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A comparison of drinking in American and Vietnamese culture

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Globalization brings us together. With globalization in the world today, we are coming together. We care more about other countries more than we used to. Each country has different cultural activities and cultural rituals. Culture is more than just material goods, that is things the culture uses and produces. Many of us today are not aware of other cultures. Making time to know them and understand them would probably make us more accepting of other people and cultures that are different from us. Just because our ways are different from others does not mean that what they believe in is wrong or inhumane. It is all about respect for others. Culture is the characteristics of a particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, social habits, music arts and cuisine. And drinking is also a culture; it has never occupied a special place in human culture. Wine is a very commonly drink at social events and many cultures have created intricate formal ceremonies for these events. Like many people in other countries, American and Vietnamese also drink wine in their own ways. In Vietnam, wine is commonly and people drink it at many occasions: at meetings, meals, at the weddings and funerals. In American, it is drunk not only on occasions but also with or after meals or before they go to bed. Although both Vietnam and American are not the most famous for drinking, drinking culture in these countries has characteristics which become the features of culture in each country. Drinking in American culture and Vietnamese culture may have some similarities and differences about the history, the ways people drink types of wine and so on. More importantly, not many people know exactly about these similarities and differences. Therefore, drinking is interesting topic to research and study. Drinking culture in America and Vietnam contrasting and comparison can be a good topic to study about. For these reasons, the researcher would like to research a study titled “A comparison of drinking in American and Vietnamese culture”. The researcher hopes that this research would be a helpful material not only for students at Hung Vuong University but also for all the other students around the country.

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1 Rationale

Globalization brings us together With globalization in the world today,

we are coming together We care more about other countries more than we usedto

Each country has different cultural activities and cultural rituals Culture

is more than just material goods, that is things the culture uses and produces.Many of us today are not aware of other cultures Making time to know themand understand them would probably make us more accepting of other peopleand cultures that are different from us Just because our ways are different fromothers does not mean that what they believe in is wrong or inhumane It is allabout respect for others Culture is the characteristics of a particular group ofpeople, defined by everything from language, religion, social habits, music arts

and cuisine And drinking is also a culture; it has never occupied a special place

in human culture

Wine is a very commonly drink at social events and many cultures havecreated intricate formal ceremonies for these events Like many people in othercountries, American and Vietnamese also drink wine in their own ways InVietnam, wine is commonly and people drink it at many occasions: at meetings,meals, at the weddings and funerals In American, it is drunk not only onoccasions but also with or after meals or before they go to bed

Although both Vietnam and American are not the most famous fordrinking, drinking culture in these countries has characteristics which becomethe features of culture in each country

Drinking in American culture and Vietnamese culture may have somesimilarities and differences about the history, the ways people drink types ofwine and so on More importantly, not many people know exactly about thesesimilarities and differences

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Therefore, drinking is interesting topic to research and study Drinkingculture in America and Vietnam contrasting and comparison can be a good topic

to study about For these reasons, the researcher would like to research a study

titled “A comparison of drinking in American and Vietnamese culture”.

The researcher hopes that this research would be a helpful material not only forstudents at Hung Vuong University but also for all the other students around thecountry

2 Research Purpose

The purpose of this study is to find out the similarities and differences ofdrinking culture in America and Vietnam It aims at:

- Studying the literature, different terms relating to drinking

- Studying the features of drinking in American culture

- Studying the features of drinking in Vietnamese culture

- Finding out the similarities and differences of drinking in American andVietnamese culture

3 Research Questions

The study aims at finding the answers for the following questions:

- What are the features of drinking in American culture?

- What are the features of drinking in Vietnamese culture?

- What are the similarities and differences of drinking in American andVietnamese culture?

4 Hypothesis

The similarities and differences of drinking in American and Vietnameseculture will be analyzed

5 Research methods

- Theoretical study method:

The related documents are examined to get the information related to theresearch from different source about drinking culture in America and Vietnam

- Analysis method:

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From the data got from many different sources, the researcher makes ananalysis to get final results.

- Comparison and contrast method:

The researcher makes a comparison and contrast between drinking culture

in America and Vietnam in aspects of their history, types of wine and drinkingstyle in America and Vietnam

6 Significance of the research

This research is particularly important for the researcher, it will not onlyhelp researcher expand their knowledge, understanding society, but also anindispensable condition for graduating Moreover, the study would help Englishlanguage students understand more about cross – cultural comparison Inaddition, this study aims to help people understand more the similarities anddifferences between drinking culture in America and Vietnam It also providesinformation about the history as well as significance of drinking culture inAmerica and Vietnam The ways people in America and Vietnam drink wine

7 Scope of the research

The study researches the culture value in drinking culture in America and

Vietnam It gives not only the similarities and differences in drinking culturebut also the benefit of drinking on our health Besides, the study mentions thehistory of drinking, the drinking style and the most popular kinds of wine inAmerica and Vietnam

8 Outline of the Research

In addition to the Introduction and Conclusion, the study consists of 3chapters:

Chapter 1: Literature review

The chapter focuses on giving background of drinking culture as history,health benefits of drinking and social and cultural aspects of drinking culture inAmerica and Vietnam

Chapter 2: : Drinking in American and Vietnamese culture

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The target of the chapter is to analyze the characteristics of types ofpopular wine is drunk, how to enjoy wine and drinking in social ritual inAmerica and Vietnam.

Chapter 3: Similarities and Differences of drinking in American and Vietnamese culture

The target of the chapter is similarities and differences of drinking inAmerican and Vietnamese culture It would help English language studentsunderstand more about cross – cultural comparison

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Chapter 1 LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, section 1.1 is an introduction about the background of drinkingculture In Section 1.2, the researcher will display a brief summary about thehistory of drinking Section 1.3 is about benefits of drinking Section 1.4 isdrinking throughout in the world Section 1.5 will give some information aboutprevious of research

1.1 Drinking culture

1.1.1 Definition of culture

Culture is a very broad concept It is very difficult to give it a precise andaccurate definition Since the beginning of the 20th century, many philosophers,sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been working to tryhard to discipline from their point of view to define the concept of culture.However, there is still no satisfactory definition that is accepted by people.According to statistics, there are at least more than 200 kinds of differentdefinitions The understanding of culture differs so much that it is enough toexplain that the definition of culture concept is really difficult

Damen (1987, p 367) defined culture as "Culture: learned and sharedhuman patterns or models for living; day- to-day living patterns these patternsand models pervade all aspects of human social interaction Culture ismankind's primary adaptive mechanism"

In Kluckhohn is opinion (1945, p 78-105), “By culture we mean all thosehistorically created designs for living, explicit and implicit, rational, irrational,and nonrational, which exist at any given time as potential guides for thebehavior of men."

Kroeber, (1952, p.47) reckoned that "Culture consists of patterns, explicit

and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols,constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including theirembodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e

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historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values;culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, and

on the other as conditioning elements of further action."

Lederach (1995) also defined "Culture is the shared knowledge andschemes created by a set of people for perceiving, interpreting, expressing, andresponding to the social realities around them"

Most social scientists today view culture as consisting primarily of thesymbolic, ideational, and intangible aspects of human societies The essence of

a culture is not its artifacts, tools, or other tangible cultural elements but how themembers of the group interpret, use, and perceive them It is the values,symbols, interpretations, and perspectives that distinguish one people fromanother in modernized societies; it is not material objects and other tangibleaspects of human societies People within a culture usually interpret themeaning of symbols, artifacts, and behaviors in the same or in similar ways Broadly speaking, Culture refers to the combined material and spiritualwealth created by human in the process of social and historical development Itincludes three aspects: material culture, system culture and psychologicalculture Material culture refers to all kinds of material civilization created bymankind, including transportation, clothing, daily necessities, etc It is a visibledominant culture System culture and psychological culture respectively refer tothe living system, family system, social system and way of thinking, religion aswell as aesthetics They belong to invisible and hidden culture, includingliterature, philosophy, political and other aspects The narrow sense of culturerefers to popular social habits, such as daily life, customs, lifestyles andbehavior norms

1.1.2 Definition of drinking culture

Wine and beer is the popular name of the alcoholic beverages.Worldwide, the numbers of wine and beer categories are abundant; they aremarked by the culture of the different ethnic groups We can estimate the types

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of wine and beer in the world now up to thousands, no exact statistics The wordbeer, wine covers most meaningful for alcoholic beverages Drinking meansdrinking alcoholic beverages, however in this study the researchers do notanalysis deeply all types of alcoholic beverages that only focuses research onwine, “drinking” means drinking kinds of wine and not drink any otheralcoholic.

Folk have a saying "Đán nhật thanh tâm trà ngũ trảm, ngọ thời thích chítửu tam bôi ", meaning that drinking five cups of tea morning show heartpeacefully, afternoon drinking three cups of wine feel very well

According to Trần Quốc Vượng (2006) drinking is the beauty of cultural communication, is an important part of the cuisine, specially, in thespiritual culture of the Vietnamese people Mentioned culturally humane portion

in-of drinking to prettify its existence thousands in-of years ago, the spiritual culture

is also the most basic of drinking, a beauty "fine traditions and customs”

According to David G Mandelbaum (1965) “The meanings of drinking,its relation to other aspects of the culture and society, are usually more implicit.Thus drinking in a particular society may be either a sacred or a profane act,depending on the context, and the people may not be aware of the basicprinciples and meanings that is actually involved”

Drinking culture refers to the customs and practices associated with the

consumption of wine Although wine and social attitudes toward drinking varyaround the world

Ho Bat Khuat, (2011) defined that, “Dinking culture is right and nice, we

also need human intelligence, especially knowledge and awareness Be awarethat alcohol also requires culture Which culture is a not acceptable excess”

1.2 The history of drinking

1.2.1 The history of drinking in the world

Exactly where wine was first made is still unclear It could have beenanywhere in the vast region, stretching from Spain to Central Asia, where wild

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grapes grow However, the first large-scale production of wine must have been

in the region where grapes were first domesticated, Southern Caucasus and theNear East Wild grapes grow in Georgia, northern Levant, coastal andsoutheastern Turkey, northern Iran or Armenia None of these areas can bedefinitively singled out yet, despite persistent suggestions that Georgia is thebirthplace of wine

In Ancient Egypt, wine played an important role in ceremonial life Athriving royal winemaking industry was established in the Nile Delta followingthe introduction of grape cultivation from the Levant to Egypt c 3000 BC Theindustry was most likely the result of trade between Egypt and Canaan duringthe Early Bronze Age, commencing from at least the Third Dynasty (2650 –

2575 BC), the beginning of the Old Kingdom period (2650 – 2152 BC).Winemaking scenes on tomb walls, and the offering lists that accompaniedthem, included wine that was definitely produced at the deltaic vineyards Bythe end of the Old Kingdom, five wines, all probably produced in the Delta,constitute a canonical set of provisions, or fixed "menu," for the afterlife Theadvent of wine in Europe was the work of the Greeks who spread the art ofgrape-growing and winemaking in Ancient Greek and Roman times

Wine in ancient Egypt was predominantly red A recent discovery, however, hasrevealed the first ever evidence of white wine in ancient Egypt Residue fromfive clay amphorae from Pharaoh Tutankhamen’s tomb yielded traces of whitewine

Much modern wine culture derives from the practices of the ancientGreeks; while the exact arrival of wine in Greek territory is unknown, it wasknown to both the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures Dionysus was the Greekgod of wine and revelry, and wine was frequently referred to in the works ofHomer and Aesop In Homeric myths wine is usually served in "mixing bowls",

in which strong wine was diluted (presumably with water) in order to serve alarge number of people

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The Roman Empire expanded; wine production in the provinces grew to thepoint the provinces were competing with Roman wines Virtually all of themajor wine producing regions of Western Europe today were established by theRomans.

Wine making technology improved considerably during the time of theRoman Empire Many grape varieties and cultivation were known Barrels weredeveloped for storing and shipping wine Bottles were used for the first time.And the early developments of an appellation system formed as certain regionsgained reputations for fine wine

In medieval Europe wine was consumed by the church and the noble andmerchant classes, ale being the drink of the general populace Wine wasnecessary for the celebration of the Catholic Mass, and so assuring a supply wascrucial The Benedictine monks became one of the largest producers of wine inFrance and Germany, followed closely by the Cistercians Other orders, such asthe Carthusians, the Templers, and the Carmelites, are also notable bothhistorically and modernly as wine producers The Benedictines held vineyards

in Champagne, Burgundy, and Bordeaux in France and in the Rheingau andFranconia in Germany; indeed, they were the first to plant Riesling grapes inGermany Though they did not originate viticulture in these areas, they made itinto an industry, producing enough wine to ship it all over Europe for secularuse

1.2.2 The history of drinking in America

The history of American drinking began when first Europeans to exploreparts of North America which they called Vinland because of the profusion ofgrape vines they found However, settlers would later discover that the winemade from the various native grapes had flavors which were unfamiliar and

which they did not like This led to repeated efforts to grow familiar Vitis vinifera varieties The discovery in 1802 of the native Catawba grape led to

very successful wine-making in Ohio By 1842 Nicholas Longworth was

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growing 1,200 acres (4.9 km2) of Catawba grapes and making the country's

first Sparkling wine In 1858, The Illustrated London News described Catawba

as "a finer wine of the hock species and flavor than any hock that comes fromthe Rhine" and wrote that sparkling Catawba "transcendsthe Champagne of France " But the successful operations in Ohio ceased whenfungus disease destroyed the vineyards Some growers responded by movingnorth to the shores of Lake Erie and its islands, where mildew was not aproblem The Finger Lakes region of New York State developed a successfulwine-making industry beginning in the early 1860s when the Pleasant ValleyWine Company began using carefully selected derivatives of native grapes toproduce wine In 1865 the Urbana Wine Company (which marketed its wineunder the Gold Seal label) was established In 1872, O-Neh-Da Vineyard wasestablished by the late Bishop Bernard McQuaid, on the shores of HemlockLake, to make pure grape wine for his churches 1880 saw the establishment ofthe Taylor Wine Company By the late 19th century, wines from the FingerLakes were winning prizes at wine tastings in Europe

1.2.3 The history of drinking in Vietnam

In Vietnam, drinking appeared thousands of years ago, ever present inthe life, history and literature of the people, drinking is kind of drink whichpresent in many important events

According to Bùi Tuý Phượng “It is difficult to know when and where was born but talk about wine, the healing effect, the drinking culture, all

of people know about that In Vietnam, drinking tied to community activities, with rituals, festivals, cult, with vows During history the drinking infiltration into cultural life of the common people and one way or another it has existed in the Vietnamese community”

Drinking ingrained into people life, literature and poetry, there is afamous folk talking about drinking:

“Rượu lưu ly chân quỳ tay rót

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Cha mẹ uống rồi dời gót theo anh.”

Drinking culture exists in married life, full of friendship and tragic,heroic, romantic, poetic Drinking instead of the promise of the couple, drinking

is their witness with parent for good future

Vietnamese wine is often produced in the Southeast Asian country

of Vietnam The region's tropical climate was ill suited for the type of Vitis vinifera that the French colonists were used toand the wine industry turned its

attention to fruit wine production The late 20th century saw renewed focus on

the development of Vitis vinifera with the assistance of flying winemakers from

regions like Australia In 1995, a joint venture with Australianwinemakers started an aggressive planting scheme to reintroduce internationalgrape varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay to land that was untilrecently littered with landmines left over from the Vietnam war

  Due to the year round warmth, drinking in the southern region ofVietnam can produce a harvest up to three times during the course of a calendaryear Some plant varieties can produce fruit from new cuttings within a year oftheir planting

French colonists planted their vineyards in the highlands areas aroundthe Ba V i mountain range near Hanoi Modern viticultural techniques haveproduced some successful results with aggressive pruning and the adoption ofthe pergolas style of trellising This Pergolas trellis has the benefit of keepingthe grapevines off the ground to where some of the humidity is ventilated whichreduces the risk of powdery mildew's developing The grape bunches are shaded

by the canopy of the vine which reduces the yields

Experiencing the war against the French colonialists and Americanimperialists, wine in Vietnam keeps on developing and maintaining its ownidentity After two protracted wars, hardships until now drinking is more andmore growing with many designs and different tastes Moreover, today outside

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the traditional wine such as rice wine, wine Vietnam also produce many kinds

of fruit wines, to meet the essential needs of the market

1.3 Benefits of drinking

1.3.1 Benefits of drinking for physical aspect

Since 1991 there have been hundreds of reports providing strongevidence proving the health benefits of drinking Drinking can improvedigestion, promote relaxation and helps foster a good mood Drinking alsocontains iron, a necessary mineral for oxygen transport in the body

The benefits of wine to bones

The April 2009 Issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutritionconducted a study of 2,700 people and their drinking habits What they foundwas that men who had one to two drinks per day had 4 percent more bonedensity than those who had none Women had 5 to 8 percent denser bones.Beyond two glasses a day though, the bone strength diminished.

Following a research of HealthDay shows drinking a couple glasses ofwine each day boosts bone health In wine, polyphenols, which have beenlinked to protection from heart disease, might also protect bone Dr Robert P.Heaney, a bone and nutrition expert at Creighton University in Omaha, Neb.,said he agreed that drinking is good for bone Indeed, drinking more than twoglasses of wine a day is obviously more likely to increase the risk of falls andfractures through entirely different means

The benefits of wine to cancer

In one study, conducted by Kaiser Permanente in California, respondentswho reported drinking no more than 1 glass of wine a day had a 56% decrease

in the risk for developing, a rate lower than that of heavy and non-drinkers.While heavy drinking consumption has been proven to increase the risk ofcancer In response to these studies, Dr Prateek Sharma, MD, of the University

of Kansas School of Medicine, notes that there may be other links such as

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people who drink wine leading generally healthier lifestyles with consumingless fats and eating more fruits and vegetables

Research conducted at the Yale School of Public Health in 2009, suggestthat wine may have some protective benefits against some forms of cancer.Women diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were questioned about theiralcohol consumption patterns and followed for an 8 to 12-year period.Compared to non-drinkers, women who had been drinking wine for at least 25years prior were 33% less likely to die over the five-year period followingdiagnosis and 26% less likely to experience a relapse or develop a secondarycancer during that same five-year period Of all the women in the study, 75% ofthose who drank at least 12 glasses of wine over the course of their lifetimewere alive after five years compared to 66% of the women who never drank anywine Women who drank beer and alcohol spirits showed no differences

The benefits of wine to cardiovascular system and brain

Studies have proven that drinking can help prevent heart disease andatherosclerosis, keep your cholesterol levels in check , and prevent certain types

of cancer The drinking itself may help to raise the good cholesterol and inhibitthe formation of blood clots This is called vasodilation, meaning the opening ofthe blood vessels and increasing blood flow

For moderate drinkers, medical research indicates moderate wine consumptionmay lower the mortality rate and risk of heart disease Studies have shown thatmoderate wine drinking can improve the balance of low-density lipoprotein(LDL or "bad" cholesterol) to high-density lipoprotein (HDL "good"cholesterol), which has been theorized as to clean up or remove LDL fromblocking arteries

The elements in drinking are also found to produce estrogen andincrease its levels in the body Estrogen is also an antioxidant which is capable

of keeping the brain cells healthy

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1.3.2 Benefits of drinking for social and cultural aspects

The right way drinking not only healthy, but also conducive to the spirit

It is an integral part of social rituals Whenever people can drink, when they arehappy or sad, they also drink Every drink is loaded with symbolic meaning;every drink conveys a message Drinking is a symbolic vehicle for identifying,describing, constructing and manipulating cultural systems, values,interpersonal relationships, behavioural norms and expectations

In many Western cultures, for example, champagne is synonymous withcelebration, such that if champagne is ordered or served at an otherwise

‘ordinary’ occasion, someone will invariably ask "What are we celebrating?"

Finding that drinking is considered an appropriate accompaniment to ameal; wine and spirits are appropriate drinks for celebratory events

Drinking is essentially a social act, subject to a variety of rules andnorms regarding who may drink what, when, where, with whom and so on

As a species, we are addicted to ritual Almost every event of anysignificance in our lives is marked with some sort of ceremony or celebration -and almost all of these rituals, in most cultures, involve drinking

Major life-cycle events such as birth, coming-of-age, marriage and death;important life-changes such as graduation or retirement - and even far lessmomentous shifts such as the daily transition from work to play - all requireritual endorsement Drinking in most cultures is a central element of suchrituals

As significant transitions are ritualised, in some form, in every society, andalmost all of these rites of passage involve drinking, an exhaustive catalogue ofrituals and beverages would be repetitive and unenlightening: a fewrepresentative examples convey the range of transitions which are ceremoniallymarked, and illustrate the role of drinking in ritualisation

The purchase or building of a first house, and subsequent house-moves,are, in many cultures, transitions of significance in terms of social and economic

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status, as well as potentially stressful events for those concerned - acombination which seems to demand ritual recognition In some cultures, therites of passage associated with house-transitions may involve only family andclose friends; in others, the entire community may participate in the ritual, inwhich drinking will usually play a central role.

Drinking, like ritual, is a medium for ‘constructing the world’ Drinksdefine significant transitions in our lives through their function as "brightlycoloured material labels of events" (Douglas, 1987)

The connection between drinking and festivity is also strong that we find

it hard to imagine one without the other Their meanings are intertwined, and, inmany cultures, interchangeable: to drink is to be festive, to be festive is to drink.Festivity is strongly associated with drinking in these cultures, but is notinvoked as a justification for every drinking occasion: a celebration mostcertainly requires alcohol, but every drink does not require a celebration

1.4 Wine throughout the world

The USA is a country that has Protestant origins, and the Protestantreligion has been characterized by ambivalence about drinking.  The US hasless polarization on this issue than most other countries that have hadtemperance movements, and is thus less judgmental about the consumption ofalcohol. Drinking consumption has been an important aspect of social life in the

US.  Drinking use is learned at a very young age in the US, and this is because it

is widely available and extensively advertised.  Boys are more encouraged thangirls to drink in the home, and teenage drinking is often cited as being aproblem because of the risky behaviors they engage in while drunk For countries from which statistics are available, France has consistentlyhad the highest annual per capita alcohol consumption.  This is largely due tothe amount of wine consumption in the country.  However, recent trends haveshown a decrease in drinking since WWII, and a general convergence amongthe EU nations.  There exist major differences between the consumption of wine

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between men and women in France and this is linked to the idea of masculinitywithin the French culture.  Women tend to drink both lower quantity and lowerquality wines, including wine mixed with water as a “lighter” drink.  Winedrinking is comparatively heavier in the wine producing regions of France.  Therecent decrease in wine consumption in France has been tentatively linked to theless ritualized manner in which youth entertain themselves today.  Elaborateballs have been replaced by the attempt to get drunk, which does not involve thedrinking of expensive wines All of these attributes, and many more, describethe French market for wine and why that market is changing .

In Italy, the yearly per capita rate of alcohol consumption has long beendeclining, but family expenditures on alcohol still reach into 2% of the familybudget.  Wine pervades most spheres of life, consisting as a large part of theItalian culture.  If someone is said to drink, then they are assumed to be a heavydrinker in Italy.  Wine is considered nourishment to the Italians, and was often asupplement to the diet of the lower classes that needed additional calories,which were provided by the wine.  Wine is considered to be a regular part ofevery day life, so no special circumstances are needed to bring this drink out. Italy is divided into quarters, and the northeast is considered the wettest of theseregions.  Beyond a region distinction, there exists a gender distinction in Italy. 

It is said that women get drunk less often then men in regular culture, and inpeasant culture this is even more pronounced, as women in this social class onlydrink on special occasions.  There is also very little distinction based on the type

of occupation someone holds.  Among youth, males drink more often thanfemales, and wine is most often drunk at home with the family

1.5 Previous research

1.5.1 In America

There are many research projects and books about this topic have done

According to Mr Jancis Robinson (2008) talks about the new how totaste features thoroughly updated vintages and producers as well as up-and-

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coming wine regions and styles Incorporating wines that are both easilyobtainable and reasonably priced how to choose from a wine list, organize yourown wine tastings.

Following Mr Tom Stevenson (2011) shows Reflecting recent changes inthe dynamic world of wine, with special sections devoted to the countries ofSoutheast Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean, The Sotheby's WineEncyclopedia is the most up-to-date and comprehensive wine reference in theworld A remarkable achievement, bridging the gap between the needs of thenovice and the experienced professional, The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia isfully illustrated, highly accessible, and contains authoritative information onevery wine-related topic

According to Mr Eric Asimov (2012) with charm, wit, and intelligence,Asimov tells how he went from writing beer reviews for his high schoolnewspaper on Long Island to the most coveted job in the industry He evaluatesthe current wine culture, discussing trends both interesting and alarming, andcelebrates the extraordinary pleasures of wine while, at the same time,questioning the conventional wisdom about wine Whether you’re a connoisseur

or a novice, already love wine or want to know it better, How to Love Wine: AMemoir and Manifesto is the book for you

1.5.2 In Viet Nam

Thai Luong (1998) , Nguyen Hong Hai (2004) and Nguyen Lan Dung(2012) They mention and explain so clearly in win culture of Vietnamese: theways of drinking wine, how to taste wine, kinds of wine, etc However, they aresingle researches They only mention aspects of wine culture of Vietnamesewithout comparison with others to find the differences and similarities This is

the first time the research “A comparison of drinking in American culture and Vietnamese culture” has ever been studied by a student at Foreign Language

Department of Hung Vuong University in Viet Tri city The researcher hoped

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that the contributions of this research will help students understand about wineAmerican and Vietnam culture.

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Chapter 2 DRINKING IN AMERICAN AND VIETNAMESE CULTURE

In this chapter, section 2.1 is an introduction about drinking culture in America

In Section 2.2, the researcher will display drinking culture in Vietnam

2.1 Drinking culture in America

2.1.1 Types of popular wine in America

It is not generally appreciated that the US regularly makes more winethan any country other than France, Italy and Spain Wine has never been morepopular with Americans In America, classification criteria wine of American isbased on the stage of the meal Besides, American also classify wine base onmaterials to produce many kinds of wine However, in this research the researchonly concentrates on the stage of the meal According to Andrea Robinson

author of the book “Great Wine Made Simple”, there are three popular wines in

America; this is appetizer wine, table wine and dessert wine

2.1.1.1 Appetizer wine

Appetizer wine is the kind of wine to enjoy at the beginning of meal, italways is served before a meal, appetizer wine is pure and alcohol concentration

is very low, it helps to increase appetite The formula made appetizer wine with

a diversity fragrant and herb American made from sweet fruit and unique herbs When the guests sit down, the waiter will pour a glass of appetizer wine

to invited guests Appetizer wine usually have low concentrations, whenpouring wine have to decant the bottle carefully to not pour deposits into a glass

of customer American always put out enough appetizers to fill up their guests.Instead of going on to dinner, the trend is for friends to linger, talk and sip wine,and a table brimming with lovely appetizers encourages guests to settle in.Before starting meal, American often talks to their friends and sips a glass ofappetizer wine and writes reviews of their favorite wines before they arrive and

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place them near the bottle or leave cards by each wine for guests to makecomments

There are some kinds of appetizer wine which are often used in America;such as Vermouth, Ricard, French Vermouth, etc Vermouth is herb wine, it ispale yellow and used primarily for mixing cocktails Martini, although somepeople also drink with ice as an aperitif Ricard wine (brandy) is the mostfamous in Pastic group, the drinking group with a seed tubers Pernod but morelicorice Alcoholic strength of 45%, there is the pure light brown and becomecloudier when diluted with water and never served with lemon FrenchVermouth is also called Dry Vermouth; it is pale and chilled, in small glassesand can add a slice of lemon if you like Dry Vermouth Martini is often used formixing cocktails

Appetizer wine usually drinks anhydrous, sweet, bitter balance andmoderate alcohol content Appetizer wine is a combination of dozens of scentsplants such as anise, licorice, cumin It can also be extremely simpleingredients The important thing is that it will stimulate your taste buds

In the United States, the official definition for table wine is a wine thatcontains a minimum of 7 percent alcohol and a maximum of 14 percent Thisdefinition does not define quality in any way, although some connote table winewith lower-quality, inexpensive wine Table wine is used in throughout themeal, American eats and drink table wine, the alcohol level is not too high.They often sip and eaten with food

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Table wine is divided into two types: red wine and white wine Manypeople also choose wines based on food, however there is also the choice andpreference of each person American depend on psychological factors,depending on the time, space and object to changes its taste, not necessarilyfollow the rules about wine and food.

Red wine includes Red Burgundy and Bordeaux Red Burgundy is quiteheavy and used in the most drinking Light Burgundy is served with lamb, liver,kidneys and Heavy Burgundy is served with beef, goose, duck, and seafood Inthe U.S there are a few types known such as Pinot Noir, Red Noir, Gamey, andSharif Burgundy can be used for all kinds of food

The white wines are usually lighter red wine therefore American oftenused with light meals such as chicken, fish, shellfish, cheese, snails beef, andfresh bread White wines include White Burgundies and White Bordaux WhiteBurgundies is kind of the American Chables such as Pinot balanc, Chardonnays,Folle Banche Champagne does not fall into used in meal excluding sweetChampagne However, Champagne is also used in all cases as you like Whitewine is always used in cold and a smaller glass than red wine glass Onceopened, the white wine is not last as red wine

2.1.1.3 Dessert wine

Dessert wines, sometimes called pudding wines, are sweet winestypically served with dessert Makers of dessert wines want to produce a winecontaining high levels of both sugar and alcohol, yet the alcohol is made fromsugar In America, a dessert wine is considered to be any sweet wine drunk with

a meal, as opposed to the white fortified wines (fino and amontillado sherry)drunk before the meal, and the red fortified wines ( port and madeira ) drunkafter it Thus, most fortified wines are regarded as distinct from dessert wines,but some of the less strong fortified white wines, such as Pedro Ximénez sherryand Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise , are regarded as honorary dessert wines

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Dessert wines are served with fruit, cheese or granules For example, Tawny Port, White Port or Cream Sherries Cream Sherries is the most sweet used after meal Cream Sherrie’s kind of dark, fragrant mix of nuts Some winescan also be used after meals as White Bordeaux, Champagne, Bordeaux It is used after meals at room temperature Some people prefer to use cold This is not necessary and depending on the preferences of each person.

2.1.2 How to enjoy drinking in America

In American living very close to wine in every meal and party time with

a friends, family, partner and they from the young kid learn from the parent

“how to enjoy the drinking” that is another meaning is “how to acquire the tastefor wine.” Because of without good taste how can enjoy the wine

America can make a taste of wine; they let the glass sit for 5 to 30minutes This mildly oxidizes both the alcohol and grape components of thewine, which has been without oxygen since the first week of wine production.The result is a mellower, "fuller" and more pleasant beverage than what firstcame out of the bottle

Swirl your wine vigorously in the glass, and observe how it looks andacts versus other wines Examine the color, especially against a light

Use a glass which can trap the smell, and sniff deeply after swirling (you willsee wine aficionados literally putting their noses into the glass when doing this).Try to come up with comparisons to other things you've smelled, like cut fruit,minced herbs, or even hot tea Swirl the wine in your mouth, noticing how itfeels Make sure it flows over the tip, both sides, under the tongue, and into theback of your mouth After noticing the tastes, either swallow or spit out thewine, then breathe in through your mouth drawing air over all those parts ofyour tongue again - this will cause the tastes from the wine to change,sometimes quite suddenly and sharply Again, try to draw comparisons to other

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things you've tasted Notice especially the changes the taste goes through as itfades on the tongue, and how long those ‘finish' lasts.

Taste a variety of wine You may think you dislike wine because the onesyou've tried just aren't compatible with your preferences By exposing yourself

to a wide variety of wines, you increase the likelihood that you'll find a wine (ortwo, or three) that you thoroughly enjoy Different varietals have both subtleand obvious differences in taste and character The variations of flavor,sweetness, nose, and other characteristics are the focus of varietal wines, andare by far the most common class of wines available in most markets Differentblends of wine combine the characteristics of varietal grapes to create balancedand complex flavors - often requiring years in the bottle to achieve a matureflavor

There is much more to wine than simply red or white; blushes, ice wines,sparkling wines, Madeira, ports, Sherries, and then you get to the distillations ofwines such as armagnac or brandy Each of these - including red and white - aredifferent methods of processing the fruit, the juice, or the wine Aged and newwine Vintners design wines which are supposed to be drunk immediately, andwines which will be better after some time in the bottle Try both young and oldwines, and if possible purchase a batch of the same wine and drink one of everyyear to experience the subtle changes a wine goes through as it changes overtime

In America there are also many families, clans make properly rules:daughter are not allowed drinking, son are over 18 years old The U.S ispromoting democracy and freedom but their legal provisions are clear: Youngpeople under 21 years old are not allowed to drink wine, if the adult enticement,they would be considered illegal Restaurants are not allowed to sell winebefore 12 noon and absolute ban for people under 21 years old

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A party in America is not lack of drinking, not limited to drink but have

to follow certain ritual In the party, people often only drink enough, mainly forfun atmosphere and mental clarity

2.1.3 Drinking in social ritual in America

Drinking has played a central role in almost all human cultures sinceNeolithic times (about 4000 BC) All societies, without exception, make use ofintoxicating substances, alcohol being by far the most common

The persistence of alcohol use, on a near-universal scale, throughouthuman evolution, suggests that drinking must have had some significantadaptive benefits, although this does not imply that the practice is invariablybeneficial Drinking has been a social activity, and both consumption andbehavior have been subject to self-imposed social controls Attempts atprohibition have never been successful except when couched in terms ofsacred rules in highly religious cultures

There is enormous cross-cultural variation in the way people behavewhen they drink In some societies, especially America, alcohol is associatedwith violent and anti-social behavior, while in others (such as Mediterraneanand some South American cultures) drinking behavior is largely peaceful andharmonious

This variation cannot be attributed to different levels of consumption orgenetic differences, but is clearly related to different cultural beliefs aboutalcohol, expectancies regarding the effects of alcohol and social normsregarding drunken comportment

There is convincing historical and contemporary evidence to show thatthe adoption of ‘foreign’ drinks often involves the adoption of the drinkingpatterns, attitudes and behaviors of the alien culture This has nothing to do withany intrinsic properties of the beverages themselves - beer, for example, may be

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associated with disorderly behavior in some cultures or sub-cultures and withbenign sociability in others.

In terms of everyday transitions, America in which drinking is only used

to mark the transition from work to play - where drinking is associated withrecreation and irresponsibility, and regarded as antithetical to working - tend tohave higher levels of alcohol-related problems Drinking with America is anintegral part of the normal working day, and alcohol may be used to mark the

transition to work tend to have lower levels of alcohol-related problems.

Drinking is universally associated with celebration, and drinking is, in allcultures, an essential element of festivity

In societies with an ambivalent, morally charged relationship with alcohol(such as the UK, US, Scandinavia, Australia), ‘celebration’ is used as an excusefor drinking In societies in which drinking is a morally neutral element ofnormal life (such as Italy, Spain and France), alcohol is strongly associated withcelebration, but celebration is not invoked as a justification for every drinkingoccasion

In cultures with a tradition of casual, everyday drinking in addition tocelebratory drinking, any shifts towards the more episodic celebratory drinking

of ‘ambivalent’ cultures should be viewed with concern, as these patterns areassociated with higher levels of alcohol-related problems

Although America is one of countries which the world’s highestconsumers of drinking, the literature review showed that very little research hasfocused on social and cultural aspects of drinking in America

Most national and cross-cultural studies of drinking in Europe have been

of a purely quantitative, epidemiological nature and provide little or no insightinto the social contexts and cultural roles of drinking

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2.1.4.The anti-alcohol trading period in America from 1920 to 1933

The prohibition of alcohol in the 1920's and 30's in the United States isone of most famous, or infamous, times in recent American history Theintention was to reduce the consumption of alcohol by eliminating businessesthat manufactured, distributed and sold it Considered by many as a failed socialand political experiment, the era changed the way many Americans viewalcoholic beverages, enhancing the realization that federal government controlcannot always take the place of personal responsibility

We associate the era with gangsters, bootleggers, speakeasies, runners and an overall chaotic situation in respect to the social network ofAmericans The period began in 1920 with general acceptance by the public andended in 1933 as the result of the public's annoyance of the law and the ever-increasing enforcement nightmare

rum-Temperance movements had long been active in the American politicalscene but the movement first became organized in the 1840's by religiousdenominations, primarily Methodists This initial campaign started out strongand made a small amount of progress throughout the 1850's but shortlythereafter lost strength

The dry movement saw a revival in the 1880's due to the increasedcampaigning of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (est 1874) andtheProhibition Party (est 1869) In 1893 the Anti-Saloon League wasestablished and these three influential groups were the primary advocates for theeventual passage of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution

After the turn of the century, states and counties throughout the UnitedStates began passing local alcohol prohibition laws Most of these early lawswere passed in the rural South and stemmed from the concern of the behavior of

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those who drank as well as the culture of certain growing populations within thecountry, particularly the European immigrants.

The first World War added fuel to the dry movement's fire as the beliefspread that the brewing and distilling industries were diverting precious grain,molasses and labor from wartime production Beer took the biggest hit due toanti-German sentiment and names like Pabst, Schlitz and Blatz reminded people

of the enemy American soldiers were fighting overseas

Krout John (1925) opposed to alcohol consumption arose in the US beganbefore the Civil War (1861-1865) They began by calling for voluntaryabstinence but with the passage of time began to insist that no one be permitted

to consume any alcohol by force of law However, the Civil War divertedattention to more pressing matters and interest in the movement largely died

Following the War, the movement for prohibition reemerged and begangrowing A growing women’s movement focusing on protection of the family,along with the strong support of many Protestant churches, propelled themovement forward beginning in the 1880s

After that time a number of states adopted state-wide prohibition withintheir borders However, it was World War I that made possible the passage ofnational Prohibition The strong anti-German prejudice made brewers (whowere generally of German origin) popular targets of hostility, the argument thatalcohol beverage production diverted grain needed for the war effort, the lack oforganization on the part of those who didn‘t support prohibition (the “wets“),the effective organization of prohibitionists (the drys), the strong support of the

Ku Klux Klan (KKK), political intimidation, and the effects of decades oftemperance propaganda made possible the passage of the Eighteenth

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Amendment establishing national Prohibition. National Prohibition of Alcohol

in the US describes this subject in more detail

On the other side of the coin, the industry itself was bringing about itsown demise and fueling the fire of the prohibitionists Shortly before the turn ofthe century the brewing industry saw a boom due to new technology thatincreased distribution and provided cold beer through mechanized refrigeration.Pabst, Annheuser Busch and other brewers sought to increase their market byinundating the American cityscape with saloons To sell beer and whiskey bythe glass as opposed to by the bottle increased profits and the companies tookhold of this logic by starting their own saloons, paying saloonkeepers to stockonly their beer and punishing uncooperative keepers by offering their bestbartenders an establishment of their own next door that would sell the brewer'sbrand exclusively

This line of thinking was so out of control that at one time there was onesaloon for every 150-200 people (including non-drinkers) These

"unrespectable" establishments were often dirty and the competition forcustomers was growing Saloonkeepers would try to lure patrons, particularlyyoung men, by offering free lunches, gambling, cockfighting, prostitution andother "immoral" activities and services in their establishments

2.1.5 Wine production methods in America

According to a Washington red wine making specialist, Landon ‘Sam’Keirsey there are many important factors affecting the wine production processsuch as harvest date, maceration Time (a.k.a ‘Skin Contact’), fermentationtemperature, punchdowns and pumpovers, oak and steel tank, corks andcrewcaps

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Drinking in America is mainly from fruits, especially grapes soproduction methods and distilled almost completely identical Different flavors

of the wine are due to the time of harvest grapes and different grapes

The moment the grapes are picked is a pretty big deal It is probably themost important thing a winemaker can do to ensure that they make awesomewine Picking earlier will produce wines with higher acidity, lower alcohol andperhaps more green flavors and aromas It could also lend to more bitter tannin.Picking later in the harvest season will produce wines with lower acidity, higheralcohol (or sweetness) and more subdued tannin Some wines when picked toolate must be artificially acidified in order not to taste ‘flabby’ or ‘flat’.Additionally, some will have water added to them (called ‘watering back’) toreduce the alcohol concentration in the completed wine This could be whymany commercial wines have identical ABV levels of 13.5%

Besides picking the grapes at the moment when acidity level andsweetness are perfectly in balance there’s also a weather problem Every vintage

is different Sometimes weather takes a turn for the worse at the end of thegrowing season and can even result in a bad vintage. In a situation where rainsare forecasted in cooler climate areas (Northern America, Burgundy, Oregon,etc) some winemakers may choose to hedge their bets and pick grapes beforeoptimal ripeness Winemakers often talk about maceration time (a.k.a skincontact) and cold soaking Both of these terms refer to how long the grape skinstouch the juice while it turns into wine Cold soaking is a process that happensbefore there’s alcohol in the mix By keeping the grapes cold, the grape must istoo cold for yeast to start fermenting The theory of cold soaking is to carefullyextract color and fruit flavors from the skins without extracting bitter tannin.The total time that grape skins touch a wine is maceration time

Fermentation temperature is another technique that changes resulting fruitflavors and color in a wine A hot fermentation can get up to 80-100 °F (26-37

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°C — nearly hot tub temperature) as the yeasts metabolize and produce alcohol.

Warmer fermentations are usually used for red wines for increased color andtannin There are also several minimalist producers practicing warmerfermentation temperatures on white wines Their goal is non-interventionistwine making that is more in tune with the conditions of the vintage

Cold and cooler fermentations are usually practiced on white and roséwines Landon Sam Keirsey explained that cooler temperatures (from 42 – 50

°F, 6 – 10 °C ) help preserve delicate aromas in white wines The reason for this

is aroma compounds are volatile and are more likely to be lost at a highertemperature where reactions happen faster This is probably why wine servingtemperature greatly affects the taste of wine out of the bottle.Pumpovers can extract higher amounts of tannin in a wine depending on thefrequency and force Some pump over systems are basically wine sprinklers,offering a gentler extraction and some aggressively stir up the fermentationtank For larger fermentation tanks in commercial operations, much neededoxygen comes through a pumpover device Punch downs, on the other hand, are

a very delicate way of stirring a wine They keep skins from getting tooextracted and little to no amount of added oxygen in the fermentation Punchdowns are typically done by hand and are more popular with non-interventionistwinemaking

  Oak aging does more than just add a vanilla flavor to wine Oak increases

a wine’s exposure to oxygen while it ages Oxygen decreases tannin and canhelp a wine reach its optimal fruitiness Wines aged for many years in oakdevelop nutty flavors

Wine is a product of sophisticated process that begins with determiningthe most appropriate time to reap nho All of the winemaking process tobasically look the same from time to reap until closed bottle Wines made fromthese grapes is fermented pure and naturally Because grapes have two natural

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