Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com INTERMETALLICS RESEARCH PROGRESS Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com INTERMETALLICS RESEARCH PROGRESS YAKOV N BERDOVSKY EDITOR Nova Science Publishers, Inc New York www.Ebook777.com Copyright © 2008 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Intermetallics research progress / Yakov N Berdovsky, editor p cm ISBN-13: 978-1-60692--4 Intermetallic compounds Alloys I Berdovsky, Yakov N TA483.I68 2007 620.1'6 dc22 2007034989 Published by Nova Science Published by Nova Science Publishers, Publishers, Inc ;Inc New YorkNew York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter High Temperature Corrosion of Intermetallics Zhengwei Li and Wei Gao Chapter Anelasticity of Iron-Based Ordered Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds Igor S Golovin Chapter Nonstoichiometric Compounds V P Zlomanov and A Ju Zavrazhnov Chapter Semiconducting Intermetallic Compounds -with Special Interest in Silicides and Related Compounds Yoji Imai 65 135 175 Chapter Ductile, Stoichiometric B2 Intermetallics Alan M Russell 213 Chapter Ultra Slow Dynamics in Intermetallic Thin Films Marcus Rennhofer 237 Chapter Crystallization Behavior and Magnetic Properties of Fe-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses Mihai Stoica, Stefan Roth, Jürgen Eckert and Gavin Vaughan Index 261 279 PREFACE Intermetallics is concerned with all aspects of ordered chemical compounds between two or more metals and notably with their applications This book covers new and important research on the crystal chemistry and bonding theory of intermetallics; determination and analysis of phase diagrams; the nature of superlattices, antiphase domains and order-disorder transitions; the geometry and dynamics of dislocations and related defects in intermetallics; theory and experiments relating to flow stress, work-hardening, fatigue and creep; reponse of deformed intermetallics to annealing; magnetic and electrical properties of intermetallics; structure and properties of grain and interphase boundaries; the effect of deviations from stoichiometry on physical and mechanical properties; crystallization of intermetallics from the melt or amorphous precursors Chapter - Intermetallic compounds can be simply defined as ordered alloy phases formed between two or more metallic elements These materials have different crystal structures from those of the constituent metallic components and exhibit as long-range ordered superlattices Their relatively low density, high melting point, high specific strength and due ductility make them the promising high temperature structural materials for aviation and aerospace applications Among the big family of intermetallics, Fe-Al, Ni-Al and Ti-Al systems are attracting most of the attention The objective of studies is to develop and utilize these intermetallic compounds as a type of important structural material whose overall properties is between nickel-based superalloys and advanced ceramics However, a balance cannot always be achieved between mechanical and environmental properties For example, iron aluminides have excellent resistance against oxidation and hot corrosion, however, their strength is relatively low The higher specific strength and modulus than conventional Ni-based superalloys make Ti-Al intermetallic compounds of interest for aero-engine components, but the oxidation resistance of Ti-containing intermetallics is much lower than desirable; thus a key factor in increasing the maximum temperature in service is enhancing their oxidation and hot corrosion resistance while maintaining the excellent mechanical properties This chapter is then intended to give an overview on the major efforts made over the last 20 years on high temperature oxidation and protection of intermetallic compounds including Fe-Al, Ni-Al and Ti-Al In particular, the focus will be given to Ti-Al systems After a general introduction on the structural and mechanical properties, the studies on the oxidation behaviors of these intermetallic compounds will be summarized based on the experimental observation reported in open literature The emphasis will be put on the effects of alloying Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com viii Yakov N Berdovsky element, microstructure and coating/surface treatment It should also be noted that only high temperature oxidation properties in air or oxygen will be addressed; no discussion on hot corrosion, carburization, nitridation and sulfidation In the concluding remarks, the prospects of development and application for intermetallic compounds will be briefly discussed Chapter - A short introduction into anelastic behaviour of metallic materials is given, and a method of mechanical spectroscopy is introduced for better understanding of relaxation and hysteretic phenomena discussed in this chapter Several examples of anelasticity due to different structural defects in disordered Fe-based alloys (Fe-Al, Fe-Ge, Fe-Si) are considered with special emphasis on the analyses of the carbon Snoek-type relaxation with respect to ‘carbon - substitute atom’ interaction in iron The effect of ordering of substitute atoms on anelasticity in Fe-based alloys is analysed in terms of substitute atom content and type of order Anelastic behaviour of iron-based D03 (e.g Fe3Al) and D019 (e.g Fe3Ge) intermetallic compounds is reported for a wide range of temperatures and vibrating frequencies to identify damping mechanism Contribution from interstitial and substitute atoms, dislocations and vacancies in ternary iron-aluminium based alloys Fe-Al-Me (Me = metal: Co, Cr, Ge, Mn, Nb, Si, Ta, Ti, Zr) are analysed Study of elastic and anelastic behaviour is supported by structural characterisation (XRD, TEM, DSC, magnetometry) of studied alloys, also considering sources for high damping capacity of some compositions The following anelastic phenomena are found in studied alloys and discussed in this chapter: the Snoek-type (caused by interstitial atom jumps in Fe-Me ferrite) and the Zener (caused by reorientation of pairs of substitute atoms in iron) relaxation, the vacancy and dislocation related relaxations, amplitude dependent magneto-mechanical damping A family of low-temperature internal friction peaks recorded due to self interstitial atoms in ultra fine grained intermetallics is used to characterise thermal stability of severely deformed (Fe,Me)3Al compounds These effects are discussed using data available from literature and the author’s experimental data in the Hz and kHz ranges of vibrating frequencies for Fe-Al, Fe-Ge, Fe-Si binary and several ternary systems in disordered and ordered ranges of the phase diagrams including intermetallic compounds of Fe3Me type Chapter - A key issue in materials research is the preparation of semiconducting solid, intermetallic and other nonstoichiometric compounds with predetermined composition, structure, and, hence, properties In connection with this, this paper scrutinizes the concepts of stoichiometry, nonstoichiometry, and deviation from stoichiometry and the use of phase diagrams in selecting conditions for the synthesis of nonstoichiometric compounds Since nonstoichiometry and properties of compounds are associated with defects, attention is also paid to defect classification and formation The behavior of defects in solid oxides, chalcogenides, carbides, and other compounds of transition metals ranges from the point defect regime, controlled by entropy, to the enthalpy-controlled regime To develop an appropriate theory of nonstoichiometric compounds, it is then necessary to address crystalchemical and thermodynamic issues This paper is also concerned with the defect structure of highly imperfect nonstoichiometric compounds with a broad homogeneity range: the concepts of defect and structural transition due to defect interactions and temperature effect The thermodynamic aspect of the problem includes criteria for evaluating the stability of imperfect nonstoichiometric solids It is considered the specifics of the concepts of existing, stable, and metastable phases, spinodal decomposition conditions, and issues associated with phase equilibria in homologous series of compounds with narrow homogeneity ranges The www.Ebook777.com 276 Mihai Stoica, Stefan Roth, Jürgen Eckert et al amorphous precursors A too high annealing temperature may be detrimental to the soft magnetic properties of the material once complete crystallization takes place REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] Anantharaman, T.R.; Suryanarayana, C Rapidly solidified metals: a technological overview; Trans Tech Publications: Switzerland-Germany-USA, 1987 Klement, W.; Willens, R.H.; Duwez, P Nature 1960, 187, 869-870 Rapidly Solidified Alloys: Processes Structures, Proeprties, Applications; Liebermann, H.H.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York NY, 1993 Chen, H.S.; Miller C.E Rev Sci Instrum 1970, 41, 1237-1238 Strange, E.H.; Pim, C.A (1908) Process of manufacturing thin sheets, foil, strips, or ribbons of zinc, lead, or other metal or alloy, US Pat 905758 Boll, R Weichmagnetische Werkstoffe; VAC GmbH, Siemens AG: Berlin-München, Germany, 1990 Roth, S.; Ferchmin, A.R.; Kobe, S In Magnetic Properties of Metals; Wijn, H.P.J.; Landolt-Börnstein Series - Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology; Springer-Verlag: Berlin-Heidelberg, Germany, 1994; Vol III/19, pp 144200 Fujimori, H; Masumoto, T; Obi, Y; Kikuchi, M Jpn J Appl Phys 1974, 13, 18891890 O’Handley, R.C; Hasegawa, R; Ray, R; Chou, C.P Appl Phys Lett 1976, 29, 330-332 Cahn, W In Rapidly Solidified Alloys; Liebermann, H.H.; Marcel Dekker: New York, NY, 1993, pp 1–15 Inoue, A Acta Mater 2000, 48, 279-306 Inoue, A; Shibata, T; Zhang, T Mater Trans JIM 1995, 36, 1420-1426 Inoue, A; Gook, J.S Mater Trans JIM 1995, 36, 1180-1183 Shen, T.D.; Schwarz, R.B Appl Phys Lett 1999, 75, 49-51 Shen, B.L.; Inoue, A Mater Trans 2002, 43, 1235-1239 Pawlik, P; Davies, H.A.; Gibbs, M.R.J Appl Phys Lett 2003, 83, 2775-2777 Stoica, M; Roth, S; Eckert, J; Schultz, L; Baró, M.D J Magn Magn Mater 2005, 290–291, 1480-1482 Inoue, A; Shen, B.L.; Yavari, A.R.; Greer, A.L J Mater Res 2003, 18, 1487-1492 Sheng, S.H.; Ma, C.L.; Pang, S.J.; Zhang, T Mater Trans 2005, 46, 2949-2953 Inoue, A; Gook, J.S Mater Trans JIM 1996, 37, 32-38 Inoue, A; Gook, J.S Mater Trans JIM 1995, 36, 1282-1285 Inoue, A Mater Sci Eng A 1997, 226-228, 357-363 Inoue, A; Murakami, A.; Zhang, T.; Takeuchi, A Mater Trans JIM 1997, 38, 189-196 Mizushima, T.; Makino, A.; Inoue, A Mater Sci Eng A 1997, 226-228, 721-725 Inoue, A.; Koshiba, H.; Zhang, T.; Makino, A Mater Trans JIM 1997, 38, 577-582 Chen, H.S Rep Prog Phys 1980, 43, 353-432 Schlorke, N.; Eckert, J.; Schultz, L J Phys D: Appl Phys 1999, 32, 855-861 Mizushima, T.; Iskarashi, K.; Yoshida, S.; Makino, A.; Inoue, A Mater Trans JIM 1999, 40, 1019-1022 Crystallization Behavior and Magnetic Properties of Fe-Based … 277 [29] Inoue, A.; Kato, A.; Zhang, T.; Kim, S.G.; Masumoto, T Mater Trans JIM 1991, 32, 609-616 [30] He, Y.; Shen, T.D.; Schwarz, R.B Metall Mater Trans A 1998, 29, 1795-1804 [31] Inoue, A.; Zhang, T.; Takeuchi, A Appl Phys Lett 1997, 71, 464-466 [32] Gebert, A.; Eckert, J.; Schultz, L Acta Mater 1998, 46, 5475-5482 [33] Kui, H.W.; Greer, A.L.; Turnbull, D Appl Phys Lett 1984, 45, 615-616 [34] Shen, B.L.; Kimura, H.; Inoue, A.; Mizushima, T Mater Trans JIM 2001, 42, 660663 [35] Eckert, J.; Schlorke, N.; Miranda, C.A.R.T.; Schultz, L In Synthesis and Processing of Light Weight Mettalic Materials II; Ward-Close, C.M et al.; Warrendale: The Minerals Metals and Materials Society, 1997; pp 383-394 [36] Seidel, M.; Eckert, J.; Bauer, H.D.; Schultz, L Mater Sci Forum 1996, 119, 225-227 [37] Schlorke-de Boer, N.; Schäfer, R.; Eckert, J.; Schultz, L J Appl Phys 2002, 91, 66016610 [38] Stoica, M Casting and Characterization of Fe-(Cr,Mo,Ga)–(P,C,B) Soft Magnetic Bulk Metallic Glasses, Shaker Verlag: Aachen, Germany, 2005 [39] Stoica, M.; Eckert, J.; Roth, S.; Schultz, L Mat Sci Eng A 2004, 375-377, 399-402 [40] Stoica, M.; Hajlaoui, K.; Lemoulec, A.; Yavari, A.R Phil Mag Lett 2006, 86, 267275 [41] Herzer, G IEEE Trans on Magn 1989, 25, 3327-3329 [42] Handrich, K.; Kobe, S Amorphe Ferro- und Ferrimagnetica, Akademie-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 1980 [43] Bhagat, S.M.; Spano, M.L.; Rao, K.V J Appl Phys 1979, 50, 1580-1582 [44] Axe, J.D.; Shirane, G.; Mizoguchi, T.; Yamauchi, K Phys Rev B 1977, 15, 2763-2770 [45] Yavari, A.R.; Tonegaru, M.; Lupu, N.; Inoue, A.; Matsubara, E.; Vaughan, G.; Kvick, Å Mat Res Soc Symp Proc 2004, 806, 203 [46] Hajlaoui, K.; Benameur, T.; Vaughan, G.; Yavari, A.R Scripta Mater 2004, 51, 843848 [47] Heggen, M.; Spaepen, F.; Feuerbacher, M Mat Res Soc Symp Proc 2004, 806, 307 [48] Kneller, E Ferromagnetismus; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 1962 [49] Stoica, M.; Hajlaoui, K.; Das, J.; Eckert, J.; Yavari, A.R submitted to J Alloys Comp (presented at ISMANAM 2006, Warsaw, Poland) INDEX A access, ix, 237, 239, 240, 242, 246, 247, 257 accuracy, 111, 169 acid, 25, 38, 39 activation, 17, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 94, 98, 101, 108, 110, 113, 123, 124, 125, 246, 253, 254 activation energy, 17, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 98, 101, 108, 110, 113, 124, 125, 246, 253, 254 activation enthalpy, 79, 81, 87, 123, 125 activation parameters, 87, 101, 110 adhesion, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 24, 25, 31, 39, 43 aerospace, vii, 1, 2, 18, 232 agent, 167, 168 aggregates, 29 aging, ix, 75, 104, 213, 222, 230, 231, 232, 233 Al2O3 particles, 7, 28, 29 alkaline, 141, 175, 183, 196, 205, 210 alternative, 20, 198 alters, 150 aluminide, aluminium, viii, 2, 3, 14, 17, 18, 21, 37, 40, 42, 65 aluminum, 14, 15, 36 Aluminum, 18 ammonium, 142 amorphization, x, 261 amplitude, viii, 65, 66, 67, 71, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94, 243, 244, 245, 246 Amsterdam, 127, 171, 172 analytical techniques, 136 anelasticity, viii, 65, 69, 81, 109, 127, 132 anion, 6, 30, 37, 149, 154, 155 anisotropy, x, 225, 238, 250, 262, 263 annealing, vii, x, 37, 76, 77, 81, 85, 89, 90, 98, 102, 103, 108, 110, 112, 113, 115, 118, 119, 121, 163, 166, 167, 169, 228, 239, 240, 242, 246, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 262, 264, 272, 274, 275 annihilation, 71 antiphase domains, vii aqueous solutions, 19 Argentina, 69, 125 argon, 10, 28, 37, 39, 69, 264, 265 argument, 79 Arrhenius equation, 67 Arrhenius law, 73 arsenic, 165, 166 assimilation, 151, 152, 153 assumptions, 126, 248 asymmetry, 113, 124 atmosphere, ix, 16, 19, 23, 27, 28, 34, 39, 42, 69, 164, 170, 178, 213, 230, 264, 265 atomic distances, x, 239, 243, 261, 266 atomic force, 153 atomic orbitals, 150 attention, vii, viii, 1, 2, 33, 135, 142, 175, 178, 224 Austria, 237 averaging, 72, 126 B backscattering, 251 band gap, 137, 144, 145, 175, 178, 180, 187, 190, 192, 196, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211 barriers, 37, 126, 140 behavior, viii, x, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 16, 23, 37, 135, 145, 148, 149, 176, 187, 189, 192, 221, 226, 228, 231, 246, 249, 253, 262, 263, 265, 268, 269, 270, 272, 273, 275 Beijing, 211 benchmarks, 248 bending, 88, 89, 122 beneficial effect, 7, 11, 14, 18, 22, 23, 24, 28, 33, 37 binding, 75 binding energy, 75 280 Index blocks, 141, 142, 150, 151, 153, 155, 156, 170 Boltzmann constant, 125, 246, 270 bonding, vii, 24, 39, 41, 150, 180, 187, 225, 227 bonds, 136, 140, 198 bounds, 225 breakdown, 4, 221 Britain, 132 British Columbia, 234 bromine, 32 buffer, 248, 249, 250, 254 building blocks, 170 C cadmium, 136, 162 California, 59, 262 calorimetry, 71, 265 candidates, x, 94, 238, 261 Capacity, 128 capsule, 37 carbides, viii, 5, 16, 68, 75, 94, 95, 97, 99, 102, 107, 135 carbon, viii, 5, 65, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 88, 94, 97, 99, 110, 111, 112, 115, 116, 118, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 176, 232 carbon atoms, 5, 69, 76, 79, 99, 112, 118, 125, 126, 127 carburization, viii, carefulness, 264 carrier, 137, 145, 165 cast, 7, 10, 32, 33, 39, 40, 42, 89, 113, 114, 118, 119, 263, 265, 266, 267, 269, 272 casting, 9, 42, 118, 263, 264, 265, 267, 272, 275 catalytic effect, 38 cation, 8, 11, 19, 27, 37, 149, 154, 155 C-C, 74, 126, 127 cell, 149, 150, 169, 179, 180, 181, 182, 187, 189, 190, 192, 194, 196, 197, 199, 200, 202, 204, 207, 248 ceramic, 9, 19 ceramics, vii, 1, 2, 20 cerium, chalcogenides, viii, 135, 148, 149, 169 channels, 155, 254 charge density, 176 chemical bonds, 136, 140 chemical composition, 7, 136, 158, 240, 253 chemical properties, 139, 145 chemical reactions, 140, 143, 145 chemical vapor deposition, 232 chemical vapour, 36 Chicago, 127 Chinese, 212 chloride, 32 chlorine, 32 chromium, 2, 3, 24, 97, 99 cladding, 35 classification, viii, 135 closure, 190 clustering, 142 clusters, 140, 149, 150, 152, 156, 158, 160 CO2, 18, 37, 69, 165 coal, coatings, 13, 15, 17, 24, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 232 collisions, 140 combustion, 69 communication, 235 community, 43 compatibility, 35 competition, 21 components, vii, 1, 2, 3, 20, 21, 25, 26, 75, 76, 81, 87, 89, 103, 104, 105, 136, 137, 139, 142, 143, 144, 150, 157, 159, 163, 166, 169, 170, 171, 183, 232 composites, 20, 41 compound semiconductors, 175 compounds, vii, viii, ix, 1, 2, 20, 21, 41, 43, 65, 66, 68, 72, 76, 109, 135, 136, 137, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 175, 176, 177, 178, 189, 190, 192, 193, 206, 209, 210, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 238, 253 computer simulation(s), 81, 124 concentration, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 19, 21, 22, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39, 68, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 81, 82, 83, 88, 90, 91, 95, 96, 107, 123, 126, 137, 144, 145, 152, 153, 159, 169, 170, 176, 187, 189, 211, 240, 241, 242, 245, 250 condensation, 8, 13, 14 condensed matter, 258, 259 conduction, 117, 144, 145, 176, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 187, 189, 190, 192, 194, 203, 204, 207, 208, 209, 210 conductivity, 13, 117, 136, 169, 176, 177, 189 conductor, 189, 238 confidence, 170 confidence interval, 170 configuration, x, 126, 127, 141, 150, 152, 155, 158, 170, 176, 180, 181, 193, 194, 261, 265 congruence, 161 conservation, consolidation, 17, 264, 265 constant load, 265 constant rate, x, 262 Index Constitution, 131 constraints, 163 consumption, 37, 41, 139 contamination, control, 3, 13, 21, 22, 25, 29, 107, 148, 149, 160, 163, 165, 168, 169 conversion, 3, 158, 178, 189, 211, 244, 251, 265 convex, 157, 159 cooling, ix, x, 6, 8, 12, 13, 33, 78, 81, 88, 93, 100, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 121, 122, 123, 139, 140, 162, 170, 248, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 274 copper, 169, 262, 263, 264, 265, 272 correlation(s), 121, 175, 199, 233, 264 correlation function, 175 corrosion, vii, viii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 15, 19, 24, 42, 170 costs, 232, 233 Coulomb, 127, 176 couples, 238 coupling, 90, 196, 239 crack, 16, 34, 216 creep, vii, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 17, 18, 21, 22, 26, 215, 216, 228 critical value, 16, 32 cryogenic, 17, 217, 223 crystal growth, 140, 141, 163, 165, 166 crystal structure(s), vii, ix, 1, 2, 22, 27, 34, 40, 43, 141, 142, 153, 177, 178, 179, 181, 193, 194, 200, 206, 209, 213, 214, 216, 218, 219 crystalline, ix, x, 9, 39, 82, 92, 126, 127, 157, 207, 249, 251, 252, 257, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 269, 270, 273, 274 crystalline solids, 127 crystallisation, 117 crystallites, 141 crystallization, vii, x, 39, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276 crystallization kinetics, x, 262 crystals, ix, 14, 42, 77, 91, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 156, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 176, 213, 214, 217, 247, 248, 253, 257, 267 Curie temperature, 68, 90, 93, 98, 102, 103, 120, 121, 266, 267, 270, 274 CVD, 36 cycles, 12, 36, 116 cycling, 4, 8, 9, 13, 17, 30, 33 D Daltonide, ix, 213, 220 281 damping, viii, 65, 67, 74, 77, 85, 89, 92, 93, 94, 96, 102, 107, 108, 109, 115, 124, 125 Debye, 66, 73, 74, 90, 100, 110, 112, 124, 125 decay, 69, 245, 246, 248, 253, 254 decomposition, viii, 19, 29, 90, 135, 142, 148, 151, 156, 157, 158, 160, 165 deconvolution, 87, 112, 124 defect formation, 145, 146, 156, 184 defects, vii, viii, 8, 16, 25, 42, 43, 65, 87, 90, 94, 123, 127, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 170, 183, 184, 192, 209, 215, 217, 219, 220, 224 deficiency, 155 definition, 159, 214, 264 deformation, 6, 7, 12, 20, 21, 25, 34, 35, 39, 40, 87, 88, 89, 94, 216, 217, 221, 222, 223, 230, 233, 271 degenerate, 194, 198 degradation, 11, 34, 42, 145 degradation rate, 11 demand, 232 density, vii, 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 13, 15, 18, 20, 21, 33, 34, 40, 89, 97, 102, 139, 145, 146, 149, 155, 156, 175, 176, 181, 192, 209, 223, 232, 238, 240, 243, 244, 246, 268, 270, 272 density functional theory, 181 density values, 272 deposition, 12, 24, 25, 36, 41, 163, 187, 232, 248, 249, 250 derivatives, 69 desire, 21 destruction, 28 detachment, 12 detection, 69 deviation, viii, ix, 118, 124, 135, 136, 137, 142, 144, 150, 161, 170, 213, 220, 222, 244, 270 DFT, 175, 176, 200, 203, 209 diamond, 150 Diamond, 175 diamonds, 247, 253 dielectric, 186 dielectric constant, 186 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), viii, 65, 71, 95, 96, 100, 102, 109, 111, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 124, 265, 272 diffraction, x, 71, 106, 109, 115, 116, 118, 119, 148, 152, 153, 155, 167, 222, 223, 232, 251, 252, 261, 264, 265, 266, 267, 270 diffusion, ix, 2, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 71, 72, 76, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 98, 108, 125, 126, 136, 139, 145, 170, 282 Index 216, 222, 230, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 253, 254, 256, 257 diffusion process, 2, 19, 36, 43, 238, 257 diffusion region, 41 diffusivities, ix, 13, 34, 237, 238, 239, 240, 245, 247, 252, 254, 257 diffusivity, 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 77, 238, 254 diodes, 145 dipole, 72, 140 direct measure, 66 discontinuity, 116, 121, 176 discs, 265, 268, 269 dislocation, viii, 2, 34, 65, 67, 75, 86, 88, 89, 90, 94, 96, 107, 140, 165, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 233 disorder, vii, 83, 90, 102, 121, 123, 217, 220, 248, 250, 254 dispersion, 6, 8, 11, 14, 19, 188 displacement, 140, 192, 217, 227 dissociation, 37, 38, 97 dissolved oxygen, 22 distortions, 106, 150 distribution, 7, 14, 22, 23, 34, 67, 73, 75, 76, 86, 92, 101, 104, 110, 119, 123, 125, 126, 146, 149, 151, 155, 170, 189, 192, 246, 251, 252 distribution function, 146, 170 domain structure, 91, 108, 141 donors, 140 doping, 8, 14, 23, 28, 30, 39, 185, 187, 228 ductility, vii, ix, 1, 2, 3, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 33, 41, 42, 68, 89, 97, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 229, 232, 233 durability, 176 E earth, ix, 6, 7, 22, 33, 75, 141, 175, 176, 177, 183, 196, 205, 210, 213, 222, 227, 233, 235 elasticity, 21, 90 electrical conductivity, 136 electrical properties, vii electricity, 169 electrochemical, 25, 169 electrochemical deposition, 25 electrodeposition, 34, 232 electrodes, 169 electrolysis, 169 electron diffraction, 153 electron microscopy, x, 71, 148, 153, 249, 261 electron paramagnetic resonance, 140 electronegativity, 176, 177, 217 electronic structure, 43, 175, 176, 185, 209, 210, 226 electron(s), x, 71, 120, 137, 139, 140, 144, 148, 153, 169, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 193, 194, 196, 202, 204, 211, 226, 243, 249, 251, 261 electroplating, 35 elongation, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224 emission, 69 encapsulation, 166 ENDOR, 140 endothermic, 139 energy, 5, 17, 18, 21, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 90, 92, 97, 98, 101, 108, 110, 113, 117, 124, 125, 126, 127, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 170, 178, 180, 181, 182, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 208, 209, 211, 217, 224, 226, 227, 240, 241, 244, 246, 248, 253, 254, 262, 264 energy consumption, 139 enthalpy, 146 enthalpy of activation, 73, 124 enthusiasm, 125 entropy, viii, 135, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 156, 181, 194 environment, 12, 16, 42, 139, 140, 149, 152 environmental degradation, 42 epitaxial growth, 248 EPR, 140 equilibrium, ix, x, 13, 28, 37, 43, 79, 83, 107, 113, 124, 127, 137, 139, 143, 144, 145, 146, 156, 161, 162, 163, 170, 179, 181, 182, 187, 193, 195, 196, 201, 213, 216, 220, 222, 223, 224, 239, 240, 261 equipment, 69, 169 erosion, 42, 268 ESR, European, 258, 265 European Union (EU), 66, 67, 258, 259 evaporation, 32, 250 evidence, 94, 119, 155, 222, 224, 226, 228 evolution, 107 experimental condition, 245 exposure, 3, 10, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 228 extinction, 223 extraction, 265 extrapolation, 93, 254, 257 extrusion, 42 F fabrication, 15, 19, 262 failure, 35, 36, 40, 43, 216, 221 Index family, vii, viii, ix, 1, 2, 65, 90, 94, 141, 189, 213, 232, 233 fatigue, vii, 29 FCC, 214, 215 Fermi level, 176, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 202, 203, 205, 207, 209 ferrite, viii, 65 ferromagnetic, 92, 109, 121, 125, 193, 239, 263, 269, 270, 274, 275 ferromagnets, 142 film(s), 9, 12, 24, 25, 35, 36, 37, 38, 141, 163, 170, 176, 179, 204, 232 fine tuning, 211 flow curves, 97 fluctuations, 157, 158, 170 fluidized bed, 39 fluorine, 32 foils, 8, 222, 223, 228, 262 food, 18 Fourier, 245 fractures, 214, 221 France, 71, 107, 125, 261 free energy, 5, 21, 146 free volume, 270 friction, viii, 65, 66, 67, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 91, 93, 114, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128 fusion, 176 G gallium, 147, 150, 163, 165, 167, 168 gas phase, 32 gas turbine, 20 gases, 16 gauge, 217 Gaussian, 73, 86, 110 gel, 25 generation, 35, 140, 144, 187, 214, 238, 271 germanium, 155 Germany, 58, 69, 125, 261, 276, 277 Gibbs energy, 137, 140, 147, 148, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 170 glass, ix, 70, 261, 262, 263, 271, 272, 275 glass transition, 263, 272, 275 glass transition temperature, 263 glasses, x, 261, 262, 263, 271 gold, 232 grades, 15 grain boundaries, 6, 8, 10, 14, 34, 107, 108, 140, 214, 215, 216, 220, 227, 233 grain refinement, 283 grains, 5, 6, 7, 11, 16, 22, 26, 27, 33, 39, 89, 90, 107, 141 graph, 238, 243 grazing, ix, 237, 238, 241, 243, 244, 245 grazing incidence nuclear resonant scattering (GINRS), ix, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 252, 253, 254, 257 Great Britain, 132 groups, 22, 30, 39, 68, 102, 150, 156, 178, 198, 209 growth, x, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 36, 42, 43, 85, 90, 140, 141, 142, 161, 163, 165, 166, 169, 239, 249, 250, 252, 261 growth mechanism, 6, 14 growth rate, 4, 8, 14, 28, 29, 34 growth temperature, 165, 250 H halogen, 32 Hamiltonian, 126, 127 hardness, 96, 98, 102, 106, 107, 108, 109, 140 healing, 10, 11 heat, 3, 7, 17, 21, 22, 25, 26, 33, 37, 42, 75, 78, 93, 96, 97, 109, 112, 116, 117, 118, 121, 123, 124, 137, 144, 145, 177, 189, 262, 263 heat capacity, 137 heat conductivity, 117, 189 heating, x, 27, 75, 78, 81, 89, 90, 96, 107, 109, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 122, 123, 140, 162, 165, 248, 261, 262, 263, 265, 272, 274 heating rate, 81, 111, 116 height, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 85, 88, 100, 101, 102, 104, 106, 110, 111, 123, 249 hexagonal lattice, 118 homogeneity, viii, 135, 136, 142, 143, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 163, 164, 169, 170, 171, 177, 264 host, 72, 85, 126, 127 hot pressing, 265 humidity, 227 hybrid, 35 hybridization, 209 hydride(s), 228 hydrocarbons, 154 hydrogen, 9, 12, 73, 185 hydrostatic pressure, 216 hydroxide, 16 hypothesis, 11, 79 hysteresis, 92, 115, 117, 121, 268, 274, 275 hysteresis loop, 92, 121, 268, 274, 275 284 Index I identification, 157, 273 images, 89 impurities, x, 13, 37, 180, 231, 261, 263, 265 in situ, 85, 106, 232 incidence, ix, 237, 238, 241, 244, 245 incubation period, 27, 28 independence, 159 indication, 69, 109, 270 indium, 162, 168 induction, 69, 264, 265 industrial application, 33 industry, 18, 20, 232, 238 inequality, 170 infinite, 140, 155 inhomogeneity, 170, 171 initial state, 144 injury, iv instability, 81, 90, 149, 157, 159, 161, 226 insulators, 175 integrated circuits, 141 integrity, 11, 17, 24 intensity, 107, 108, 118, 222, 240, 242, 243, 246, 247, 248, 252, 253, 265, 266, 270 interaction(s), viii, 42, 65, 69, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 90, 92, 98, 99, 107, 108, 111, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 135, 140, 142, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 181, 217, 270 interface, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 141, 161, 223, 250, 251 intermetallic compounds, vii, viii, ix, 1, 2, 20, 21, 41, 42, 43, 65, 66, 68, 72, 76, 109, 175, 178, 206, 213, 214, 215, 216, 222, 225, 227, 233, 235, 253 intermetallics, vii, viii, ix, 1, 2, 6, 9, 40, 65, 73, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 222, 224, 227, 231, 232, 233 internet, 129 interphase, vii interpretation, 71, 76, 79, 171, 254, 258 interval, 111, 171 intrusions, 10 investment, iodine, 32 ion implantation, 12, 32, 37 ion mass spectroscopy, 251, 252 ionization, 144, 145 ions, 4, 14, 19, 31, 32, 36, 39, 138, 139, 140, 152, 153, 169 iron, vii, viii, ix, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 15, 42, 65, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 82, 83, 86, 94, 95, 97, 104, 106, 108, 111, 121, 158, 170, 210, 216, 237, 238, 239, 240, 245, 246, 250, 251, 253, 254, 256, 257, 270 irradiation, 138, 140 isostatic pressing, 10 isothermal, x, 6, 7, 8, 11, 15, 23, 24, 33, 34, 36, 42, 71, 83, 84, 100, 102, 163, 164, 262 isotopes, 239, 240 J Japan, 129, 131, 132, 175 Jung, 48, 60, 64 K kinetic instability, 161 kinetics, x, 15, 16, 19, 22, 23, 27, 28, 30, 41, 262 kinks, 87 Kobe, 276, 277 L lamellae, 26 laser(s), 17, 35, 141, 145 lattice parameters, 119, 223 lattices, 69, 150 laws, 136 lead, 3, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 31, 34, 73, 74, 75, 81, 95, 117, 123, 149, 154, 158, 169, 170, 200, 248, 253, 276 lifetime, 7, 14, 17, 29, 41, 43, 77, 140 light-emitting diodes, 145 limitation, 274 linear function, 147 liquid nitrogen, 219, 268 liquid phase, 17, 161, 207 literature, vii, viii, x, 1, 41, 65, 66, 67, 72, 73, 106, 109, 110, 118, 119, 120, 262 local configuration, 176 local order, 149, 251, 252 localization, 189, 192 location, 79, 101, 177, 178, 193, 194, 225 London, 50, 53, 57, 128, 171, 212 long distance, 214 low temperatures, ix, 10, 11, 13, 15, 26, 27, 87, 140, 142, 156, 157, 170, 237, 250 lying, 159 M magnesium, 141, 235 Index magnetic field, 69, 91, 121 magnetic materials, x, 261 magnetic moment, 121, 142, 270 magnetic properties, x, 262, 263, 264, 266, 274, 275 magnetic structure, 93, 121, 239, 252 magnetism, 121 magnetite, 152, 158 magnetization, 93, 120, 121, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 274, 275 magnetoelastic, 115 magnetometry, viii, 65, 71, 109, 111, 118, 124 magnetostriction, 92, 115 magnetron, 35, 36, 39, 41 manufacturing, 263, 276 mass spectrometry, 239 materials science, 128, 130 matrix, 5, 19, 20, 23, 27, 31, 86, 186, 223, 266, 273, 274 MBE, 248, 250 meanings, 157 measurement, 40, 110, 117, 121, 239, 242, 246, 254 mechanical properties, vii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, 34, 40, 41, 94, 219, 220, 222, 228, 230, 233 mechanical stress, 264 media, 16, 244 melt(s), vii, 40, 118, 137, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 263, 264, 265, 266, 270, 275 melting, vii, 1, 2, 9, 13, 15, 20, 21, 24, 25, 69, 117, 161, 177, 217, 219, 220, 232, 239, 250, 263, 264, 265, 272 melting temperature, 161, 219, 250, 264 memory, ix, 142, 213, 216, 220 metal oxides, 28, 148, 176 metallography, 118 metallurgy, 10, 20, 128, 270 metals, vii, viii, x, 15, 28, 41, 66, 67, 71, 72, 79, 86, 90, 97, 127, 128, 135, 140, 150, 175, 176, 193, 211, 214, 217, 220, 225, 227, 231, 238, 247, 257, 261, 262, 276 microscopy, x, 71, 116, 118, 119, 140, 148, 153, 249, 261 microstructure, viii, 1, 5, 8, 10, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 36, 41, 42, 43, 221, 224 microstructures, 12, 23, 26, 33, 34 migration, 31, 77, 79, 88, 217, 253 minerals, 141 minority, 140 mixing, 247, 250 mobility, x, 2, 8, 19, 30, 75, 86, 88, 92, 96, 107, 180, 250, 254, 261 model system, 109 modeling, 81 285 models, 120, 147, 247 modulus, vii, 1, 2, 20, 21, 41, 66, 67, 69, 80, 84, 85, 87, 90, 91, 92, 121, 123, 124, 220 moisture, mold, 263, 264, 265, 272 mole, 136, 137, 159 molecular beam epitaxy, 248 molecular oxygen, 38 molecules, 136, 138 momentum, 183, 203, 242, 244 Monte Carlo, ix, 78, 126, 127, 237, 253 Monte Carlo method, 127 morphology, 7, 8, 11, 15, 23, 26, 34, 36, 40 mosaic, 141, 223 Moscow, 65, 69, 127, 128, 135, 171, 172, 173 Mössbauer, ix, 109, 121, 148, 237, 239, 244, 251 Mössbauer effect, 109 motion, 75, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 96, 142, 216, 217, 220, 221, 222, 224, 226, 227, 228, 230 motion control, 86 movement, 79, 89, 92, 140 N NaCl, 150, 152, 194, 196, 197 nanocrystals, 273 nanometer scale, 239 natural resources, 175 Nd, negative consequences, 158 network, 141, 177, 198, 199 New York, 50, 127, 131, 132, 171, 172, 173, 234, 259, 276 New Zealand, next generation, 238 nickel, vii, 1, 2, 15, 20, 35, 42 niobium, 155 nitridation, viii, 2, 38 nitrides, 16 nitrogen, 8, 19, 27, 28, 31, 37, 69, 71, 73, 75, 219, 268 nodules, nonequilibrium, 142 non-magnetic, 67, 250, 252 nonstoichiometric, viii, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 169 n-type, 19, 145, 185, 192 nuclear resonant scattering, ix, 237, 239, 240, 241, 245, 253 nucleation, x, 15, 29, 87, 89, 117, 140, 156, 158, 216, 261 286 Index nucleus(i), 15, 140, 156, 158, 165, 239, 240, 244, 245 O observations, 8, 10, 12, 23, 25, 220, 232 observed behavior, 187 obstruction, 180 ODS, 7, oil, 265 optical absorption coefficient, 204 optical microscopy, 71, 118, 119 optical parameters, 145 optical properties, 137 optimization, 3, 26 optoelectronic, 141, 178 optoelectronic devices, 178 orbit, 196 organization, 149, 156 orientation, 77, 107, 120, 141, 142, 220, 223, 246, 254 oscillation, 125 oxidation, vii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 85, 145, 150, 176, 221, 232, 250 oxidation products, 23 oxidation rate, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35, 38, 42 oxide(s), viii, x, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 86, 135, 141, 148, 150, 155, 164, 176, 232, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 272 oxygen, viii, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 72, 141, 146, 147, 150, 152, 153, 155, 158, 165, 215, 265, 272 P pairing, 192 parabolic, 4, 5, 7, 11, 16, 19, 22, 23, 39, 41, 42 parameter, 71, 72, 73, 78, 82, 85, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 110, 113, 116, 124, 125, 126, 140, 142, 144, 150, 217, 238, 251 Paris, 128, 129, 130 particles, 6, 8, 12, 14, 19, 28, 29, 42, 86, 119, 139, 170, 264 PDs, 158 pegging, 12 pendulum, 67, 70, 86 performance, 7, 8, 21, 233 periodicity, x, 154, 240, 245, 246, 251, 253, 261 permeability, 31, 263, 268 perovskite, 150 petrochemical, 3, 18 phase boundaries, 216, 254 phase diagram, vii, viii, ix, 16, 20, 31, 40, 43, 66, 68, 73, 77, 83, 93, 109, 111, 115, 117, 118, 119, 121, 124, 135, 161, 162, 167, 168, 178, 181, 213 phase transformation, ix, 10, 14, 15, 35, 43, 66, 68, 83, 109, 116, 117, 123, 142, 145, 157, 160, 213, 216, 222, 224, 232, 262 phase transitions, 159 phonons, 139 phosphorus, 38 photodetectors, 141 physical and mechanical properties, vii physical properties, 142, 171, 238, 239, 245 physics, 128, 131, 238 plants, plasma, 19, 69 plastic deformation, 12, 21, 25, 39, 40, 87, 217, 222, 271 plastic strain, 40 plasticity, 12, 21, 140 platelets, 29, 142 platinum, 169 PM, 8, 265 point defects, 87, 90, 94, 139, 140, 143, 155 Poisson ratio, 21, 225 Poland, 277 polarization, 139, 193 polycrystalline, ix, 9, 41, 72, 213, 214, 215, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 226, 227, 230, 231, 233, 238, 253 poor, ix, 13, 14, 23, 26, 28, 177, 180, 213, 232, 252 porosity, 19, 23 positive influences, positron, 71, 77 power, ix, 3, 10, 146, 237, 239, 240, 247, 269 power plants, precipitation, 3, 5, 19, 22, 170 prediction, 176, 200, 229 preference, 97 pressure, 10, 16, 32, 37, 89, 136, 144, 145, 146, 147, 156, 157, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 197, 198, 200, 201, 216, 250, 265 probe, 140, 153 production, 10, 19, 69 program, 73, 87, 258 promote, 6, 11, 14, 21, 23, 31, 32, 34 propagation, 140, 216 proportionality, 74, 111 Index protective coating, 42 p-type, 11, 145, 183, 184, 185, 191 pyrophosphate, 39 Q quanta, 244 quartz, 70, 111, 252 quasiparticle, 176 R race, 257 radiation, ix, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 251, 258, 261, 265 radio, 238, 239, 253, 256 radius, 217 rain, 85, 94 Raman, 155 rare earth, ix, 6, 7, 22, 75, 213, 222, 227, 233, 235 rare earth elements, 6, 75 reactant(s), 8, 21, 22, 33, 157 reaction rate, 157 reactivity, 16, 142 reagents, 169 recombination, 140, 145 recovery, 91, 94, 217 recovery processes, 94 recrystallization, 19, 169 redistribution, 75, 79 reduction, 5, 6, 12, 19, 73, 74, 107, 140, 153, 154, 176, 221, 250 reflectance spectra, 209 reflection, 108, 115, 141 refraction index, 243 refractive index, 241, 243 relationship(s), 22, 136, 189 relaxation, viii, 9, 12, 39, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 93, 94, 96, 99, 100, 101, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 115, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 152 relaxation effect, 66, 79, 90, 94 relaxation process, 9, 67, 71, 73, 79, 104, 123, 124 relaxation times, 67, 73, 110 REM, 148 reparation, 257 resistance, vii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 215, 216, 228, 232, 235 resolution, ix, x, 110, 148, 153, 237, 238, 239, 240, 243, 244, 261, 265 287 resources, 175 risk, 165 rods, 263, 265, 266, 267, 275 rolling, 221 room temperature, ix, 3, 9, 13, 20, 23, 39, 40, 41, 90, 107, 108, 117, 121, 124, 139, 180, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 226, 227, 228, 231, 232, 233, 250, 252, 262, 268, 269, 272, 274 rotation axis, 141 roughness, 240 Royal Society, 125 Russia, 65, 69, 125, 129, 130, 132, 133, 135 ruthenium, 187 Rutherford, 140, 251 rutile, 16, 18, 19, 23, 26, 30, 31, 35, 38 S SA, 59, 72, 74, 276 safety, 42 salt, 3, 4, 150 sample, 27, 36, 37, 71, 75, 107, 111, 116, 118, 119, 167, 169, 223, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257, 265, 266, 268, 269, 272, 273, 275 sampling, 187 saturation, 92, 121, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 274, 275 scaling, 10, 11, 19, 28, 29, 33, 43 scanning calorimetry, 71, 265 scanning electron microscopy, 71 scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), 140, 153 scattering, ix, 140, 155, 180, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 253 Schmid, 214, 220 Schottky, 143, 171 science, 128, 130 screw dislocations, 86, 87, 89, 226, 228 searching, 228 seed, 166, 250 segregation, 13, 14 selecting, viii, 135, 156 self-organization, 149 semiconductor(s), 141, 175, 176, 178, 183, 186, 187, 189, 190, 192, 194, 205, 206, 209, 210, 211 sensitivity, 3, 169, 217, 222, 230, 231, 240, 254 separation, 149, 153, 154, 157, 158, 160 series, viii, 20, 135, 149, 151, 154, 159, 169, 189, 190, 206, 209, 245, 246, 269 shape, ix, 22, 73, 75, 77, 92, 100, 104, 117, 158, 165, 213, 214, 216, 220, 262, 263, 266, 272 shape-memory, ix, 213 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 288 Index shear, 21, 67, 69, 80, 85, 153, 154, 155, 158, 159, 220, 227, 230 shock, 262 shoulders, 119 Si3N4, 36 signs, 119 silica, 37, 262 silicon, 176, 192, 193, 196, 198, 204 silver, 169 similarity, 250 simulation, 117, 125, 126 single crystals, ix, 14, 77, 91, 165, 176, 213, 214, 247, 257 sintering, 16, 27, 145, 176 SiO2, 3, 17, 19, 23, 25, 28, 32, 35, 36, 37, 176, 262 sites, 12, 68, 126, 137, 138, 139, 144, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 170, 177, 183, 192, 197, 214, 218, 253 Snoek-type, viii, 65, 69, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 90, 94, 95, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 123, 124 solar cells, 141, 204 solar energy, 211 sol-gel, 25 solid phase, 136, 137, 141, 149, 161, 170, 262 solid solutions, 136, 142 solid state, 238 solidification, x, 9, 22, 24, 42, 118, 169, 261, 262, 263, 265 solubility, 11, 19, 23, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 41, 95, 96, 97, 139, 170 solvent, 28, 85 spacers, 239 species, 11, 17, 106, 138, 144, 145, 147, 149, 163, 248 spectroscopy, viii, ix, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 77, 83, 94, 100, 121, 124, 127, 130, 140, 148, 167, 237, 239, 251, 252 spectrum, 76, 107, 126, 251, 254 speed, 263 spin, 120, 193, 196 sputtering, ix, 24, 34, 35, 36, 41, 187, 237, 239 St Petersburg, 172 stability, viii, 8, 14, 17, 18, 21, 24, 29, 32, 33, 35, 40, 41, 65, 112, 116, 123, 124, 135, 149, 156, 157, 158, 159, 163, 167, 170, 176, 178, 187, 199, 238, 252, 253, 264, 265, 272 stabilization, 31, 263 stabilizers, 17 stages, 4, 6, 16, 27, 37, 90 stainless steels, statistics, 117 steel, 42, 71, 264, 265 stoichiometry, vii, viii, ix, 17, 135, 136, 137, 140, 142, 144, 149, 150, 157, 164, 165, 170, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 224, 226, 228, 248, 250, 251, 252 storage, 238 strain, ix, 40, 74, 78, 87, 89, 90, 127, 213, 214, 217, 218, 221, 222, 223, 224, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233 strategies, ix, 214, 233 stratification, 19 strength, vii, ix, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 33, 40, 41, 66, 67, 68, 72, 83, 106, 107, 113, 123, 124, 125, 126, 140, 213, 215, 222, 227, 228, 229, 230, 233, 263 stress, vii, ix, 6, 7, 12, 15, 20, 37, 39, 67, 71, 72, 76, 79, 81, 82, 83, 85, 92, 97, 123, 213, 216, 221, 222, 223, 224, 228, 230, 231, 232, 247, 249, 250, 257, 264, 267, 272, 275 stress-strain curves, 230 structural changes, x, 151, 156, 262 structural defects, viii, 65, 127, 148, 149, 150 structural relaxation, 152 students, 125 substitutes, 30, 74 substitution, 4, 21, 30, 31, 75, 94, 102, 107, 109, 211 substrates, 3, 6, 35, 42, 141, 250 subtraction, 84, 86 sulfidation, viii, 2, 3, 4, 15, 38 sulfur, 13, 16, 165 Sun, 45, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 64 superalloys, vii, 1, 2, 20, 41 superconductor, 156 superlattice(s), vii, 1, 2, 155, 228 superplasticity, supply, 185 suppression, 29, 120, 216 surface energy, 141 surface layer, 14, 27, 32, 36, 39, 140, 232 surface properties, 17 surface region, 24, 34, 36 surface treatment, viii, 1, 34, 36, 39 susceptibility, switching, 28 Switzerland, 71, 128, 130, 276 symbols, 144, 200, 201, 269 symmetry, 34, 41, 140, 142, 149, 150, 179, 180, 187, 189, 192, 193, 202, 205, 207, 262 synchrotron radiation, ix, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 258 synthesis, viii, 135, 137, 139, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 165, 169 systems, vii, viii, x, 1, 2, 20, 21, 34, 35, 36, 41, 43, 66, 69, 73, 75, 95, 109, 110, 142, 149, 150, 155, 159, 163, 164, 165, 166, 196, 214, 215, 217, 220, www.Ebook777.com Index 221, 222, 223, 224, 228, 238, 247, 252, 257, 261, 263 T tantalum, 23 Tc, 156, 157, 158, 178 technology, 178 tellurium, 136 temperature annealing, 113, 118, 119, 121 temperature dependence, ix, 41, 67, 72, 75, 91, 92, 110, 121, 161, 213, 269 temperature gradient, 165 tensile strength, 3, 229, 230 tensile stress, 12, 230 tension, 91, 214, 217, 226, 232 textbooks, 66 theory, vii, viii, 72, 75, 82, 85, 135, 136, 148, 175, 181 thermal energy, 262 thermal expansion, 7, 8, 9, 86, 272 thermal stability, viii, 65, 238, 264, 265, 272 thermodynamic, viii, 21, 31, 32, 43, 135, 139, 145, 148, 149 thermodynamic calculations, 32 thermodynamic equilibrium, 43, 139 thermodynamic function, 145 thermodynamic parameters, 145 thermodynamic properties, 149 thermodynamics, 146, 147, 158 thermogravimetric, 147 thermomechanical treatment, 4, 22 thin film(s), 12, 25, 176, 204 threshold, 74 time periods, 34, 248 timing, 240 titania, 33, 36, 38 titanium, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 31, 32, 37, 38, 41 TMP, 26 total energy, 146, 194, 199, 200 toxicity, 175, 187 TPI, 70 transformation(s), ix, 4, 10, 11, 13, 15, 27, 35, 43, 66, 68, 83, 95, 96, 99, 109, 116, 117, 123, 142, 145, 157, 158, 160, 213, 216, 220, 222, 223, 224, 232, 262 transformation product, 223 transition, viii, x, 5, 15, 16, 17, 29, 30, 31, 32, 41, 68, 79, 83, 86, 90, 92, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 115, 120, 121, 123, 135, 146, 148, 149, 156, 159, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 187, 189, 192, 193, 194, 195, 209, 210, 217, 218, 228, 239, 248, 250, 254, 261, 262, 263, 272, 275 289 transition elements, 15, 189 transition metal, viii, x, 15, 41, 135, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 187, 189, 192, 193, 194, 195, 209, 210, 261 transition temperature, 5, 15, 68, 97, 98, 102, 103, 107, 108, 109, 115, 218, 239, 263 transitions, vii, 90, 102, 121, 159 transmission, 71, 153, 249, 265 transmission electron microscopy (TEM), viii, 27, 65, 71, 92, 98, 99, 103, 108, 153, 172, 221, 222, 223, 228, 249, 251, 254 transport, 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 16, 27, 32, 37, 163, 166, 167, 168, 169 transportation, 10, 28, 32 trend, 193, 266, 267, 274 tungsten, 24, 141 tunneling, 140 twinning, ix, 213, 219, 222, 224, 250 twins, 249, 254 U UK, 125, 212 uniform, 39, 251 universal gas constant, 73 uranium, 152 V vacancies, viii, 12, 14, 29, 31, 32, 65, 66, 77, 79, 81, 87, 88, 97, 102, 104, 107, 112, 113, 124, 125, 126, 137, 138, 139, 140, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 152, 153, 158, 170, 177, 184, 185, 189, 228, 231 vacuum, 24, 35, 69, 70, 111, 215, 221, 227, 243, 250, 252, 265 valence, 29, 30, 144, 176, 177, 180, 181, 183, 184, 187, 189, 190, 192, 194, 202, 203, 204, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211 values, 15, 66, 77, 83, 90, 101, 110, 111, 117, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 127, 147, 171, 186, 193, 200, 201, 205, 209, 210, 216, 226, 227, 229, 230, 238, 243, 248, 252, 254, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272 vapor, 16, 28, 136, 137, 139, 144, 147, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 176, 215, 227, 228, 232 variable, 18, 136, 189, 190 variation, 109, 110, 123, 199, 200, 201, 220, 267, 274 vector, 140, 217, 226, 241, 243, 247, 253, 266 velocity, 85, 209, 255, 265, 271, 272 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 290 Index vibration, 73, 87, 90, 92, 182 Vickers hardness, 96 viscoelastic, 127 viscosity, ix, 85, 261 W Warsaw, 277 water vapor, 16, 28, 215, 227 wave vector, 241, 242, 266 weakness, weight changes, 14 weight gain, 11, 17, 31 weight ratio, 20, 21, 264 wetting, 32 winning, 141 wires, 262 X XPS, 32 x-ray, x, 71, 85, 109, 113, 115, 118, 119, 121, 145, 148, 152, 153, 155, 167, 239, 240, 242, 243, 251, 252, 253, 261, 264, 265, 267, 270, 272 x-ray diffraction (XRD), viii, 23, 65, 71, 98, 102, 108, 110, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 148, 152, 155, 167, 219, 220, 248, 249, 251, 252, 264, 265, 267, 270, 271 Y yield, ix, 2, 3, 9, 23, 25, 40, 41, 67, 68, 97, 109, 111, 213, 216, 217, 221, 223, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 251, 264 Z Zener, viii, 65, 66, 69, 71, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 113, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130 zinc, 164, 276 zinc oxide, 164 zirconia, 36 ZnO, 25 www.Ebook777.com ...Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com INTERMETALLICS RESEARCH PROGRESS Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com INTERMETALLICS RESEARCH PROGRESS YAKOV N BERDOVSKY EDITOR Nova Science... in intermetallics; theory and experiments relating to flow stress, work-hardening, fatigue and creep; reponse of deformed intermetallics to annealing; magnetic and electrical properties of intermetallics; ... properties In: Intermetallics Research Progress Editor: Yakov N Berdovsky, pp 1-64 ISBN: 978-1-60021-982-5 © 2008 Nova Science Publishers, Inc Chapter HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION OF INTERMETALLICS