Memoirs MCZ 40

MEMOIRS OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY HARVARD COLLEGE VOL XL CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM 1910-1915 i /IDemofrs of tbe flDuseum of Comparative Zoologg AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol XL No SOLENODON PAKADOXUS GLOVER M ALLEN With Nine Plates CAMBRIDGE, U S A.: prfnteo for tbe flDuseum June, 1910 A CONTENTS No 1.— SOLENODON No 2.— No PARADOXUS BREWSTER'S WARBLER By Glover M Allen By Walter Faxon — THECHISMOPNEA(CHIMAEROIDS) No 4.— Opiates plate June, 1910 January, 1911 By Samuel Garman 55 September, 1911 SOME CHINESE VERTEBRATES INTRODUCTION By Samuel Henshaw 107 By Samuel Garman AMPHIBIA AND REPTILIA By Thomas Barbour AVES By John E Thayer and Outram Bancs MAMMALIA By Glover M Allen PISCES plates Ill 125 137 201 August, 1912 No 5.— ZAGLOSSUS No 6.— BREWSTER'S WARBLER (HELMINTHOPHILA LEUCOBRONCHIALIS) A HYBRID BETWEEN THE GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER (HELMINTHOPHILA CHRYSOPTERA) AND THE BLUE-WINGED WARBLER (HELMINTHOPHILA PINUS) By Walter Faxon August, 1913 By Glover M Allen NEW MYLODON plates October, 1912 No 7.— A No 8.— NOTES ON THE CRAYFISHES IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM AND THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES TO WHICH IS APPENDED A CATALOGUE OF THE KNOWN SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES By Walter Faxon No 9.— 79 13 plates By Glover M Allen July, plates September, 1913 24',) 309 317 1914 STUDIES FROM THE NEWPORT MARINE LABORATORY.— XVI THE DEVELOPMENT OF OSSEOUS FISHES II THE PRE-EMBRYONTC STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT PART SECOND THE HISTORY OF THE EGG: CLEAVAGE FORMATION OF THE PERIBLAST, AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GERM RING By Alexander Ac^si/ and C O Whitman 11 plates April 101 429 CONTENTS Paoe INTRODUCTION HISTORY HABITS EXTERNAL APPEARANCE Color 10 External measurements 12 Cranial measurements SUPERFICIAL BODY MUSCLES MUSCLES MUSCLES MUSCLES MUSCLES MUSCLES OF OF OF OF OF HEAD AND NECK THE TRUNK THE FORE LIMB THE HIND LIMB THE TAIL OSTEOLOGY VISCERAL 14 14 15 19 21 25 32 33 ANATOMY 43 Digestive system 43 Glands 4G Mesenteries 47 Lungs Heart and 48 its vessels Excretory and genital organs BRAIN PLEXUSES SUMMARY LITERATURE EXPLANATION OF PLATES 4S 48 49 50 51 54 SOLENODON PARADOXUS INTRODUCTION The Museum has recently been fortunate in securing from San Domingo, a series of specimens of the rare Solenodon paradoxus Brandt were brought The more alive, Four of these and were successfully photographed by Mr George Nelson interesting of the photographs were reproduced with the Report of the Curator of the general for 1907-08 anatomy For the loan of States National its Annual The present paper is a comparative account of the species, made possible by this fresh material specimens of Solenodon cubanus thanks are due the United Museum HISTORY The brief history of this species is described in 1833 by St J F Petersburg Academy, from Haiti by Peters in connection Leche states that he skeleton, when Insectivora the text species, who it now well known It was Brandt from a skin and an imperfect This specimen was subsequently studied with the Cuban species, described by him in 1864 too, made use of this skull and other fragments of the in 1907 he published his extensive The exact nature paper on the teeth of the of the other fragments is not stated but from appears that a pelvis with the sacral vertebrae labeled as of this was among the material studied called attention to the These bones were figured by Leche remarkable characters shown by them in comparison with those of other Insectivora There can be no doubt, as will be shown that the pelvic and sacral bones figured are not those of Solenodon the labors of Peters and Dobson, the well originally skull, in the known more than twenty anatomy of Solenodon cubanus later, Through was fairly years ago, but no additional specimens of S SOLENODON PARADOXUS paradoxus were discovered until 1907, when A Hyatt Verrill secured an adult male, an adult female, and a young individual Of these specimens, Dr J and dentition are well figured by him and skulls of S cubanus mens was too poor by Verrill (:07) retaining milk dentition its The preservation comparison critical The of the skin and is A brief paper recounts the few facts he was able to glean as to the habits of The present account will, it is hoped, serve anatomy the hiatus existing in our knowledge of the general fill skulls made with soft parts of the speci- to admit of further detailed study, however these animals in San Domingo partially to still A Allen (:08) has given a hrief account of the species Specimens of the Cuban Solenodon, were made known by Poey through a communication to a Havana paper, "El plantel." in 1834, Later, in 1851, he gave a more detailed notice of the animal, with a colored plate, in his "Mcm- Poey obtained specimens Cuba." orias sobre la historia natural de la isla de from the mountainous regions east of Bayamo, Cuba, where the animal was said to be well of the native known This author reviews at some length the early accounts Cuban animals, and evidence that it after an exhaustive search, was known to the early was unable to attach to any it of the native these writers, he proposed to call names the Almiqui, a it fails to find historians of the country of animals name any Since he mentioned by derived from that of one of the mountains in the eastern department of Cuba near where his speci- mens were taken of Haiti He supposed and San Domingo the Sierra Maestra, but Ramon region of Trinidad, Cuba, hitter's the Cuban animal to be conspecific with that Gundlach subsequently obtained examples from de la Sagra's statement that Poey takes pains to show, is it occurs in the based solely on the note in "El plantel" concerning vague reports of an animal in that region whose identity could not be certainly established According to A H various Juron names Verrill (:07, p 56), the natives of for Solenodon paradoxus, as (ferret) "also applied to the San Domingo have Orso (bear), Hormigero (ant-eater), mongoose," and Milqui mammals of Middle America and the West Indies name "Agouta," whose origin I have been unable to In his Elliot gives discover it list of the a vernacular ^ PLATE XXXIX PLATE XXXIX Fig (3) Treated as Figs and 2, [Plate XXXVIII], four One hour after Figs and [Plate XXXVIII] In this cap the endoderm are strongly colored and very well defined One can see by the nuclei that the endoderm extends for only a short distance under the cap The majority of the Ctenolabrus, under (inner) surface hours after 32-eell stage nuclei of the nuclei are outside the cap [Seven sections] Fig (89) (Os, Mk Three hours after 32-cell stage [6c = blastocoele; pb = periblast] 3ds) Second section shows only one or two outlined cells, the outlines being indistinctly marked The third section shows two well-outlined cells; the right is sharply marked inferiorly is a partial outline of a dark cell of the cap The fourth section shows the first appearance of the sub-germinal plate All the rod cells are shaded by dotting The sixth section shows the subgerminal plate thinner The sixteenth section shows on the left a red cell that looks as if it was to enter into cap The twenty-sixth section is near middle Here sometimes no nucleus is seen in periblast, at other times one or even two Subgerminal plate very thin, wavy in outlines as in section There sixteen The twenty-eighth section shows an inner cell in process of splitting off, possibly destined to become one of the cap cells The thirty-third section showed a similar case I think it is possible that cells are still added to the cap, but that this process is nearly concluded, so that the periblast as a cell layer [Later stage, Fig (90) The periblast marked off On left is is be — blastocoele; ep may = be now considered established epidermis; pb = periblast] very thin, vanishing or nearly so near the center of a single periblast cell becomes so very thin indicates Section near middle field Epidermis well if it was a cap-cell The fact that the periblast added to the cap up to about the time the ring that looks as that cells are begins to form The on the still confined to the thickening beneath the margin of cap: lower end of figure] a single nucleus is somewhat advanced from the margin nuclei of the periblast are left [i e towards the center, but this is exceptional in these sections Km* PLATE XL PLATE XL Fig (92) pb = periblast) 61 secoblongus [be = blastocoele; ep = epidermis; This figure is the twenty-fifth [of sixty-five sections] and is like the middle ones The Near the center the layer periblast is thin but extends farther under the cap than in Fig fades out and is not recognizable, but four nuclei are very distinct, showing that the layer exists though thin and perhaps not fully differentiated The nuclei extend under the entire cap P [aralichthys] tions although the ring has scarcely begun This shows that the periblast has already begun to expand as an independent layer and has therefore probably ceased to contribute directly to the cap P oblongus Fig (91) 32-cell stage Four [be = blastocoele; ep = epidermis; of sixty nearly longitudinal sections pb = Three hours after embryonic region periblast] Left end = The second section does not reach cap; third touches cap The fourth section shows some of cap, and periblast thinner at middle The eleventh section shows periblast still thinner in middle Nuclei are more numerous at through these sections I think the periblastic nuclei are more numerous under region of embryo than elsewhere On the seventeenth section the periblast is scarcely visible at center beneath cap On the sixteenth two nuclei were found near the middle of the subgerminal plate, although the plate left is end all scarcely traceable One nucleus was seen near middle of the nineteenth section and one in twenty-fourth The periblast is somewhat less in bulk on the middle sections than on the thirty-eighth which (Three I have drawn Periblast is here about same in quantity as in Fig 2, Plate XXXIX hours after 32-cell) >•>< PLATE XLI PLATE Fig (P oblongus) (96) from above XLI Very early stage of ring, [pb = periblast] The ring has just become well denned everywhere and the embryonic fold is seen somewhat bulging centripetally The ring is nearly even in width everywhere, except for being a little wider as it enters the embryonic region Width Cap The of ring = 02 mm.; in almost perfectly circular embryonic region = 04 mm Diam of cap = 55 mm thick trail (wreath) of periblast is not yet fully covered so that about one row of nuclei The number of nuclei could not be accurately determined, so they were put in at random guided by what was known of other cases The outlines of only superficial cells (epiblast) are seen, but nuclei of deeper cells are given The epiblast is seen in profile along the margin The posterior half of the cap i^ thicker than the anterior, and this is shown by heavier dots and lines The cap should appear convex but the lithographer could [not] be is seen all around — instructed to shade The it properly posterior [lower half of figure] half is the embryonic area, the anterior [upper] the pre- embryonic area The Fill Fig (98) is now only 02 mm [in width], later it becomes 12-.15 [Section] just before ring, [be = blastocoele; pb than pre-embryonic area (Large yolk cells supplied) Fin- (99) ring mm in width [Section of] cap before appearance of ring, cleavage cavitv shallow [Section, half, where for be = blastocoele; pb some distance the lower the under layer thickens = is periblast] Embryonic area thicker Blastoderm thinned out much in anterior only one cell deep Towards the anterior edge periblast] layer = PLATE Fig (94) P.oblongus Sections drawn at XLII intervals Young ring stage cut transversely into sixty- ep = epidermis; pb = periblast) Diagram 12 = longitudinal median section, constructed from the transverse sections .0075 mm X 280 equals apparent thickness of each section This amounts to 2.1 mm 2.1 X 63 Measuring off 132.3 mm., I divided it gives apparent length of the cap, which is 132.3 mm into sixty-three equal parts, and then by vertical measurements of each section constructed Thickness of upper layer in the sections (Apparent of magnified 280) the diagram three sections (.0075 mm.), 8th section 10" = 15 [be mm = blastocoele; 27th section = 11.5 mm The The cleavage-cavity begins with the tenth section periblast Section sixty and ends with the is thicker under the apex than at the opposite point is much sixtieth thinner than section five (both are at the boundary of the cleavage- cavity or at a point where the lower layer begins to be distinct from the upper layer) The periblast plainly does not contribute elements to the ring; it is more difficult to decide about the axial portion In some sections, notably in the axial portion, I find cells sometimes more or less delimited in the periblast (3rd, oth, 6th, 8th) This delimitation does not, howshow that periblast cells pass into the cap, as such are visible at certain stages of the ever, nuclear transformations I am enter into the ring at any point inclined to think — not certain — that the periblast does not ... prezygomatic breadth, 34.7; matic breadth, 34; mastoid breadth, 27; toothrow (including incisors), 40; greatest postzygo- occipital breadth, 19.7; length of mandible, 58; maxillary greatest height... is is closely con- richly supplied with SOLENODON PARADOXUS 16 Temporalis (Plate parietal crests 40 mm fig 6, e) is large, 1, main mass on the Its mm long and 20 broad and arises along the small