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Question 9: According to the passage, iron was NOT used for beams, columns, and girders prior to the early eighteenth century because _____.A. Question 20: Most applications for loans a

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DESERTIFICATION Desertification is the degradation of once-productive land into unproductive or poorly productive land Since the first great urban-agricultural centers in Mesopotamia nearly 6,000 years ago, human activity has had a destructive impact on soil quality, leading to gradual

desertification in virtually every area of the world

It is a common misconception that desertification is caused by droughts Although

drought does make land more vulnerable, well-managed land can survive droughts and recover, even in arid regions Another mistaken belief is that the process occurs only along the edges of deserts In fact, it may take place in any arid or semiarid region, especially where poor land management is practiced Most vulnerable, however, are the transitional zones between deserts and arable land; wherever human activity leads to land abuse in these fragile marginal areas, soil destruction is inevitable

[1] Agriculture and overgrazing are the two major sources of desertification [2] Large-scale farming requires extensive irrigation, which ultimately destroys lands by depleting its nutrients and leaching minerals into the topsoil [3] Grazing is especially

destructive to land because, in addition to depleting cover vegetation, herds of grazing mammals also trample the fine organic particles of the topsoil, leading to soil compaction and

erosion [4] It takes about 500 years for the earth to build up 3 centimeters of topsoil However, cattle ranching and agriculture can deplete as much as 2 to 3 centimeters of topsoil every 25 years - 60 to 80 times faster than it can be replaced by nature

Salination is a type of land degradation that involves an increase in the salt

content of the soil This usually occurs as a result of improper irrigation practices The greatest Mesopotamian empires- Sumer, Akkad and Babylon- were built on the surplus of the enormously productive soil of the ancient Tigris- Euphrates alluvial plain After nearly a thousand years of intensive cultivation, land quality was in evident decline In response, around 2800 BC the Sumerians began digging the huge Tigris-Euphrates canal system to irrigate the exhausted soil A temporary gain in crop yield was achieved in this way, but over-irrigation was to have serious and unforeseen consequences From as early as 2400 BC we find Sumerian documents referring to salinization as a soil problem It is believed that the fall of the Akkadian Empire around 2150 BC may have been due to a catastrophic failure in land productivity; the soil was literally turned into salt Even today, four thousand years later, vast tracks of salinized land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers still resemble rock-hard fields of snow

Soil erosion is another form of desertification It is a self-reinforcing process; once the cycle of degradation begins, conditions are set for continual deterioration As the vegetative cover begins to disappear, soil becomes more vulnerable to raindrop impact Water runs off instead of soaking in to provide moisture for plans This further diminishes plan cover

by leaching away nutrients from the soil As soil quality declines and runoff is increased,

floods become more frequent and more severe Flooding washes away topsoil, the thin,

rich, uppermost layer of the earth’s soil, and leaves finer underlying particles more vulnerable to wind erosion Topsoil contains the earth’s greatest concentration of organic matter and

microorganisms, and is where most of the earth’s land-based biological activity occurs Without this fragile coat of nutrient-laden material, plan life cannot exist An extreme case of its erosion

is found in the Sahel, a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert and the tropical African rain forests; home to some 56 million people Overpopulation and overgrazing have

opened the hyperarid land to wind erosion, which is stripping away the protective margin

of the Sahel, and causing the desert to grow at an alarming rate Between 1950 and

1975, the Sahara Desert spread 100 kilometers southward through the Sahel

Question 1: Which of the following statement is true about desertification?

A It has a history as long as that of civilization

B It was just as serious in the past as it is today

C It is a fairy recent problem

D Ancient societies managed the problem well

Question 2: The word “arable” in paragraph 2 is closet in meaning to _

Question 3: According to the passage, many people’s understanding of desertification is

incorrect because _

A they do not think of of it as a serious problem

B they see it as being reversible

C they do not see it as being caused by human activity

D they think of it as a very slow process

Question 4: According to the passage, agriculture furthers desertification through which of

the following activities

A The repetitive planting of the same crop B Irrigation

C The stripping away of native vegetation D Over fertilization

Question 5: The word “degradation” in paragraph 4 is closet in meaning to _

A rejuvenation B deterioration C contribution D consumption

Question 6: Paragraph 4 of the passage serves mainly to do which of the following?

A Show the progress of desertification down through history

B Propose a method for dealing with the desertification problem

C Describe one progress that leads to desertification

D Describe the main cause of desertification in one particular area

Question 7: The word “leaching” in paragraph 5 is closet in meaning to _

A washing B depositing C concentrating D dispersing

(1) Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls With the improvement in refining ore, it was now possible to make cast-iron beams, columns, and girders During the nineteenth century further advances were made, notably Bessemer’s process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more

of status Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vaults of medieval churches and cathedrals Paxton’s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1.848 feet by 408 feet in prefabricated units of glass set in iron frames The Paris

Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle Des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status The use of an exposed iron structure

in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop

Question 8: What does the passage mainly discuss?

A Advances in iron processing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

B The effects of the Industrial Revolution on traditional architectural styles

C Advantages of stone and timber over steel as a building material

D The evolution of the use of iron in architecture during the 1800’s

Question 9: According to the passage, iron was NOT used for beams, columns, and girders prior

to the early eighteenth century because _

A all available iron was needed for other purposes

B limited mining capability made iron too expensive

C iron was considered too valuable for use in public buildings

D the use of charcoal for refining ore produced poor quality iron

Question 10: Iron replaced stone and timber in the building of bridges because iron was

Question 12: The word “surpassed” is closest in meaning to _

A imitated B exceeded C approached D included

Question 13: According to paragraph 3, the architectural significance of the Halle Des Machines

was its _

C unequaled beauty D prefabricated unites of glass

Question 14: How did the artistic elite mentioned in the passage react to the buildings at the

Paris Exhibition?

A They tried to copy them B They ridiculed them

C They praised them D They refused to pay to see them

Question 15: It can be inferred that the delayed use of exposed iron structures in

traditional styles of architecture is best explained by the _

A impracticality of using iron for small, noncommercial buildings

B association of iron architecture with the problems of the Industrial Revolution

C general belief that iron offered less resistance to fire and harsh weather than traditional

materials

D general perception that iron structures were not aesthetically pleasing

(1) Interest is the sum charged for borrowing money for a fixed period of time Principal is the

term used for the money that is borrowed, and the rate of interest is the percent per year of the

principal charged for its use Most of the profits for a bank are derived from the interest that they

charge for the use of their own or their depositor’s money

(2) All problems in interest may be solved by using one general equation that may be stated as follows:

Interest = Principal X Rate X Time (3) Any one of the four quantities – that is, interest, principal, rate, or time – may be found when the other three are known The time is expressed in years The rate is expressed as a decimal fraction Thus, 6 percent interest means six cents charged for the use of $1 of principal borrowed for one year Although the time may be less than, equal to, or greater than one year, most

applications for loans are for periods of less than one year For purpose of computing interest for

short periods, the commercial year or 360 days is commonly used, but when large sums of

money are involved, exact interest is computed on the basis of 365 days

Question 16: With what topic is this passage primarily concerned?

Question 17: The word “fixed” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) Definite (B) short (C) repeated (D) trial

Question 18: At 4 percent interest for the use of $1 principal, how much would one pay?

(A) Six cents per year (B) Twenty-five cents per year

(C) Four cents per year (D) One cent per year

Question 19: Which of the following would be a correct expression of an interest rate as stated

in the equation for computing interest?

Question 20: Most applications for loans are for

(A) one year (B) less than one year (C) more than one year (D) 360 days

Question 21: The word “periods” in paragraph 3 refers to

(A) time (B) loans (C) applications ( D) interest

Question 22: A commercial year is used to compute

(A) exact interest (B) interest on large sums of money

(C) interest on a large principal (D) interest for short periods of time

(1) The protozoans, minute, aquatic creatures each of which consists of a single cell of

protoplasm, constitute a classification of the most primitive forms of animal life They are

fantastically diverse, but three major groups may be identified on the basis of their motility The Mastigophora have one or more long tails, which they use to project themselves forward The Ciliata, which use the same basic means for locomotion as the Mastigophora, have a larger number of short tails The Sarcodina, which include amoebae, float or row themselves about on their crusted bodies

(2) In addition to their form of movement, several other features discriminate among the three

groups of protozoans For example, at least two nuclei per cell have been identified in the Ciliata, usually a large nucleus that regulates growth but decomposes during reproduction, and a smaller one that contains the genetic code necessary to generate the large nucleus

(3) Protozoans are considered animals because, unlike pigmented plants to which some

protozoans are otherwise almost identical, they do not live on simple organic compounds Their

cell demonstrates all of the major characteristics of the cells of higher animals

(4) Many species of protozoans collect into colonies, physically connected to each other and

responding uniformly to outside stimulate Current research into this phenomenon, along with

investigations carried out with advanced microscopes may necessitate a redefinition of what constitutes protozoans, even calling into question the basic premise that they have only one cell Nevertheless, with the current data available, almost 40,000 species of protozoans have been identified No doubt, as the technology improves our methods of observation, better models of classification will be proposed

Question 23: Where do protozoans probably live?

Question 24: What is protoplasm?

(A) A class of protozoan

(B) The substance that forms the cell of a protozoan

(C) A primitive animal similar to a protozoan

(D) An animal that developed from a protozoan

Question 25: To which class of protozoans do the amoebae belong?

(A) Mastigophora (B) Ciliata (C) Sarcodina (D) Motility

Question 26: What is the purpose of the large nucleus in the Ciliata?

(A) It generates the other nucleus

(B) It contains the genetic code for the small nucleus

(C) It regulates growth

(D) It reproduces itself

Question 27: Why are protozoans classified as animals?

(A) They do not live on simple organic compounds

(B) They collect in colonies

(C) They respond uniformly to outside stimulate

(D) They may have more than one cell

Question 28: The word “uniformly” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) in the same way (B) once in a while (C) all of a sudden (D) in the long run

Question 29: The word “they” in paragraph 3 refers to

(A) protozoans (B) microscopes (C) investigations (D) colonies

Question 30: Which of the following statements are NOT true of protozoans?

(A) There are approximately 40,000 species

(B) They are the most primitive forms of animal life

(C) They have a large cell and a smaller cell

(D) They are difficult to observe

Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the

classical and medieval worlds, while during the fifteenth century the term “reading” undoubtedly meant reading aloud Only during the nineteenth century did silent reading become

The last century saw a steady gradual increase in literacy and thus in the number of readers

As the number of readers increased, the number of potential listeners declined and thus there was some reduction in the need to read aloud As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less

common, so came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such public places as

libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers

Towards the end of the century, there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully and over whether the reading of materials such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening Indeed, this argument remains with

us still in education However, whatever its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and

was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialised readership on the other

By the end of the twentieth century, students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to

books and to use reading skills which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader

The social, cultural and technological changes in the century had greatly altered what the term

“reading” implied

Câu 31: Reading aloud was more common in the medieval world because

A few people could read to themselves

B there were few places available for private reading

C silent reading had not been discovered

D people relied on reading for entertainment

Câu 32: The word “commonplace” in the first paragraph mostly means “ _ ”

A attracting attention B for everybody’s use C most preferable D widely used Câu 33: The development of silent reading during the last century indicated

A an increase in the number of books B an increase in the average age of readers

C a change in the status of literate people D a change in the nature of reading

Câu 34: Silent reading, especially in public places, flourished mainly because of _

A the decreasing need to read aloud B the development of libraries

C the increase in literacy D the decreasing number of listeners

Câu 35: It can be inferred that the emergence of the mass media and specialised reading

materials was an indication of _

A a decline of standards of literacy B a change in the readers’ interest

C an improvement of printing techniques D an alteration in educationalists’ attitudes Câu 36: The phrase “a specialised readership” in paragraph 4 mostly means “ ”

A a status for readers specialised in mass media

B a limited number of readers in a particular area of knowledge

C a requirement for readers in a particular area of knowledge

D a reading volume for particular professionals

Câu 37: All of the following might be the factors that affected the continuation of the old shared

literacy culture EXCEPT

A the inappropriate reading skills B the printed mass media

C the diversity of reading materials D the specialised readership

The Sun today is a yellow dwarf star It is fueled by thermonuclear reactions near its center that convert hydrogen to helium The Sun has existed in its present state for about four billion six hundred million years and is thousands of times larger than the Earth

By studying other stars, astronomers can predict what the rest of the Sun’s life will be like About five billion years from now, the core of the Sun will shrink and become hotter The

surface temperature will fall The higher temperature of the center will increase the rate of

thermonuclear reactions The outer regions of the Sun will expand approximately 35 million miles, about the distance to Mercury, which is the closest planet to the Sun The Sun will then be

a red giant star Temperatures on the Earth will become too high for life to exist

Once the Sun has used up its thermonuclear energy as a red giant, it will begin to shrink After

it shrinks to the size of the Earth, it will become a white dwarf star The Sun may throw off huge amounts of gases in violent eruptions called nova explosions as it changes from a red giant to a white dwarf

After billions of years as a white dwarf, the Sun will have used up all its fuel and will have lost its heat Such a star is called a black dwarf After the Sun has become a black dwarf, the

Earth will be dark and cold If any atmosphere remains there, it will have frozen over the Earth’s

surface

Câu 38: It can be inferred from the passage that the Sun _

A has been in existence for 10 billion years

B is approximately halfway through its life as a yellow dwarf

C will continue to be a yellow dwarf for another 10 billion years

D is rapidly changing in size and brightness

Câu 39: When the Sun becomes a red giant, what will the atmosphere be like on the Earth?

A It will become too hot for life to exist

B It will be enveloped in the expanding surface of the sun

C It will freeze and become solid

D It will be almost destroyed by nova explosions

Câu 40: Large amounts of gases may be released from the Sun at the end of its life as a

A white dwarf B red giant C yellow dwarf D black dwarf

Câu 41: As a white dwarf, the Sun will be _

A a cool and habitable planet B the same size as the planet Mercury

C thousands of times smaller than it is today D around 35 million miles in diameter

Câu 42: The Sun will become a black dwarf when _

A the outer regions of the Sun expand B it has used up all its fuel as a white dwarf

C the Sun moves nearer to the Earth D the core of the Sun becomes hotter

Câu 43: The word “there” in the last sentence of paragraph 4 refers to

A our own planet B the core of a black dwarf

C the outer surface of the Sun D the planet Mercury

Câu 44: This passage is intended to _

A describe the changes that the Sun will go through

B discuss conditions on the Earth in the far future

C alert people to the dangers posed by the Sun

D present a theory about red giant stars

Câu 45: The passage has probably been taken from _

A a scientific chronicle B a news report

C a work of science fiction D a scientific journal

(1) The protozoans, minute, aquatic creatures each of which consists of a single cell of protoplasm, constitute a classification of the most primitive forms of animal life They are fantastically diverse, but three major groups may be identified on the basis of their motility The Mastigophora have one or more long tails, which they use to project themselves forward The Ciliata, which use the same basic means for locomotion as the Mastigophora, have a larger number of short tails The Sarcodina, which include amoebae, float or row themselves about on their crusted bodies

(2) In addition to their form of movement, several other features discriminate among the three groups

of protozoans For example, at least two nuclei per cell have been identified in the Ciliata, usually a large nucleus that regulates growth but decomposes during reproduction, and a smaller one that contains the genetic code necessary to generate the large nucleus

(3) Protozoans are considered animals because, unlike pigmented plants to which some protozoans are otherwise almost identical, they do not live on simple organic compounds Their cell demonstrates all of the major characteristics of the cells of higher animals

(4) Many species of protozoans collect into colonies, physically connected to each other and responding uniformly to outside stimulae Current research into this phenomenon, along with investigations carried out with advanced microscopes may necessitate a redefinition of what constitutes protozoans, even calling into question the basic premise that they have only one cell Nevertheless, with the current data available, almost 40,000 species of protozoans have been identified

No doubt, as the technology improves our methods of observation, better models of classification will

be proposed

Câu 46: With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?

A Colonies of protozoans B Mastigophora

C Motility in protozoans D Characteristics of protozoans

Câu 47: The word “minute” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by

A Very common B Very fast C Very old D Very small

Câu 48: Where do protozoans probably live?

Câu 49: What is protoplasm?

A A class of protozoan B The substance that forms the cell of a protozoan

C A primitive animal similar to a protozoan D An animal that developed from a protozoan Câu 50: The word “uniformly” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

A in the same way B once in a while C all of a sudden D in the long run

Câu 51: The word “they” in paragraph 3 refers to

A protozoans B microscopes C investigations D colonies

Câu 52: Which of the following statements are NOT true of protozoans?

A There are approximately 40,000 species

B They are the most primitive forms of animal life

C They have a large cell and a smaller cell

D They are difficult to observe

(1) It was the first photograph that I had ever seen, and it fascinated me I can remember holding it at every angle in order to catch the flickering light from the oil lamp on the dresser The man in the photograph was unsmiling, but his eyes were kind I had never met him, but I felt that I knew him One evening when I was looking at the photograph, as I always did before I went to sleep, I noticed a shadow across the man’s thin face I moved the photograph so that the shadow lay perfectly around his hollow cheecks How different he looked!

(2) That night I could not sleep, thinking about the letter that I would write First, I would tell him that

I was eleven years old, and that if he had a little girl my age, she could write to me instead of him I knew that he was a very busy man Then I would explain to him the real purpose of my letter I would tell him how wonderful he looked with the shadow that I had seen across his photograph, and I would most carefully suggest that he grow whiskers

(3) Four months later when I met him at the train station near my home in Westfield, New York, he was wearing a full beard He was so much taller than I had imagined from my tiny photograph (4) “Ladies and gentlemen,” he said, “I have no speech to make and no time to make it in I appear before you that I may see you and that you may see me.” Then he picked me right up and kissed me

on both cheeks The whiskers scratched “Do you think I look better, my little friend?” he asked me (5) My name is Grace Bedell, and the man in the photograph was Abraham Lincoln

Câu 53: What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?

A To explain how Grace Bedell took a photograph of Abraham Lincoln

B To explain why Abraham Lincoln wore a beard

C To explain why the first photographs were significant in American life

D To explain why Westfield is an important city

Câu 54: The word “fascinated” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by

A interested B frightened C confused D disgusted

Câu 55: The man in the photograph

A was smiling B had a beard C had a round, fat face D looked kind

Câu 56: What did Grace Bedell do every night before she went to sleep?

A She wrote letters B She looked at the photograph

C She made shadow figures on the wall D She read stories

Câu 57: The little girl could not sleep because she was

Câu 58: The word “it” in paragraph 4 refers to

Câu 59: From this passage, it may be inferred that

A Grace Bedell was the only one at the train station when Lincoln stopped at Westfield B

There were many people waiting for Lincoln to arrive on the train

C Lincoln made a long speech at the station in Westfield

D Lincoln was offended by the letter

Câu 60: Why did the author wait until the last line to reveal the identity of the man in the

photograph?

A The author did not know it

B The author wanted to make the reader fell foolish

C The author wanted to build the interest and curiosity of the reader

D The author was just a little girl

Very few people in the modern world obtain their food supply by hunting and gathering in the natural environment surrounding their homes This method of harvesting from nature’s provision

is the oldest subsistence strategy, and has been practiced for at least the last two million years It

was, indeed, the only way to obtain food until rudimentary farming and the domestication of

wild animals were introduced about 10,000 years ago

Because hunter-gatherers have fared poorly in comparison with their agricultural cousins,

their numbers have dwindled, and they have been forced to live in marginal environments, such

as deserts and arctic wastelands In higher latitudes, the shorter growing season has restricted the availability of plant life Such conditions have caused a greater independence on hunting, and along the coasts and waterways, on fishing The abundance of vegetation in the lower latitudes of the tropics, on the other hand, has provided a greater opportunity for gathering a variety of

plants In short, the environmental differences have restricted the diet and have limited

possibilities for the development of subsistence societies Contemporary hunter-gatherers may help us understand our prehistoric ancestors We know from observation of modern hunter-

gatherers in both Africa and Alaska that society based on hunting and gathering must be very

mobile While the entire community camps in a central location, a smaller party harvests the

food within a reasonable distance from the camp When the food in the area is exhausted, the community moves on to exploit another site We also notice seasonal migration on patterns evolving for most hunter-gatherers, along with a strict division of labor between sexes These patterns of behavior may be similar to those practiced by mankind during the Paleolithic Period

Question 61: With which of the following topics is the passage primarily concerned?

A The Paleolithic period B Subsistence farming

Question 62: Which is the oldest subsistence strategy?

Question 63: The word “rudimentary” is closet in meaning to _

Question 64: When was hunting and gathering introduced?

A 1,000,000 years ago B 2,000,000 years ago

Question 65: What conditions exist in the lower latitude?

A Greater dependence on hunting B More coats and waterways for fishing

C A shorter growing season D A large variety of plant life

Question 66: The word “mobile” in the passage can be replaced by _

A transportable B carried C movable D portable

Question 67: Which of the following is not mentioned in the above passage?

A More and more people in the modern time live on the food they gather in the natural environment around their homes

B The more vegetable in the lower latitude in the tropics there is, the greater opportunity for gathering plants there are

C Because of the shorter growing season in higher latitude, the availability of plants is

limited

D The environmental differences result in restricted diet

Quite different from storm surges are the giant sea waves called tsunamis, which derive their name from the Japanese expression for “high water in a harbor.” These waves are also referred to

by the general public as tidal waves, although they have relatively little to do with tides

Scientists often referred to them as seismic sea waves, far more appropriate in that they do result from undersea seismic activity

Tsunamis are caused when the sea bottom suddenly moves, during an underwater earthquake

or volcano for example, and the water above the moving earth is suddenly displaced This

sudden shift of water sets off a series of waves These waves can travel great distances at speeds close to 700 kilometers per hour In the open ocean, tsunamis have little noticeable amplitude,

often no more than one or two meters It is when they hit the shallow waters near the coast that

they increase in height, possibly up to 40 meters

Tsunamis often occur in the Pacific because the Pacific is an area of heavy seismic activity Two areas of the Pacific well accustomed to the threat of tsunamis are Japan and Hawaii

Because the seismic activity that causes tsunamis in Japan often occurs on the ocean bottom quite close to the islands, the tsunamis that hit Japan often come with little warning and can, therefore, prove disastrous Most of the tsunamis that hit the Hawaiian Islands, however,

originate thousands of miles away near the coast of Alaska, so these tsunamis have a much

greater distance to travel and the inhabitants of Hawaii generally have time for warning of their

imminent arrival

Tsunamis are certainly not limited to Japan and Hawaii In 1755, Europe experienced a

calamitous tsunami, when movement along the fault lines near the Azores caused a massive tsunami to sweep onto the Portuguese coast and flood the heavily populated area around Lisbon The greatest tsunami on record occurred on the other side of the world in 1883 when the

Krakatoa volcano underwent a massive explosion, sending waves more than 30 meters high onto nearby Indonesian islands; the tsunami from this volcano actually traveled around the world and was witnessed as far away as the English Channel

Question 68: The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses _

Question 69: According to the passage, all of the following are true about tidal waves except

that _

A they are the same as tsunamis

B they refer to the same phenomenon as seismic sea waves

C they are caused by sudden changes in high and low tides

D this terminology is not used by the scientific community

Question 70: The word “displaced” in line 6 is closet in meaning to _

Question 71: It can be inferred from the passage that tsunamis _

A are often identified by ships on the ocean

B are far more dangerous on the coast than in the open ocean

C causes serve damage in the middle if the ocean

D generally reach heights greater than 40 meters

Question 72: In line 9, water that is “shallow” is NOT _

Question 73: A main difference between tsunamis in Japan and in Hawaii is that tsunamis in

Japan are more likely to _

A arrive without warning B originate in Alaska

C be less of a problem D come from greater distances

Question 74: The possessive “their” in line 15 refers to _

C the inhabitants of Hawaii D the Hawaii Islands

Question 75: The passage suggests that the tsunamis resulting from the Krakatoa volcano _

A resulted in little damage

B caused volcanic explosions in the English Channel

C actually traveled around the world

D was unobserved outside of the Indonesian islands

Millions of people are using cellphones today In many places, it is actually considered unusual not to use one In many countries, cellphones are very popular with young people They find that the phones are more than a means of communication - having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected

The explosion in mobile phone use around the world has made some health professionals worried Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems

from the use of mobile phones In England, there has been a serious debate about this issue Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health

On the other hand, medical studies have shown changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones Signs of change in the tissues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning equipment In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at young age because

of serious memory loss He couldn't remember even simple tasks He would often forget the name of his own son This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employer's doctor didn't agree

What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation High-tech machines can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones Mobile phone

companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about

As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that it's best to use mobile phones less often Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time Use your mobile phone only when you really need it Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health So for now, it's wise not to use your mobile phone too often

Câu 76: According to the passage, cellphones are especially popular with young people

because

A they are indispensable in everyday communications

B they make them look more stylish

C they keep the users alert all the time

D they cannot be replaced by regular phones

Câu 77: The changes possibly caused by the cellphones are mainly concerned with

A the mobility of the mind and the body

B the smallest units of the brain

C the arteries of the brain

D the resident memory

Câu 78: The word "means" in the passage most closely means

A “meanings”

B “expression”

C “method”

D “transmission”

Câu 79: Doctors have tentatively concluded that cellphones may

A damage their users’ emotions

B cause some mental malfunction

C change their users’ temperament

D change their users’ social behaviours

Câu 80: The man mentioned in the passage, who used his cellphone too often,

A suffered serious loss of mental ability

B could no longer think lucidly

C abandoned his family

D had a problem with memory

Câu 81: According to the writer, people shoul

A only use mobile phones in urgent cases

B only use mobile phones in medical emergencies

C keep off mobile phones regularly

D never use mobile phones in all cases

Câu 82: The most suitable title for the passage could be

A “The Reasons Why Mobile Phones Are Popular”

B “Technological Innovations and Their Price”

C “The Way Mobile Phones Work”

D “Mobile Phones: A Must of Our Time”

Traditionally in America, helping the poor was a matter for private charities or local governments Arriving immigrants depended mainly on predecessors from their homeland to help them start a new life In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, several European nations instituted public-welfare programs But such a movement was slow to take hold in the United

States because the rapid pace of industrialization and the ready availability of farmland seemed

to confirm the belief that anyone who was willing to work could find a job

Most of the programs started during the Depression era were temporary relief measures, but one of the programs - Social Security - has become an American institution Paid for by

deductions from the paychecks of working people, Social Security ensures that retired persons receive a modest monthly income and also provides unemployment insurance, disability

insurance, and other assistance to those who need it Social Security payments to retired persons can start at age 62, but many wait until age 65, when the payments are slightly higher Recently, there has been concern that the Social Security fund may not have enough money to fulfill its obligations in the 21st century, when the population of elderly Americans is expected to increase dramatically Policy makers have proposed various ways to make up the anticipated deficit, but a long-term solution is still being debated

In the years since Roosevelt, other American presidents have established assistance programs These include Medicaid and Medicare; food stamps, certificates that people can use to purchase food; and public housing which is built at federal expense and made available to persons on low incomes

Needy Americans can also turn to sources other than the government for help A broad

spectrum of private charities and voluntary organizations is available Volunteerism is on the rise

in the United States, especially among retired persons It is estimated that almost 50 percent of Americans over age 18 do volunteer work, and nearly 75 percent of U.S households contribute money to charity

Câu 83: New immigrants to the U.S could seek help from

A the people who came earlier

B the US government agencies

C only charity organizations

D volunteer organizations

Câu 84: It took welfare programs a long time to gain a foothold in the U.S due to the fast

growth of _

A industrialization B modernization C urbanization D population

Câu 85: The word “instituted” in the first paragraph mostly means

A “executed” B “studied” C “introduced” D “enforced”

Câu 86: Most of the public assistance programs after the severe economic crisis

A were introduced into institutions

B did not become institutionalized

C functioned fruitfully in institutions

D did not work in institutions

Câu 87: That Social Security payments will be a burden comes from the concern that

A elderly people ask for more money

B the program discourages working people

C the number of elderly people is growing

D younger people do not want to work

Câu 88: Americans on low incomes can seek help from

A federal government B government agencies

C state governments D non-government agencies

Câu 89: Public assistance has become more and more popular due to the

A young people’s voluntarism only B volunteer organizations

C people’s growing commitment to charity D innovations in the tax system

Câu 90: The passage mainly discusses

A public assistance in America B immigration into America

C funding agencies in America D ways of fund-raising in America

Probably the most famous film commenting on the twentieth-century technology is Modern Times, made in 1936 Charlie Chaplin was motivated to make the film by a reporter who, while interviewing him, happened to describe the working conditions in industrial Detroit Chaplin was told that healthy young farm boys were lured to the city to work on automotive assembly lines Within four or five years, these young men’s health was destroyed by the stress of work in the factories

The film opens with a shot of a mass of sheep making their way down a crowded ramp

Abruptly, the film shifts to a scene of factory workers jostling one another on their way to a

factory However, the rather bitter note of criticism in the implied comparison is not sustained It

is replaced by a gentle note of satire Chaplin prefers to entertain rather than lecture

Scenes of factory interiors account for only about one-third of Modern Times, but they contain some of the most pointed social commentary as well as the most comic situations No one who has seen the film can ever forget Chaplin vainly trying to keep pace with the fast-moving conveyor belt, almost losing his mind in the process Another popular scene involves an automatic feeding machine brought to the assembly line so that workers need not interrupt their labor to eat The feeding machine malfunctions, hurling food at Chaplin, who is strapped in his position on the assembly line and cannot escape This serves to illustrate people’s utter

helplessness in the face of machines that are meant to serve their basic needs

Clearly, Modern Times has its faults, but it remains the best film treating technology within a social context It does not offer a radical social message, but it does accurately reflect the

sentiment of many who feel they are victims of an over-mechanised world

Question 91: According to the passage, Chaplin got the idea for Modern Times from

A a movie B a conversation C a newspaper D fieldwork

Question 92: The young farm boys went to the city because they were

A promised better accommodation

B driven out of their sheep farm

C attracted by the prospect of a better life

D forced to leave their sheep farm

Question 93: The phrase “jostling one another” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to

“ ”

A jogging side by side B pushing one another

C hurrying up together D running against each other

Question 94: According to the passage, the opening scene of the film is intended

A to reveal the situation of the factory workers

B to introduce the main characters of the film

C to produce a tacit association

D to give the setting for the entire plot later

Question 95: The word “vainly” in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to “ ”

A recklessly B carelessly C hopelessly D effortlessly

Question 96: According to the author, about two-thirds of Modern Times

A entertains the audience most B is rather discouraging

C was shot outside a factory D is more critical than the rest

Question 97: The author refers to all of the following notions to describe Modern Times

EXCEPT “ ”

A satire B entertainment C criticism D revolution

Very few people in the modern world obtain their food supply by hunting and gathering in the natural environment surrounding their homes This method of harvesting from nature’s provision

is the oldest known subsistence strategy and has been practised for at least the last two million years It was, indeed, the only way to obtain food until rudimentary farming and the

domestication of wild animals were introduced about 10,000 years ago

Because hunter-gatherers have fared poorly in comparison with their agricultural cousins,

their numbers have dwindled, and they have been forced to live in marginal environments, such

as deserts and arctic wastelands In higher latitudes, the shorter growing seasons have restricted the availability of plant life Such conditions have caused a greater dependence on hunting, and

on fishing along the coasts and waterways The abundance of vegetation in the lower latitudes of the tropics, on the other hand, has provided a greater opportunity for gathering a variety of

plants In short, the environmental differences have restricted the diet and have limited

possibilities for the development of subsistence societies

Contemporary hunter-gatherers may help us understand our prehistoric ancestors We know from the observation of modern hunter-gatherers in both Africa and Alaska that a society based

on hunting and gathering must be very mobile While the entire community camps in a central location, a smaller party harvests the food within a reasonable distance from the camp When the food in the area has become exhausted, the community moves on to exploit another site We also notice seasonal migration patterns evolving for most hunter-gatherers, along with a strict division

of labor between the sexes These patterns of behavior may be similar to those practised by mankind during the Paleolithic Period

Question 98: The word “domestication” in the first paragraph mostly means

A hatching and raising new species of wild animals in the home

B adapting animals to suit a new working environment

C teaching animals to do a particular job or activity in the home

D making wild animals used to living with and working for humans

Question 99: According to the passage, subsistence societies depend mainly on

A agricultural products B hunter-gatherers’ tools

C nature’s provision D farming methods

Question 100: In the lower latitudes of the tropics, hunter-gatherers

A have better food gathering from nature

B can free themselves from hunting

C harvest shorter seasonal crops

D live along the coasts and waterways for fishing

Question 101: According to the passage, studies of contemporary subsistence societies can

provide a _

A further understanding of prehistoric times

B broader vision of prehistoric natural environments

C further understanding of modern subsistence societies

D deeper insight into the dry-land farming

Question 102: The word “conditions” in the second paragraph refers to

A the environments where it is not favorable for vegetation to grow

B the situations in which hunter-gatherers hardly find anything to eat

C the places where plenty of animals and fish can be found

D the situations in which hunter-gatherers can grow some crops

Question 103: According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned?

A The number of hunter-gatherers decreases where farming is convenient

B Hunting or fishing develops where there are no or short growing seasons

C Harvesting from the natural environment had existed long before farming was taken up

D The environmental differences produce no effect on subsistence societies

Question 104: According to the author, most contemporary and prehistoric hunter-gatherers

share _

A only the way of duty division B some restricted daily rules

C some methods of production D some patterns of behavior

Question 105: Which of the following would serve as the best title of the passage?

A Hunter-gatherers: Always on the Move

B Hunter-gatherers and Subsistence Societies

C Evolution of Humans’ Farming Methods

D A Brief History of Subsistence Farmi

(1) The initial contact between American Indians and European settlers usually involved trade,

whereby Indians acquired tools and firearms and the Europeans obtained furs These initial events usually pitted Indian tribes against each other as they competed for the European trade and for the lands containing fur-producing animals When the furs had been depleted, the

Europeans began a campaign to obtain the lands the Indians occupied The Indians often formed confederations and alliances to fight back the Europeans; however, the Indians’ involvement in the white people’s wars usually disrupted these confederations Indians resisted the attempts by the whites to displace them They fought defensive wars such as the Black Hawk War in 1832 Indian uprisings also occurred, like the Sioux uprising in the 1860s

(2) Despite the resistance of the Indians, the Europeans were destined to win the conflict

After Indian resistance was crushed, the whites legitimized the taking of Indian lands by

proposing treaties, frequently offering gifts to Indian chiefs to get them sign the treaties Once an Indian group had signed a treaty, the whites proceeded to remove them from their land Often the Indians were forced west of the Mississippi into Indian Territory-land the whites considered uninhabitable If only a few Indians remained after the conquest, they were often absorbed by local tribes or forced onto reservations

(3) No aspect of American history is more poignant than the accounts of the forced removal

of Indians across the continent As white settlers migrated farther west, Indians were forced to sign new treaties giving up the lands earlier treaties had promised them Some Indian tribes,

realizing the futility of resistance, accepted their fate and moved westward without force The

Winnebagos, who offered little resistance, were shifted from place to place between 1829 and

1866 About half of them perished during their perpetual sojourn Other tribes, however, bitterly resisted The Seminoles signed a treaty in 1832 but violently resisted removal Hostilities broke out in 1835 and continued for seven years The United States government lost nearly 1,500 men and spent over $50 million in its attempts to crush Seminole resistance Most of Seminoles were eventually forced to Indian Territory However, several hundred remained in the Florida

Everglades, where their descendants live today

Question 106: What does the passage mainly discuss? [Ph¸ t hµnh bëi dethithpt.com]

A Violation of treaties by white settlers

B Conflict between American Indians and Europeans settlers

C The diverse cultures of American Indian tribes

D Trade between American Indians and European settlers

Question 107: The word “legitimized” in paragraph 2 is closet in meaning to _

A encouraged B wrote to support C justified D coordinated

Question 108: It can be concluded from the line 8-10 that _

A Both Indians and European wanted to end the conflict by signing treaties

B Indian chiefs were easily bribed by economic offerings

C Europeans showed great speaking skill in their treaty proposals

D Europeans had greater military, political, and economic power than Indians

Question 109: The author makes the point that Indian Territory was _

A where a few Indians remained

B in the western part of Mississippi

C where several battles between Indians and whites took place

D considered undesirable by European settlers

Question 110: According to the passage, which of the following did NOT happen?

A Treaties allowed Indians to live where they wanted

B Indians tribes formed alliances with other tribes

C Indians were forced to live on reservations

D Indians rebelled against European settlers

Question 111: In line 14-16, the author implies that _

A Indian treaties and removal were minor events in American history

B new treaties promised Indians more land than had the earlier treaties

C many accounts of Indian removal are not true

D Indian removal was a shameful tragedy of American history

Question 112: The word “futility” could be best replaced by _

A uselessness B expense C importance D advantage

No educational medium better as means of spatial communication than the atlas Atlases deal

with such invaluable information as population distribution and density One of the best,

Pennycooke's World Atlas, has been widely accepted as a standard owing to the quality of its maps and photographs, which not only show various settlements but also portray them in a variety of scales In fact, the very first map in the atlas is a cleverly designed population

cartogram that projects the size of each country if geographical size were proportional to

population Following the proportional layout, a sequence of smaller maps shows the world’s

population density, each country’s birth and death rates, population increase or decrease,

industrialization, urbanization, gross national product in terms of per capita income, the quality

of medical care, literacy, and language To give readers a perspective on how their own country fits in with the global view, additional projections depict the world's patterns in nutrition, calorie and protein consumption, health care, number of physicians per unit of population, and life expectancy by region Population density maps on a subcontinental scale, as well as political

maps Convey the diverse demographic phenomena of the world in a broad array of scales Question 113: What is the main topic of the passage?

A The educational benefits of atlases

B Physical maps in an atlas

C The ideal in the making of atlases

D Partial maps and their uses

Question 114: According to the passage, the first map in Pennycooke's World Atlas

shows

A the population policy in each country

B the hypothetical sizes of each country

C geographical proportions of each country

D national boundaries relative to population

Question 115: In the passage, the word “invaluable” is closet in meaning to

A incremental B invalid C priceless D shapeless

Question 116: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

A calorie consumption B currency exchange rates

C a level of educations D population decline

Question 117: The word “layout” in the passage refers to _

Question 118: It can be inferred from the passage that maps can be used to _

A pinpoint ethnic strife in each country

B identify a shortage of qualified labor

C give readers a new perspective on their own country

D show readers photographs in a new form

Question 119: The author of the passage implies that _

A atlases provide a bird's eye view of countries

B maps use a variety of scales in each projection

C maps of countries differ in size

D atlases can be versatile instrument

Question 120 The word “convey” in the passage is closest meaning to _

A devise B conjure up C demonstrate D indicate

Whales are the largest animals in the world, and the gentlest creatures we know Although the whale is very huge, it is not hindered at all by its size when it is in the water Whales have tails that end like flippers With just a gentle flick, it can propel itself forward The skin of a whale is

so smooth that it does not create any friction that can slow the whale down A whale’s breathing hole is located on the top of its head, so it can breathe without having to completely push its head out of the water Whales are protected from the cold seawater by body fat that is called blubber.(Dethithpt.com)

Whales live in the ocean but, in terms of behaviours, they are more similar to humans than

fish They live in family groups and they even travel in groups when they have to migrate from cooler to warmer waters The young stay with their parents for as long as fifteen years Whales are known not to desert the ill or injured members; instead, they cradle them

When whales are in danger, there are people who go to great lengths to help them One such case occurred in 1988, when three young whales were trapped in the sea It was close to winter and the sea had begun to freeze over Whales are mammals that require oxygen from the air, so

the frozen ice was a great danger to them All they had then was a tiny hole in the ice for them to

breathe through Volunteers from all over soon turned up to help these creatures They cut holes

in the ice to provide more breathing holes for the whales These holes would also serve as guides

for the whales so that they could swim to warmer waters

(Adapted from http://www.englishdaily626.com?reading_comprehension)

Question 121: Which of the following best describes the main idea of this passage?

A Successful attempts to rescue whales all over the world

B Some remarkable similarities of whales to humans

C Whales as the largest, gentlest but vulnerable creatures

D Whales as the only animals to live in warm water

Question 122: Whales can move easily in water thanks to their

A tail and blubber B size and head C tail and skin D skin and head

Question 123: Where is the whale’s breathing hole located?

A On its head B On its back C On its face D On its tail

Question 124: According to paragraph 2, the author mentions all of the following to show that

whales “are more similar to humans” EXCEPT

A they do not desert the ill or injured members

B they do not migrate from cooler to warmer waters

C they live in family groups and travel in groups

D the young stay with their parents for almost fifteen years

Question 125: The word “tiny” in paragraph 3 probably means

A very small B very deep C very fat D very ugly

Question 126: The word “they” in paragraph 3 refers to

Question 127: According to the passage, why was the frozen ice on the sea surface a danger to

whales?

A Because they couldn’t swim in icy cold water

B Because they couldn’t eat when the weather was too cold

C Because whales couldn’t breathe without sufficient oxygen

D Because the water was too cold for them as they were warm-blooded

It's called 42 - the name taken from the answer to the meaning of life, from the science fiction

series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 42 was founded by French technology billionaire

Xavier Niel, whose backing means there are no tuition fees and accommodation is free Mr Niel and his co-founders come from the world of technology and start-ups, and they are trying to do

to education what Facebook did to communication and Airbnb to accommodation

Students at 42 are given a choice of projects that they might be set in a job as a software

engineer - perhaps to design a website or a computer game They complete a project using

resources freely available on the Internet and by seeking help from their fellow students, who

work alongside them in a large open-plan room full of computers Another student will then be

randomly assigned to mark their work

The founders claim this method of learning makes up for shortcomings in the traditional education system, which they say encourages students to be passive recipients of knowledge

"Peer-to-peer learning develops students with the confidence to search for solutions by

themselves, often in quite creative and ingenious ways."

Like in computer games, the students are asked to design and they go up a level by

completing a project They graduate when they reach level 21, which usually takes three to five years And at the end, there is a certificate but no formal degree Recent graduates are now working at companies including IBM, Amazon, and Tesla, as well as starting their own firms

"The feedback we have had from employers is that our graduates are more apt to go off and find out information for themselves, rather than asking their supervisors what to do next," says Brittany Bir, chief operating officer of 42 in California and a graduate of its sister school in Paris Ms Bir says 42's graduates will be better able to work with others and discuss and defend their ideas - an important skill in the “real world” of work "This is particularly important in

computer programming, where individuals are notorious for lacking certain human skills," she

says.(Dethithpt.com)

But could 42's model of teacher less learning work in mainstream universities? Brittany Bir admits 42's methods do not suit all students "It suits individuals who are very disciplined and self-motivated, and who are not scared by having the freedom to work at their own pace," she says

(Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/news/business-37694248)

Question 128: According to the passage, 42 is

C an innovation in technology D a tool of virtual communication

Question 129: The word “them” in paragraph 2 refers to

A students at 42 B projects C resources D software engineers

Question 130: The author mentions “to design a website or a computer game” in paragraph 2

to illustrate _

A a job that a French software engineer always does

B a choice of assignment that students at 42 have to complete

C a free resource available on the Internet

D a help that students at 42 get for their work

Question 131: What do 42’s graduates receive on completion of their course?

A a certificate B a degree C a project D a design

Question 132: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A The founders of 42 share the idea of providing free service on Facebook

B It normally takes 42’s students at least five years to complete their course

C The students of 42 are required to play computer games during their course

D 42’s peer-to-peer approach promotes active learning and working

Question 133: According to Ms Bir, 42’s graduates will be able to improve

A the skills of giving feedback

B the skills of searching for information

C the skills of teamwork and debating

D the skills of software programming

Question 134: The word “notorious” in paragraph 5 can be best replaced by

A respectable B incompetent C infamous D memorable

Question 135: It can be inferred from the passage that

A 42 is a good choice for people of all ages and nationalities

B all 42’s graduates are employed by world leading technology companies

C 42’s students have to handle the task assigned without any assistance

D 42 adopts project-based and problem-solving learning methods

(1) Aging is the process of growing old It occurs eventually in every living thing provided, of

course, that an illness or accident does not kill it prematurely The most familiar outward signs of

aging may be seen in old people, such as the graying of the hair and the wrinkling of the skin Signs of aging in a pet dog or cat include loss of playfulness and energy, a decline in hearing and

eyesight, or even a slight graying of the coat Plants age too, but the signs are much harder to detect

(2) Most body parts grow bigger and stronger, and function more efficiently during childhood They reach their peak at the time of maturity, or early adulthood After that, they begin to

decline Bones, for example, gradually become lighter and more brittle In the aged, the joints

between the bones also become rigid and more inflexible This can make moving very painful (Dethithpt.com)

(3) All the major organs of the body show signs of aging The brain, for example, works less efficiently, and even gets smaller in size Thinking processes of all sorts are slowed down Old people often have trouble in remembering recent events

(4) One of the most serious changes of old age occurs in the arteries, the blood vessels that lead from the heart They become thickened and constricted, allowing less blood to flow to the rest of body This condition accounts, directly or indirectly, for many of the diseases of the aged

It may, for example, result in heart attack

(5) Aging is not a uniform process Different parts of the body wear out at different rates There are great differences among people in their rate of aging Even the cells of the body differ

in the way they age The majority of cells are capable of reproducing themselves many times during the course of a lifetime Nerve cells and muscle fibers can never be replaced once they wear out

(6) Gerontologists - scientists who study the process of aging - believe this wearing out of the body is controlled by a built-in biological time-clock They are trying to discover how this clock works so that they can slow down the process This could give man a longer life and a great number of productive years

Question 136: What is the main idea of the first paragraph?

A Signs of aging are easier to detect in animals than in plants

B Aging occurs in every living thing after it has reached maturity

C Not all signs of aging are visible

D The outward signs of aging may be seen in old people

Question 137: What does the word “it” in line 2 refers to?

A aging B a living thing C an illness D an accident

Question 138: All of the followings may be the outward signs of aging EXCEPT _

A the graying of the hair B the wrinkling of the skin

C the decline in hearing and eyesight D the loss of appetite

Question 139: When does the human body begin to lose vigor and the ability to function

efficiently?

A Soon after reaching adulthood B During childhood

Question 140: The word “brittle” as used in the second paragraph means _

A soft and easily bent B hard and endurable

C hard but easily broken D rigid and inflexible

Question 141: According to the passage, what condition is responsible for many of the diseases

of the old?

A The arteries have become thickened and constricted

B The blood vessels lead from the heart

C The brain gets smaller in size

D Bones become lighter and brittle

Question 142: According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?

A All living things grow old

B Aging is unavoidable in any living things

C Plants show less signs of aging than any other living things

D Most body parts wear out during the course of a lifetime

(1) Increasing numbers of parents in the U.S are choosing to teach their children at home In fact, the U.S Department of Education has estimated that in 1999, about 850,000 children were

being homeschooled Some educational experts say that the real number is double this estimate,

and the ranks of homeschooled children seem to be growing at the average rate of about eleven percent every year

(2) At one time, there was a theory accounting for homeschooling: it was traditionally used for students who could not attend school because of behavioral or learning difficulties Today, however, more parents are taking on the responsibility of educating their own children at home

due to their dissatisfaction with the educational system Many parents are unhappy about class

size, as well as problems inside the classroom Teacher shortages and lack of funding mean that,

in many schools, one teacher is responsible for thirty or forty students The children are,

therefore, deprived of the attention they need Escalating classroom violence has also motivated some parents to remove their children from school

(3) Although there have been a lot of arguments for and against it, homeschooling in the U.S has become a multi-million dollar industry, and it is growing bigger and bigger There are now plenty of websites, support groups, and conventions that help parents protect their rights and enable them to learn more about educating their children Though once it was the only choice for troubled children, homeschooling today is an accepted alternative to an educational system that many believe is failing

Question 143: The number of parents who want to teach their own children in the U.S is _

A remaining unchanged B remaining the same

Question 144: The past participle “homeschooled” in the first paragraph is best equivalent to “_

at home”

A be taught B self-learned C untaught D self-studied

Question 145: This estimated number was presented by _

A a government office B school teachers

Question 146: According to some experts, the exact number of homeschooled children in the US

in the last year of the 20th century must be _

A 1,600,000 B 850,000 C 1,900,000 D 1,700,000

Question 147: More parents teach their children because they completely _ the current

educational system (Dethithpt.com)

A please with B object to C appeal to D approve of

Question 148: The noun “dissatisfaction” in this paragraph is best equivalent to “ _”

A disappointment B disagreement C discrimination D discouragement

Question 149: Many parents stop their children from going to school because it is now too

for them

A explosive B expensive C dangerous D humorous

Question 150: The attitude of the author towards homeschooling can be best described as _

A acceptable B favorable C remarkable D unfavorable

Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language Slang, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as

appropriate formal usage by the majority Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found

in standard dictionaries but will be so identified Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than writing

Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity In some

cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their

collective memories Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events

It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population

Finally, it is worth noting that the terms “standard”, “colloquial”, and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use three types of expressions

Câu 151: Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

C Different types of vocabulary D Dictionary usage

Câu 152: How is slang defined by the author?

A Words and phrases accepted by the majority of formal usage

B Words or phrases understood by the majority but not found in standard dictionaries

C Words or phrases that are understood by a restricted group of speakers

D Words or phrases understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as formal usage Câu 153: The word “appropriate” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _

Câu 154: The word “them” in paragraph 3 refers to _

A words B slang phrases C memories D the majority

Câu 155: What does the author mean by the statement in paragraph 2: “Colloquialisms, on the

other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a

language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations.”?

A Familiar words and phrases are found in both speech and writing in formal settings

B Familiar situations that are experienced by most people are called colloquialisms

C Informal language contains colloquialisms, which are not found in more formal language

D Most of the speakers of a language can used both formal and informal speech in their

appropriate situations

Câu 156: Which of the following is true of standard usage?

A It can be used in formal and informal settings

B It is limited to written language

C It is only understood by the upper classes

D It is constantly changing

Câu 157: The author mentions all of the following as requirements for slang expressions to be

created EXCEPT _

C interaction among diverse groups D a number of linguists

In addition to the great ridges and volcanic chains, the oceans conceal another form of undersea

mountains: the strange guyot, or flat-topped seamount No marine geologist even suspected the existence of these isolated mountains until they were discovered by geologist Harry H Hess in

1946

He was serving at the time as naval officer on a ship equipped with a fathometer Hess named these truncated peaks for the nineteenth-century Swiss-born geologist Arnold Guyot, who had served on