron or proton, generally releases more energy than it takes to force the nuclei together; this is an exothermic process that can produce self-sustaining reactions + Fusion fuel The 2nd reaction, at the lowest energy, is common in research, industrial and military applications, usually as a convenient source of neutrons Deuterium is a naturally occurring isotope of hydrogen and is commonly available Tritium is a natural isotope of hydrogen, but because it has a short half-life of 12.32 years, it is hard to find, store, produce, and is expensive + Nuclear fusion reaction on Earth: The first successful man-made fusion device was the boosted fission weapon tested in 1951 in the Greenhouse Item test This was followed by true fusion weapons in 1952's Ivy Mike, and the first practical examples in 1954's Castle Bravo This was uncontrolled fusion In these devices, the energy released by the fission explosion is used to compress and heat fusion fuel, starting a fusion reaction Fusion releases neutrons These neutrons hit the surrounding fission fuel, causing the atoms to split apart much faster than normal fission processes—almost instantly by comparison This increases the effectiveness of bombs: normal fission weapons blow themselves apart before all their fuel is used; fusion/fission weapons not have this practical upper limit Research into controlled fusion, with the aim of producing fusion power for the production of electricity, has been conducted for over 60 years It has been accompanied by extreme scientific and technological difficulties, but has resulted in progress At present, controlled fusion reactions have been unable to produce break-even (self-sustaining) controlled fusion Workable designs for a reactor that theoretically will deliver ten times more fusion energy than the amount needed to heat plasma to the required temperatures are in development The ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is one of the most ambitious energy projects in the world 10 today Located in southern France, 35 nations are collaborating to build the world's largest tokamak, a magnetic fusion device that has been designed to prove the feasibility of fusion as a large-scale and carbon-free source of energy based on the same principle that powers our Sun and stars and it is expected to finish the construction phase in 2019 It will start commissioning the reactor that same year and initiate plasma experiments in 2020, but is not expected to begin full deuterium-tritium fusion until 2027 b Definition and structure of Hydrogen bomb Thermonuclear bomb, also called hydrogen bomb, or H-bomb, weapon whose enormous explosive power results from an uncontrolled, self-sustaining chain reaction in which isotopes of hydrogen combine under extremely high temperatures to form helium in a process known as nuclear fusion The high temperatures that are required for the reaction are produced by the detonation of an atomic bomb A thermonuclear bomb differs fundamentally from an atomic bomb in that it utilizes the energy released when two light atomic nuclei combine, or fuse, to form a heavier nucleus An atomic bomb, by contrast, uses the energy released when a heavy atomic nucleus splits, or fissions, into two lighter nuclei Under ordinary circumstances atomic nuclei carry positive electrical charges that act to strongly repel other nuclei and prevent them from getting close to one another Only under temperatures of millions of degrees can the positively charged nuclei gain sufficient kinetic energy, or speed, to overcome their mutual electric repulsion and approach close enough to each other to combine under the attraction of the short-range nuclear force The very light nuclei of hydrogen atoms are ideal candidates for this fusion process because they carry weak positive charges and thus have less resistance to overcome The hydrogen nuclei that combine to form heavier helium nuclei must lose a small portion of their mass (about 0.63 percent) in order to “fit together” in a single larger atom They lose this mass by converting it completely into energy, according to Albert Einstein’s famous formula: E = mc2 According to this formula, the amount of energy created is equal to the amount of mass that is converted multiplied by the speed of light squared The energy thus produced forms the explosive power of a hydrogen bomb Deuterium and tritium, which are isotopes of hydrogen, provide ideal interacting nuclei for the fusion process Two atoms of deuterium, each with one proton and one neutron, or tritium, with one proton and two neutrons, combine during the fusion process to form a heavier helium nucleus, which has two protons and either one or two neutrons In current thermonuclear bombs, lithium-6 deuteride is used as the fusion fuel; it is transformed to tritium early in the fusion process 11 In a thermonuclear bomb, there are two section: primary section that consists of an implosiontype fission bomb (a "trigger"), and a secondary section that consists of fusion fuel The explosive process begins with the detonation of what is called the primary stage This consists of a relatively small quantity of conventional explosives, the detonation of which compresses the plutonium-239 (Pu-239) and/or uranium-235 (U-235) core to a smaller sphere to create a fission chain reaction, which in turn produces four types of energy: expanding hot gases from high explosive charges that implode the primary; superheated plasma that was originally the bomb's fissile material and its tamper; the electromagnetic radiation and the neutrons from the primary's nuclear detonation Separating the secondary from the primary is the interstage The interstage is responsible for accurately modulating the transfer of energy from the primary to the secondary It must direct the hot gases, plasma, electromagnetic radiation and neutrons toward the right place at the right time Less than optimal interstage designs have resulted in the secondary failing to work entirely on multiple shots, known as a "fissile fizzle" The secondary is usually shown as a column of fusion fuel and other components wrapped in many layers Around the column is first a "pusher-tamper", a heavy layer of uranium-238 (U-238) that serves to help compress the fusion fuel (and can eventually undergo fission itself) Inside this is the fusion fuel itself, usually a form of lithium deuteride, which is used because it is easier to weaponize than liquified tritium/deuterium gas This dry fuel, when bombarded by neutrons, produces tritium, a heavy isotope of hydrogen which can undergo nuclear fusion, along with the deuterium present in the mixture Inside the layer of fuel is the "spark plug", a hollow column of fissile material (plutonium-239 or uranium-235) often boosted by deuterium gas The spark plug, when compressed, can itself undergo nuclear fission When the energy was transferred from the primary stage to the secondary stage, the tremendous heat initiates the spark plug causing fusion reaction inside the container, and the resulting explosion of the fusion reaction blows the uranium container apart The neutrons released by the fusion reaction cause the uranium container to fission, which often accounts for most of the energy released by the explosion and which also produces fallout (the deposition of radioactive materials from the atmosphere) in the 12 process (A neutron bomb is a thermonuclear device in which the uranium container is absent, thus producing much less blast but a lethal “enhanced radiation” of neutrons.) The entire series of explosions in a thermonuclear bomb takes a fraction of a second to occur A thermonuclear explosion produces blast, light, heat, and varying amounts of fallout The concussive force of the blast itself takes the form of a shock wave that radiates from the point of the explosion at supersonic speeds and that can completely destroy any building within a radius of several miles The intense white light of the explosion can cause permanent blindness to people gazing at it from a distance of dozens of miles The explosion’s intense light and heat set wood and other combustible materials afire at a range of many miles, creating huge fires that may coalesce into a firestorm The radioactive fallout contaminates air, water, and soil and may continue years after the explosion; its distribution is virtually worldwide Thermonuclear bombs can be hundreds or even thousands of times more powerful than atomic bombs The explosive yield of atomic bombs is measured in kilotons, each unit of which equals the explosive force of 1,000 tons of TNT The explosive power of hydrogen bombs, by contrast, is frequently expressed in megatons, each unit of which equals the explosive force of 1,000,000 tons of TNT Hydrogen bombs of more than 50 megatons have been detonated, but the explosive power of the weapons mounted on strategic missiles usually ranges from 100 kilotons to 1.5 megatons Thermonuclear bombs can be made small enough (a few feet long) to fit in the warheads of intercontinental ballistic missiles; these missiles can travel almost halfway across the globe in 20 or 25 minutes and have computerized guidance systems so accurate that they can land within a few hundred yards of a designated target Photographs of warhead casings, such as this one of the W80 nuclear warhead, allow for some speculation as to the relative size and shapes of the primaries and secondaries in U.S thermonuclear weapons Edward Teller, Stanislaw M Ulam, and other American scientists developed the first hydrogen bomb, which was tested at Enewetak atoll on November 1, 1952 The U.S.S.R first tested a hydrogen bomb on August 12, 1953, followed by the United Kingdom in May 1957, China (1967), and France (1968) In 1998 India tested a “thermonuclear device,” which was believed to 13 be a hydrogen bomb During the late 1980s there were some 40,000 thermonuclear devices stored in the arsenals of the world’s nuclear-armed nations This number declined during the 1990s The massive destructive threat of these weapons has been a principal concern of the world’s populace and of its statesmen since the 1950s The biggest hydrogen bomb ever tested, Tsar Bomba (1961), was more than 3,000 times bigger than the atomic bomb that was used in Hiroshima, the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in August 1945 weighed 4,400kg (9,700 lb) and Tsar Bomba weighed 27,000kg When it was tested in a remote part of Russia, it was predicted that anyone within 100km of the blast would have suffered third-degree burns from the radiation released After the test, it was observed that the blast wave broke windowpanes 900km away That is, if the explosion had occurred in Berlin, it would have broken windows in London The Tsar Bomba mushroom cloud seen from a distance of 161 km (100 mi) The crown of the cloud is 56 km (35 mi) high at the time of the picture 14 c.Operation of the H – bomb In a hydrogen bomb, two isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium are fused to form a nucleus of helium and a neutron This fusion releases 17.6 MeV of energy Unlike nuclear fission, there is no limit on the amount of the fusion that can occur A fission bomb, called the primary, produces a flood of radiation including a large number of neutrons This radiation impinges on the thermonuclear portion of the bomb, known as the secondary The secondary consists largely of lithium deuteride The neutrons react with the lithium in this chemical compound, producing tritium and helium This reaction produces the tritium on the spot, so there is no need to include tritium in the bomb itself In the extreme heat which exists in the bomb, the tritium fuses with the deuterium in the lithium deuteride The shock waves produced by the primary (A-bomb) would propagate too slowly to permit assembly of the thermonuclear stage (the secondary) before the bomb blew itself apart To this, they introduced a high energy gamma ray absorbing material (styrofoam) to capture the 15 energy of the radiation As high energy gamma radiation from the primary is absorbed, radial compression forces are exerted along the entire cylinder at almost the same instant This produces the compression of the lithium deuteride Additional neutrons are also produced by various components and reflected towards the lithium deuteride With the compressed lithium deuteride core now bombarded with neutrons, tritium is formed and the fusion process begins The yield of a hydrogen bomb is controlled by the amounts of lithium deuteride and of Zadditional fissionable materials Uranium 238 is usually the material used in various parts of the bomb's design to supply additional neutrons for the fusion process This additional fissionable material also produces a very high level of radioactive fallout _Example: Bravo - 14.8 Megatons TNT Romeo - 11.0 Megatons TNT Koon - 0.10 Megatons TNT Union - 6.90 Megatons TNT Yankee - 13.5 Megatons TNT c Effects of the Hydrogen Bomb 16 The hydrogen bomb is the single most destructive weapon ever devised by man, and is the only successful effort by mankind to harness the same basic process that is created deep inside the sun to generate energy The effects of a hydrogen bomb are essentially the same as those created by any nuclear weapon heat, blast, and radiation but on a much larger scale IDENTIFICATION Hydrogen bombs are a combined fission-fusion nuclear device There are a wide variety of designs (some of which have nothing to with hydrogen), and these vary in their particulars but share some general features Thermonuclear weapons of this type use a normal atomic bomb, which uses nuclear fission (or atom-splitting) to provide the energy to provide the heat and pressure to create a nuclear fusion reaction POWER AND SIZE Hydrogen bombs were part of a general effort to develop ever more powerful nuclear weapons, and indeed the most powerful nuclear weapons ever built are all of the fusion type The infamous Tsar Bomba, for example, was a hydrogen bomb test-detonated by the Soviets, and continues to stand as the single most powerful nuclear weapon ever built or detonated It had a staggering yield of 50 megatons However, the design type also allowed for nuclear weapons that could pack a considerable wallop in a small package The U.S W-47 warhead of the 1960s, which was deployed on submarine-based nuclear missiles, packed up to 1.2 megatons but only weighed about 725 lbs and was small enough to fit on the Polaris missile By comparison, the primitive fission bomb dropped on Hiroshima had a 15 kiloton yield HEAT A little more than a third of the energy from a hydrogen bomb is released in the form of heat, light, and some of the softer forms of hard radiation, such as ultraviolet and X-rays The first and most immediate result is either temporary or permanent flash blindness on the part of anyone who was looking at or in the general direction of the blast without proper eye protection The energy release also creates enormous temperatures, especially in the case of a powerful hydrogen bomb A hydrogen bomb can create temperatures in a range that is 6,300 times hotter than the 17 surface of the sun This routinely vaporizes much of whatever matter is immediately around "ground zero" (the center of the explosion), fuses dirt and sand in the ground into glass, and produces a mammoth fireball BLAST When a normal nuclear weapon other than a neutron bomb is detonated, about half of its energy is expressed in the form of the concussive blast All explosions cause this effect because the heat released creates an overpressure, or a wave of greatly increased atmospheric pressure generated by the explosion and that radiates out from it The difference between a hydrogen bomb and another type of explosion, even a nuclear explosion, is the substantially greater blast energy An interesting side note to nuclear blasts, however, is that they are dependent upon an atmosphere to propagate them Contrary to what a lot of bad science fiction might have us believe, the vacuum of space would eliminate this concussive blast, leaving on the remaining two nuclear effects RADIATION About 15 percent of a hydrogen bomb's energy takes the form of radiation About percent takes the form of ionizing radiation, or highly charged particles and gamma rays that are emitted as part of the fission and fusion chain reactions in the hydrogen bomb The remainder takes the form of nuclear fallout Fallout is the spread of radioactive materials (waste byproducts and unspent fuel from the bomb) through the atmosphere as a result of the explosion These substances continue to emit dangerous radioactivity as a result of their own radioactive decay 18 References www.atomicarchive.com/Fusion/Fusion1.shtml sciencing.com/effects-hydrogen-bomb-5399698.html www.britannica.com/technology/thermonuclear-bomb 19 ... deuterium-tritium fusion until 2027 b Definition and structure of Hydrogen bomb Thermonuclear bomb, also called hydrogen bomb, or H-bomb, weapon whose enormous explosive power results from an uncontrolled,...Table of contents Brief history of all Nuclear bombs 2 Nuclear bomb Hydrogen bomb References 18 1.Brief history of all Nuclear bombs Atomic science began many centuries ago with experimenting... since the 1950s The biggest hydrogen bomb ever tested, Tsar Bomba (1961), was more than 3,000 times bigger than the atomic bomb that was used in Hiroshima, the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
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