functional polymers powerpoint

Chapter 6: Functional Polymers The conductive polyacetylene (PA) Outline of Chapter 6-1 Introduction to Functional Polymers 6-2 Conducting Polymers 6-3 Polymeric Membrane 6.1 Introduction to Functional Polymers What are Functional Polymers? — Functional polymer —— according to IUPAC (a) a polymer bearing functional groups (such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, or amino groups) that make the polymer reactive, (b) a polymer performing a specific function for which it is produced and used — A polymer that exhibits specified chemical reactivity or has specified physical, biological, pharmacological, or other uses Classification of functional polymers- (IUPAC) — Biodegradable polymer — Conducting polymer — Electroluminescent (电致发光的) polymer — Ferroelectric (铁电的) polymer — Ferromagnetic (铁磁的) polymer — Liquid-crystalline polymer — Macroporous polymer — Non-linear-optical polymer — Optically-active polymer — Photoelastic (光弹性的) polymer — Photoluminescent (发光的) polymer — Photosensitive (光敏的) polymer Classification of functional polymers- (IUPAC) — Piezoelectric (压电的) polymer — Polyelectrolyte 聚电解质 — Polymer sorbent 聚合物吸附剂 — Polymer compatibilizer （增容剂） — Polymer drug — Polymer gel — Polymer membrane — Polymer solvent — Polymer support — Polymer surfactant — Resist polymer — Shape-memory polymer 形状记忆聚合物 — Superabsorbent polymer Conventionally, it can be classified as follows: — Reactive polymer — Photosensitive polymer — Electrical polymer — Polymer materials for separation — Polymer materials for adsorption — Intelligent/smart polymer — Polymer materials for medical or pharmaceutical use — Engineering polymer materials with high performance Applications and outlook of functional polymers — Organic catalysis (supported catalysts) — Medicine (cell substitutes) — Optoelectronics（光电子学） (conducting polymers) — Magnetic polymers and polymers for nonlinear optics — Biomaterials — Paints and varnishes （清漆） — Building materials — Photographic materials — Lube and fuel additives 6.2 Conducting Polymers Discovery of Conducting Polymers — In 1977, insulating π-conjugated polyacetylene (PA) could become conductor with a conductivity of 103 S/cm by iodine doping Molecular structure of polyacetylene — PA is a flat molecule with an angle of 120 o between the bonds and hence exists in two different forms, the isomers cis-polyacetylene and trans-polyacetylene Discovery of Conducting Polymers — The discovery of the conductive PA was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2000 Photograph of three awardees of the Nobel Chemistry Prize in 2000 Alan G MacDiarmid (left) Prof at the Univ of Pennsylvania, USA Hideki Shirakawa (middle) Prof Emeritus, Univ of Tsukuba, Japan Alan J Heeger (right) Prof at the Univ of California at Santa Barbara, USA Typical Conducting Polymers —π-conjugated polymers: polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), polythiophenes (PTH), poly(p-phenylene)(PPP), poly(pphenylenevinylene)(PPV), and poly(2,5-thienylenevinylene)(PANI) Membrane materials Most of membranes are made of polymeric materials, e.g — Polysulfone (PSF) — Polyethersulfone (PES) — Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) — Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) — Polypropylene (PP) — Polyethylene (PE) — Cellulose and Cellulose acetates (CA) — Polyamide (PA) — Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) — Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Membrane materials RO membrane materials CA membranes Tolerate chlorine at levels used for microbial control PA membranes Higher rejection and flux Tolerate a wider pH range Sulfonated PSF membranes NF membrane materials PA membranes CA membranes UF membrane materials CA membranes PVDF membranes PSF membranes Tolerate a pH range of 0.5 to 13, temperatures to 85°C (185°F), and 25 mg/L of free chlorine on a continuous basis MF membrane materials PA membranes CA membranes PVDF membranes PC, PP, PE, PTFE Applications Hundreds of applications, falling in three broad categories: — Water purification — Manufacturing process separations — Waste treatment Applications: Water Purification — Boiler feed — Potable from brackish or alkaline source — Color removal from water — Microbial removal; bacteria, pyrogens, giardia and cryptosporidium cysts — THM precursor and pesticide removal — Potable from seawater — Sodium and organics reduction for beverages — Reconstituting food and juices — Bottled water — Can and bottle rinsing — Rinse water for metal finishing operations — Laboratory and reagent grade water — USP Purified Water and Water for Injection — Semiconductor chip rinsing — Distillation and deionization system pretreatment — Kidney dialysis — Medical device and packaging rinse water — Photographic rinse water — Pulp and paper rinses and makeup water — Dye vat makeup Applications: Process — Juice and milk concentration — Beer and wine finishing — Beverage flavor enhancement — Cheese whey fractionation/concentration of proteins and lactose — Food oils, proteins, taste agents concentration — Saccharide purification — Maple sap preconcentration — Enzymes and amino acids, purification and concentration — Chemical dewatering — Chemical mixtures fractionation — Dye and ink Desalting™ — Glycol and glycerin recovery — ED paint's recovery from rinses — Medicine and vitamin concentration purification — Blood fractionation — Cell concentration — Photographic emulsions concentration/purification Applications: Waste treatment — Tertiary sewage water recovery — Heavy metals and plating salts concentration — BOD and COD concentration — Dewatering liquid for reduced disposal volume — Dilute materials recovery — Radioactive materials recovery — Textile waste recovery for reuse — Pulp and paper water recovery for reuse — Dye and ink concentration and recovery — Photographic waste concentration and recovery — Oil field "produced water" treatment — Lubricants concentration for reuse — Commercial laundry water and heat reuse — End of pipe treatment for water recovery Recent advances Composite membranes —— RO, UF & NF Improved both flux and separation Increase chemical durability of membranes Surface treatment techniques Adding formal charges —— to change separation ability and reduce fouling tendency Enhanced systems controls —— improved the operational efficiency Industry's evolving realization —— treatment systems are often most efficient if they combine several unit processes Examples: Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System Examples: Extracorporeal Bioartificial Liver Reactor Model ... Chapter 6-1 Introduction to Functional Polymers 6-2 Conducting Polymers 6-3 Polymeric Membrane 6.1 Introduction to Functional Polymers What are Functional Polymers? — Functional polymer —— according... and outlook of functional polymers — Organic catalysis (supported catalysts) — Medicine (cell substitutes) — Optoelectronics（光电子学） (conducting polymers) — Magnetic polymers and polymers for nonlinear... n-CdSe and n-CdS Applications of Conducting Polymers Sensors — The use of conducting polymers in sensor technologies involves employing the conducting polymers as an electrode modification in order