ap biology part 1 the cell 1 60

AP Biology - Part 1: The Cell Collection edited by: Rhonda Humbird Content authors: Scott Smithson and OpenStax Based on: Biology: AP Version Online: This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by Rhonda Humbird Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Collection structure revised: 2014/10/02 PDF Generated: 2017/12/19 11:16:52 For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see the "Attributions" section at the end of the collection AP Biology - Part 1: The Cell Table of Contents Preface About OpenStax About OpenStax’s Resources Customization Errata Format About Biology Coverage and Scope Pedagogical Foundation and Features Art and Animations That Engage Additional Resources About the Authors Senior Contributing Authors Contributing Authors and Reviewers I Biochemistry Chapter 1 1.1 Properties of Water and Carbon 1.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks The Structure of the Atom Atomic Number and Mass Isotopes The Periodic Table Electron Shells and the Bohr Model Electron Orbitals Chemical Reactions and Molecules Ions and Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds and Other Bonds and Interactions Polar Covalent Bonds Nonpolar Covalent Bonds Hydrogen Bonds and Van Der Waals Interactions 1.2 Water Water’s Polarity Water’s States: Gas, Liquid, and Solid Water’s High Heat Capacity Water’s Heat of Vaporization Water’s Solvent Properties Water’s Cohesive and Adhesive Properties pH, Buffers, Acids, and Bases 1.3 Carbon Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Chains Hydrocarbon Rings Isomers Enantiomers Functional Groups Chapter 2 1.2 Structure and Function of Large Biomolecules 2.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis 2.2 Carbohydrates Molecular Structures Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Benefits of Carbohydrates 2.3 Lipids Fats and Oils Trans Fats Omega Fatty Acids Waxes Phospholipids Steroids 2.4 Proteins Types and Functions of Proteins Amino Acids Protein Structure Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure Denaturation and Protein Folding 2.5 Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA DNA Double-Helix Structure RNA Chapter 3 1.3 The Cell 3.1 Studying Cells Microscopy Light Microscopes Electron Microscopes Cell Theory 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells Components of Prokaryotic Cells Cell Size 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Plasma Membrane The Cytoplasm The Nucleus The Nuclear Envelope Chromatin and Chromosomes The Nucleolus Ribosomes Mitochondria Peroxisomes Vesicles and Vacuoles Animal Cells versus Plant Cells The Centrosome Lysosomes The Cell Wall Chloroplasts The Central Vacuole 3.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins The Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER Smooth ER The Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes 3.5 The Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments Microtubules Flagella and Cilia 3.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells Intercellular Junctions Plasmodesmata Tight Junctions Desmosomes Gap Junctions Chapter 4 1.4 Membrane Structure and Function 4.1 Components and Structure Fluid Mosaic Model Phospholipids Proteins Carbohydrates Membrane Fluidity 4.2 Passive Transport Selective Permeability Diffusion Factors That Affect Diffusion Facilitated transport Channels Carrier Proteins Osmosis Mechanism Tonicity Hypotonic Solutions Hypertonic Solutions Isotonic Solutions Tonicity in Living Systems 4.3 Active Transport Electrochemical Gradient Moving Against a Gradient Carrier Proteins for Active Transport Primary Active Transport Secondary Active Transport (Co-transport) 4.4 Bulk Transport Endocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated Endocytosis Exocytosis II Cellular Energy Chapter 5 2.1 Metabolism 5.1 Energy and Metabolism Metabolism of Carbohydrates Metabolic Pathways Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways 5.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy Types of Energy Free Energy Endergonic Reactions and Exergonic Reactions Activation Energy 5.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics The Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate 5.5 Enzymes Enzyme Active Site and Substrate Specificity Induced Fit and Enzyme Function Control of Metabolism Through Enzyme Regulation Regulation of Enzymes by Molecules Enzyme Compartmentalization Feedback Inhibition in Metabolic Pathways Chapter 6 2.2 Cellular Respiration 6.1 Energy in Living Systems Electrons and Energy Electron Carriers ATP in Living Systems ATP Structure and Function Energy from ATP Phosphorylation Substrate Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation 6.2 Glycolysis First Half of Glycolysis (Energy-Requiring Steps) Second Half of Glycolysis (Energy-Releasing Steps) Outcomes of Glycolysis 6.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle Breakdown of Pyruvate Acetyl CoA to CO2 Citric Acid Cycle Steps in the Citric Acid Cycle Products of the Citric Acid Cycle 6.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport Chain Complex I Q and Complex II Complex III Complex IV Chemiosmosis ATP Yield 6.5 Metabolism without Oxygen Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcohol Fermentation Other Types of Fermentation 6.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways Connections of Other Sugars to Glucose Metabolism Connections of Proteins to Glucose Metabolism Connections of Lipid and Glucose Metabolisms 6.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration Regulatory Mechanisms Control of Catabolic Pathways Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Chain Chapter 7 2.3 Photosynthesis 7.1 Overview of Photosynthesis Main Structures and Summary of Photosynthesis The Two Parts of Photosynthesis 7.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis What Is Light Energy? Absorption of Light Understanding Pigments How Light-Dependent Reactions Work Generating an Energy Carrier: ATP 7.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules The Calvin Cycle Stage 1: Fixation Stage 2: Reduction Stage 3: Regeneration The Energy Cycle III Cell Communication Chapter 8 3.1 Cell Communication 8.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors Forms of Signaling Paracrine Signaling Endocrine Signaling Autocrine Signaling Direct Signaling Across Gap Junctions Types of Receptors Internal receptors Cell-Surface Receptors Signaling Molecules Small Hydrophobic Ligands Water-Soluble Ligands Other Ligands 8.2 Propagation of the Signal Binding Initiates a Signaling Pathway Methods of Intracellular Signaling Phosphorylation Second Messengers 8.3 Response to the Signal Gene Expression Increase in Cellular Metabolism Cell Growth Cell Death Termination of the Signal Cascade 8.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms Signaling in Yeast Signaling in Bacteria Chapter 9 3.2 The Cell Cycle 9.1 Cell Division Genomic DNA Eukaryotic Chromosomal Structure and Compaction 9.2 The Cell Cycle Interphase G1 Phase (First Gap) S Phase (Synthesis of DNA) G2 Phase (Second Gap) The Mitotic Phase Karyokinesis (Mitosis) Cytokinesis G0 Phase 9.3 Control of the Cell Cycle Regulation of the Cell Cycle by External Events Regulation at Internal Checkpoints The G1 Checkpoint The G2 Checkpoint The M Checkpoint Regulator Molecules of the Cell Cycle Positive Regulation of the Cell Cycle Negative Regulation of the Cell Cycle 9.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle Proto-oncogenes Module: Introduction By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44395/1.4/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44397/1.9/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Carbohydrates By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44400/1.6/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Lipids By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44401/1.8/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Proteins By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44402/1.7/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Nucleic Acids By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44403/1.7/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Introduction By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44404/1.2/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Studying Cells By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44405/1.8/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Prokaryotic Cells By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44406/1.10/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Eukaryotic Cells By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44407/1.12/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: The Endomembrane System and Proteins By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44435/1.11/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: The Cytoskeleton By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44412/1.8/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44413/1.7/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Introduction By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44415/1.2/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Components and Structure By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44416/1.8/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Passive Transport By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44417/1.12/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Active Transport By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44418/1.5/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Bulk Transport By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44419/1.7/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Introduction By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44421/1.2/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Energy and Metabolism By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44422/1.8/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44425/1.6/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: The Laws of Thermodynamics By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44424/1.7/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44427/1.7/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Enzymes By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44429/1.6/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Introduction By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44430/1.4/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Energy in Living Systems By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44431/1.8/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Glycolysis By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44432/1.6/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44433/1.7/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Oxidative Phosphorylation By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44437/1.7/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Metabolism without Oxygen By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44444/1.6/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44441/1.8/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Regulation of Cellular Respiration By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44442/1.9/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Introduction By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44446/1.2/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Overview of Photosynthesis By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44447/1.8/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44448/1.11/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44449/1.7/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Introduction By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44450/1.2/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44451/1.7/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Propagation of the Signal By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44452/1.5/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Response to the Signal By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44453/1.7/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44454/1.6/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Introduction By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44457/1.2/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Cell Division By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44459/1.8/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: The Cell Cycle By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44460/1.7/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Control of the Cell Cycle By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44466/1.6/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: Cancer and the Cell Cycle By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44463/1.6/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Prokaryotic Cell Division By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m44467/1.6/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: The Periodic Table of Elements By: OpenStax URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m45849/1.2/ Copyright: Rice University License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ About 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Chapter 3 1. 3 The Cell 3 .1 Studying Cells Microscopy Light Microscopes Electron Microscopes Cell Theory 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells Components of Prokaryotic Cells Cell Size 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Plasma Membrane... Collection structure revised: 2 014 /10 /02 PDF Generated: 2 017 /12 /19 11 :16 :52 For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see the "Attributions" section at the end of the collection.. .AP Biology - Part 1: The Cell Collection edited by: Rhonda Humbird Content authors: Scott Smithson and OpenStax Based on: Biology: AP Version Online: