The nurture assumption why children turn out the way they do

Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com ™ i N u r tu r e Assumption Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do "A graceful, lucid, and utterly persuasive assault on virtually every tenet of child development." -Malcolm Gladwell, The New Yorker www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Critical Praise for The Nurture Assumption “Judith Rich Harris wrote a brilliant book called The Nurture Assump­ tion Beautifully and convincingly, Harris showed that our parents play a far smaller role in determining how we are than we could ever imagine— and that what really matters is the influence of our peers At a time when parents have become convinced that everything they say and irreparably affects the lives and potential of their children, Harris’s book is an absolute must-read.” — Malcolm Gladwell, Entertainment Weekly “Im portant Lively anecdotes about real children suffuse this book Harris’s brilliant stroke was to change the discussion from nature (genes) and nurture (parents) to its older version: heredity and environment.” — Carol Tavris, The New York Times “A sea-changing book.” — Ellen Goodman, The Boston Globe “Harris’s book is well written, toughly argued, filled with telling anecdotes and biting wit.” — Howard Gardner, The New York Review of Books “Harris’s core, convincing message— that many parents wildly overestimate their influence— may usefully calm some nerves in this age of high-anxiety parenting.” — Robert Wright, Time “A leading tome on child development published in 1934 didn’t even include a chapter on parents W ith an impish wit and a chatty style, Harris spins a persuasive argument that the 1934 book got it right.” — Sharon Begley, Newsweek “Mixing logic-chopping rigor and wise-cracking humor, Harris turns aca­ demic overviews and her own sleuthing into a brisk tour of controversial data collection and interpretation She deftly leads her readers through the inade­ quacies of socialization research.” —Ann Hulbert, The New Republic “Her conclusions have rocked the world of child development” — Susan Reimer, The Baltimore Sun “Ms Harris takes to bits the assumption which has dominated developmental psychology for almost half a century Her book is an extraordinary feat She writes with unusual clarity and irreverent wit.” — The Economist “Occasionally, The Great American Hype Machine trumpets a book well worth reading I’m pleased to welcome Mrs Harris and her impressive rationality, serious scholarship, sardonic humor, and vivid prose to the ranks of realists.” — Steve Sailer, The National Review “H arris has razor-sharp common sense, perhaps the greatest gift of all.” — Wendy Orent, The Atlanta Journal and Constitution “Shockingly persuasive Harris has an impressive breadth of knowledge, and entertainingly leads the reader from social development to genetics, from neuropsychology to criminology, and from social anthropology to linguistics and child-care.” — Simon Baron-Cohen, Nature “Harris is a wonderful writer who doesn’t stop drawing research from fields as disparate as behavioral psychology, ethnology, evolution, and sociology; she also draws cultural allusion from sources as disparate as Little House on the Prairie, Darwin, and Dave Barry.” — Marjorie Williams, The Washington Monthly “[Harris] is eloquent and entertaining, she makes people sit up and pay atten­ tion, and she opens our eyes to important considerations.” — Sir Michael Rutter, The London Times Higher Education Supplement “A cool compress for feverish parents who fear their every action will mark their child’s psyche for life.” — Lynn Smith, Los Angeles Times “[Harris] presents her arguments in a style that is engaging and fun to read People who raise children, teach children, and treat children will want to read this book.” — Dr William Bernet, Journal of the American Medical Association “Judith Rich Harris is a fiery iconoclast who offers relief If you accept the cen­ tral thesis of The Nurture Assumption, you can at last relax about raising your children Her book is worth reading if only for the pleasure of watching an acknowledged outsider taking on the conventional wisdom with such chutzpah.” —Jack O ’Sullivan, The Independent Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com “The maverick writer and theoretician believes that peers, not parents, deter­ mine our personalities, and her unorthodox views have made the very real world of psychology sit up and take notice.” — Annie Murphy Paul, Psychology Today “ The Nurture Assumption is a hoot [Harris] is a witty and articulate writer who clearly and systematically explains her refutations of commonly held assump­ tions in social psychology and behavioral genetics It’s a very readable entertaining book.” — Dr Marilyn Heins, The Arizona Daily Star “An iconoclastic contribution to conventional psychology, The Nurture Assumption may also be a window on the future, triggering a shift away from a century of thinking that elevates early parental influence over all else.” — Cate Terwilliger, The Denver Post “W hat Harris proposes is nothing short of breathtaking her ideas might easily be dismissed, but Harris has done some serious research in psychology, sociology, and anthropology, backing her theory with dozens of articles and studies She also has the wit to write about them in a breezy and often entertaining manner.” — Peter Jensen, The Baltimore Sun “An extraordinarily ambitious attempt to reexamine, from the ground up, an entire century’s worth of findings on the forces that mold the child of today into the adult of tomorrow Most of what Harris writes is not only illumi­ nating, but thoroughly persuasive.” — Mary Eberstadt, Commentary “Her ideas make fascinating reading, and her work clearly deserves attention from developmental psychologists and other scholars of child development.” — Wendy M Williams, The Chronicle of Higher Education “The Nurture Assumption is a stunning book Judith Harris shows how in thinking about child development we are trapped in a maze created by our uncritical acceptance of entrenched beliefs and biases The result is a new perspective that provides a thread we can follow to escape the maze.” —John T Bruer, president of the James S McDonnell Foundation; author of The Myth of the First Three Years www.Ebook777.com “Judith Harris’s The Nurture Assumption is a paradigm shifter, which sounds like heavy work and yet she somehow makes it fun.” — David T Lykken, professor of psychology, University of Minnesota; author of The Antisocial Personalities and Happiness: What Studies of Twins Show Us About Nature, Nurture, and the Happiness Set Point “ The Nurture Assumption is a rare book: clear, well informed, occasionally hilarious, and rich with compelling examples.” — David G Myers, professor of psychology, Hope College; author of The Pursuit of Happiness: Who is Happy—and Why and Intuition: Its Powers and Perils “The book is based on solid science, analyzed with a piercing style that’s not afraid to take on the leading orthodoxy, and communicated in a clear, accessi­ ble, terrifically witty way.” — Robert M Sapolsky, professor of neuroscience and biology, Stanford University; author of The Trouble with Testosterone and Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers “Truly revolutionary ideas turn topsy-turvy our most cherished ways of view­ ing the world and ourselves This is essential reading if you want to know how you became who you are— and what your children will grow up to be.” — Dean Keith Simonton, professor of psychology, University of California at Davis; author of Scientific Genius and Greatness: Who Makes History and Why fp Also by Judith Rich Harris No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality The NURTURE ASSUMPTION Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do Revised and Updated BY JU D ITH RICH HARRIS FR E E PR E SS New York London Toronto Sydney Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com /p FREE PRESS A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 Copyright © 1998, 2009 by Judith Rich Harris All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever For information address Free Press Subsidiary Rights Department, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020 This Free Press trade paperback edition February 2009 FREE PRESS and colophon are trademarks of Simon & Schuster, Inc For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact Simon & Schuster Special Sales at 1-800-456-6798 or business@simonandschuster.com Manufactured in the United States of America 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Harris, Judith Rich The nurture assumption : why children turn out the way they do, by Judith Rich Harris, 2d ed., revised and updated p cm Includes bibliographical references and index Child development— United States Child rearing— United States Children and the environment.—United States HQ772 H353 2009 305.231 22— dc 200803207979 ISBN-13: 978-1-4391-0165-0 ISBN-10: 1-4391-0165-5 www.Ebook777.com Germans, 78-79, 193-194, 235 Gesell, Arnold, Gifted children, 146,315-316 Giggle Twins, 32-33, 276 Glyn, Sir Anthony, 78, 190, 192, 220 Goats, 82 Golding, William, 115-116, 120-121, 191 Goodall, Jane, 87, 97-100, 102, 106, 109-110, 113,138 Goodenough, Florence, Gould, Stephen Jay, 105 Graffiti, 248, 257 Grandmothers, 194, 284 Grasshoppers, 105-106 Greek philosophers, 258 Group: conformity within, 124-125, 132, 155, 157-158, 165, 192,197, 234, 236, 239-242, 261,311,337, 363 definition of, xviii, 126 differentiation within, 125, 128, 133-134, 165-170, 269, 312-313, 339, 363-364 favoritism toward, 101-102, 120, 129, 155,210, 227 influence of, 158-159, 170, 317-318, 361 loyalty to, 164, 254, 257, 264 norms of, 133, 162, 227, 230, 236, 239-240, 243, 250, 267, 287 polarization of, 389 psychological, 132-133, 135, 159-160 rejection by: see Rejection size of, 109-110, 233, 243 splitting up of, 106-107, 109, 126-127, 134, 169-170, 226, 232-233, 243, 246-247, 260 squabbling within, 121, 133, 219-220 status in: see Status survival of, 101-102, 105, 114, 125, 129-130 Group clown, 126, 134, 169 Groupness, 120, 126, 129-130, 155-157, 163-165, 181,187, 227, 256-259, 261,312,315,381 vs personal relationships, 156-157, 160, 216, 256, 292, 340-341 sex differences in, 216-217, 257 Groups: age, 164, 187-189, 255-259 antisocial or anti-school, 246, 261-262, 267-268,299-300,318,362-363,390 boys(, 162, 165-166, 214-217, 311 competition between, 117, 217 contrast between, 106-107, 123-124, 131, 151,155, 164,219, 227, 242, 246, 261,299, 339 division into, 120-121, 123, 260 ethnic or racial, 233-236, 246, 278, 289, 294 gender, 86-87, 160-162, 210-224 girls(, 162, 165-166,214-215, 222-223,311 hostility between, 98-102, 116-121, 131, 155, 163,215-217, 255-257, 277, 337; see also Warfare play: see Play groups theories of, 128-129 see also' Social categories Group socialization theory, xviii—xix, 135, 157-158, 185, 199, 230, 248, 337-339, 371,379 predictions of, 237, 339, 367, 368 testing of, 358-369 Growth, human pattern of, 254-255 Gua, 7, 92-94, 97,114,153-154 Guile, use of, 109-110 Guilt: felt by children of divorcing parents, 291 felt by parents, 74, 85, 89, 293, 327-329, 332, 338; see also Parents, blaming of Gunnoe, Marjorie, 295 Gusii, 194 Hairlessness, 103, 107-108, 378 Hairstyles, 213, 251-252, 257, 262 Haitian Americans, 235, 240 Happiness, 283, 332 Harlow, Harry and Margaret, 143 Harris, Judith R., 360 Harris, Marvin, 104 Hartshorne, Hugh, 202 Hawaiians, 184-185, 201 Hayakawa, S I., 121, 123, 180 Head Start, 229, 237 Health-risk behavior, 303-304 Height, 159, 168,219, 302, 365 Helena, 252—253, 267 Heredity: see Genetic influences Heritability, 28-29, 59, 231-232, 275, 372 Herodotus, 66 Hetherington, E Mavis, 360 Hispanic Americans, 181-182, 230, 234, 240 Hobbes, Thomas, 116, 127n Holiday dinners, 71, 339 Holt, Luther Emmett, 78 Home, history of, 75, 77 Home, influence of: see Environmental influences; Parental influence Home behavior: see Behavior, home vs outside the home Homeliness: see Physical attractiveness Homeschooling, 319 Homesigns, 181, 183 Homicide, 151, 272, 355; see also Criminal behavior; Genocide; Warfare Homo erectus, 103, 107 Homo habilis, 103 Homo sapiens, evolution of, 103-108 Homosexuality, 48, 260, 374, 395 Honesty: see Lying; Morality Hopi Indians, 219 Horner, Matina, 236 Hostility: see Groups, hostility between; Warfare Hostility, indirect, 217 House (game of) 55, 67, 144, 148, 153, 251,311,381 Humor, 34-35, 169, 181,252 Hunter-gatherers, 75, 82, 105, 109, 114, 130, 131,134,167, 220-221, 255, 282, 323 Hutterites, 178 Ice Age, 104, 108 Identical twins: see Twins; Twin studies Identification: with family, 312 with a group, 126, 129, 158-160, 206, 224, 235, 239, 254, 299, 312,316, 337, 364 with parents, 10, 151-152, 205, 337 with a social category: see Self­ categorization Imitation, 93-94, 148, 152-155, 166-167, 174-175 of adults, 10-11,152-153, 174-175, 180, 185,248,294 in traditional societies, 11, 89, 152, 172 Immigrants, children of, 9, 60-65, 94, 152-153,176-180, 184-185,235, 238-241,316,317, 338, 366 Imprinting, 139, l40n Impulsiveness: see Personality characteristics, disadvantageous Independence, 76, 139, 259 India, 65, 73 Indirect genetic effects, 28-29, 59, 231-232, 366 Individualistic cultures, 382 Infancy: see Attachment; Babies, care of; Relationships, parent— infant Inhibited children: see Timidity Innovations, 41, 111-112, 189, 203, 353-354 Instincts, 99-100, 256 Intelligence, 278, 282, 302, 316, 363 of adopted children, 244—246 environmental influences on, 35, 170, 232-235, 244-246, 356 genetic influences on, 20, 231-232, 324 group differences in, 232-235 Interactions, statistical, 18-19, 348, 395 Intergroup conflict: see Groups, hostility between; Warfare Intemalizers, 320 Intervention programs, 237, 244 In vitro fertilization, 48 IQ: see Intelligence Israelis, 130, 209-210 Italians, 163, 176-177, 180, 187, 192 Jamaican Americans, 235-236 Jamaicans, 182 James, William, 52-53, 62-63, 68, 269 Jane Eyre, 145 Japanese, 230 Japanese Americans, 123, 177 Jews, 63, 156, 177, 200, 235, 278 Joking: see Humor Jones, Mary Cover, 365 Joseph, 61, 64-66, 238-242, 316 Joshua, 99-100, 104, 109-110 Just Right parenting: see Parenting styles Kahamans, 99-100, 106, 111, 138 Karmiloff-Smith, Annette, 96-97 Kellogg, Donald, Luella, and Winthrop, 7, 92-94, 114, 148 Kennedy family, 313 Kennell, John, 80, 82 Killer apes, 98-102 Kindermann, Thomas, 170, 363-364 Kin recognition, 130, 139, 340 Kinship theory, 101,130, 256, 377 Kissing, 79, 93, 97, 215-216, 328 Klaus, Marshall, 80, 82 Kolers, Paul, 62 Korean Americans, 64 !Kung, 134, 221 Labeling: see Typecasting Lamb, Michael, 142 Language, 97, 111, 201 creation of, 183—184 of the home, 9-10, 61-66, 196-198; see also Immigrants, children of as a membership card, 181, 191 native, 65, 182, 184, 270, 338 as social behavior, 63, 198, 240 and social context, 62-66 Language acquisition, 9-10, 60-62, 65-66, 91,93-94,158 parents( role in, 60, 65-66, 86, 149-150,310,338 of a second language, 60-62, 178-180, 238-241 in traditional societies, 65-66, 86, 149-150 Languages: Bengali, 65-66 Black English (Ebonics), 155, 179 Cantonese, 64-65 Chimpanzee, 93-94, 153 creole, 184, 201,240 English, 9-10, 60-66, 94,177, 178-183, 189,196, 238-240 Finnish, 61 French, 61, 62 German, 153 Italian, 177, 180 Japanese, 123, 177, 180 Korean, 64 of New Guinea, 107 Nyansongo dirty words, 188 Phrygian, 66 pidgin, 183 Polish, 61, 64-65, 238-239, 241 Portuguese, 180 Russian, 9, 240 sign, 66, 96, 181-183, 239, 377 Spanish, 182, 183, 240 thieves( argot, 278 Yiddish, 63-64 Yup(ik, 189 La Paz, 151, 172, 174-175, 195, 202, 242-243 Larkin, Philip, 330, 336 Latency period, 164; see also Middle childhood Laterborns: see Birth order Laughter, 32-35, 93, 222, 258 as a weapon, 89, 158 Leach, Penelope, 331 Leaders, 57, 125, 165-167, 217, 229-230 parents as, 313-315 teachers as, 230, 243, 247 Learned behavior, 171, 174 in babies, 54 context-specificity of, 336, 353, 357 transfer of, 54, 56, 59-61 Lesbian parents, 48, 206 Lese, 221 LeVine, Robert, 194 Lightfoot, Cynthia, 263-264 Lip-reading, 182-183 Little House books, 134 Loners, 215, 316-317 Lord of the Flies, 115-117, 120, 191, 257 Love: see Parental love; Relationships, romantic Lying, 69, 125, 262 Lykken, David, 309 Maccoby, Eleanor, 8-9, 35-37, 43-45, 49, 213-215,217-218 Majority-rules rule, 157-158, 165, 250 Malnutrition, 390 Manic depression, 223 Mariner, Carrie, 295 Mark and Audrey, 24-25, 28, 162 Marriage, 52n, 130, 290-291, 321, 354; see also Divorce Martin, John, 35-37, 43-45, 49 Masculine behavior, 160-162, 165, 204-224, 250,311,338 Masculinization, 209, 222 Maternal influences on fetus, 272-273 Maternal support networks, 195-196 Mathematical ability, 236 Matthew effects, 170 Maturation, physical, 252-256, 270 and status, 167-168, 251, 261, 365-366, 382,396 Maunders, David, 145 May, Mark, 202 Mayans, 76, 194 McCall, Robert, 354 McElhinney, Carl and his mother, 272, 275-276, 281-282, 308 McGraw, Myrtle, 92n McLanahan, Sara, 284-285, 301, 305 Mead, Margaret, 171-174, 209 Measurement error, 372 Media, influence of, 3-4, 67,153, 193-194, 196-197, 241,266, 389 Medical research, 303, 350-351 Melanesians, 116 Mels, 260-261 Melting pot, 178 Melville, Herman, 217 Memory, 62-63, 229, 307, 320, 340-341 Menarche, 252-253 Mental health, 56, 146-147, 223, 288, 296, 305-308, 320, 328, 365, 394 Merten, Don, 260—261 Mesquakie Indians, 180 Meston, Daja, 159, 213, 235, 239 Meta-analysis, 347-351 Me— us continuum, 165, 219, 226, 312, 382 Mexican Americans, 178-179, 230, 247 Mexican villages: see San Andres Microenvironments, 37-38, 43-44, 49, 360 Middle childhood, 124, 162, 164-165, 169, 211, 214, 268-269 Midwood High School, 317-318 Miller, George A., xxviii Mind: departments of, 97, 143, 145, 156,160, 217, 256, 269, 292, 322, 340-341 levels of consciousness of, 68, 79-80, 155, 158, 210, 270, 292, 339-341 modularity of, 97, 156, 256, 340 Mindreading, 94-97, 109-110 Miss A, 228-229, 231 Miss Manners, 258n Mob violence, 121 Modell, John, 345, 353 Moffitt, Terrie, 248-249, 263, 266-267, 281,358 Money, John, 207-208 Monitoring by parents, 285, 299 Monkeys, 125, 133, 137-139, 189-190 motherless vs peerless, 143, 147, 380 Montagu, Ashley, 99, 102, 115-116 Morality, 69, 202-203, 279 Morris, Jan, 212-213 Motherlessness, 142-147, 380 Mother love: see Parental love Moving residence, 287, 292, 298, 307, 316-319 Mud pies, 381 Mulcaster, Richard, Mundugumor, 172 Myers, David G., 292 Name-calling, 118, 235 Names, 125-126, 321 Nannies, 10, 190-191 Narcissism, 319 Nash, Alison, 142 Nature and nurture, 1-2, 4, 13, 20, 50, 91 Neanderthals, 104, 108-109 Negative results: see No-difference results Neiderhiser, Jenae, 360 Neifert, Marianne, 80 Neighborhood, 261-262, 301 economically disadvantaged, 195, 198-199, 243, 286-287 ethnic, 177-179 influence of, 175, 198-200, 242-245, 267, 280-281, 286-287, 294, 299, 316, 385 middle-class, 195-196, 243-245, 262, 287 Newborns, 53, 81-83 abandonment of, 84 New Guinea, 107, 172, 209 Nicaraguan sign language, 183 Niche-picking, 112, 125-126, 169, 312-313, 339, 344 No-difference results, 18, 346-352, 395 Norwegians, 75 No Two Alike, xvi— xvii, xx, 371, 379 Nurture assumption, 2, 11, 71, 74, 111, 249, 303, 308, 330-335, 344, 361; see also Parental influence, assumption of effects of, 325, 332 history of, 4-9, 14, 331 Nurturing instinct, 98, 208, 256 Nyah-nyah song, 24, 124 Nyansongo, 84, 188, 203 Parent-to-child effects: see Child-to-parent effects Parks, Tim, 176-177, 180, 192 Parrots, thick-billed, 128 Patriotism, 311 Pecking order, 166; see also Dominance Pedersen, Eigil, 228-229, 231 Peer abuse, 28, 67, 162, 297-298, 318-319 Peer group, loss of, 287, 298 Peer groups, adolescent, xviii, 179, 227-228, 245-246, 260-261, 267-268; see also Groups; Social categories Parental favoritism: see Parents, differential treatment by Peerlessness, 143, 146-147, 316 Peer pressure, 124, 234, 239, 263-264 Parental influence, 7-8, 34, 111-113, 154- 155, 174- 180, 200, 309-329, Penises, 207, 213 Penis-tying, 174, 250-251, 264 392-393 assumption of, 1-12, 19, 30, 49-50, 56, Personalities: alternate, 52-54, 62-63, 69-71, 165, 74, 171, 262, 279, 297, 308, 331-335,344,361 307, 338-339, 353 evidence for, 2—4, 36, 43, 49-50, 71-72, of siblings, 24, 33-35, 58, 313; see also Birth order; Siblings 201-202, 205, 334-335, 358-362 Personality: vs peers, 86, 248-249, 262-265, components of, 69 268-269, 299,318,341,362 Parental love, 42, 74, 76, 79-81, 147, 150, environmental influences on, 23, 29, 256, 327, 329,331-332 33-35, 49-50,69, 137, 156-158, Parent— child relationships: see Relation­ 165, 259, 270,313, 333-335, 339, ships, parent— child 357 genetic influences on, 21-23, 31-35, 59, Parenting styles, 16, 23-24, 43-46, 262, 140, 173-174, 265, 268, 276-277, 294, 300-301, 338, 361-362, 392; 290-291, 304-305, 306, 360 see also Child-rearing practices vs opinions, 346, 353, 394 Parents: atypical, 67-68, 152-153, 197-198, public, 165, 338-339 201, 241, 250-251; see also Deaf par­ stability of, 69-71, 269-270 ents; Immigrants and status in the group, 159, 167-168, blaming of, 2-3, 69, 273-275, 299-300, 320, 355 305-308, 320, 327-329, 330-332, Personality characteristics: advantageous, 19, 22, 29, 279, 314 335, 341 as bullies, 322; see also Abuse of children disadvantageous, 46—47, 50, 59, conflict between, 289-292 267-268, 278-282, 290-291, 297, 304, 306 differential treatment by, 37-38, 42-43, 45, 85, 87-88, 320, 322, 326, 334, Personality disorders, 146-147, 168, 276-277, 291; see also Mental health 360-362 dysfunctional or toxic, 3, 35, 49-50, Personality tests, 32, 69-70, 351, 352, 394 Personas: see Personalities, alternate 198, 278, 305-307, 335 gay or lesbian, 48, 206 Peterson, Steven, 344, 353 as leaders, 313-315 Physical affection, 25-27, 79-80, 328, 331 reports by, 56, 58, 71-72, 292-293, 295, Physical attractiveness, 27-28, 52, 59, 62, 352-353, 358-362, 375 223, 297, 321,365 Parents(-group-to-children(s-group effects, Physical illness, 146 Piaget, Jean, 122 198, 201 Piano playing, 309-312, 327 Parents( peer group, 192-199, 201, 286 Obesity, xxi—xxii, 274-275, 382 Oedipal complex, 4, 10 Okinawans, 86, 150 Oliver Twist, 277-280, 297, 390 Only child, 48-49, 153, 313, 334-335 Openness, 41—42, 344, 351 Opie, Iona and Peter, 68, 188-189, 191 Orphanages, 144-145 Overestimators, 119, 121, 126, 155, 217 Overlapping rearing of offspring, 396 Picky eaters, 58-59, 154 Pidgin languages, 184 Pigeons, 122, 128 Piggy, 115, 191 Pinker, Steven, xxiii— xxv, 65, 100, 292, 339-340 Plasticity, 269-270; see also Maturation, physical Play: fantasy, 55-56, 67-68, 148, 153, 251-252, 381 in nonhuman primates, 93, 113-114, 137-138, 283 with parents, 56, 148, 325 with peers, 86-87,137-138,147-149, 160-161, 188-189,211-215,217, 219-222 Play groups: neighborhood, 85-86, 160, 215, 222 in traditional societies, 85-87, 134, 149-151, 168, 221,254, 326 Plomin, Robert, 39-40, 343, 358-360 Pointing, 96 Polish Americans, 61, 64-65, 238-239, 241, 316 Political correctness, 22, 278, 297 Political opinions, 311, 313, 353-354 Polygyny, 85, 152, 173, 209, 267, 336 Polynesians, 11, 152, 154 Popularity, 166-167, 297, 364; see also Rejection; Status Portnoy, Alexander, 63-64, 197 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 296 Poverty: see Neighborhood, economically disadvantaged; Socioeconomic status Powell, Colin, 235 Praise, 6, 88, 319, 331 Preconceptions: see Expectations, Stereotypes Predators, 75, 87, 109, 327, 336 Pregnancy, 48, 272-273, 319-320 teenage, 199, 284-285, 287 Pretend play: see Play, fantasy Prettiness: see Physical attractiveness Primogeniture, 190, 355 Prisoners, 185-187 Privacy, 74-75, 77, 134, 153, 197, 336 Private school: see Boarding school; School, private or parochial Prodigies, 146, 315-316 Prophecies, self-fulfilling, 236, 388 Pseudospeciation, 105-108, 257 Psychoanalytic theory: see Freudian theory Psychoastronomy, 18n Psychological problems: see Mental health, Personality disorders Psychotherapy, 305-308, 320 Puberty rites, 252-254 Public behavior: see Behavior, home vs outside the home Punctuality, 185 Punishment, 88 inconsistent, 278 of nonconformer, 124 physical, 16, 26,44, 88,195-196, 201-202, 228, 293-296, 300, 327, 331 Quality time, 150, 325-326, 327, 332 Quayle, Dan, 283-284, 289 Race, 122, 130-131, 157, 161, 170, 232-236 Racism, 257, 389 Rater effect, 72; see also Response biases Ratders, 117-120, 123-126, 132, 166, 189, 227, 234, 235, 257 Reading, 175, 227, 235, 239, 243-245 Reading groups, 218, 226-227 Rebellion, 34, 41, 199, 257-258, 262, 352-354 Reference groups: see Groups Reich, Peter, 158 Reich, Robert, 325 Reinforcement, 82, 88, 113, 128 Reiss, David, 359-360 Rejection: by parents, 27, 31, 81-82, 276 by peers, 136-137, 159-160, 166, 170, 212-213, 235,261, 287,297, 299, 316-317 Relationship department: see Mind, departments of Relationships: vs groupness, 156-157, 159-160, 164, 216-217, 256, 269,292, 340-341 independence of, 142 parent— child, 24-25, 29, 72, 150-151, 292, 295, 303-304, 307-308, 321-322, 341 parent— infant, 12, 25, 27, 81-83, 138-143, 321-322, 324 Relationships (cont.) between parents, 289-292; see also Divorce peer, 140-142, 148-149, 159-160, 163, 316 personal (dyadic), 126, 145, 156-157, 163 romantic, 130, 163, 216, 393 sibling, 57-58, 87-88, 113-114, 141, 326-327, 355 Reliable variation, 372 Religion, 111, 177-178,311,313 Remarriage of parents: see Families, stepResearch methods: attachment studies, 140-141 behavioral genetics, 20-21, 26-29, 33, 203,367 birth order studies, 39-40, 345-353 socialization research, 8-9, 11, 14-19, 23-25, 29-30, 44-46, 71-72, 201-202, 294-295, 300-305, 375 style-of-parenting studies, 23, 44-46, 72, 300-301 testing group socialization theory, 358-369 Resnick, Michael, 303 Response biases, 300, 359 Rewards, 5-6, 154 Risibility, 33-35 Risk-taking, 303-304, 319-320, 363 Rites of passage, 252-254 Robbers Cave study, 117-120,123-124, 129,166,189,217,363 Rodriguez, Jocelyn, 230 Romanian orphans, 144—145 Romeo and Juliet, 127 Roth, Philip, 67 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 78, 116, 278 Rovee-Collier, Carolyn, 54 Rowe, David, 49, 111, 265 Rule-breaking, 186-187 Runco, Mark, 354 Rybczynski, Witold, 75 Salience, 132-134, 218-220, 379 San Andres, 151, 172,174-175, 195,201, 242-243, 267 Sandefur, Gary, 284, 301, 305 Sawyer, Tom, Scapegoats: see Victimized children Schaller, Susan, 181-182, 191 Schofield, Janet, 233-234, 242 School, 225-247 achievement, 170,175, 198, 227-237, 244, 247, 287,314-315,354 attitude toward, 170, 227-228, 230-235, 243-244, 260, 317-318 coed vs single sex, 163, 215, 219-220, 236, 367 dropouts, 198-199, 228-229, 264, 284-285, 287, 318 influence of, 316-318, 327 private or parochial, 10, 116, 120, 165, 177-178,190-191, 219-220, 244, 311 size of, 260, 388 uniforms, 120, 247 Schooler, Carmi, 343, 356 Schor, Juliet, 77 Schiitze, Yvonne, 77-81 Security: see Attachment, security of Self-categorization, 129, 131-135, 155, 163, 226-227, 231, 239, 247, 259-260 by age, 157, 189, 258 by sex, 157, 160,211-213 and social context, 129, 132, 165, 218-219, 236 Self-control, 361-362 Self-esteem, 39, 129, 222-223, 228, 319-320 of African Americans, 228, 387 and depression, 223, 320 and physical attractiveness, 223, 387 and status in the group, 167-168, 228, 320 Self-image, 169 Self-knowledge, 168-169, 390 Selfish gene theory, 101, 256, 377 Seligman, Daniel, 232-233 Selves, 52-53, 63; see also Personalities, alternate Senghas, Ann, 183, 185 Senghas, Richard, 185 Sensation seekers, 261, 265, 363 Sensitive period, 82, 270 Sensory deprivation, 324 Sex, categorization by: see Social categories Sex and violence, 5, 197 Sex changes, 207-209, 212-213 Sex differences, xviii, 160-162, 204-224, 311,367 Sexism, 67, 160-161, 204-205, 218, 220, 224 Sex-role development, 48, 160-162, 165, 204-224 Sex segregation, 87, 131, 149, 160-162, 211-212,214-216, 222, 337 Sex stereotypes, 210-211, 219, 236 Sexual abuse, 70, 306 Sexual activity, 97-98, 284, 320 in adolescence, 263-264, 303-304, 319 Sexual reproduction, 112 Shakespeare, William, Shared environment, 33, 35, 203, 281, 289-290, 373 Shared fate, 126, 156 Shared method variance, 300 Sherif, Muzafer, 119 Shields, Brooke, 315 Short children, 168; see also Height; Maturation, physical Shyness: Timidity Siblicide, 355 Sibling relationships, 87-88, 130, 326-327, 355; see also Birth order in nonhuman species, 98, 113-114, 130 vs relationships with peers, 57, 355, 358 in traditional societies, 85-88, 134, 326-327, 355 Siblings: adoptive: see Adoption studies as caregivers, 85-87, 326-327 competition between, 85, 113, 312-313, 322, 344, 355 conflict between, 57-58, 87-88, 113-114, 326 differences between, 24, 34-35, 45, 140, 262-263, 305, 333-334, 358, 360, 364; see also Birth order; Twins as models, 89, 154 number of, 48-49, 315, 345-346, 373 similarities between, 21, 202-203, 245-246, 281 Sidis, William James, 146-147 Significance, statistical, 8, 15, 17-19, 40, 44, 59, 201, 302, 346-347 Sign language: see Languages, sign Single parents: see Divorce; Families, headed by single parents; Fatherlessness Simpson, Homer, 127n Skinner, B F., 6, 82, 88, 128-129, 135, 154, 331 Sleep problems, 323 Smell, sense of, 130, 139 Smiling, 25, 95 Smoking cigarettes, 263-265, 303 and anti-smoking ads, xvi, 265, 389 Smoking pot, 259 Social behavior, 11, 60, 151-152, 157, 171, 340 Social categories, 122, 126, 131-132, 157-159, 221,226-227, 231, 246-247, 260-261, 312, 336-337, 364, 379 age, 135,154, 157,164,185, 251-259, 268, 269 gender, xviii, 157, 160, 210-213, 218, 269 prisoners vs guards, 185-186 race, 122, 157, 233, 236 Social comparison, 133, 168-169, 213, 228, 269, 320, 339 Social context, 53-72, 163-165, 252, 267, 279, 320, 341,353, 357 Socialization, 9, 133, 135, 157-158, 279, 363, 369 context-specific, 66, 69, 279 gender-specific, 162, 212-213, 217, 224, 336-337, 367 by peers, 150-151, 250, 287, 298, 316, 336-339, 357, 364 Socialization research, 9, 11, 13-19, 23-24, 29-30, 35-37, 44-46, 47-49, 71-72; see also Research methods Social module, 97, 110-111, 156; see also Mind, departments of Social psychology, 127-129, 217 Socioeconomic status, 130, 229, 232-234, 243-246, 285-288, 345, 367, 373 Socrates, 258 Somit, Albert, 344, 353 Spanking: see Punishment, physical Speciation, 105-108 Spock, Benjamin, 4, 78, 338 Spoiling, fear of, 5, 79, 327-328 Sports, 215, 219 Status, 173, 217, 219, 226, 267, 283 vs acceptance, 364, 368-369 and maturity, 167-168, 251, 365, 396 and personality, 159-160, 167-168, 283, 320, 355, 364-366 and prettiness, 223, 365 and self-esteem, 223, 228, 319-320 Steele, Claude, 236 Stepparents, 51-52, 147, 284-287, 289, 292, 297 Stereotypes, 210-211, 230, 235-236 of first- and laterborns, 352 gender, 67, 153, 160-161, 210-211, 219-220, 236 of group, 230, 236, 313, 341 Stereotype threat, 236 Storyknifing, 189 Strangeness, dislike of, 98, 131, 169, 212, 321,337 Strangers, fear or dislike of, 131, 169 by babies, 95-96, 105, 138 by chimpanzees, 98 Straus, Murray, 295, 300 Style-of-parenting research, 23, 44-46, 72, 300-301 Subcultures, 46,194-195, 240, 242, 267, 294; see also Neighborhood Sulloway, Frank, 41-42, 57, 113, 344-356 Superego, 5, 8, 10, 152 Survival of the fittest, 105, 107, 114, 354 Survival of the group, 101-102, 105, 114, 125, 129-130 Swim, Janet, 210 Swimming, 92n, 189-190 Tajfel, Henri, 119-120, 121, 132, 155 Talent, 5-6, 302, 309-312, 314-316 Tannen, Deborah, 217-218 Tarzan, 153 Tattoos, 257 Tchambuli, 209 Teachers, 88-89, 181-183, 187-188, 225-247,288 reports by, 55, 358-359, 361-362, 375 Teasing, 87, 149, 162 Teenagers; see Adolescence Television, 67, 153, 189, 191, 196-197, 230, 241,267, 284 Temperament, 140, 157, 279 difficult, 46, 59, 278-279, 291, 297 Terrace, Herbert, 96 Territory, 98-101, 104-105, 118-119, 312 Thatcher, Margaret, 244 Theory of mind, 95-97, 109-110, 377 Thome, Barrie, 215, 218-219 Thornton family, 313-315 Tibetans, 159, 213 Time-outs, 294, 325 Timidity, 24, 28, 139, 162 Toilet training, 4, 7, 93, 153n, 172 Toman, Walter, 354 Tomboys, 208, 215, 222 Too Hard and Too Soft parenting; see Parenting styles Toughness, 168-169; see also Masculine behavior Tower of Babel, 107, 184 Townsend, Frederic, 354 Toxic parents, 3, 35, 305 Toys, 204-205, 212, 214, 331-332; see also Dolls; Play Tracking, 227 Traditional societies, 11, 42, 65, 73, 76, 83-89, 149-152, 154, 172-175, 194,197, 203,250-255, 323-327; see also Hunter-gatherers Traditions, 120, 187-188 Transfer: see Learned behavior, transfer of Tribal societies: see Traditional societies Trivers, Robert, 113 Trophy wives, 152 Turner, John, 129, 132-133, 135, 155, 159, 165 Twins: differences between, 28, 31-32, 309-310, 339, 361,373 environments of, 26-27, 31-33, 276-277, 309-310 opposite-sex identical, 207-209, 212-213, 222 reared apart, 27, 31-33, 276-277, 307, 309-310,312, 333, 336 relationships between, 147 Twin studies, 21, 26-27, 31-33, 275, 281, 290, 307, 360, 361 Two-way transactions, 25 Typecasting: by family, 37-38, 306, 313 by group, 125-126, 169, 260, 320-321, 327, 339 Unconscious mental processes, 68, 155, 158, 210, 270, 292, 339-341 Underachievement, 354 Underestimators, 119, 122, 155, 217 Unhappiness, 143, 145, 283, 292, 297, 307 Unisex clothing, 157, 204, 207, 247 Us vs them, 106-107, 155, 163-164, 181, 214-216, 227, 230, 257 in chimpanzees, 98-100 Valero, Helena, 252-253, 267 Variability within groups, 123, 211 Variety, usefulness of, 112, 125 Vicious cycles, 170, 231, 278 Victimized children, 297, 306, 318-319 Victor, the Wild Boy of Aveyron, 147 Victoria, Queen, 27 Vietnam War, 255 Violence, 68, 267, 296, 319, 389; see also Homicide; Warfare Visual system, 142-143, 156, 340 Wallerstein, Judith, 288, 290-292, 294 War, instinct for, 99-102 Warfare, 102, 104-108, 116, 118, 126-127, 217, 257, 277; see also Groups, hostility between Wasps, 130-131 Watson, John B„ 5-6, 20, 25, 79-80, 246, 277, 279-280, 327-328, 331 Weaning, 4, 85, 113, 114, 172 Weight: see Obesity Wellington, Duke of, 190, 191 Whites: see Europeans; European Americans Whorfian hypothesis, 121-122 Widowed mothers, 285; see also Death of parent; Families, headed by single parents Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 134 Williams, John, 210 Williams syndrome, 96-97 Wilson, E O., 317 Winner, Ellen, xx Woods, Tiger, 315 Working models, 141-142, 145, 148, 160, 169, 321-322 Working mothers, 47 Worthlessness, feelings of, 62, 69, 223; see also Depression; Self-esteem Wrangham, Richard, 100, 102 Wright, John Paul, 361-362 Xenophobia, 105; see also Groups, hostility between; Strangers, fear or dislike of X factor, 233 Yanomamo, 112, 173-175, 192, 250-254, 267 Y chromosome, 206, 217 Youniss, James, 86 Yucatecan Mayans, 194 Yup’ik Eskimos, 189 Zajonc, Robert, 343 Zapotec villages: see San Andres Zinacantecos, 88 Zuni Indians, 253 A B O U T THE A U T H O R Judith Rich Harris is an independent investigator who has dared to question one of the most entrenched beliefs of our culture: the belief that what makes children turn out the way they do, aside from their genes, is the way their par­ ents bring them up This belief is what she calls “the nurture assumption.” Harris was a writer of college textbooks on child development when she came to the realization that the nurture assumption is wrong and that the evi­ dence used to support it is misleading She gave up writing textbooks and instead wrote an article for the Psychological Review, proposing a revolutionary new theory of development It was not Harris’s first publication in a scholarly journal; nor was it the first time she proposed a new theory But her previous work had been in other fields: human perception and information-processing Her mathematical model of visual search, described in two articles in the journal Perception and Psychophysics, attracted little notice In contrast, Harris’s 1995 article in the Psychological Review has become one of the most highly cited in the field of developmental psychology; it was awarded a prize by the American Psychological Association But it was the publication of The Nurture Assumption, in 1998, that catapulted Harris to fame The Nurture Assumption was a New York Times Notable Book and a runner-up for the Pulitzer Prize It has been translated into fifteen languages, arousing controversy around the world In the United States, opinion has been sharply divided— though she has many supporters in the academic world, they are still in the minority But even her critics have learned to take her seriously, because Harris backs up her conclusions with an impressive amount of research evidence She has gathered this evidence from many fields, including evolutionary psychology, social psychology, anthropology, primatology, psycholinguistics, and behavioral genetics The Nurture Assumption has become a staple in the college classroom, used by professors to stimulate class­ room discussion and to challenge students to apply the methods of science to everyday observations Since 1998, Harris has written a second book on development: No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality In addition, she has pub­ lished a number of articles in professional journals, written pieces for newspa­ pers and magazines, and contributed chapters to scholarly books Harris has been married for more than forty years to Charles S Harris, a retired experi­ mental psychologist and the manager of The Nurture Assumption website (http://xchar.home.att.net/tna/) They have two grown daughters and four grandchildren Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com PSYCHOLOGY "Ten years on, this book stands as a landm ark in the history of psychology—and a cracking good re a d " —S T E V EN P IN K ER T his groundbreaking book, a Pulitzer Prize finalist and N ew York Times notable pick, rattled the psychological estab­ lishment when it was first published in 1998 by claiming that parents have little impact on their children's development In this tenth anniversary edition of The Nurture Assumption, Judith Harris has updated material throughout and provided a fresh intro­ duction Combining insights from psychology, sociology, anthro­ pology, primatology, and evolutionary biology, she explains how and why the tendency of children to take cues from their peers works to their evolutionary advantage This electrifying book explodes many of our unquestioned beliefs about children and parents and gives us a radically new view of childhood JUD ITH RICH HARRIS is also the author of No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individual­ ity A form er w riter of college textbooks, Harris is a recipient of the George A M iller Award, given to the author of an outstanding article in psychology She is an independent investigator and theoreti­ cian whose interests include evolutionary psychology, social psy­ chology, developmental psychology, and behavioral genetics www.Ebook777.com ... on the way they behave outside the home This proposition doesn’t mean that parents are unimpor­ tant— they have other roles to play in their children s lives But the subtleties were lost when the. .. Manufactured in the United States of America 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Harris, Judith Rich The nurture assumption : why children turn out the way they do, by Judith... Nature and Human Individuality The NURTURE ASSUMPTION Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do Revised and Updated BY JU D ITH RICH HARRIS FR E E PR E SS New York London Toronto Sydney Free ebooks