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Within Walking Distance Within Walking Distance CREATING LIVABLE COMMUNITIES FOR ALL Philip Langdon Washington | Covelo | London Copyright © 2017 Philip Langdon All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, 2000 M Street NW, Suite 650, Washington, DC 20036 Island Press is a trademark of The Center for Resource Economics Library of Congress Control Number: 2016954340 Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 Keywords: Bicycle infrastructure, community development, community investment, gentrification, housing affordability, Lean Urbanism, New Urbanism, pedestrian safety, public transit, public space, safe streets, SmartCode, social capital, Tactical Urbanism, walkability To Kirk Peterson notes Mike Lydon and Anthony Garcia, Tactical Urbanism: Short-Term Action for Long-Term Change by (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2015), p xxi Inga Saffron, “Phila.’s New Gem: A Stroll on the Schuylkill,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Sept 29, 2014, http://articles.philly.com/2014-09-29/news /54404594_1_high-line-south-street-bridge-south-philadelphia 10 Donald Appleyard, Livable Streets (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981) 11 Barbara McCann, Completing Our Streets: The Transition to Safe and Inclusive Transportation Networks (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2013), p 25 12 Studies have found that because of safety concerns, women are more averse than men to bicycling in or near motor vehicle traffic Women tend to prefer a “cycle track” (a bike route that is physically separated from motor traffic and distinct from the sidewalk) or an off-street bike path China’s extensive system of cycle tracks has proven especially popular with women See J Garrard, G Rose, and S K Lo, “Promoting Transportation Cycling for Women: The Role of Bicycle Infrastructure,” Preventive Medicine 1, no 46 (2008): 55–59, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17698185; and A Lusk, X Wen, and L Zhou, “Gender and Used/Preferred Differences of Bicycle Routes, Parking, Intersection Signals, and Bicycle Type: Professional Middle Class Preferences in Hangzhou, China,” Journal of Transport and Health (2014): 124–33, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii /S2214140514000334 13 Executive Summary, “Portland’s Neighborhood Greenways Assessment Report,” 2015, https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article /542725 14 “You Are Here: A Snapshot of How the Portland Region Gets Around,” Metro News, Apr 18, 2016, http://www.oregonmetro.gov/news/you-are -here-snapshot-how-portland-region-gets-around 15 See Arthur C Nelson, Gail Meakins, Deanne Weber, Shyam Kannan, and Reid Ewing, “The Tragedy of Unmet Demand for Walking and Biking,” Urban Lawyer 45, no (Summer 2013): 615–30 16 Development of location-efficient mortgages started in 1995 in a research program led by the Center for Neighborhood Technology (CNT), the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Surface Transportation Policy Project Between 2000 and about 2006, approximately two thousand such 253 254 notes mortgages were written They did not end up in foreclosure Such mortgages ceased being offered after the 2008 global financial crisis In November 2016, Scott Bernstein at CNT said that some form of location-efficient mortgage may soon be reintroduced See http://www.cnt.org/projects/re thinking-mortgages 17 Lei Ding, Jackelyn Hwang, and Eileen Divringi, “Gentrification and Residential Mobility in Philadelphia,” Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Dec 2015, p 25, https://www.philadelphiafed.org/community-develop ment/publications/discussion-papers See also Tanvi Misra, “Gentrification Is Not Philly’s Biggest Problem,” CityLab, May 20, 2016, http://www citylab.com/housing/2016/05/gentrification-is-not-phillys-biggest-prob lem/483656/ 18 Daniel Hertz, “What’s Really Going On in Gentrifying Neighborhoods?” City Observatory, Oct 28, 2015, http://cityobservatory.org/whats-really -going-on-in-gentrifying-neighborhoods/ 19 Hertz, “What’s Really Going On.” 20 Arthur C Nelson, Reshaping Metropolitan America: Development Trends and Opportunities to 2030 (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2013), pp 3, 36 21 Jennifer Hurley, “A Smart Growth Approach to Affordable Housing,” Coruway Film Institute, presentation in Portsmouth, NH, Jan 28, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hagol16v8Ao 22 Opticos Design, “Missing Middle: Responding to the Demand for Walkable Urban Living,” http://missingmiddlehousing.com 23 “City of Somerville, MA and LOCUS Release Results and Next Steps of Program to Balance Economic Growth and Social Equity in Union Square,” Smart Growth America, May 3, 2016, http://www.smartgrowthamerica org/2016/05/03/city-of-somerville-ma-and-locus-release-results-and -next-steps-of-program-to-balance-economic-growth-and-social-equity -in-union-square/ 24 McKnight and Block, The Abundant Community, p 108 25 McKnight and Block, The Abundant Community, p 98 Index Page numbers followed by "f" and "m" indicate images and maps Abbott, Carl, 219 Abele, Julian F., 45 The Abundant Community (McKnight and Block), 220 accessory dwelling units, 235 advertising, 6–7 affordable housing See also Property values Brattleboro and, 112, 114–115, 116 Portland and, 163, 165–167, 179–182 problem of, 232–239 Somerville, Massachusetts and, 237 African Americans Chicago and, 122–123, 147 Philadelphia and, 232–233 Southwest Center City and, 45–49, 53, 56 Alexander, Simone, 130, 142, 147 Alinsky, Saul, 166 Allen, S Bruce, 165, 173 alley houses, 235 Anderson, Marian, 45 Appleyard, Donald, 228 Apuzzo, Jimmy, 4, 69, 80 Art Deco style, 183 Art Institute of Portland, 162 Augustine, Thomas, 160 automobiles, rise of dependence on, 6–8 Avenue of the Arts (Philadelphia), 25 Avery, Marilyn, 191, 198 Azucar (Chicago), 136–137, 136f back-to-the land movement, 101 Baker, Will, 71, 83–84 Barofsky, Stanley "Pal," 101–102, 113 bars, 38–39, 58 See also Specific bars Battery Park City (New York), Baver, Corey, 38 Beal, Mary Lee, 196, 208 Beers, William, 172 Bel Geddes, Norman, 6–7 Berman, Barbara, 163 Bernstein, Scott, 140 Bess, Philip, 204–206, 213, 214 Beyond the Ball program (Chicago), 2–4, 152 bicycle repair stand, 82, 83f bicycling, 85, 188f, 228–231 BIN 612 (Cotton District), 195f Bissinger, Buzz, 17 Philip Langdon, Within Walking Distance: Creating Livable Communities For All, DOI 10.5822/ 978-1-61091-773-5, © 2017 Philip Langdon 255 256 index black flight, 48 Black Lives Matter campaign, 53 Blatstein, Bart, 32–33 Blau, Matthew, 116 Blitz-Weinhard brewery (Portland), 161, 174 Block, Peter, 220, 237–238 block parties, 149 block watches, 86–87 blocks, 173–176, 204–206, 205f Boharic, Tom, 146, 149, 151f Bohemians, 122 Book Cellar (Brattleboro), 106 bookstores, 161, 162, 183 Box, Larry, 209 Brattleboro, Vermont downtown area Brooks House fire and, 105–109, 108f changing nature of, 116–119 hardware stores and, 104–105 initiative to maintain character of, 101–104 overview of, 90m, 91–98, 93f pedestrians and, 109–112, 111f reciprocity and, 112–116 roots of character of, 98–101 social conscientiousness and, 219 Brattleboro Common, 100f Brattleboro Food Co-op, 114–115, 115f, 219 Brattleboro Hydropathic Establishment, 219 Brattleboro Retreat, 100–101, 100f Brattleboro Safe Streets Project, 111 Brattleboro Transportation Center, 109–110 Brattleburger restaurant (Brattleboro), 116 BrattPower, 104–105 breweries, 161 Brewery Blocks complex (Portland), 172f, 174, 176, 186f Broad Street (Philadelphia), 25 Brooks House (Brattleboro), 105–109, 108f Brown & Roberts (Brattleboro), 104–105, 113 Building a Better Brattleboro (BaBB), 102–104, 114 Bures, Anton, 65f Burlando, Mike, 55 Caffe Bravo (New Haven), 80 Café Romeo (New Haven), 82 cafes, 74–77, 80, 82 Camp, Robert Daniel, 191–197, 192f, 199f See also Cotton District A Candle in the Night (Brattleboro), 92, 94, 116 Cantina Los Caballitos (Philadelphia), 39 carpooling, 137 Carroll, John, 164 Casella, Nick, 69–70 Castañeda, Rob, 2–4, 3f, 152 Celebration Brass Band, 118f Center City District (CCD; Philadelphia), 20–21 Center City (Philadelphia) cleanliness and safety of, 20–25 conflicting opinions over, 56–59 decline and revival of, 17–20, 18f East Passyunk Avenue area of, 37–42 expansion of, 26–27 Northern Liberties area of, 29–37, 29m overview of, 14–16, 19m Southwest Center City area of, 45–56 universal appeal of, 43–44 chair-bombing, 225f, 226 Chamberlain, Wilt, 48 champurrado, 133 Chan, Ka Wa, 72–73 charrettes, 155 Chase, Jonathan, 106 Chavez, Cesar, 138, 219 Cheek, Jessica, 210 Chester A Arthur School (Philadelphia), 54, 55f Chicago, Illinois See Little Village Chicago Transit Authority, 140, 143–144 chicharrones, 128f churros, 133 Ciccone, Joseph "Pino," 80, 82 "Cinderella House" (Cotton District), 192f, 206 City Repair Project (Portland), 222–223 civic skills, 221–222 Classen, Allan, 184–185 coal-burning power plants, 143 codes, reforming, 226–228 coffeehouses, 74–77, 94–96, 95f Cole, Matt, 132 collaborations, 221 communes, 101, 119 community gardens, 141–143, 156, 157f community organizers, 138–139 Complete Streets movement, 228–231 Connecticut Pharmacy, 72–73 Connecticut River Transit, 98 contraflow lanes, 231 Cosmopolitan building (Portland), 185 Cotton District (Starkville, Mississippi) connections to outdoors and, 203–206, 205f construction of, 198–201 entrepreneurs and, 210–212 history of, 191–197 as leaner type of urbanism, 212–215 little homes with character in, 201–202 management of, 206–210, 211f overview of, 190m replicating, 226–227 Crawford power plant, 143 crime, 20, 21, 49–50 See also Gangs Crosstown Expressway (Philadelphia), 45 crosswalks, 85, 111–112 crowdsourcing, 54–55 Cruz, Ivelisse, 15 "The Current" (Brattleboro), 98 Curtatone, Joseph, 236–237 Cutting, Wes, 105, 118–119 Czech immigrants, 122 Daley, Richard M., 154 Dalzell, Andrew, 46, 48, 49–50 deCarrone, Louise "Lulu," 74–77 Decker, Edwin J., 121 density bonuses, 182 index DeRose, Pete, 69 DeRose's Market (New Haven), 69 di Paulo, Jaime, 135, 153 diabetes, 141–142 Ding, Lei, 233 Dinkins, Barton, 210 displacement, 47–48 Divringi, Eileen, 233 Dolejs, Richard, 123 doors, Cotton District and, 198, 200 Dover, Victor, 202 Downtown Brattleboro Alliance, 104 Dreiseitl, Herbert, 167–168 drive-by shootings, 74–75 drugstores, 72–73, 73f Duany, Andres, 79, 214 Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company, 22, 226 Duckworth, Jason, 15–16 Dummer (Fort), 98 Duncan, Arne, 154 Duo restaurant (Brattleboro), 108 East Passyunk Avenue area (Philadelphia), 37–42, 44f, 218f East Rock Coffee (New Haven), 76–77, 77f East Rock Community Management Team, 88–89 East Rock Festival (New Haven), 82 East Rock Park (New Haven), 63, 71 East Rock Pharmacy (New Haven), 72–73, 73f East Rock section of New Haven block watch and, 86 cafes of, 74–77 fun and festive nature of, 80–85 houses of, 62–66, 63f, 64f, 65f, 66f, 67f limiting commercial activity in, 85–89 Orange Street enhancements and, 78–80 overview of, 4–5, 60m, 61–62 stores of, 66–73, 70f traffic and, 85 Yale and, 70–71, 78–79, 83–84 economic crisis of 2008, 8, 184 Edgerton Park (New Haven), 71 electronics bans, 76–77 257 258 index eleteros vendors, 133 Elwell, Peter, 111–112 Emanuel, Rahm, 139, 143 Enlace Chicago, 130, 141 entrepreneurs, 210–212 facade grants, 79–80, 81 Farm-to-Plate Culinary Apprenticeship Program, 103 Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, 233 Feiner, Matthew, 80, 85 Fields Park (Portland), 168 Finegar, Janet, 1–2, 30–31, 37 First Regiment Armory Annex (Portland), 176 Fishman, Robert, 19–20 Fishtown (Philadelphia), 35–36 Fisk power plant, 143 Fitler Square (Philadelphia), 22, 23f Ford, Henry, Frew, Robert and Susan, 89 Friedman, Joanie, 154–155 Friends of Chester Arthur (FOCA), 54–55, 55f, 232–233 fruit vendors, 133 Gallery Walk (Brattleboro), 104 gangs, 2–4, 123, 145–148, 149–151, 156 garages, 56–57, 109–110 Garcia, Anthony, 224 Garcia, Jesus "Chuy," 139, 141, 149 Garcia, Maria, 135–137, 136f, 153 gardens, 141–143, 156, 157f Gardner, Jesse, 30 Gardner, Patricia, 163 Geertz, Eva, 4–5, 83f Geno's Steaks (Philadelphia), 38 gentrification, 46–47, 233–234 Gerding Edlen, 172f, 174, 176, 186f Goatville Free Library (New Haven), 84f Godfrey, Seth, 84–85 Goldfarb, David, 38–40 Goldschmidt, Neil, 187 Gollomp, Kandace, 43 Gossens Bachman Architects, 115 graffiti, 149 grants, Orange Street and, 79–80, 81–83 Grays Ferry Triangle (Philadelphia), 47f, 50–51, 57 Great American City (Sampson), 145 The Great Good Place (Oldenburg), 61, 89 Greater Center City District (Philadelphia), 26–27, 56 Green Expo (Brattleboro), 100f, 102 Green Line (Somerville, Massachusetts), 236–237 greenways, 167–168, 168f, 169f, 188f, 230 Gregory Lofts (Portland), 183 grocery stores, 114–115 Gustafson, Rick, 172–173, 187 gutters, 200 Gyori, Alex, 114–115 Hahn, Richard and Vicky, 162–163 Hall-Benedict Drug Company (New Haven), 72 hardware stores, 104–105 Harmon, Dick, 166 Harmony Place (Brattleboro), 109 Haugh, Dennis, 30 Hawthorn Works (Chicago), 137 Heat Wave (Klinenberg), 124–126 Herrera, Maria, 141, 141f Hertz, Daniel, 233–234 Higgins, Annie, 208 Highlands' Garden Village (Denver), Holme, Thomas, 26 Home Depot, 104–105 Home Forward (Portland), 163 homeless, 21–22, 24, 181–182 HOPE VI program, 25 horizontal pavement, as facades, 79 Hotel Pharmacy (Brattleboro), 94 housing See Affordable housing; Subsidized housing housing downturn of 2007, Housing First approach, 24 Hoyt Street Properties, 164–167, 179–180 Huber, Parker, 119 hunger strikes, 154–155, 220 Hurley, Jennifer, 46, 58, 234–235 Hwang, Jackelyn, 233 ice cream vendors, 135–137 Imago Dei program (Chicago), 151 immigrants, 122–123 inclusionary housing ordinances, 182 Indianapolis, Indiana, 237–238 Industrial Areas Foundation (Portland), 166 infrastructure, 214 International Harvester (Chicago), 137 Internet, gangs and, 146–147 Izumi (Philadelphia), 38 Jacobs, Jane, 187 Jamison Square (Portland), 167, 168f, 169f Joglekar, Ajinkya and Joanna, 16 Johnny Brenda's, 35 Johnson, Steven Reed, 220–221, 222 Jones, J.D., 199f Kaplan, William, 87 Katz, Vera, 165, 223 Kimport, Paul, 35 Klinenberg, Eric, 124–126 Kocher, Jesse, 22 Kushner Companies, 34 Kyoto Protocol, 231 La Chiquita Supermercado (Chicago), 131f La Villita Park (Chicago), 143, 144f LaChance, Joel, 82, 83f Lakeman, Mark, 223 land trusts, 235–236 laptop computers, 76–77 Las Isabeles store (Chicago), 129f "Last Place in the Downtown Plan" (Portland), 178–179 Latchis Theatre and Hotel (Brattleboro), 92 Latin Kings gang, 145–146 Latinos, 123, 125–128, 145–148 Lawndale subdivision (Chicago), 121–123 See also Little Village Lawson, Brian, 51–53 index Lean Urbanism, 214–215 Lerner, Matt, 22 Leupold, Jennifer and Jeff, 50–51, 53–54 Levy, Paul, 21, 24, 25, 58 Liberty Lands park (Philadelphia), 1–2, 30–31, 37 Little Free Library (New Haven), 84f Little Village (Chicago) calamities and, 124–126 community causes and, 140–141 commuting to work and, 137–140 gangs and, 2–4, 123, 145–148, 149–151, 156 gardens, parks, air, transit and, 141–145 history of, 121–123 lessons of, 153–157 order and, 148–153 overview of, 2–4, 120m peddling and, 132–137, 134f shopping within walking distance and, 128–132 social conscientiousness and, 219–220 Twenty-Sixth Street and, 126–128, 127f, 128f, 153 Little Village Community Development Corporation, 141 Little Village Environmental Justice Organization (LVEJO), 141, 143–145 Little Village Lawndale High School (Chicago), 140, 143–144, 147, 154–155 Little Village Quality of Life Plans, 141 Livable Streets (Appleyard), 228 loading docks, 178, 178f location-efficient mortgages, 232 Locavore Index, 103 Locus program, 236–237 Lovejoy Columns (Portland), 176 Lovejoy Street (Portland), 160f Lovejoy Viaduct (Portland), 160f, 170, 176 Lulu European Coffeehouse (New Haven), 74–77, 80 Lummus Street (Cotton District), 195, 203f LVEJO See Little Village Environmental Justice Organization 259 260 index Lydon, Mike, 224 Mackinnon, Dylan, 110 Mackinnon, Scot, 117 Magic Gardens (Philadelphia), 50f Marlboro College (Brattleboro), 101, 107–108 Marlboro Music Festival, 101 Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), 236 Massaro, Bernard Jr., 82 McCall, Tom, 219 McCann, Barbara, 228–229 McKnight, John, 220, 237–238 McNamara, Ed, 166, 180–181 measuring walkability, 22–23 mechanics, 131–132 Mehaffy, Michael, 183, 185–186 mental illnesses, 24 Mesabi LLC, 106 Mexicans, 123, 129–132, 219–220 See also Latinos midblock crosswalks, 111 midblock passages, 175f middle-density housing, 235 Milagros Mexican Kitchen (Brattleboro), 116 Millard, Alden C., 121 millennials, 40, 53, 222 Miller, Dwight, 102–103 Mississippi Houses (Cotton District), 200 Mocha Joe's Cafe (Brattleboro), 92, 94–96, 95f, 113 Modernism, 202 Mole's Eye (Brattleboro), 94, 106 Montagnino, Joelle, 96 moralistic communities, 219 Mordecai, Chris, 82 mortgages, 232 Muñoz, Andrea O'Malley, 131–139, 139f, 149, 154–155 Muñoz, Marcos, 138–139 Muñoz, Richard, 132, 132–135 Munzing, Orly, 102–103 murals Chicago and, 124f, 129f, 131f, 149–151, 151f, 152f, 155f Philadelphia and, 218f Nabors, Caleb, 212 National Complete Streets Coalition, 228–229 natural lighting, 203 neighborhood associations, 220–222 Nelson, Alyse, 223 Nelson, Arthur C., 231, 234 Nelson, Jeff, 163 New England Center for Circus Arts, 102 New Haven, Connecticut, 4–5, 221 See also East Rock section of New Haven New Market Tax Credits, 107 New Urbanism, 22–23, 78–79 Nica's Market (New Haven), 81–82, 88 North Bank Depot buildings (Portland), 176, 178f North Lawndale neighborhood (Chicago), 122, 124–126 North Park Blocks (Portland), 168 Northern Liberties Action Committee, 30 Northern Liberties area (Philadelphia), 1–2, 29–37, 29m Northwest Industrial Triangle See Pearl District (Portland) Norton, Peter, Nuevo Leon restaurant (Chicago), 126–127 nutrition, 141–142 NV building (Portland), 185 Office of Neighborhood Involvement (Portland), 187, 221–222 Oldenburg, Ray, 61, 89 Olesh, Ivy and Matt, 54, 55, 55f Olin, 54 One Stop Mart & Deli (New Haven), 81 Orange Food Mart (New Haven), 69, 80 Orange Street (New Haven), 67–73, 70f, 75f, 78–80 Orianna Hill Park (Philadelphia), 31 Oricchio, David, 76–77, 77f Orr, Robert, 79 outdoor seating areas, 74–80 P&M Orange Street Market (New Haven), 80, 82, 83f Pacific Northwest College of Art, 162 Packer Corners Farm (Brattleboro), 119 Pacyga, Dominic, 148 palateros vendors, 133 parades, 102–103 Paradiso (Philadelphia), 38 PARC See Passyunk Avenue Revitalization Corporation parking Brattleboro and, 109–110, 113 Center City (Philadelphia) and, 56–57 New Haven and, 69, 88 Portland and, 174 zoning codes and, 227–228 parking garages, 56–57, 109–110 park-ins, 224 parks, 167–168, 168f, 169f, 188f Parolek, Daniel, 235 Paseo trail (Chicago), 156 Passyunk Avenue Revitalization Corporation (PARC), 38, 40–41 "Pathology of Devotion" (Vader), 218f Pathways to Housing PA, 24 patios, 78–80, 81 Pat's King of Steaks (Philadelphia), 38 Pearl District Neighborhood Association, 163, 187–188 Pearl District (Portland) affordability and, 179–182 current state of, 162–164 historical buildings of, 176–179 history of, 159–162 linked parks and, 167–168, 168f, 169f, 188f Lovejoy Viaduct and, 160f, 170, 176 overview of, 158m, 160f redevelopment of, 164–167 small blocks and, 173–176 streetcars and, 164, 170–173 style and, 182–187 success of pro-urban outlook in, index 187–189 Pearl Lofts building (Portland), 182–183 peddling, 132–137, 134f Penn, William, 26 Penn Center, 20 pharmacies, 72–73, 73f Philadelphia, Pennsylvania See also Center City District affordable housing and, 232–234 collaboration and, 221 drawing of, 9f history of development in, 5–8 overview of, 12m, 13–15, 19m zoning codes and, 227, 228 Philadelphia Urban Resources Project, 30 Piazza at Schmidt's (Philadelphia), 32–35, 34f Pinnell, Patrick, 79 Pioneer Courthouse Square (Portland), 159 PlaceMakers, 209, 226 planter strips, 23 Planters Row (Cotton District), 206–207 Plater-Zyberk, Elizabeth, 79 Pliny Park (Brattleboro), 104 Pohlig, Dan, 43 Portland, Oregon, 219, 221–223, 230– 231 See also Pearl District (Portland) Portland Bureau of Transportation, 230 Portland Center Stage, 176 Portland Loo, 176, 177f Portland Organizing Project, 166 Portland Streetcar, 164, 170–173, 189 poverty, Chicago and, 135 Powell, Michael, 161 Powell, Walter, 161 Powell's City of Books (Portland), 161, 162, 183 Prater, Abraham Lincoln Jr., 198 A Prayer for the City (Bissinger), 17 Prendergast, Pat, 164 Prendergast & Associates, 176 Prime Market (New Haven), 69, 81 Proakis, George, 237 Project for Lean Urbanism, 214–215 propaganda, 6–7 261 262 index property tax abatements, 25 property values, 47–49, 58 Pub on Passyunk East (Philadelphia), 39 public benefit agreements, 237 public housing See Subsidized housing public transit Chicago and, 137, 140, 143–144, 156 Philadelphia and, 51 Portland and, 159, 164 Puleo, Joseph, 78, 88–89 Putnam, Paul, 105, 113 Rambo, Abby, 54–55 Ramona apartments (Portland), 181 RCOs See Registered community organizations ReAnimator Coffee (Philadelphia), 36, 36f reciprocity, Brattleboro and, 112–116 Reed, William, 35 registered community organizations (RCOs), 221 Rendell, Edward, 21–22, 24 rental housing, 206–210, 213–214 restaurants, 38–39, 116, 126–127 See also Cafes; Specific restaurants restrooms, public, 176, 177f Rice, Eric, 199f Rinaldi, Dan, 38, 44 Rinaldi, Lynn, 38 Rittenhouse Square (Philadelphia), 27f River District Development Plan (Portland), 164 River District task force (Portland), 166 River Garden (Brattleboro), 103, 104 Roberts, Stephen, 163 Rodman Street (Philadelphia), 18f, 19m Rodriguez, Michael, 157 Romeo & Cesare's Gourmet Shop (New Haven), 70f, 81 Romeo & Guiseppe's (New Haven), 80, 81–82 Ronan-Edgehill Neighborhood Association, 87 Rossi, Deborah, 88 Ruben, Matt, 31, 33–35 Rubin, Ronald, 20 Rudman, Steve, 163 Rue du Grand Fromage (Cotton District), 192f, 203–204, 204f, 206, 211f, 213f Runnion, Norman, 101 Sabino, Giuseppe, 81 Sadik-Khan, Janette, 224–225 Saffron, Inga, 25, 51, 53, 228 Salt Design Studio, 54 Sampson, Robert J., 145 Sam's Army & Navy Department Store (Brattleboro), 92, 101, 112–113 Scharf, Kenny, 175–176 Schmidt's Commons, 32–34 Schuylkill River Trail (Philadelphia), 54, 227f, 228 Scully, Dan, 98 Scully, Vincent, 79 SeeClickFix tool (New Haven), 222 self-storage units, 161 setbacks, 23 Share-It-Square (Portland), 223 Shell Oil Company, 6–7 Sherman, Sam, 38 Shuck, Tim, 223 Shumlin, Peter, 106 Sidecar (Philadelphia), 58 sidewalks, 23 Siedlarz, Lisa, 86 Simbaqueba, Jorge L., 23 Simons, Donna, 116 Simons, Larry, 94 Singing Fountain (Philadelphia), 40, 42f Sitka Apartments (Portland), 180 SmartCode, 22–23, 226–227 Snow, Connie, 114–115 social conscience, 219–220 social justice, 166 SoHu Neighborhood Association, 86–87 Solheim, Al, 161, 164, 175 Somerville, Massachusetts, 236 South of Humphrey (SoHu) organization, 86–87 South of South See Southwest Center City South of South Neighborhood Association (SOSNA), 46, 54–56 Southeastern Pennsylvania Transit Authority (SEPTA), 14 Southwest Center City (Philadelphia), 45–56, 57–58, 232–233 speed bumps, 230 Spencer, Murray, 48–49 sports, 152 St Agnes of Bohemia (Chicago), 122, 135 Standard Tap (Philadelphia), 33f, 35 Staples, Cameron, 75 Starkville, Mississippi See Cotton District State Street (New Haven), 66–67, 89f statuary, 201 Stefopoulos, Athanasios Efthimiou "Tom," 176 Stephenson, Bruce, 179, 184–185 Stevens, Robert, 98–99, 106–108 street paintings, 223 Street Plans Collaborative, 224 street vendors, 132–137, 134f streetcars, 164, 170–173, 189 streets, designing for people, 228–231 streetscape enhancements, 25 Strickland, Neil, 199, 209 Strolling of the Heifers (Brattleboro), 102–103, 103f stucco, Cotton District and, 200–201 subsidized housing, 25, 163, 179–182 See also Affordable housing Sweitzer, Tiffany, 167, 173, 174 symmetry, 202 Tactical Urbanism, 223–226, 225f tamales, 132–133 Tanner Springs Park (Portland), 167–168 tax policies, 25, 107 tax-increment financing (TIF), 166, 182 Taylor, Melanie, 79 third places, 61 TIF See Tax-increment financing Tikitotmoniki Totems, 175–176 Tom and Sally's Handmade Chocolates (Brattleboro), 93–94 index totem poles, 175–176 Tower Investments, 32–33 townhouses, in Center City Philadelphia, 14 transect-based zoning codes, 209 transformational development, 32, 34–35 transit See Public transit trash, 52, 54 tree trunks, painted, 148–149, 150f trees, Portland and, 175 Turtle Island Development, 180–181 Twenty-Sixth Street (Chicago), 126–128, 127f, 128f, 153 Two Six Nation gang, 145–146 Union Square (Somerville, Massachusetts), 236–237 United Farm Workers, 138 Upper Orange Street Neighbors, 78–79 Upper State Street Farmers Market (New Haven), 89f urban renewal, 19–20 Vader, Jared, 218f Vermont Artisan Designs, 101 Vermont Asylum for the Insane, 100–101 Vermont Downtown Action Team, 110 viaducts, 160f, 170 Walk Score, 22–23 Walker, Jason, 208 Walker, Peter, 167 warehouses, 160–161, 164 Warner, Sam Bass Jr., Washington, Kate, 172, 176, 184 Wasserman, Kim, 143 Weinreb, Jenya, 65f Weinreb, Leo Bures, 65f Weir, George, 110 Wentling, James, 20 Whetstone Brook, 98, 110 Whitney Arts Center (New Haven), 67f Whitney Avenue (New Haven), 86–87 Wilbur Cross High School (New Haven), 81 263 264 index Williams, Homer, 165, 173 Wimer, Kathleen, 78 Windham & Windsor Housing Trust, 114–115 windows, Cotton District and, 202, 203 Wizansky, Richard, 119 Wolak, Scott, 72 Worden, Greg, 101–102 Workshop of the World, 17 World's Fair, Wright, Frank Lloyd, Yale Homebuyer Program, 78 Yale University, 70–71, 78–79, 83–84 Zagar, Isaiah, 50f Zavalo, Roberto, 147 Zeman, Benjamin, 96, 113 Zenzola, Ed and Pam, 43–44 zoning dependence on automobiles and, New Haven and, 85–89 reforming, 226–228 Starkville, Mississippi and, 209 ARCHITECTURE | URBAN & LAND USE PLANNING ADVANCE PRAISE FOR Within Walking Distance “This work is a significant contribution to the literature on the diverse urban American tapestry Langdon accurately conveys the struggles of neighborhoods seeking to remain a mainstay of this urbanism.” —JESÚS “CHUY” GARCÍA, Cook County Commissioner “With a Jane Jacobs-like eye for closely observing the workings of a neighborhood, Langdon explores why our experience of community life is so much richer in places that are laid out at a pedestrian scale Through the stories of six communities, he shows the particular power that walkable neighborhoods have to inspire people to act for the common good.” —S TACY MITCHELL, Codirector of the Institute for Local Self-Reliance and author of Big-Box Swindle “In Within Walking Distance, Phil Langdon has given voice to the everyday people working to build vibrant, walkable places in their own communities With rich storytelling backed by extensive research, he spotlights the incremental victories that are essential to creating places people love.” —LYNN RI CHARDS, President and CEO, the Congress for the New Urbanism “Philip Langdon has pulled together his thirty years of experience and wisdom in a compelling book about the incremental, organic approach to walkable urban vitality At many levels of intensity, from Center City Philadelphia to small Starkville, Mississippi, Langdon has provided case studies of how walkable vitality has been successfully created and, just as importantly, sometimes has fallen backward.” —C HRISTOPHER B LEINBERGER, Charles Bendit Distinguished Scholar and Research Professor of Urban Real Estate; Chair, Center for Real Estate and Urban Analysis, George Washington University PHILIP LANGDON is a freelance journalist and former senior editor of New Urban News His articles have appeared in numerous mainstream publications He is author of A Better Place to Live: Reshaping the American Suburb Cover design: Guido Caroti Cover photos: (top) arrow courtesy of HKPNC, and (bottom) New York street scene courtesy of Lorraine Boogich, Getty 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Within Walking Distance Within Walking Distance CREATING LIVABLE COMMUNITIES FOR ALL Philip Langdon Washington | Covelo... varied species, picnic benches, a mural depicting birds and bees, and open Philip Langdon, Within Walking Distance: Creating Livable Communities For All, DOI 10.5822/ 978-1-61091-773-5_1, © 2017... public spaces convivial, and how to change government rules so that the things people want within walking distance are allowed to be there I draw from those sources, of course, but what I most wanted