Determinants of students academic performance the case of mekong river data

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM ERASMUS UNVERSITY ROTTERDAM INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DETERMINANTS OF STUDENT’S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF MEKONG RIVER DELTA BY TRAN CHI NGUYEN MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, NOVEMBER 2016 i UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DETERMINANTS OF STUDENT’S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF MEKONG RIVER DELTA A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By TRAN CHI NGUYEN Academic Supervisor: DR PHAM KHANH NAM HO CHI MINH CITY, NOVEMBER 2016 ii DECLARATION This is to guarantee that the complete contents of this thesis (Determinants of student’s academic performance: The case of Mekong River Delta) which are drafted by me and the thesis includes my knowledge and my literature reviews This thesis has not already been submitted for any degree and it only submitted for only for degree of Master of Art in Development Economic to Vietnam - The Netherlands Program I take full responsibility for the whole contents that I wrote TRAN CHI NGUYEN iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would to thank the dedicated assistance and supports of my supervisor, Dr PHẠM KHÁNH NAM, during thesis time The valuable comments and advices play a key role in order to help to finish my thesis Besides, I sincerely thank all lecturers - officers in Vietnam – Netherlands Program, especially Prof NGUYỄN TRỌNG HOÀI and Dr TRƯƠNG ĐĂNG THỤY, for their dedicated instruction, for all the knowledge from lectures and the supporting for my thesis during the course I also would like to thank my classmates, especially Mr ĐẠT ANH, and my friend Ms THIÊN KIM, who has helped and supported me to complete my work Finally, I wish lecturer team all the best and hope they will achieve many success in future path iv ABBREVIATION GSO: General statistics offices UNESCO: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization OLS: Ordinary Least Square VIF: Variance Inflation Factor EPF: Education Production Function VHLSS: Vietnamese Household Living Standard Survey GPA: Grade Point Average IV: Instrumental-Variable BLUE: Best Linear Unbiased Estimator IQ : intelligence quotient EQ : emotional quotient v ABSTRACT This paper focus on examines factors that influence student academic performance in Mekong River Delta, Vietnam Basing on a survey that is conducted by the author in 2015, 297 students of Can Tho University have filtered to examine The Education production function of Bowles is applied and identified by a model includes eight variables, which are related academic performance of student The OLS estimation results show that out of variables are chosen have significant influence on learning outcomes of student and the rest variables have no significant effect on student academic performance in this study Hence, from the estimation results of this thesis, the suitable policies will be suggested in order to improve learning outcomes of student who experienced under performance group vi TABLE CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statements 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.5 Research scope 1.6 Structure of the thesis CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEWS 2.1 Review of key concepts 2.2Review of theory 2.3Review of Empirical studies 2.3.1 Effect of family backgrounds on student academic performance 2.3.2 Effect of demographic factors on student academic performance .11 2.3.3 Effect of geographic factors on student academic performance .13 2.3.4 Effect of self-motivation of student on their academic performance 14 2.4Conceptual framework 15 CHAPTER III: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 16 3.1 Model specification 16 3.1.1 Model specification 16 vii 3.1.2 Measurement of variables .17 3.1.2.1 The dependent variable 17 3.1.2.2 The independent variables .18 3.1.3 Regression models 22 3.2 Data .24 3.2.1 Data source .24 3.2.2 Sampling strategy .24 CHAPTER IV: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 26 4.1 Overview of education system in Vietnam and Mekong river delta 26 4.2 Data description .27 4.3 Regression results .33 4.3.1 Results .33 4.3.2 Test 37 4.3.2.1 Testing for goodness of fit 38 4.3.2.2 Testing for Heteroscedasticity 38 4.3.2.3 Testing for multicollinearity .39 4.3.2.4 Testing for normality .40 4.4 Discussion 41 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 43 viii 5.1 Conclusion 43 5.2 Policy implications 44 5.3 Research limitations and suggestion for further studies 45 References 47 Appendix 54 ix APPENDIX Appendix 1: Matrix of correlation between variables 54 Appendix 2: Wald’s test of overall significant of the model 54 Appendix 3: Heteroscedasticity test 55 Appendix 4: Multicollinearity test 55 Appendix 5: Skewness/Kurtosis test of residuals and National exam score 55 Appendix 6: PCA result .56 Appendix 7: OLS estimation result 57 Appendix 8: Questionnaire .58 x General Statistics Office of Vietnam https://www.gso.gov.vn, accessed on 27 October 2016 Glewwe, P., & Patrinos, H A (1999) The role of the private sector in education in Vietnam: Evidence from the Vietnam Living Standards Survey World Development, 27(5), 887-902 Glick, P., & Sahn, D E (2000) Schooling of girls and boys in a West African country: the effects of parental education, income, and household structure Economics of education review, 19(1), 63-87 Gomes-Neto, J B., Hanushek, E A., Leite, R H., & Frota-Bezzera, R C (1992) Health and schooling: Evidence and policy implications for developing countries Location? Rochester Center for Economic Research Gujarati, D N (1995) Basic econometrics, 3rd International Edition Halle, T G., Kurtz-Costes, B., & Mahoney, J L (1997) Family influences on school achievement in low-income, African American children Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(3), 527 Hanushek, E A (1972) Education and Race: An Analysis of the Educational Production Process Hanushek, E A (1986) The economics of schooling: Production and efficiency in public schools Journal of economic literature, 24(3), 1141-1177 Hanushek, E A (2007) Education Production Functions Hashimoto, K., & Heath, J A (1995) Income elasticities of educational expenditure by income class: The case of Japanese households Economics of education review, 14(1), 63-71 Husen, T (1972) Does Time in School Make a Difference? Saturday Review (New York 1952), 55(18), 32-5 49 Huston, S J (1995) The household education expenditure ratio: Exploring the importance of education The Journal of Family Economics and Resource Management Biennial division of the AAFCS, 1, 51-56 Jeynes, W H (2007) The relationship between parental involvement and urban secondary school student academic achievement a meta-analysis Urban education, 42(1), 82-110 Jæger, M M (2006) DOES SIBSHIP SIZE AFFECT EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT? Kane, J., & Spizman, L M (2001) An Update of the Educational Attainment Model for a Minor Child* Journal of Forensic Economics, 14(2), 155-166 Keith, T Z (1982) Time spent on homework and high school grades: A large-sample path analysis Journal of educational psychology, 74(2), 248 King, J E (2002) Crucial Choices: How Students' Financial Decisions Affect Their Academic Success Le, V Chon., (2000), Determinant in Vietnam’s secondary education VietnamNetherlands program, Ho Chi Minh University of Economics Le, H P Linh (2003) Determinant factors of city and provincial students’ academic performance: the case of Ho Chi Minh University of economics Vietnam – Netherland Program, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City Le, H T., & Booth, A (2010) Urban-Rural Living Standard Inequality in Vietnam, 19932006 (No 4987) IZA Discussion Paper Leslie, J., & Jamison, D (1990) Health and nutrition considerations in education planning Educational consequences of health problems among school-age children Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 12(3), 191-203 Levinger, B (1992) Nutrition, health, and learning School Nutrition and Health Network Monograph Series, 50 Mandilaras, A (2004) Industrial placement and degree performance: Evidence from a British higher institution International Review of Economics Education, 3(1), 39-51 Mitchell, D E., & Collom, E (2001) The determinants of student achievement at the academy for Academic Excellence CA: School of Education University of California Moock, P R., & Leslie, J (1986) Childhood malnutrition and schooling in the Terai region of Nepal Journal of development economics, 20(1), 33-52 Moser, C., & Felton, A (2007) The construction of an asset index measuring asset accumulation in Ecuador Chronic poverty research centre working paper, (87) Myers, R (1992) The twelve who survive: Strengthening programmes of early childhood development in the Third World United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Org Nguyen V C Le (2001) The Private Education in Vietnam and the Relative Effectiveness of Private Education: the case of Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics Park, A (2008) Rural-urban inequality in China Shahid Yusuf y Anthony Saich, China Urbanizes: Consequences, Strategies and Policies, East Asia Economic Prospects, The World Bank, 41-63 Pham, L P (2002) Một số vấn đề phát triển đại học tạo nguồn nhân lực có trình độ cao phục vụ phát triển kinh tế - xã hội đất nước [Some concerns about college education to create high quality human resource for social economics development], in The Development Strategy of Education in the 21th century: some experience from Others Countries, pp 605-619 Hanoi: the national political publisher (Vietnamese) Pollitt, E., & Metallinos-Katsaras, E (1990) Iron deficiency and behavior: constructs, methods and validity of the findings Nutrition and the brain, 8, 101-46 51 Poterba, J M (1996) Demographic structure and the political economy of public education (No w5677) National Bureau of Economic Research Ray, R (2000) Poverty, household size and child welfare in India Economic and Political Weekly, 3511-3520 Smith, J R., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P K (1997) Consequences of living in poverty for young children’s cognitive and verbal ability and early school achievement Consequences of growing up poor, 132-189 Smits, J., & Hoşgör, A G (2006) Effects of family background characteristics on educational participation in Turkey International Journal of Educational Development, 26(5), 545-560 Stinebrickner, T R., & Stinebrickner, R (2000) The Relationship between Family Income and Schooling Attainment: Evidence from a Liberal Arts College with a Fall Tuition Subsidy Program Stinebrickner, R., & Stinebrickner, T R (2003) Working during school and academic performance Journal of labor Economics, 21(2), 473-491 Suskie, L (2009) Using assessment results to inform teaching practice and promote lasting learning In Assessment, Learning and Judgement in Higher Education (pp 1-20) Springer Netherlands Tansel, A., & Bircan, F (2006) Demand for education in Turkey: A tobit analysis of private tutoring expenditures Economics of Education Review, 25(3), 303-313 Tay, R S (1994) Students' Performance in Economics: Does the Norm Hold Across Cultural and Institutional Settings? The Journal of Economic Education, 25(4), 291-301 Tilak, J B (2002) Determinants of household expenditure on education in rural India (No 88) New Delhi: National Council of Applied Economic Research 52 University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), 2001, Annex 1: Glossary, UMIST merged with the Victoria University of Manchester to form the University of Manchester on 22 October 2004 University of Warwick, (2001) Course Specifications: Glossary of Teams relating to Course Specifications http://www.warwick.ac.uk/services/academicoffice/quality/coursespecs/view/ glossary Vlăsceanu, L., Grünberg, L., & Pârlea, D (2004) Quality assurance and accreditation: A glossary of basic terms and definitions Bucharest: Unesco-Cepes Weymer, R A (2002) Factors affecting students' performance in sixth grade modular technology education Whisnant, W T., Sullivan, J C., & Slayton, S L (1992) The Old New Resource for Education Student Age Wolf, R M Achievement in the United States In H J Walberg (Ed.), Educational environments and effects: Evaluation, policy, and productivity Berkeley: McCutchan, 1979 53 APPENDIX Appendix 1: Matrix of correlation between variables Appendix 2: Wald’s test of overall significant of the model 54 Appendix 3: Heteroscedasticity test Appendix 4: Multicollinearity test Appendix 5: Skewness/Kurtosis test of residuals and National exam score 55 Appendix 6: PCA result 56 Appendix 7: OLS estimation result 57 Appendix 8: Questionnaire Questionnaire for student’s information Hi, nice to meet you My name is Tran Chi Nguyen, I am a master’s student of Vietnam – Netherlands Programme, Class 21 Currently, I am working on my thesis titled: “DETERMINANTS OF STUDENT’S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF MEKONG RIVER DELTA” Therefore, I built this questionnaire in order to collect data for my thesis Your information will be guaranteed Thank you very much! Part I: Individual information Did you participate in the National Exam in 2015? a/ Yes  Continue with the next questions b No  Stop and thank you very much! Full Name: Year of Birth: Gender: (Male/Female) Religion: What is your upper secondary school name? Where is your upper secondary school location? (Province – District) Part II: Survey questions 1/ How many brothers and sisters (including you) in your family? a/ -> skip question b/ -> answer question c/ More than -> answer question 58 2/ If your family have more than children What is your sibling order in your family? (Write a specific number): 3/ What is your father’s age/ year of birth? 4/ What is your father’s occupation? a/ Work for salary b/ Self business c/ Farmer d/ Homemaker e/ Unemployed 5/ What is your mother’s age/ year of birth? 6/ What is your mother’s occupation? a/ Work for salary b/ Self business c/ Farmer d/ Homemaker e/ Unemployed 7/ What is your father’s highest education qualifications? a/ No qualifications (0) b/ Primary degree (5) c/ Lower secondary degree (9) d/ Upper secondary degree (12) e/ Primary vocational degree (14) f/ Intermediate vocational degree (14) g/ Vocational degree (14) h/ Three-year vocational degree (15) i/ Three-year college degree (15) j/ Bachelor degree (16) k/ Master degree (18) l/ Doctorate degree (22) m/ Others (name) 59 8/ What is your mother’s highest education qualifications? a/ No qualifications (0) b/ Primary degree (5) c/ Lower secondary degree (9) d/ Upper secondary degree (12) e/ Primary vocational degree (14) f/ Intermediate vocational degree (14) g/ Vocational degree (14) h/ Three-year vocational degree (15) i/ Three-year college degree (15) j/ Bachelor degree (16) k/ Master degree (18) l/ Doctorate degree (22) m/ Others (name) 9/ Provide the number of assets in your family in the list below Give the exact number No Asset 01 Radio, cassette 02 Television (black-white, color) 03 Plasma television, liquid crystal television 04 Stereo music system 05 VCD/DVD player Amount 60 06 Desktop Computer 07 Laptop 08 Internet subscriber 09 Telephone subscriber 10 Mobile subcriber 11 Camera, Digital Camera 12 Video Camera, Video Digital Camera 13 Gas cooker, Electric cooker 14 Oven, microwave oven 15 Multi rice cooker, pressure cooker 16 Refrigerator, cold store 17 Water heater 18 Air conditioner 19 Vacuum cleaner 20 Washing machine 21 Dishwasher 22 Bicycles 23 Motor bikes 24 Cars 61 10/ How much your family earn monthly? Pick closest range a/ Under million VND b/ Range from million to million VND c/ Range from million to 15 million VND d/ Range from 15 million to 30 million VND e/ Over 30 million VND 11/ How many times you have to use medical services in 12 months before the National Exam? a/ times b/ Under times c/ More than times 12/ How many students are there in your 12th grade class? 13/ What type of your school is? a/ State high school b/ Semi-public high school c/ Private high school 14/ How many hours per day you spend on homework or study at home? 15/ How far is it from your house to school? a/ Under kilometer b/ From to kilometers c/ More than kilometers 16/ What is your priority sector in the National Exam a/ Sector b/ Sector c/ Sector – rural d/ Sector 17/ What is your Grade point average in 12th grade? 18/ What is your score in the National Exam in 2015? Fill in the table below (leave blank if not take the subject) 62 Subjects Score Mathematic Literature Foreign languages Physics Chemistry History Geography Others (gifted subjects) 19/ What is your subject combinations after the National Exam in 2015? Combination: ………… Subject: …………… +……………… +…………… Combination: ………… Subject: …………… +……………… +…………… Combination: ………… Subject: …………… +……………… +…………… 63 ... is to guarantee that the complete contents of this thesis (Determinants of student’s academic performance: The case of Mekong River Delta) which are drafted by me and the thesis includes my knowledge... fact, there are a few researches examine about the case of Mekong River Delta This thesis is the first research which examines the influence of the determinants on the individual student’s academic. .. ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF MEKONG RIVER DELTA A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By TRAN CHI NGUYEN Academic