LIFE SCIENCES MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM DARRAH ARTZNER EDWARD H DAVIES GUNTER DORHOFER ARMANDO FASOLA GEOFFREY NORRIS SILVANA POPLAWSKI A Systematic Illustrated Guide to Fossil Organic-walled Dinoflagellate Genera Publication date: 14 December \^19 ISBN: 0-88854-237-2 ISSN CX)«2-5()93 ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS SCIENCES IN LIFE The Royal Ontario Museum publishes LIFE SCIENCES coi'iTRiBUTiONS, a three series in the Life Sciences: numbered series of original scientific publications including monographic works LIFE SCIENCES OCCASIONAL PAPERS, a numbered series of original scientific publications, primarily short and usually of taxonomic significance LIFE SCIENCES MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS, an unnumbered series of publications of varied subject matter and formal All manuscripts considered for publication are subject to the scrutiny and editorial policies of the Life Sciences Editorial Board, and to review by persons outside the Museum staff who are authorities in the particular field involved LIFE SCIENCES EDITORIAL Senior Editor: J BOARD H McANDREWS Editor: R D james Editor: c McGOWan DARRAH ART/NER and EDWARD H DAViLS were postgraduate students in University of Toronto, gunter dOrhOfer was a postdoctoral fellow of University of Toronto, ar.mando FASOLA is a member Geology, University of Toronto Geoffrey norris is the Department of Geology, the Department of Geology, of the Palynology Laboratory of the Department of a Research Associate in the Department of Botany, Royal Ontario Museum, and a Professor of Geology, University of Toronto, silvana poplawski member is a of the Palynology Laboratory of the Department of Geology, University of Toronto Cover photo: Originally described by Otto Wetzel in 19.^3 from a Cretaceous erratic Tnhlasiiila uiinensis Baltic region, this dinoHagellate cyst is now known from flint in Maastrichtian sediments principally in the North America and Europe Canadian Cataloguing Main A entry under in Publication Data title: Systematic illustraled guide to fossil organic- walled Dinonageilatc genera (Life sciences miscellaneous publications ?.S ISSN 0082-5093) Bibliography: p ISBN 0-88854-237-2 H/,0 I I Dinoflagellata, Fossil Artzner, Darrah III II - IdeniitlLaiion Royal Ontario Museum Series: Life sciences miscellaneous publication QE774.D5S98 QLI.T6539 563'.! C79-094840-0 © The Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park, Toronto, PRINTED AND BOUND 1979 Canada IN M5S 2C6 CANADA AT THE ALGER PRESS Con rents Abstract Introduction Abbreviations and Logograms Classification Order Peridiniales Haeckel, 1894 Order Dinophysidales Stein 1883 Order Gymnodiniales, 1896 Nomenclature How Guide to Use the 9 Alphabetical Check List of Families and Genera Acknowledgements Literature Cited 14 13 A Systematic Illustrated Guide Organic-walled to Fossil Dinoflagellate Genera Abstract The Guiih' assigns 276 genera of fossil dinoflagellates to the Orders Peridiniales, Dinophysidales, and Gymnodiniales The Peridiniales are further subdivided into four suborders comprising standard magnification based families Each genus is most cases on the in illustrated illustration by a line drawing at a and description of the type species and holotype Introduction The number of described i and Sarjeant, nie 1965; Williams and Bujak, Williams and Bujak, 1977b) with the showing the last families, although a 1977a; also illustrated upon a few All genera are illustrated by line drawings, either as facsimile reproductions of original figures (some with which appear discrete characters to be important for segregation of genera and higher level taxa (See Sarjeant, 1974, and Norris, 1978a, for a discussion of development the taxonomy since excess of 300 level cyst dinoflagellate 19th century.) Recent compilations the (Evitt, 1975; Lentin in higher of and Williams, 1977b, 1978;) indicate fossil in the fossil dinoflagellate flandre Micropaleontolo^ique Fichier and Deflandre-Rigaud taxonomy has General 1943-1974) (De- essential tools for those attempting to trace original descriptions illustrations of taxa and the quality and details visible It is literature who Basionyms all and account any in not is from this Guide less than the minimum characters available for familial placement (with certain exceptions) or those of doubtful dinophycean synonyms affinity Junior are also omitted now considered of subgeneric status included In general, we were conservative in the Taxa illustration most cases, have requiring considerable to in those alphabeli- some catalogues and indices and improves understanding of the Class providing into not are selection Holotypes or topotype material, not been studied directly, thus are almost exclusively used facilitates the use of the existing by taken Fossil dinoflagellate genera excluded the of genera and species Dinophyceae must be the purpose of this Guide salient Our work This taxonomic assessment of a genus which, however, of genera for not have access to and few recombinations are referred Ldl listings linked to apparent that some holotypes are poorly preserved or displayed in primary is on the original photograph are those with calcareous or siliceous walls, and those with rendered the Eisenack catalogue (Eisenack, 1964-1975) and magnification changes) or by drafting from published photographs The quality of the drafted figure genera and almost 2,000 fossil species of dinoflagellate cysts This explosion in few assigned "Incertae Familiae" are period, this however, taxonomic concepts have become stabilized and centre with sufficiently clear characters to allow placement (Dow- 10 to 15 years During advance greatest has fossil dinoflagellate taxa increased dramatically since the mid- 9th century an illustrated holotypes of type sf)ecies of validly published with organic-walled cysts Generally, we guide fossil to genera include genera morphologic features stage, though tion We in the interpretation of believe that on restudy of the omitted genera will be capable of placement into the Guide caution taxonomic scheme Precipitous placement at this however, would not serve any useful purpose, even it became apparent during that several taxa require the preparation of the emendation or recombina- Abbreviations and Logograms this type of cyst requires separate characterization remove chose the term spiniferate, The families are herein listed with their salient mor- phologic features indicated by logograms (Norris, 1978a) most Salient morphologic features of lates fossil dinoflagel- according to Norris (1978a), can be regarded as being dependent on up to six variables which are adequate defining for genera and higher taxa viz degree of contraction, horns, archeopyle type, ornament distribution, special ornamental features, and tabulation The following abbreviations are used for the variables in each category and are listed roughly in the order of ease of observation They include terms used by Evitt et al essentially The processes both (i.e the main body has a clear relationship to the presumed shape of the parent theca) the term apteate was introduced by Dorhofer and Davies (1979) Apteate ornament in most cases is related to the plate configura- length tion, i.e intra- or penitabularly arranged Recent work on rhaetogonyaulacinean genera (Dorhofer endoblasts some of adequate, cyst dinoflagellate however, the many circumscribing for available for morphology They are taxonomically important features (i) is — cavate proximate — acavate 1) shows the that proximate cysts may or may in Dorhofer differentiates (i.e no pericoels devel- press) more overall morphology fig development Sp spiniferate taxonomy Ch chorate Ma marginate (see Fig 165) 1) It (ii) is difficult and Horns its ap apical horn aa antapical horn Sarjeant (1966: 15), for genera such as Spiniferites with 2aa two antapical horns term suggests ratios chorate and sutural "outgrowths" The cysts which have further application characters Yet, the main difference between proximate and chorate cysts the is 2cn two cingular horns proximate development of a more or pc less main body in the latter, whereas proximate cysts morphologically mimic the ambitus of the motile stage Unfortunately, the term proximochorate has also been used for proximate cysts with low ornament, even though CAVATE ACAVATE one postcingular horn 2pc two postcingular horns spherical (iii) Archeopyle type A APTEATE apical archeopyle I intercalary archeopyle P precingular archeopyle SPINIFERATE PROXIMATE Text figure Dinoflagellate cyst types based on degree of contraction Refer to distinc- in pericoelar to (or unique processes in the cardinal posi- apparent in the usage of the term low condensation necessary not attempted here is "proximochorate" as originally used by Downie and is may be from genotypic variation tions) confusion Therefore, between cavate and At the moment, however, the satisfactorily tion of phenotypic apteate Some of not develop endoblasts, without any change (in development acavate peridinialean families to express this variability oped) Ap 1979) a variable feature Two-layered (or more) ultimately to revise the proximate-cavate and proximate- proximate Pa Davies, acavate proximate cysts (Text degree of contraction (Text Fig Pc are typically short (low condensation For proximate cysts with ornamentation of reduced ratio) new terms describing with an proximally by linear elements or distally by trabeculae, or and the variables are only cysts prominent sutural processes, which may be connected Williams, Sarjeant and Kidson (1973), together with some below The terms selected for indicate to main body (i.e with no clear presumed shape of the parent theca) and spheroidal relationship to the (1977), Norris (1978a), and by others that are listed in that are discussed To uncertainty and ambiguity, Norris (1978a) this text for explanation CHORATE AIP epitractal archeop\ ing some le or archeopyle compris- plates of each series in the epitract HA antapical archeopyle DIS disintegration archeopyle Pc; ap, aa; Disintegration archeopyles have been recognized and disintegration of the epitract initiated by splitting in the mid-dorsal intercalary position (usually between the apical neighbouring the and subsequent progressive series) This plates to six variables, each category being separated by a semicolon Alterbia Vozzh emend Lentin and Williams defined by Dorhiifer and Davies (1979) as forming by and intercalary on up type loss of of archeopyle sut-non-abs; pcin; per I; Goiniiuhuxsiii Deflandre ex Norris and Sarjeant emend Sarjeant Pc-Pa; ap; P; sut; gon WetzelieUa Eisenack emend Lentin and Williams Pc; ap, 2aa, 2cn; 1; non-pen; per Hysirichosphueridium Deflandre emend Davey and Wilis liams characteristic for the earliest dinotlagellates of the family Ch; A; Rhaetogonyaulacaceae These principal types of archeopyles are adequate for most family logograms Lower taxonomic levels require more elaborate formulas We (see Norris, 1978a) formula round with brackets in in the positions Classification corresponding to each end of the bar (iv) Ornament distribution on the plate sutural sut pen penitabular - one intra-tabular (int-1 int int-n = process per plate; The revised classification emendations and (1979), is used of Norris (1978a, additions Dorhofer by several processes per plate) fundamental of revision existing proposed by them for adoption Special ornamental features (v) trabeculate processes 1974: 13), viz peel pericoelar connecting processes whenever possible ornament lacking or extremely i.e reduced on cingulum pcin pericingulate, ornament excludeveloped on sively or almost exclusively cingulum reduced relative to elements intratabular elsewhere) salient The standard Kofoi plate numeration system and may be used Alternatively, gonyaulacoid or peridiniod patterns (Norris, "gon" or "per" respectively and complexly developed is in Suessia Morbey usually fastigiate plates relative to cingulum) advanced in which high and variable, the diagnostic character being an anterior intercalary series with characterized "Sus" most clearly refers to suessioid tabulation (Norris, 1978a), number (i.e The least at earliest suessioid developed three, posterior margins angular genera are by a disintegration archeopyle, types intercalary whereas archeopyles The following logograms of some well-known genera help to clarify this system Further examples Norris (1978a, b) fossil cysts in determining Prior to Sarjeant and Downie's revision, no suprageneric scheme was available by Sarjeant and Many Downie were revision internally higher taxonomic (1978a, b) examined these families types was in the Of importance crucial in Triassic-Lower Jurassic dinoflagel- and the discrimination of earlier-evolved intercalary plates plates, Norris's to the recognition of primitive but relatively complex tabulation lary at of improved understanding of tabulation patterns and archeopyle lates satisfactory of the families from the later-evolved any or all of the fastigiate linteloid interca- former contributing to archeopyle formation These observations Rhaetogonyaulacineae, and most primitive led a to recognition of the suborder embracing the earliest undoubted peridinialeans Triassic and later Mesozoic Although we in the not reject the notion of distantly related dinollagcllate forerunners in the Palaeozoic (see Sarjeant 1974; 98-103 for a discussion (D6rh5fer and Davies 1979) in morphologic features of levels Norris formula as adapted for cysts plate acceptable is and living cysts, priority of publication determining the correct name; and the prime importance of light common cycle should be used coherent but proved difficult to relate Tabulation 1978a) are indicated life formulating and diagnosing taxa, in both fossil and recent; a single epithet only recognized coro bearing a corona the stages of the relationships and lineages unpa unomamented pandasutural zone (or strongly (vi) all for identical fossil sutural i.e the principles taxonomic units for dinoflagellates (Sarjeant and Downie, trab akra akrate, family in origins in the formulation of the in Davies dinoflagellate fossil Downie (1974) and families by Sarjeant and absent its with b), and arrange illustrated genera to groupings This revised classification had non non-tabular abs emend Sarjeant Sp; P; sut; gon follow Norris (1978a: 303) in replacing the superscript bar archeopyle gon int-1; Spiniferites Mantell may be found The logograms contain information and leading references), neither can we accept unequivocally the supposed dinophyccan characters of putative Lower Palaeozoic dinoflagellates They remain for us clearly defined acritarchs of doubtful affinity, emend Sarjeant and Downie, 1966 Pa; ±ap; P; sut; gon (Figs 39-54) Family Apteodiniaceae Eisenack emend Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 with the exception of Arpvlorus Calandra which appears to have some which but features, dinoflagellate-iike are in- adequate for familial placement The remaining three dinophycean suborders proliferated ±ap, ±aa; Pa; P; abs-non; ±pcin (Figs 55-67) in Family Spiniferitaceae Mesozoic, emend Sarjeant although locally and regionally certain rhaetogonyaulaci- 1978b Rhaetogonyaulacineae and eventually eclipsed the taxonomic absolute diversity nean species continued the in thrive or to late assemblages allowed and Cretaceous dinoDorhofer and Downie Norris, Downie, 1974 Sarjeant and fiagellate and Family Endoscriniaceae Vozzhennikova emend press) critical Jurassic Sarjeant Downie emend Sp; ±ap; P; sut; gon (Figs 68-77) even dominate the phytoplankton (Dorhofer and Davies, 1979; Dorhofer, in Examination of and Pc; ± ap, ± aa; Family Davies (1979) to revise some aspects of Norris's classification P; sut-abs; pcin; gon (Figs 78-92) Scriniocassiaceae and Sarjeant Downie emend Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 ±ap; This included a fundamental reinterpretation and reas- Pc; sessment of certain rhaetogonyaulacinean genera, and the Family Cordosphaeridiaceae Sarjeant and Downie recognition Norris in of the pseudoceratacean genera hystrichosphaeridiinean emend Norris, 1978b Ch; P; int (-1 or -n) -pen; ±trab; gon by (included families Pseu- doceratiaceae, Muderongiaceae, and Odontochitinaceae) as advanced and highly modified rhaetogonyaulacineans, Muderongiaceae and Odontochitinaceae thereby are Some 11 1974 12 may of the deflandreinean families used here require emendation on the basis knowledge of tabulation, pericoel of more Family Ctenidodiniaceae Sarjeant and Downie emend Norris, 1978b Pa; detailed development, Family Lingulodiniaceae Sarjeant and Downie, Ch; ±ap; 1-5P; non (Figs 114-120) re- dundant (Figs 100-113) The the closest affinities being with the pareodiniaceans P; non; peel (Figs 93-99) ±ap; (AP); sut-non; gon (Figs 121-129) and archeopyle formation Meanwhile, they are maintained pending further study The classification C Suborder Hxstrichosphaeridiineae Norris, 1978b listed below incorporates these 13 various changes and indicates by means of logograms the salient characters of each family, followed by references to illustrations in the Guide Family Hystrichosphaeridiaceae Evitt emend Sarjeant and Downie emend Norris, 1978b Ch; ±aa; A; int-pen; ±trab; gon (Figs 130-152) 14 Family Cleistosphaeridiaceae Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 Ch; A; non (Figs 153-158) 15 Division Pyrrhophyta Pascher, 1914 Norris, 1978b Class Dinophyceae Fritsch, 1929 Ch; Order 159-163) Peridiniales Haeckel, 1894 16 A Suborder Rhaetogonyaulacineae Norris, 1978b Pc-Pa; ±ap, ±aa; 1; abs-sut-int; sus (-5a) (Figs Pc-Pa; ±ap, ±aa; I; gon -n); (Figs 164-166) Family Lithodiniaceae Norris, 1978b ± ap; A; sut-pen; gon (Figs 167-181) Family Batiacasphaeraceae Dorhofer and Davies, 19 ±ap, ±aa; A; non; pcin (Figs 182-187) Family Xiphophoridiaceae Sarjeant and Downie, 1966 Sp; A; sut (Figs 188-190) 19-26) 20 Family Senoniasphaeraceae Norris, 1978b Family P.seudoceratiaceae Eisenack emend Dorhofer and Davies, 1979 21 Pc; ±ap, ±aa; A; sut-abs; ±pcin (Figs 191-199) Family Membranilamaciaceae Eisenack emend Pc-Pa; ap, l-2aa, l-2pc; AI; non-abs-pen; sus-gon Sarjeant and (Figs 27-38) Pc; ±ap; A; non; peel (Figs 200-204) 22 Family Gonyaulacystaceae Sarjeant and Downie (Figs 1979 abs-sut; sus-gon (l-3a) (Figs B Suborder Gonyaulacysuneae Norris, 1978b or (-1 Family Areoligeraceae Evitt emend Sarjeant and Pa; Family Pareodiniaceae Gocht emend Dorhofer and Davies, 1979 int Pa; 18 15-18) A-l-P; Ma; A; non-pen; ±trab 17 Pc-Pa; ±ap ±aa; DIS; sut; sus (Figs 1-14) Family Phallocystaceae Dorhofer and Davies, 1979 ±aa; Downie, 1966 Family Rhaetogonyaulacaceae Norris emend Dorhofer and Davies, 1979 Family Florentiniaceae Harker and Sarjeant emend Family Downie, 1966 Stephanelytraceae Stover, Sarjeant Drugg, 1977, Ap; A; sut-pen-non; coro (Fig 205) and N orris D SuhonliT Dcflandreineiw Eisetuuk emetni Nomenclature 1978b 23 Family Deflandreaceae Eisenack emend Sarjeant In general, the recent index to and Downie, 1974 ± Pc-Pa; ±ap, (Figs 24 2aa; 1; ± ,sut-pen-abs; and pcin; per Pc-Pa; Vozzhennikova Palaeoperidiniaceae (a) ± aa; AIP; sut-pen-non-abs; per Pc; ap, 2aa 2cn; I; (b) few doubtfully Some illustrated only Drugg and Loeblich, ± aa; I; sut-non-abs; per (Figs 241-255) valid a minimum the characters affiliated genera, illus- however, "Incertae Familiae" by the senior synonym vis Alterhia- Peniailinium-Flaninosphaeridium; ±ap, ±aa; Those genera indicated by Family Ovoidiniaceae Norris, 1978b (AI); non-pcin; per (Figs may consider 256- and Lentin pending further study Family Ceratocoryaceae Stein, 1883 (d) Subfamily Thalassiphoroideae Gocht emend (e) Downie ±ap, ±aa; synonymous or superfluous (1977b) which but we viz Dracodinium: Heliodinium; Komewuia; Palmnickia; Pluriar- valium; Soaniella; Trioperculodinium E Suborders Incertae Sarjeant and as Williams be distinct, are illustrated individually Imhaiodinium: Pc; as Thalassiphora-Erikania (c) 258) 28 used genera recognized by us as synonymous are Senei^dlinium; 1967." Pc; A non-pen; per (Figs 235-240) 26 Family Phthanoperidiniaceae 27 been least at are also included in Family Wetzeliellaceae Vozzhennikova, 1961 Pa; ap, Only genera with trated (Figs 226-234) 25 genera and species of Lcntm has necessary for classification into families are Sarjeant, 1967 ±ap, (1977b) nomenclatural base with the following exceptions: 206-225) Family emend Williams P; star, now included, Norris, 1978b sut;r±la 5" 4" ' Genera based only on the thecate stage are omitted Only genera with resistant organic-walled cysts are i.e those with mineralized cyst walls are omitted 1" " (Figs 259-261) 29 Family Lindemann Pyrophacaceae emend Steidinger and Davis, 1967 Pc; 30 4HA; int; How Use to the Guide peel (Fig 262) Family Heteraulacacystaceae Drugg and Loeblich, 1967 Pa; AIP; sut; 3' 7" 5" ' 3" This Guide will, we hope, be " (Figs 263-265) 31 Family Microdiniaceae Eisenack helpful in assigning species and higher taxonomic groups to their appropriate generic The following procedure may be emend Sarjeant (i) and Downie emend McLean, 1973a Pa; A; sut; 7" 6" Ip 1" " (Figs 266-267) Analyse the u.sed for this purpose morphologic salient features of the unassigned species using a logogram to summarize ' selected features (ii) this (iii) Order Dinophysidales Stein, 1883 elements of the logogram have been identified, If all should allow placement Examine suborder and family in a genera included illustrations of the in the family and select the most closely comparable genus or genera 32 Family Nannoceratopsaceae Gocht, 1970b (iv) Refer to the Eisenack catalogue or similar species Pa; ap, aa; epitractal archeopyle; non-abs compendia, (Fig 268) species assigned to the suspected genus or genera, and thence for to illustrations the primary and de.scriptions literature for of further information Because the Eisenack catalogue generally lists Order Gymnodiniales Schiitt , 1896 Lentin basionyms, and it Williams may be necessary to peruse (1977b, 1978, and earlier compilations) to ascertain the original generic as33 Family Dinogymniaceae Sarjeant 1974.' Pa; ap, aa; A; non; pcin (Fig 269) Incertae Familiae (Figs 270-276) and Downie, signment of some species before they can be located in the Eisenack catalogue Rapid location of a particular genus may be made by reference to the alphabetical list of genera below Alphabetical Check List of Families and Genera The following illustration in list refers to families the Guide The and genera selected for plates are arranged in taxonomic order; hence the plate explanations can be used as a taxonomic check list Davey, l%9a Drugg, 1967 Caiillopsis Drugg 1970 Cauca Davey and Verdier, 1971 Ceratiopsis Vozzhennikova, 1963 Ceratocoryaceae Stein, 1883 Chiiiangiella Vozzhennikova, emend Lentin and Williams, 1976 Chlropieridium Gocht, 1960 Chlutmdophorella Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 Cossiculosphaeridia Cassidium Chvtroei.sphaeridia Fig No Sarjeant, 1968 AcanthaulcLx Achilleodinium Eaton, 1976 Achomosphaera Evitt, 1963 Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a Actinotheca Williams and Dovvnie, 1966b Airciami Cookson and Eisenack, 1965a Alwrhia Lentin and Williams, 1976 Amphiduidemu Lentin and Williams, 1976 Aniphorosphcwridium Davey, 1969b Amphorula Dodekova, 1969 Andidusiella Riegel 1974 Anihosphacridium Cookson and Eisenack, 1968 Apeciodinium Costa and Downie, 1976 stat nov Lentin and Williams, 1977b AdmUo.sphaeridium Duxbury, 1977 Aptea Eisenack, emend Davey and Verdier, 1974 Apteodiniaceae Eisenack, emend Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 ApU'odinium Eisenack, 1958 Aquadulcum Harland and Sarjeant, 1970 Araneosphcieni Eaton, 1976 Archeoieciaium Habib, 1972 Areoligera Lejeune-Carpentier, emend Williams and Downie, 1966b Areoligeraceae Evitt, emend Sarjeant and Downie, 1966 Areosphaeridium Eaton, 1971 Ascodinium Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a Ascostomocystis Drugg and Loeblich, 1967 Aihi^nuit()c\sia Duxbury, 1977 AvcllocJinium Duxbury, 1977 Aprobolocxsta 39 100 68 78 130 101 206 207 102 131 241 270 235 27 28 55-67 55 226 103 56 164 164-166 Bcuihidinium Davey, in press Cookson and Eisenack, 1974 Baiiacusphacru Drugg, 1970 Batiacasphaeraceae Dorhofer and Davies, 1979 Bclodinium Cookson and Eisenack, emend Dodekova, 1975 Biorhifera Habib, 1972 Bintrkidinium Morgan, 1975 Breedoxvlla Norris, 1978b Clalhroctenocystis Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b Cannosphdcropsis Wetzel, emend Williams and Downie, 1966b Cantulodinium Alberti, 1961 CarpitU'llii Grigorovitch, 1969 Ciirpodinium Cookson and Eisenack, emend Lcffingwell and Morgan, 1977 10 Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 57 266 169 153-158 Davey, Downie, Sarjeant and Cli'isiosphaeridium Williams, 1966 153 Cohricosphaeridium Harland and Sarjeant, 1970 154 Codonielki Cookson and Eisenack, 1961a 80 Comeiodmium Deflandre and Courteville, 1939 272 Comparodinium Morbey, 1975 15 Compo.siiospfuicridium Dodekova, 1974 134 Conosphaeridium Cookson and Eisenack, 1969 105 Cordosphaeridiaceae Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 emend Norris, 1978b 100-113 Cordosphcieridium Eisenack, emend Davey, 1969b 106 Coronifera Cookson and Eisenack, emend Davey, 1974 114 Crihroperidinium Neale and Sarjeant, emend Davey, 1969a 42 Cryptarchaeodinium Deflandre, emend Gitmez, 1970 43 Ctenidodiniaceae Sarjeant and Downie, 1966 emend Norris, 1978b 121-129 Ctenidfldinium Deflandre, emend Sarjeant, 1975a 124 Cyclapophxsi.s Benson, 1976 107 Cyclodictyon Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 94 Cyclonephelium Deflandre and Cookson, emend loannides et al., 1977 166 132 271 79 69 Danea Morgenroth, 1968 104 257 182 182-187 Evitt, DiLUcuuhum 121 133 122 19 208 20 Habib, 1972 Dichcidogonyaula.x 167 108 1961a Eisenack, emend Lentin and Williams, Deflandrea 1976 Deflandreaceae Eisenack, emend Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 Sarjeant, Deflandre, 1935 Dinoptcrxi^ium Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 Cookson, emend Davey and Williams, 1966 21 Drdcodiniitnt 41 Duosphcicriclium 168 70 Disiorsiti Ihui^i^idiuin 212 81 191 269 269 263 242 135 40 29 206-225 44 125 Diconodinium Eisenack and Cook.son, 1960 Dimidiadinium Brideaux, 1977 Dim^odinium Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 Dinogymniaceae Sarjeant and Downie 1974 Dino^Ymnium Evitt, Clarke and Verdier, 1967 Duxbury, 1977 Disphacriii Cookson and Eisenack, emend Norvick, 1973 Distatodinium Eaton, 1976 Dodekovia Dorhofer and Davies, 1979 Dorocxsta Davey, 1970 159 211 emend Sarjeant, 1975a [)iph\i's Caiminginopsi.s 165 200 and Sarjeant, Wiggins, 1972 Cleistosphaeridiaceae Pio.wd Caligodinium Drugg, 1970 Callaiosphuendium Davey and Williams, 1966 Canningia Cookson and Eisenack, 1960b Evitt, 210 256 Broomed Cookson and Eisenack, emend Lentin and Williams, 1976 Bulhodinium Wetzel, 1960 Downie emend Pocock 1972 Cladopyxidium McLean, 1972 Dupcodinium Balcuitiu (Sarjeant) 183 184 93 123 209 259-261 Cjocht, 1955 Hahih, 1973 Davey and Williams, 1966 136 95 137 16 188 236 45 192 Egmontodinium Gitmez and Sarjeant, 1972 Eisemukiu Dcflandre and Cixikson emend McLean, 1973a Dellanilre emend Gocht, 1976 85 170 EUipsodtmum Clarke and \erdier 1967 Klemcni I960 Emmctrocxsta Stover, 1975 EndiHinitium Vozzhennikova, 1965 Endoscriniaceae Vozzhennikova, emend Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 Endoscnnium (Klement) Vozzhennikova 1967 Ener^hnia Sarjeant, 1976 Eocliidopwis Morgenroth 1966 Eodiniii Eisenack, emend Gocht, 1975a Epelidosphtu-ridiii Davev 1969a EpiplosphiuTu Klement, 1960 Exochosphiieridium Davev Downie, Sarjeant and ' Williams, 1966 EllipsoidutMtm , 58 171 138 30 78-92 82 126 160 127 185 139 Fihnidinium Floreniinia H\.'ilruhi>\phaer(ipsi\ Morgenroth, 1968 Davey and Verdier, 1973 172 161 Marker and Sarjeant, emend Florentiniaceae Norris 1978b Fromea Cook.son and Eisenack, 1958 Fusiformacwiti Morgan 1975 Gardodinium 115 159-163 273 59 Imbiitodinium Vozzhennikova, 1967 ImpU'tosphacridium Morgenroth, 1966 hntriiw fumiliae InviTsidinium McLean, 1973b Isuhelidinitim Lentin and Williams, 1977a De Coninck, 1969 Cookson and Eisenack, 1965b Kallosphaeridium 156 60 237 Vozzhennikova, 1963 Kleithruisphucndiiim Davey, 1974 Komewuiii Cookson and Eisenack 1960b Ktsseloviii Lacinitidinium Mclntyre, 1975 Lanterna Dodekova, 1969 Lanternosphaeridium Morgenroth, 1966 Leipokatium Bradford, 1975 Lejeunecystu Artzner and Dorhofer, 1978 Leptodinium Klement, emend Sarjeant 1969 Lingulasphaera Drugg, 1970 Lingulodiniaceae Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 Lingulodinium Wall, emend Wall Dale and Harada, 1973 Krutzsch, 1962 227 Cookson and Eisenack, 196Ga Gingmodinium Cookson and Eisenack, emend 173 Litosphaeridium Geiselodinium Gillinia Lentin and Williams, 1976 Glahridinium Glomodinium Brideaux 1977 Dodekova, 1975 Glossodinium loannides, Stavrinos and Downie, 1977 Glyphanodinium Drugg, 1964 Gochieodinia (Vozzhennikova) Norris, 1978b (not illustrated, see Family Pareodiniaceae) Gonxaulacysta Deflandre, ex Norris and Sarjeant, emend Sarjeant, 1969 Gonyaulacystaceae Sarjeant and Downie, emend Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 201 228 270-276 214 215 Kenh-Mu Eisenack, emend Gocht, 1975b Lithodiniaceae Norris, 1978b Aiberti, 1961 32 155 Lithodinid Davey and Williams, emend Davey and Verdier, 1973 Luehndea Morgenroth, 1970 109 23 229 178 110 243 244 49 157 113-120 116 179 167-181 143 61 22 Lunaiadinium Brideaux and Mclntyre, 1973 Luxadinium Brideaux and Mclntyre, 1975 230 84 Maduradinium 245 83 174 46 39-54 Hapsidaulax Sarjeant, 1975b 71 Hapsocvstu Davey, in press 72 Hehei\sta Bujak and Fisher, 1976 Heibergella Bujak and Fisher l'^76 Heliodinium Aiberti, 1961 emend Sarjeant, 1966 73 Hemicystodimum Wall, 1967 162 Hemiplacophora Cookson and Eisenack, 1965a 140 Herendeenta Wiggins, 1969 47 Heslertonia Sarjeant, 1966 48 Heteraulacac\sia Drugg and Loeblich, 1967 264 Heteraulacacystaceae Drugg and Loeblich 1967 263-265 Heierosphaendium Cookson and Eisenack, 1968 31 Hexagonifera Cookson and Eisenack, emend Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b 213 Histunxsta Davey, 1969a 175 Hisiiophora Klement, 1960 176 Homoirxhlium Davey and Williams, 1966 163 Hornloginellu Cookson and Eisenack, 1962a 177 Hxstruhodinnim Deflandre emend Clarke and Verdier, 1967 74 H\stri(hog