Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Site Planning and Design Handbook www.Ebook777.com About the Author Thomas H Russ is a licensed landscape architect with more than 20 years of professional experience in both environmental assessment and site design He has worked as a project manager and as a principal in design firms and is currently Professor of Environmental Technology at the College of Southern Maryland Russ has written numerous professional papers on site and environmental design topics and is the author of Redeveloping Brownfields for Landscape Architects, Designers and Developers Site Planning and Design Handbook Thomas H Russ, RLA Second Edition New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Copyright © 2009, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN: 978-0-07-160559-5 MHID: 0-07-160559-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-160558-8, MHID: 0-07-160558-4 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs To contact a representative please e-mail us at bulksales@mcgraw-hill.com Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be reliable However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise www.Ebook777.com For Karla This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii Sustainability and Site Design Population and Demographics Implications Anticipated Effects of Global Climate Change Implications Land Use Energy Water 10 19 20 23 23 Sustainability and the “Green” Site Sustainable Development Principles Measuring Performance Capital Cost Implications Operating Costs Green Building Materials Pipe Materials Cement and Concrete Environmental Strategies for Concrete Use Treated Lumber Deconstruction Sustainable Site Planning Building Location Moving to Sustainability 25 26 30 33 34 34 36 38 39 40 41 44 44 45 Site Data and Analysis Site Analysis Location Collecting Site Information Hydrology Local Records and History Assessing “Fit” Program Requirements ADA and Pedestrian Access Community Standards and Expectations Environmental Concerns Environmental Site Assessment Why Perform a Site Assessment? 47 47 48 48 56 58 60 60 61 61 61 63 63 vii viii Contents Format of a Site Assessment The Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Brownfields 65 66 69 Design for Communities Site Layout Residential Site Design Emerging Practices Lot Layout Alternatives Allowances for Easements and Rights of Way Affordable Housing Design Urban Infill Design for Security Lighting Commercial Lot Layout Walls and Fences Masonry Walls Water Features Pumps Plazas and Patios Bed Materials 73 73 74 76 78 85 86 86 89 94 97 101 103 108 112 114 116 Design for People General Site Design Guidelines for Pedestrians Pedestrian Walkways Paving Materials and Design Signage Open Space Requirements Accessibility and Open Space Playground Design Bicycle and Multiple-Use Paths Seating Accommodating an Older Population Sidewalk Design for Older Adults Design for Dogs 119 119 122 131 133 134 142 149 153 156 158 166 167 Street and Parking Design Traditional Street Design Streets for People Nontraditional Street Design Traffic Calming Cul-de-Sac Design Street Layout and Engineering Estimating Traffic Flow Vehicle Dimensions and Turning Radii Site Distance Calculation Vertical Curves 169 171 171 179 181 186 191 192 193 201 204 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Contents Horizontal Alignment Intersections Parking Area Design How Much Parking Is Enough? Pavement Design 205 206 206 207 213 Site Grading Engineering Properties of Soil The Balanced Site Hillside Developments Minimizing the Impact of Site Grading Minimizing the Disturbed Area Using Grade Change Effectively Site Stabilization Mulches Slope Stability Retaining Walls Erosion and Sediment Control Site Management Start-Up Meeting 227 228 231 231 233 235 236 239 239 240 242 249 256 259 Infrastructure Low-Impact Design Storm Water Management Estimating Peak Runoff with the Rational Method Strategies in Arid Areas Swales Infiltration and Recharge Dry Wells Filter Strips Sand Filters Infiltration Trench Infiltration Basin Rain Gardens Detention and Retention Basins Other Considerations Green Roofs Gray Water Systems Sanitary Sewer On-Site Sewage Disposal 263 263 263 265 268 270 275 277 278 278 280 282 282 284 287 289 290 291 296 Landscape Restoration Site Planning and Landscape Ecology Restoring Landscape Restoring Vegetative Cover Cultural Operations Selecting Plant Materials 299 299 300 301 304 305 www.Ebook777.com ix 502 Index Science (Cont.): smart growth, design and, 438–439, 477 ways of knowing with, 434–435 Scientific Certification Systems (SCS), 41, 476 Screens berms and, 239 design considerations, 368 environmental, 65 planted, 365 plantings used as sound, 367 sites and, 99, 100 wind, 364 SCS (See Scientific Certification Systems) Sea levels, 15–18 Seating design for bike route separated from auto traffic and, 157, 158 people and, 156–158 road sign rules on bike route and, 157 separate travel lanes for motor vehicles, pedestrians, bicycles and, 158 Security communities and design for, 89–97 fences, 101 issues for designers, 92 lighting and, 94–97 private/public property delineation and, 91 site design crime prevention strategies and, 90 Sediment control (See also Erosion) failure, 257, 258 principles of erosion and, 250 site grading, erosion and, 249–256 Sediment traps, 254, 255, 256 Sedimentation, 58 September 11, 2001, 92 Services analysis, 62 Sewage constructed wetlands for treatment of, 296–297 disposal, 296 systems, 422, 424 treatment plants, 264 Sewell, Chris, Sewers, 60 gravity, 292–293 sanitary, 291–297 Shade deciduous trees used for, 364 measuring, 322 trees used for building, 363 “Shakespeare in the Park,” 145 Shopping center zoning, 77 Shopping centers, 77 Shortle, James S., Shrubs (See also Trees) road salt-tolerant trees and, 372 tree plantings and, 368–370 as visual barriers, 90 Sierra Club, 433 Signage, 119, 133–134, 215, 401 Sinuousity, 318 Site analysis aerial photogrammetry and, 52 checklist, 67–69 collecting information for, 48 FEMA maps and, 50 hazardous soil conditions and, 55–56 historical aerial photography and, 52, 54, 55, 56, 394, 473 historical value and, 59–60 hydrology and, 56, 58 infrastructure and, 60 land development regulations and, 59 local records, history and, 58 location, 48 photography and, 394 recognition of expansive soils in field and, 57 site data and, 47–60 topography and, 48–50 Urban’s tree condition methodology and, 51 U.S national mapping program accuracy standards and, 53 USDA plant hardiness zones and, 50 USDA soil survey, 52, 54, 57 utility mapping and, 59 vegetation and, 51–52 zoning and, 58–59 Site assessment ASTM standards for, 64 environmental, 63, 65, 66, 69, 70–71, 455–466 format of, 65 reasons for performing, 63, 65 Site data analysis and, 47–71 assessing fit and, 60–61 Brownfields and, 69–71 environmental concerns and, 61–69 site analysis and, 47–60 Site design anticipated effects of global climate change and, 10–20 implications, 19–20 energy and, 23 incorporating change and, 3–4 land use and, 20–23 population, demographics and, 4–10 implications, 8–10 sustainability and, 1–24 water and, 23–24 Index Site designers, 47 climate change and, 50 consensus standards for, 48 program requirements and, 60–61 vegetation and, 51 Site distance calculation coefficient of friction between tire and road and, 202 effect of grade on stopping sight distances and, 203 safe sight to stopping distance calculations and, 201 sight distance parameters and, 202 sight to stopping distances and, 203 sight triangle and, 204 street layout and, 201–204 Site grading balanced site and, 231–233 engineering properties of soil and, 228–230 erosion and sediment control and, 249–256 hillside developments and, 231–233 minimizing impact of, 233–239 minimizing disturbed areas, 235–236 partially roughened finished slope, 235 reverse bench, 234 using grade change effectively, 236–239 site management and, 256–259 site stabilization and, 239–240 slope stability and, 240–249 start-up meeting and, 259–261 typical grading standards and, 231 Site layout, 73–74, 467 Site management erosion and sediment control failure with, 258 filter fabric fence failure from poor maintenance and, 257, 258 site grading and, 256–259 Site planning building location and sustainable, 44 climate change and, 19–20 green sites and sustainable, 44–45 houses and, 75–76 maintenance considerations and sustainable, 45 vegetation and, 349–388 Site screening, 99, 100 Site stabilization comparison of mulch materials and, 240 mulches and, 239–240 site grading and, 239–240 Situational prevention, 89 Slope stability retaining walls and, 242–249 site grading and, 240–249 slope failure and, 56, 241, 242, 243 trees and, 307–313 Slopes analysis, 49, 52 cultural operations and tracking on, 305 failure, 56, 241, 242, 243 north- and south-facing, 50 partially roughened finished, 235 pedestrian walkways and curb ramp, 127 restrictions with steep, 59 stability, 240–249, 307–313 Small Business Liability Relief and Brownsfields Revitalization Act (SBLR), 338, 339 Small Business Revitalization Act, 63 Small lot developments, 78–79 Smart growth, 8, 74 design, science and, 438–439, 477 transportation and, 438 Soccer field, 141 Social equity, Social security, Sod, 307 Soil, 68 (See also Erosion; Sediment control) Brownfields and stained condition of, 344 cement, 161 expansive, 57 floods and renewal of nutrients in, 430 hazardous conditions with, 55–56, 472 hydric, 330 maps, 54, 57, 477 planning and collecting samples, 303 site grading and engineering properties of, 228–230 soil fraction distribution and, 230 structural, 370 surveys, 52, 54, 57 texture and infiltration properties, 276 unified soil classification system and, 228, 229 unified soil classification system symbols and, 229 vapor extraction, 343 washing, 343 Solid waste, 472 Solidification, 343 Solvent extraction, 343 Sound barrier, 238 grade variation to control, 237, 238 screen strategies and trees, 367 A Sourcebook for Green and Sustainable Building, 475 South Carolina, Species extinction, Speed bumps, 181 Speed limits, 170, 171, 185 Stabilization, 343 banks and, 320–325, 327 landscapes, trees and slope, 307–313 503 504 Index Stabilization (Cont.): retaining walls, rock buttresses and slope, 246 site, 239–240 three-dimensional geosynthetics and, 245, 246 Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Playground Equipment for Public Use, 149 Standard Practice for Data Collection for Sustainability Assessment of Building Products, 36 Standard Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surface Systems under and around Playground Equipment, 149 Standards ADA, 473 affordable residential design and development, 87 Brownfields and cleanup, 340–341 community expectations and, 61 environmental concerns and ASTM, 64 maps and national accuracy standards, 52 national map accuracy, 52, 53 open space requirements and development, 137 site designers and consensus, 48 street layout and residential street design, 174, 177, 191 Static head, 113 Steel formula, 267 Stein, Clarence, 170 Step pools, 317 Stilgoe, John, 417 Stone filters, 253 Storefronts, 74 Storm water, 227, 435, 477 collection of, 19 comparison of costs for facilities to manage, 265 formulas for, 271 management of, 264, 265 Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP), 227 Streams, 477 assessment, 318–319 bank stabilization and, 320–325 branch packing and, 325–326, 327 buffer design considerations with, 315 cribwalls and, 327 deflectors and, 328–329 establishing vegetation along banks and, 325 falls, step pools and, 317 fiber fascine bank restoration and, 324–325 gabions and, 327–328 graded, 316 impacted, 323 landscape restoration and, 313–329 live stakes and, 325, 326 measuring bank angle, 322 measuring overhang, 322 measuring shade, 322 Streams (Cont.): nonvegetative bank stabilization and, 327 riparian zones and, 320–321 Rosgen method and restored, 319 sinuousity and, 318 stream bank retreating from, 323 timber bank restoration and, 324 tree watering and, 314 urban buffer benefits of, 315 Street design parking and, 169–225 parking area and, 206–225 plants used as barriers in, 356 street layout and engineering and, 191–193 streets for people and, 171–191 children on residential street, 172 cul-de-sac design, 186–191 goals of residential street design, 179 nontraditional street design, 179–181 pedestrian crossing street, 172 performance standards for residential streets, 174 problems with residential streets, 173 residential street design, parking one side, 178 residential street design, parking two sides, 178 responses from NAHB survey, 176 roundabouts, 185–186 street standards for complete streets, 177 street width requirements for fire vehicles, 176 traffic calming, 181–185 typical street cross section, 174 volleyball net set up on cul-de-sac, 175 traditional, 171 woonerfs and, 180–181 Street layout estimating traffic flow and, 192–193 horizontal alignment and, 205–206 intersections and, 206 residential street design standards and, 191 site distance calculation and, 201–204 street design, engineering and, 191–193 vehicle dimensions and turning radii and, 193–201 vertical curves and, 204–205 Streets, 477 Strong sustainability, 430 Suburbs, 20–23 Sullivan, Louis, 435 Sun belt, 5–6 (See also Older populations) Superblock concept, 170 Superfund, 338 legislation, 455–456 Superfund defenses, 456–457 Surfacing Standard, 149 Surveillance, 92–93 Index Surveys environmental, 432–433 pedestrian walkways and ADA site, 130 pollution, 433 street design and NAHB, 176 USDA soil, 52, 54, 57 USGS, 48–49, 50, 54, 58, 477 Sustainability ASTM subcommittee on, 36 Brundtland Commission’s definition of, change and, 432 evolving paradigm of, 435 “green” site and, 25–46 moving to, 45–46 population growth and, 2–3, 431, 438 “Save Our Environment” and, 432 science, design and principles of, 436–437 site design and, 1–24 strong and weak, 430 tax increases and, wetlands and, 436 Sustainable America—A New Consensus for Prosperity, Opportunity and a Healthy Environment for the Future (PCSD), 1, 430 Sustainable development principles capital cost implications and, 33–34 edge cities and, 430 “green” site and, 26–34 measuring performance and, 30–33 operating costs and, 34 Sustainable Sites Initiative, 26, 477 “Sustainable Sites Initiative Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks,” 475 Swales advantages of, 270 coefficient of roughness and, 272 formulas for storm water conditions, 271 infiltrator, 273, 274 infrastructure and, 270–275 limiting velocities for channel design and, 272 parking lot island infiltrator and, 274 trapezoidal, 270 SWPPP (See Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan) Syrians, 415 T Takings common law’s conditions for, 428 government and, 428–429 growth controls and, 427–429 landowners and, 428–429 police powers and, 429 U.S Supreme Court and, 428–429 Target hardening, 90 Task force recommendations, 419–420 Taxes (See also U.S Internal Revenue Service) incentives, increases, landowners and, 421 law, 413 older populations and local revenue shrinkage and, TDR (See Transfer of development rights) “Technical Information Guides,” 149 Temperature, 11–14, 17–18 Terrorists, 92 Texas, Thermal pollution, Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant, 412 Timberland, 417 TMDLs (See Total Maximum Daily Loads) Topographic maps, 48, 50, 477–478 Topography, 68 maps and, 48, 50, 477–478 site analysis and, 48–50 Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), 58 Toxins airborne, asbestos, 405 construction chemicals and, 471 fuels and petroleum products and, 470–471 landscapes plants containing, 386, 387–388 solid waste and, 472 Toynbee, Alexander, 446 Traffic, 68 bicycles and route designs separated from auto, 157, 158 calming, 181–185 flow, 191–193 Traffic calming choker devices and, 182 narrow streets and, 183 pedestrian islands and, 184 pedestrian-friendly street and, 184 speed bumps and, 181 street closures and, 185 streets for people and, 181–185 Traffic flow, 191 minimum design speed based on ADT, DHV and, 193 vehicle trip generation in residential areas and, 192 Transfer of development rights (TDR), 407–408, 409 Transportation growth controls, edge cities and, 426–427 smart growth and, 438 A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening Adapted to North America (Downing), 397 Trees berms and, 224 buffers, berms and, 366 building shading and locating, 363 carbon management and, 378 505 506 Index Trees (Cont.): city conditions and tolerant, 369 in cut, 376, 377, 378 enhancing slope stabilization with, 307–313 evaluation of urban, 51–52 in fill, 373–378 invasive plants and, 361–362 landscaping for energy efficiency and, 360 Moscone center and, 363 nitrogen fixing shrubs and, 308 pavers over root zone and, 371 pit, 369 planted landscape buffers and, 365 planted on slopes, 308 planted screen applications and, 365 planting design and street, 350, 351 preservation of, 372–378 restoration and characteristics of selected shrubs and, 309–312 road salt and tolerant, 372 screening design considerations and, 368 selecting and planting new, 370–372 shade and deciduous, 364 shrub plantings and, 368–370 sound screen strategies and, 367 streams and watering, 314 street width change signaled by, 357 timber retaining wall, 375 tolerance to fill and common, 373 urban, 368–370 vegetation and landscapes using, 360–368 wells, 374, 376 windscreen design, 364 Trends emerging science and design, 437–439 industrial ecology and, 437–439 smart growth and, 438–439, 477 sustainable building practices and, 439 TRP (See “The Reuse People”) Turf shoulder, 190 Turning radii, 189 (See also Vehicle dimensions) street layout, vehicle dimensions and, 193–201 U Uccello, C., Unified Soil Classification System, 228, 229 Unitary materials, 152, 153 United States climate change in, 11–20 energy consumption in, 2, 23, 30 growth in, 3, 25 oil consumption in, 23 older population in, 5–7 use of land in Canada and, 420–422 United States Botanical Garden, 26, 478 United States Consumer Products Safety Commission, 149 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) plant hardiness zones, 50 soil surveys, 52, 54, 57 United States Geological Survey (USGS), 48–49, 50, 54 maps, 58, 477 Universal design principles, 119, 130, 163 University of Ohio, 25 Urban, James R., 51, 478 Urban infill, 86–87, 89 Urban sprawl, 74, 422, 424, 425, 427 rapid expansion and, 78 U.S Consumer Product Safety Commission, 149, 474 U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 31 U.S Green Building Council (GBC), 439, 475 LEED program, 31, 41 U.S Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 42, 432 U.S Supreme Court, 420, 428–429 USDA (See United States Department of Agriculture) The Use of Land (Reilly), 418, 419 USGS (See United States Geological Survey) Utah, Utilities, access, 68 V Vaillancourt, F., 408 Vaux, Calvert, 398 VCP (See Vitrified clay pipe) Vegetation, 50, 52, 69 (See also Plants; Trees) floods and, 51 landscape cover and, 301 meadows and, 384–386 native plants and, 354–360 phytoremediation and, 378–383 planting design and, 349–354 selecting and planting new trees with, 370–372 site designers and, 51 site plans and, 349–388 toxic plants and, 386–388 tree and shrub planting with, 368–370 tree preservation and, 372–378 trees used in landscapes and, 360–368 Vehicle dimensions, minimum turning path for articulate bush and, 197 for combination large and, 199 for full trailer combination and, 200 for passenger car and, 194 pedestrian islands providing safety and, 201 for semi-trailer intermediate and, 198 for single unit bus and, 196 for single unit truck and, 195 street layout, turning radii and, 193–201 Vertical curves, 204–205 Victorian Cottage Residencies (Downing), 397, 398 Index Victorian gardens, 397, 399 Vitrification, 343 Vitrified clay pipe (VCP), 37–38 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 302 Volleyball court, 140, 175 W Walls/fences (See also Fences/walls) brick, 107, 108 communities and, 101–108 fence post in tamped backfill and, 103 freestanding, 106, 107 gabions, 247–249, 327–328 masonry and, 103–108 picket fences and, 102 retaining, 242–249 stone, 115 tree wells and timber retaining, 375 water features and, 108–113 wooden fence post in concrete and, 103 wooden post installation and, 102 Washington, Washington D.C., 92, 440 Washington Monument, 350 Water, 417 (See also Floods; Hydrology; Oceans; Ponds; Precipitation; Rivers; Sea levels) biochemical oxygen demand and turbidity in surface, collection of storm, 19 conservation, 5, 25 desalinization, 24 drainage patterns and, 56 efficient use of, 438 estimating peak runoff with rational method, 265–268 gabions and flow of, 282 gray, 290–291 infiltration of storm, loss of quality, management of storm, 264, 265 pollution of ground, 4, 436 public, 60 pumps, 112–113 rising, 15–17 shallow standing, 156 site design and, 23–24 storm, 477 waterfronts and, 56 wetland plants and preferred depth of, 335–337 Water features ornamental pond and, 109 pier and, 109 pond edges and, 112 pond with natural look and, 109 pond with rustic look and, 110 pumps and, 112 serpentine brick wall and, 109 Water features (Cont.): specifying pumps and, 112–113 walls/fences in communities and, 108–113 Waterfalls, 317 Waterfronts, 56 Watershed protection, 59 Way-finding, 401 (See also Signage) Weak sustainability, 430 Web sites, 48, 50, 473–478 West Nile disease, 19 West Virginia, 5, Wet ponds, 287 Wetlands, 56 constructed, 332–333 environment survey on, 432–433 landscape restoration and, 329–337 natural, 330 plants, 297 plants according to preferred water depth, 335–337 protection, 334 restoration planning of, 333–334 sewage treatment and constructed, 296–297 sustainability and, 436 Wheelchairs, 121, 122, 129, 148 White, Rob, 89 Wildlife habitats, Windscreens, 364 Wisconsin, 429 Wood, 40 (See also Lumber) Woods Hole Research Center, 3, 25 Woonerfs, 179, 180–181, 478 World Commission on Environment and Development, 430 World War II, 86, 421 Worldwide Fund for Nature, 331 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 435 Wright, Henry, 170 Wyoming, Z Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (Pirsig), 435 Z-lots, 82–83 Zoning Euclidian model, 410 flexible, 474 growth controls and, 424, 427 historic preservation, watershed and aquifer protection and, 59 land development regulations and, 59, 86 maps and, 58 parking configuration and, 58 performance, 475 regulations, 67 shopping center, 77 507 This page intentionally left blank FIGURE 2.1 The headquarters of the Chesapeake Bay Foundation is a LEED Platinum Certified building and site Note the meadow of native plants FIGURE 2.3 A green roof, which reduces storm water runoff and rooftop albedo and increases energy efficiency (Source: Image courtesy of Roofscapes, Inc.) FIGURE 2.2 The Chesapeake Bay Foundation site includes a crushed stone parking area and native vegetation FIGURE 2.6 Workers engaged in the deconstruction of a house The reuse of valuable building materials is an important aspect of sustainable architecture (Source: Image provided by and used with the permission of Second Chance, Inc., Baltimore, Md.) FIGURE 4.11 A neighborhood parking area was created by removing a blighted building The parking is reserved for residents and authorized visitors using a parking tag system FIGURE 4.32 FIGURE 4.12 A neighborhood park created in the space where a vacant home once stood FIGURE 4.38 A brick plaza A serpentine brick wall FIGURE 5.39 A performance of “Shakespeare in the Park.” FIGURE 5.66 FIGURE 5.43 A pored-in-place playground surface FIGURE 6.8 Another view of a woonerf (Photograph courtesy of Ben Hamilton-Baille.) People and pets enjoying a day at the dog park FIGURE 6.11 Narrow streets result in slower vehicle speeds FIGURE 6.12 Use of visual clues, narrow lanes, and physical barriers protect pedestrians at a busy intersection FIGURE 6.14 A pedestrian-friendly street in Asheville, North Carolina (Photograph courtesy of the City of Asheville, North Carolina.) FIGURE 6.16 A roundabout FIGURE 6.50 Cement concrete porous paving installed in a residential driveway (Photograph courtesy of Portland Cement Association.) FIGURE 6.54 Cobblestone street installation The joint spaces between the cobbles allow for drainage to the sand bed FIGURE 7.9 Slope failure FIGURE 7.11 Slope failure FIGURE 8.18 A residential rain garden FIGURE 9.29 Note the unconsolidated fill and stained soil condition FIGURE 9.33 A fully revitalized brownfield site, which can be both a source of tax revenues and an economic engine in a neighborhood FIGURE 10.21 People have long known the advantages of strategically planting trees around their homes These deciduous trees allow the winter sun in but provide cooling shade in the summer FIGURE 10.8 This strong edge provides clear guidance and direction to visitors to the National Zoo in Washington, D.C Note the use of textures and colors This restoration remains faithful to the original Olmstead design but serves the contemporary zoo visitor well FIGURE 10.36 A rooftop meadow (Photograph courtesy of Roofscapes, Inc.) Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com FIGURE 10.38 A rooftop landscape (Photograph courtesy of Roofscapes, Inc.) FIGURE 10.39 A meadow designed for a highway right of way FIGURE 11.2 A formal hedge and garden FIGURE 11.3 A formal public garden, Longwood Gardens, Brandywine, Pennsylvania www.Ebook777.com ... professional papers on site and environmental design topics and is the author of Redeveloping Brownfields for Landscape Architects, Designers and Developers Site Planning and Design Handbook Thomas... only years This second edition of Site Planning and Design Handbook has expanded sections on issues of sustainable site design throughout Chapter has been expanded to include issues for an aging... this and all of my projects Tom Russ Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Site Planning and Design Handbook www.Ebook777.com This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER Sustainability and Site Design