ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BIRDS, CASSIN 1862

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA, TEXAS, OREGON, BRITISH AND RUSSIAN AMERICA INTENDED TO CONTAIN DESCEIPTIONS AND FIGUEES OP ALL NOT GIVEN BY FORMER AMERICAN AUTHORS, AND A GENERAL SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGY BY J H N C A S S I N", OP THE ACADEMY OP NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA; OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETT; of the horticultural SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA; OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ; OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY; OF THE OF THE NEW YORK NATCBAL HISTORY ; SOCIETY OF MONTREAL, ETC ETC 1853 TO 1855 PHILADELPHIA: J B LIPPINCOTT 18()2 & CO Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in tiie year 1855, by JOHN CASSIN, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania Cassinis niustralions Plate i Dra»fn on stone lyWiatclicock LitliPnnted & Col'by ] T BoBcnFMad' Cyauocurax liixiiusus(A-wa^ PREFACE The Natural History of North America has been regarded with especial interest wherever the sciences have been cultivated There never has been a since the discovery of the continent period, however, in which such extensive and productive research has been carried on, as in that which commenced with the annexa- United States, and in which also California have become parts of the Union The extension of the laws of the United States over these vast countries, and the consequent protection and personal safety, have induced the visits numerous Government expeditions for the of scientific travellers; purposes of exploration and survey have been necessary, and have been despatched on such missions with the utmost promptness and vigilance of the public good by all administrations of the General Government, in the period to which we allude, and have almost invariably been accompanied by officers specially charged with tion of and Texas to the New Mexico — :;^ N^ , TS^ '^ t making observations and ^ Smithsonian Institution also has exerted an influence in the highest degree favorable and important in the development of the Natural History of this country, as in other departments of science and collections in Natural The History literature fi "^ ^ These are the main and immediate causes of the great strides that the knowledge of the natural productions of North America There little upwards of twenty years which the general diffusion of knowledge and attention to education in the United States especially, and in fact throughout the civilized world, have been perhaps the most has made within a period of are, of course, others, of efficient Since the time of the publication of the works of our predecessors in mation American Ornithology, the additions of species and of inft)rin that department of our Zoology have been very large, and being for much the greater part witliin our reach, been induced to undertake the present work It is to be we have regarded (iii) ^ PREFACE IV some measure as an addition to the works of former authors in American Ornithology, but at the same time complete in itself Our advantages for study have been much superior to those posThere never was in the sessed by former writers in America in United States, until within the last ten years, a library of Natural History, approximating in any considerable degree to completeness, nor affording the necessary facilities for the study of Ornithology was there any collection sufficiently answer the purposes of comparison and general research In various branches of Natural History, but especially in Ornithology, these most important and desirable objects have been fully accomplished in the formation of tlie Library and Museum Nor until within that period comprehensive of the to Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, —a result for which science is indebted, not to the Government, nor to public patronage of any kind, but to strictly private enterprise and individual scientific taste A new era in the history of the zoological sciences in the United commenced with the purchase and importation of the late States General Massena's collection of Birds into this country in 1846, by Thomas B Wilson, M D., of Philadelphia, and the commencement at the same period of a library in Natural History by the same gentleman and his brother, Mr Edward "Wilson, now residing in England Both have been continued without intermission to the present time, and the results have been, so far as relates to Ornithology, that a most extensive collection has been formed, now numbering about twenty-five thousand specimens, and a Library containing very nearly every book relating to this branch of natural science, of which copies are to be obtained and also, principally ; through the personal exertions of the latter-named gentleman, in the cities of Europe, many that are of exceeding rarity and value In several other departments, also, nearly or quite as complete collections of books and specimens have been made To Fossil Keraains, Conchology, and Crustacea, these remarks are especially applicable Citizens science and who thus devote themselves to the advancement of whose exerof civilization and intellectual cultivation in their country, tions tend so immediately to elevate it refinement, deserve to be ranked with in the scale its most — illustrious scholars, P REPACK V statesmen, and soldiers, and are equally entitled to the national gratitude So long as the condition or progress in the arts and of, sciences shall continue to characterize nations, the influence in the United States of the gentlemen to whom we have alluded, must be regarded as important in the highest degree, and will be gratefully remembered by their sciences are cultivated or appreciated native city a monument to their services countrymen so long as the They have reared in their Natural Science as endurable as influence in the minds of men, and more honorable its to themselves than the proudest obelisk or the richest memento of the conqueror's triumph With such facilities for tages over other is to present American study, we have Ornithologists necessarily One had advan- object of our work a general revision of the Ornithology of the United States, endeavoring to bring our subject nearer to the true state of the science than has been previously attempted in this country In our Synopsis, the student will find many corrections and addiand will find himself, too, very probably introduced to names tions, both American and European, of the connection of which with North American Ornithology, previous records are silent, quite unjustifiably Our predecessors have not been well versed in the history and bibliography of Ornithology, nor indeed have they professed such information It is in fact a description of with difficulty in any country, — knowledge to be attained so great, indeed, that no one Orni- thologist has ever yet been completely acquainted with the biblio- graphy of To our his science publishers, Messrs J B Lippincott & Co., is due our gratitude for constant kindness and encouragement during the publication of the present volume Our treatment by the members of this eminent firm has in fact most fully demonstrated to us their deep interest in the Natural Sciences, as gentlemen of taste and irrespective, so far as relates to our work, of merely business considerations To the kind friends whose contributions have added so much to the interest of this volume, we have to express our sense of great obligation, especially to Col George A McCall, Capt J P McCown, cultivation, quite Capt S G French, Dr T C Henry, of the U S Army, to Mr PKEFACE vi John G Bell, Dr A L Heermann, Dr P R Hoy, Dr S W WoodClark, Dr Charles Pickering, and Dr C B R John H house, Mr Kennerly To Dr A Hall, of Montreal, and Dr R Indiana, for much Haymond, of Brookville, valuable information relating to the birds of their districts To S Professor J P Kirtland, Dr Thomas M Brewer, Professor we have also to express our F Baird, and Mr Robert Kennicott, gratitude for very important services, in facilitating the circulation of our work, and for For facilities for much information and assistance the examination and comparison of specimens we gratefully acknowledge our obligations to the gentlemen of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia to Professor Joseph ; Henry and to the Professor S F Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution; Natural History Society of South Carolina to Mr Edward Rev Dr Bachman, to Mr John Krider, to Mr Geo ; Harris, to the N Lawrence, and to Mr J P Giraud Of the superior execution of the plates of our Avork, it is perhaps unnecessary for us to speak, but in justice to Mr J T Bowen, and Mr W E Hitchcock, we may them as having in this lence in the volume be allowed to say that we regard fully established a degree of excel- production of zoological plates, rarely excelled, if equalled, in this countr}^ Though we hope and fully intend to proceed with a second series of this work, as materials accumulate, esjDecially as the present volume has met with a degree of patronage much greater than we had any right or reason to expect, we have to say to our friends and patrons, that at present we have no definite prospect Should we be favored with life and health, of such continuation we hope to present two additional volumes or series, each, like the present, complete in itself, for which very nearly a sufficient of birds are now known as inhabiting the United States, and which are not given by former authors on North American number Ornithology At present, our engagements, we regret to say, render such an undertaking quite impossible John Cassin Academy of Natural Sciences op Philadelphia, November, 1855 CONTENTS Page AcANTHYLis, genus Ammodromus, genus " 20 ruficeps, pi rostratus, pi 38 Antrostomus, genus Aquila, genus 26 Astur, genus " leucopareia, pi 45 97 99, 257 , 41 pi squamata, pi pi 19 235 Caprimulgidae, family Carpodacus, genus " familiaris, 78 pi Cardinalis, genus Binuatus, pi 33 Cardinella, genus rubra, pi 43 Cathartes, genus Ceryle, genus Chamaea, genus " fasciata, Chordeiles, genus 45 129 pi 13 73 206 204 266 265 56 254 40 39 237 27 163 pi 248 25 pi 21 211 " brachyura, " nigripes, pi 35 pi 50 289 210 Dryotomus, genus " 287 285 imperialis, pi 49 Elanus, genus Emberiza, genus " bilineata, 106 153 pi 23 150 Embernagra, genus " 102, 198 50 Gambelii, " 272 pi DioMEDEA, genus 159 177 Callipepla, genus " 235 54 52 10 pi insignatus, pi 31 " " Cyrtonyx, genus " Massena, 188 Bebnicla, genus " nigricans, " mexicana, Cyanocorax, genus 93 Athene, genus 164 " luxuosus, Cypselus, genus 103, 161 pi Culicivora, genus 135 226 109 Archibuteo, genus " ferrugineus, Bubo, genus Buteo, genus " Bairdii, 249 94 136 Accipiter, genus 71 Blandingiana, pi 12 70 Falconid^, family 85 Falco, genus " polyagrus, 85, 122 pi 16 88, 121 235 Fissirostres Geococctx, genus " mexicanus, 219 pi 213 36 Glaucidium, genus Gymnokitta, genus " cyanocephala, 189 167 pi 28 HALCTONiDiB, family 253 Haliaetus, genus " 37, pelagious, pi HirundinidsB, family Circus, genus 108 Hirundo, genus 247 Hypotriorchis, genus 109 31 89 242 242 90 Hierofalco, genus Cotyle, genus 165 (vii) CONTENTS 43 IcTEKUS, genus " cucullatus, pi " melanocephalus, Ictinea, 137 106 21 pi genus Pyrocephalus, genus " rubineus, pi 128 127 18 83 82 QuERQUEDULA, genus pi " 29 28 18 Lophophanes, genus " atricristatus, pi cyanoptera, 15 pi 233 232 Reccrtirostra, genus " 40 occidentalis, pi 13, 19 Rostrhamus, genus 107 Sakcokamphus, genus Saxioola, genus 208 11 Melanerpes, genus " 169 nitens, pi 29 235 Inseasores, tribe Larus, genus " Heermanni, 171 Ptilogonys, genus 42 formicivorus, pi 201 thyroideus, pi 32 " 114 Morphnus, genus 59 oenanthoides, pi 207 179 175 34 Scops, genus 105 Nauclerus, genus Nyctale, genus " Kirtlandii, pi 11 176 genus Strix, 63, 187 Surnia, genus Nyctea, genus 190 Ortalida, genus " poliocephala, 270 267 pi Strigidw, family 68, 185 44 Otus, genus 181 Pandion, genus 112 191 281 283 Sylvicola, genus " olivacea, pi 48 " Kirtlandii, pi 47 278 183 Syrnium, genus 277 274 92 263 260 148 141 Thalassidroma, genus 17 Parinse, sub-family Parus, genus " septentrionalis, pi 17 80 14 Petrochelidon, sub-genus 243 Picolaptes, genus 157 " Pipilo, " brunneicapillus, pi 25 furcata, pi 46 Tinnunculus, genus Toxostoma, genus " rediviva, pi 42 Trochilus, genus " Alexandri, 22 pi 175 Troglodytes, genus 126 genus " mexicanus, pi 173 30 124 fusca, pi 17 Plectropbanes, genus " McCownii, 156 " 230 pi 39 228 Polyborus, genus 112 Progne, genus Psaltria genus 245 19 154 ViREO, genus " atricapillus, pi Vireosylvi'a, 24 genus altiloqua, pi 37 Vulturidae, family 153 ^ 224 22] 56 ; 288 THE GREAT-CKESTED WOODPECKER Dimensions tail 9^ ; bill to Male Colors Total length (of skin) about 23 inches Male the corner of the mouth wing 12^ ; tarsus inches ; Elongated feathers of the head or crest, bright scarlet interscapular feathers, outer two-thirds of secondaries, and inner edges of under wing coverts white all other parts of the shorter primaries, white plumage deep black, with a greenish lustre bill yellowish-white tarsi and ; ; ; toes dark ; secondaries at their bases black of upper mandible black and with the Hab Female similar to the male, but rather smaller, crest black Oregon Ivory-billed is strictly of the Woodpecker of the The present bird same generic group forests of the Union, and in some measure resembles readily confounded Spec, in Mus Acad., Philada Mexico California This gigantic Woodpecker known ; bristle-like feathers at the base ; is it, as the well Southern States of this but not in such degree as to be considerably the larger, arid is with- out the white stripes on the neck which are to be found in the Ivory-billed In both species, the females have the elongated or crest-like feathers black It is quite remarkable that this fine species has not been brought of the naturalists or travellers its native forests who have visited, or at least by any passed through This fact tends to demonstrate the truth of our views, occasionally expressed in the present volume, that of the Ornithology of Western America we have much yet to learn J J /' DIOMEDEA BRACHYURA.— Temminck The Short- tailed Albatross PLATE This Albatross is L Adult Male the adult of the bird represented in plate 35, (the Black-footed Albatross, Diomedea nigripes, Aud.) of the present volume At the time of the publication of the plate alluded to, and our article accom- panying it, called to it we were not aware of this identity but having had our attention by a distinguished European ornithologist, we have, on careful ; re-examination and comparison, fully confirmed its truth So great a change taking place, however, in this bird, from early age to maturity, the two figures only fairly represent the species, of which that formerly given, as above, is the young bird The common occurrence of on the coasts of California and this species Oregon, was ascertained by the naturalists of the Exploring Expedition in command of Captain Charles Wilkes, of Navy and its addition to the ornithology of North America is one of many services to Zoology performed by that celebrated and most important Expedition In fact, of the many similar undertakings of the Vincennes and Peacock, under the United States' governments ; for the purposes of exploration and scientific research within the present century, the expedition alluded to stands pre-eminent in tributions to Geographical to the and and Zoological Science, a enlightened and judicious exertions of to the fact that it numbered amongst its its its con- result to be attributed distinguished Commander, naturalists several of the most accomplished Zoologists of America This Albatross probably inhabits the entire extent of the Pacific Ocean, from the northern coasts of America and Asia to Australia It is given by Mr Gould as a bird of the coast of Australia, though somewhat doubtfully, and is very probably the species sometimes mistaken for the Great Wandering Albatross {I), exulans), and found abundantly in the vicinity of the Kurile Islands and the coast of Kamtschatka, and other more southern coasts of Asia sembles It is smaller it That than the species just mentioned, but otherwise much re- species, though abundant in the southern hemisphere, does not apparently venture so far north as the present bird In a volume on Quadrupeds and Birds, by Mr Titian R Peale, which was printed and partially distributed as one of the valuable series of works on 19 (289) — ; THE SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS 290 the scientific results of the Exploring Expedition of the Vincennes and Pea- we cock, find the following in relation to the bird now before us: " Numbers of the Short-tailed Albatross were observed by the Expedition on the Northwest coast of America, and this species mon inhabitant of is believed to be a com- the Pacific Ocean, north of the Tropic of Cancer all Specimens vary as much, or perhaps more, from each other, than Wandering Albatross {Diomedea exulani), quire several years to attain to their perfect dress sooty-brown color, with black when young first The changes are regu- Until the second year the plumage remains of a dark larly progressive black the in of the Southern Ocean, and re- feet, and dirty flesh-colored bills (which become the skins are dried), and in this state this bird pairs and raises after this, cloudy-white spots appear about the base of the ; its bill, and white spots over and under the eyes the rump begins to show a conspicuous spot of the same and the bill turns yellow, with a tinge of carmine ; ; the tip bluish the legs are then flesh-colored ; ; and, finally, the back, wings, become cinereous-brown rump, head, and all the under parts pure white a white margin shows along the back-edge of the wing in flight and Thus, in some a cloudy-black spot generally remains in front of the eye years, the plumage of the body is changed from nearly black to a pure snowand tail, ; ; ; like white " The On the 20th of December we found was single egg of each pair without any lining material this species breeding on Wake's Island on the ground, laid in a slight concavity, both sexes take turns in the duties of incubation, ; and neither the male nor the female abandoned the nest on our approach, but in a very dignified manner, and made but a few demonstra- walked around us tions of defence with their beaks, when taken up The eggs are and measure four and in our arms white, of an oblong figure, nearly alike at both ends, two-tenths inches long, and two and six-tenths inches in diameter " The two sexes are alike the male is " This bird is when thrown from It easily caught with a is " It in the size, though ships, it "brays" hook and life, it is difficult to kill line, it in much its fellows over the the same tone as a jackass but owing to its thick plumage and with shot was not our fortune to observe more than this one species of Albatross North Pacific It is subject to great variations of plumage, as stated above, but is very distinct from the species of the Southern Hemisphere The Wandering Albatross cJius), plumage, and not vary much in usually silent, but sometimes quarrels with ofi"al tenacity of in rather the larger both of which, Northern Oceans, we it (Z> exulans), and the Yellow-nosed (Z> chlororhyn- has been asserted, have been sometimes found in the believe, on the contrary, to be entirely restricted Southern hemisphere, or else they would sometimes be seen to the in crossing the We saw both of those species, and also the Sooty Albatross [D fused), as far south as latitude 57° 41', which appeared intermediate tropical region ; 291 THE SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS Their northern limit of migration on the to be nearly their southern limit Atlantic shores of South America and on the is somewhere about the River La Plata, Pacific coasts about the southern parts of Peru." In Dr Pickering's Journal this bird is alluded to frequently, and especially as occurring at sea north of the Hawaiian Islands, and This species is give no account of The Temminck and given by Messrs Fauna Japonica, and in their on the coast of His observations agree with those by Mr Peale, above quoted Oregon is well figured in manners or its Schlegel, as a bird of Japan, its young plumage, but they history figure in our plate represents the adult male, specimen obtained on the coast of Kamtschatka, now Academy, but Philadelphia and was made from a Museum in the of the precisely similar to others in the collection of the Exploring Expedition in the National Museum, Washington city DESCRIPTION AND TECHNICAL OBSERVATIONS Genus Diomedea Linnaeus Syst Nat., I., p 214 DiOMEDEA BRACHYURA Temm PI col., V., p (liv Diomedea nigripes Aud Orn Biog., V., p 327 Very Form similar to long, strong, abruptly longest ; tail short ; (1766.) 75, about 1828.) (18-39.) Diomedea exidans, but much smaller; hooked at the legs strong end; wings long, pointed, rather first quill toes long, fully webbed ; Total length (of skin) about 28 inches Dimensions bill wing 20 ; ; tail inches Colors and Primaries, greater wing coverts, Adult tertiaries, tips and upper edge of the wing brownish-black ; of secondaries tail white, tipped All other parts, including the head and entire body, white, with dark brown usually in adult specimens tinged with pale yellow on the head and neck Under wing coverts white specimen pale, dull yellow) ; ; bill pale reddish-yellow (in prepared and dried legs pale flesh-color lighter on the inferior parts of the body more advanced plumage, variously spotted with white, generally most observable around the base of the bill and on the rump Young bill and dark ; in Spec, in Mus Acad Philada the smaller species of the Albatrosses, this size to the large may It ; Western coast of North America Hab Of Entirely sooty-brown feet D exulans, which it is the largest and next in much resembles in general appearance always, however, be readily distinguished from any other species by the characters given above of the head and neck is Specimens occur in which the pale yellow tinge not distinguishable, but usually it is a strongly marked character It M was by our friend, D., Director of the that distinguished ornithologist, Gustav Hartlaub, Museum of the city of Bremen, that our attention — ; CONCLUSION 292 was first called to the fact of this bird and the Black-footed Albatross being Not and a re-examination suggested identical, for this only are we indebted same gentleman, but for much advice and instruction most encouraging and valuable, and a constant assurance of good feeling, uninterrupted for Naturalists of all clinies should work out their mission in harmony years to thti It is often not so, and fellowship and understood, But we —would that all like Hartlaub cultivated as well as Science, kindness, friendship, justice Like the traveller at the end of are at the close of our volume his day's journey, or the husbandman when the sun has sunk behind willingly stop for repose, not without thoughts mainly, we cessarily, retrospective, Reader ! the hills, and perhaps ne- but agreeable our barks have glided together for a period on the great stream which carries us alike Thou to our future destiny companion most pleasant, and an encourager We hast been to me as a have chatted, not always, perhaps, with sufficient reverence, or possibly sometimes frivolously, of the magnificence of our pathway, —of the mountain and By birds that sing in the branches the highest dignity attaches to the forest, —even of the no means without dignity of subject, created things as the realized ideas of all Omnipotence We could wish that some passages in our book were more clearly stated but there that is little we would have we accomplished any Man exists in this erase We aspire to no perfection, Imperfection is much less a characteristic of mankind world as an intellectual being, in a rudimental condition only Trust not too implicitly in the delights of the wilds, nor of solitude are temporary, and only to be as a teacher, as the ark of safety, bringing, knowledge For all and elevation we may hope, the olive-branch of peace with any one else has said-, our are in society There only we acquire true Science, Literature, Betake thyself not there only flourish it We part now, — I would that again, and hoping ever, it — parted may Art, the great civilizers, to the wilderness, or for a period only, and never longer than forty days, for They to social life that I have said, or that greatest and truest interests cultivation —we must return ever — never — ! be lover-like, already, as it if oft there is any help promising to meet were, and distant, perhaps, by the length and breadth of our native land, or by the wide waters of the from my heart I waft to thee a blessing and a farewell Atlantic, — INDEX Archibuteo, fermgineus, A Abekt, Lieut J W., on Callipepla squamata, 129 (pi 26,) 104, " sanctijohannis, 103 " lagopus, 104 159 arctious Bubo, 178 acadica, Nyctale, 186 asio Scops, Aeanthylis, genus, 249 Astur, genus, 93 " " " pelasgia, 249 " Vauxii, 250 saxatilis, AtheniniE, sub-family, 188 252 Athene, genus, 188 " hypugoea, 188 atricristatus, Lophophanes, 13 Accipitrinas, sub-family, 93 Aocipiter, genus, 94 " " fuscus, 95 " mexicanus, 96 Cooperi, 96 albicilla, Haliactus, Avocet, Western, 232 B 111 Baciimani, Falco, 119 albidus, Falco, 117 Baird, Prof S F., on Querquedula cyanop- albifrons, Nyctale, 187 82 tera, Albatross, Black-footed, 210 50,) 289 (pi 35,) Short-tailed, (pi Bairdii Buteo, (pi 41,) 99, 257 Baird's Buzzard, (pi 41,) 257 manufacture of, on Pacific coast, 29 Mr John G., on Chamsea fasciata, 40 " on Melanerpes thyroideus, 202 Alexandri Trochilus, 141 Barilla, alcyon Ceryle, 254 Bell, " altiloqua Vireosylvia, 227 " americanus, Falco, 116 americana, Ceryle, 256 " " Lanier Falcon, 121 House Finch, 73 Ammodromus, rostratus, (pi 38,) Anas cyanoptera, 83 " Rafflesii, 83 Antrostomus, genus, 235 " carolinensis, 236 Nuttallii, " " on Melanerpes formicivorus, nigricans, (pi 10,) 52 leucopareia, 45,) 272 Black-footed Albatross, 210 135 226 Black Brant, 52 " Vulture, 58 " Flycatcher, 169 Black-cheeked Eagle, 33 " crested Chickadee, 13 Black-headed Oriole, 137 236 vociferus, 236 califurnianus, 240 (pi bilineata Emberiza, (pi 23,) 150 genus, 136 ruficeps, (pi 20,) " " Bernicla, genus, 54 American Stone-chat, 207 " " 179 atricapillus, 93 Flycatcher, 153 " " Gnatcatcher, 163 Black-throated Finch 150 Aquilinse, sub-family, 108 Blandingiana, Embernagra, Aquila, genus, lO'J Blanding's Finch, 72 (pi " " chrysaetos, 109 Blue Partridge, 129 dicronyx, 119 " macnlosa, 118 brachyura, Diomedea, 289 Brown-headed Creeper, 156 " pelagica, 37 Brown " marina, 37 brunneicapillus, Picolaptes, 156 Archibuteo, genus, 103, 161 12,) 72 Buzz.ard, 198 Buboninoe, sub-family, 177 (293) INDEX 294 Clark, Mr John H Bubo, genus, 177 " arcticus, 178 " " magellanicus, 178 '* " " " pacificus, subarcticus, 178 -virginianus, on Icterus melanocephalus, 137 on Vireosylvia atricapilla, 154 Corre-camino, 178 (pi 213 36,) Condor, 60 177 Cotyle, genus, 247 Bullock, Mr William, on Humming " Birds, 144 riparia, 247 " Bunting, McCown's, 228 Harlani, 101 serripennis, 247 Couch, Lieut D N " on Pyrocephalus rubineus, 127 " on Icterus melanocephalus, 138 " on Emberiza bilineata, 150 " on Geococcyx mexicanus, 218 insignatus, (pi 31,) 102, 198 cucullatus Icterus, (pi 8,) 42 lineatus, 99 Culicivora, genus, 164 Buteoninse, sub-family, 97 Buteo, genus, 97 " " " " Bairdii, (pi 41,) 99, " " " 257 borealis, 97 " pennsj'lvanicuB, 100 mexicana, (pi 27,) cyanocephala Gymnokitta, cyanoptera, Querquedula, Cyanocorax luxuosus, Califoknia Woodpecker, Calumet Eagle, 33 Gambelii, (pi 19,) 129 " Massena, Caprimulgidse, family, 235 remarks on, 241 Caprimulgus macromystax, 239 " europijeus, 241 " minor, 240 Carbonate of Soda, manufacture of, on Pacific coast, 29 Carpodacus, genus, 78 " familiaris, (pi 13,) 73 Cardinalis, genus, 20G " sinuatus, (pi 33,) 204 265 Catbartes, genus, 56 " " " atratus, 58 " californianus, 58 aura, 57 Burrovianus, 69 Ceryle, genus, 254 " " alcyon, 254 americana, 255 Chamffia, genus, 40 Chamaea 39 Chaparral Cock, (pi 36,) 213 remarks Chickadees, on, 13 Chordeiles, genus, 237 " Henry i, 239 fasciata, (pi 7,) " sapiti, 2.38 " virginianus, 238 Circus, genus, 108 " hudsonius, 108 (pi 4,) DiOMEDEA, genus, 211 " brachyura, " 21 (pi 50,) Du 289 nigripes, (pi 35,) 210 Dryotomus, genus, 287 " imperialis, (pi 49,) 285 Pratz on White Eagle, 33 E Eagles, synopsis " Cardinella, genus, 266 43,) (pi 1,) D " (pi 82 Cyrtonyx, genus, 25 Canon Finch, 124 rubra, (pi 15,) Cypselus, genus, 248 " melanoleucus, 248 45 (pi 9,) squamata, 165 (pi 28,) Cypselinaj, sub-family, 248 Callipepla, genus, 50 " 163 Curve-billed Thrush, 200 Swainsonii, 98 of, 109 Fishing, synopsis of, 109 Eagle, black-cheeked, 33 " calumet, 33 " golden, 109 " gray, 33 " " " northern Sea, " white-headed 111 (pi 6,) 31, 110 Washington, 34, 110 vfhite, 33 Edwards, Mr William H " on Humming Birds, 143 Elanus, genus, 106 " leucurus, 106 Emberiza bilineata, (pi 23,) 150 Embernagra, genus, 71 Blandingiana, Falconidje, family, 85 Falconinse, sub-family, (pi 12,) 70 INDEX Falco, genua, 85, 122 " " " albidus, 117 " albicilla americanus, 33, 116 " leucocephalus 111 anatum, " " " Bachmanii, 119 doliatus, 119 glaucus, 120 nigriceps, 87 obscurus, 118 " " " " " polyagrus, Hawks, nights " " 121 " spadiceus, 117 ** subceruleua, 120 " " variegatus, 116 of, 31, 115, 120, 159 Falcon, American Lanier, 88, 121 familiaris, Carpodacus, (pi 13,) 73 fasciata, Chamoea, 39 (pi 7,) ferrugineus, Archibuteo, (pi 26,) 104, 159 Fissirostres, tribe, 235 Flycatclier, Black, 169 formicivorus, Melanerpes, French, Capt " (pi 2,) S G., on Callipepla Gambelii, 46 " " squamata, 130 •' Cyrtonyx Massena, 23 " " fusca, Pipilo, (pi 17,) 124 on Melanerpes thyroideus, 202 on Ptilogonys nitens, 171 on Toxostoma rediviva, 263 Heermann, Dr A L " on Melanerpes formicivorus, " on Carpodacus familiaris, 77 " on Pipilo fusca, 125 " on Ammodromus ruficeps, 135 " " on " rostratus, 226 " " on Picolaptes brunneicapillus, 156 on Archibuteo ferrugineus, 160 on Calicivora mexicana, 163 on Ptilgonys nitens, 170 on Troglodytes mexicanus, 173 on Buteo insignatus, 199 on Melanerpes thyroideus, 202 on Cardinalis sinuatus, 205 on Diomedea nigripes, 211 on Geococcyx mexicanus, 217 on Vireosylvia altiloqua, 221 on Plectrophanes McCownii, 230 on Recurvirostra occidentalis, 233 on Trochilus Alexandri, 148 " " " " *' furcata, Tbalassidroma, (pi 46,) 274 " " G " Gambel, Dr William " on Carpodacas familiaris, 74 " on Cliamiea fasciata, 39 " on Embernagra Blandingiana, 71 (pi 9,) 45 Gambel's Partridge, (pi 9,) 45 Geococcyx, genus, 219 " mexicanus, (pi 36,) 213 Glaucidium, genus, 189 " infuscatum, 189 Goose, white-necked, 272 Gosse, Mr P H., " on Humming Birds, 146 " on VireosyWia altiloqua, 223 Gould, Mr John, on Picus imperialis, 286 Great-crested Woodpecker, 285 Ground Cuckoo, 213 Guan, Texan, 267 Gull, White-headed, 28 cyanocephala, " " " on Toxostoma rediviva, 262 Heermanni, Larus, (pi 5,) 28 Hierofalco, genus, 89 " sacer, 89 Hirundinidie, family, 242 " remarks on, 253 Hirundo, genus, 242 " sub-genus, 243 " rufa, 243 " lunifrons, 243 " bicolor, " thalassina, 245 " unalaskensis, 250 (pi H HALCT0NIDJ3, family, 253 " remarks on, 255 28,) 165 ' 244 " phenicephala, 251 " " rupestris, cinerea, 252 Hooded Gymnokitta, genus, 167 " 115 on Pyrocephalus rubineus, 127 on Gymnokitta cyanocephala, 166 " Fringilla chlorura, 72 Gambelii, Callipepla, of, Henryi, Chordeiles, 239 85 remarks on, 110 on Pipilo fusca, 124 " " " Falcons, synopsis 31, Henrj', Dr T Charlton 16,) 88, (pi (pi 6,) Washingtonii, 34, 110 Harris, Mr Edw., on Parus septentrionalis, 80 obsoletus, 117 " 111 pelagicus, 8(5 oandidus, 34, 116 " 295 Huliactus, genus, 37, 109 252 Oriole, 42 Hoy, Dr Philo E., on Nyctale Kirtlandii, 68 '* on Buteo Bairdii, 257 Humming Birds, remarks on, 141 Hypotriorcbis, genus, 90 " columbarius, 90 INDEX 296 MoCall, Col George A I " " Icterus, gepus, 43 " cucullatus, (pi 8,) 42 " melanocephalus, " (pi 21,) 137 106 Ictinia, genus, mississippiensis, 106 Insessores, tribe, 235 imperialis, Dryotomus, 49,) (pi 285 insignatus, Buteo, 102, 198 J Jays, remarks on, Jay, Mexican, " Prince Maximilian's, 165 " " K Kelp, on Pacific Coast, 29 Kennerly, Dr C B R " on Gymnokitta cyanocephala, 166 " on Callipepla Gambelii, 46 " on squamata, 130 " on Carpodacus familiaris, 75 " on Cyrtonyx Massena, 22 " on Geococcyx mexicanus, 214 " on Ortalida poliocephala, 267 " on Pipilo fusca, 124 " on Ptilogonys nitens, 169 " on Kecurvirostra occidentalis, 232 " on Toxostoma rediviva, 261 McCallii, Scops, 180 McCown, Capt John P " on Cyanocorax luxuosus, on Troglodytes mexicanus, 174 Kern, Mr E M " on Archibuteo ferrugineus, 161 on Cardinalis sinuatus, 205 on Geococcyx mexicanus, 216 " " on Icterus cucullatus, 42 on Pyrocephalus rubineus, 127 " on Plectrophanes McCownii, 230 McCownii, Plectrophanes, ' " of, 63 Kirtland's Owl, 278 (pi 11,) 63 (pi 2,) (pi melanocephalus, Icterus, Kirtlandii, Nyctale, (pi 11,) Sylvicola, formiclvorus, thyroideus, 253 notes on, 256 228 Melanerpes, genus, 11 King Vulture, 61 King-Fishers, Synopsis (pi 39,) McCown's Bunting, 228 32,) 201 21,) 137 (pi Mexican Jay, (pi 1,) mexicana Culicivora, (pi 27,) 163 mexicanus Geococcyx, (pi 36,) 213 Troglodytes, Warbler 278 (pi 30,) 173 Milvinse, sub-family, 105 L Lakcs, genus, 29 " Heermanni, (pi 5,) Milvus leucomelas, 119 28 Morphnus, genus, 114 " unicinctus, 114 Lawrence, Mr George N " on Bernicla nigricans, 52 Llave, Don Pablo de N la, " on Cyrtonyx Massena, 24 " on Callipepla squamata, 133 Nauclerus, genus, 105 " furcatus, 105 nigripes, Diomedea, (pi 35,) leucopareia, Bernicla, 272 Long-billed Flycatcher, 221 " Swamp Sparrow, 226 210 nigricans, Bernicla, (pi 10,) 52 nitens, Ptilogonys, (pi 29,) 169 Northern Sea Eagle, 31 Long-tailed Chickadee, 80 Nyctale, genus, 68, 185 Lophophanes, genus, 18 acadica, 186 atricristatus, (pi 3,) 13, 19 " bicolor, 18 " inornatus, 19 '• Richardsonii, 185 (pi 1,) Nycteininee, sub-family, 190 Nyctea, genus, 190 " M Massena, Cyrtonyx, " Partridge, 87 Kirtlandii, (pi 11,) 63, 187 Wollweberi, 19 luxuosus, Cyanocorax, albifrons, (pi 4,) 21 (pi 4,) 21 nivea, 190 Maximilian's Jay, 165 OCCIDENTALIS, Recurvirostra, Maximilian, the Prince, on Gray Eagle, 34 McCall, Col George A " on Cyanocorax luxuosus, cenanthoides, Saxicola, (pi 34, (pi ) olivacea, Sylvicola (pi 44,) 283 Orange-breasted Warbler, 283 40,) 207 232 INDEX Oriole, hooded, (pi 8,) " black-headed, 297 Pealtria, genus, 137 (pi 21,) 270 Ortalida, genus, " 42 poliocephala, (pi 44,) 267 19 " melanotis, 20 " minima, 20 Psaltriparus personatus, 20 Ptilogonys, genus, 171 Ortyx Masseua, 25 " Otus, genus, 181 nitens, (pi 29,) 169 " brachyotus, 182 Purple-throated " mexicanus, 195 Pyrocephalus, genus, 128 " WilsoniaDus, 181 " Humming rubineus, Bird, 141 (pi 127 18,) Owls, Synopsis of North American, 175 " remarks Owl Kirtland's, Q 192 on, 63, (pi 11,) QuEKQUEDULA, genus, 83 " cyanoptera, 187 P Paisano, 213 Pallas, on Northern Sea Eagle, 36 Pandion, genus, 112 " carolinensis, 112 Partridge, Massena, (pi 4,) 21 " Blue, (pi 19,) 129 " Gambel's, (pi 9,) 45 K Eaptohes, order, 56 Recurvirostra, genus, 233 " of, occidentalis, (pi 40,) Registro trimestre, notice of, Parus, genus, 17 on Black Geese, 53 " " atricapillus, 17 rostratus, atricristatus, 19 " annexas, 19 Rostrahamus, genus, 107 " sociabilis, 107 " carolinensis, 17 rubineus Pyrocephalus, " " hudsonicus, 18 rubra, Cardellina, inornatus, 19 ruficeps, " minimus, 20 melanotis, 20 Ammodromus, (pi 38,) (pi 18,) (pi 43,) Ammodromus, rufescens, 18 " " septentrionalis, (pi 14,) 17, 80 ' gryphus, 60 papa, 61 " sacer, SAKCOKAMPHns, gonus, 59 Peale, Mr Titian R on Diomedea brachyura, 289 (pi 6,) " cenanthoides, (pi 34,) 207 Petrochelidon, sub-genus, 243 Scaly Partridge, Scops, genus, 179 " on Thalassidroma Wilsonii, 275 " furcata, 276 " on Dryotomus imperialis, 286 Picolaptes, genus, 157 " (pi 25,) 156 fusca, (pi 17,) 124 Plectrophanes, genus, 230 Short-taUed Albatross, 289 Strix, genus, 176 " pratincola, 176 " diurnalis, Polyborus, genus, 112 " forficata, McCownii, (pi 39,) " tharus, 113 polyagrus, Falco, (pi Progne, genus, 245 " chalybea, 246 " purpurea, 245 16,) 88, 228 121 (pi 33,) 204 Sparvius ardosiacus, 118 squamata, Callipepla, (pi 19,) 129 Strigida;, family, 175 poliocephala, Ortalida, 267 " 129 " asio, 179 " McCallii, 180 Sea Eagle, northern, 31, 110 sinuatus, Cardinalis, on Querquedula cyanoptera, 82 Pipilo, genus, 126 " (pi 19,) septentrionalis, Parus, (pi 14,) 17, brunneicapillus, Pilate, Dr E " 59 Saxicola, genus, 208 31 Pickering, Dr Charles " 127 20,) 135 S montanus, 18 •' " 226 265 (pi " pelagicus, Haliaetus, 24 Richardson, Sir John 17 " " 232 Red-breasted Teal, 82 rediviva, Toxostoma, 260 Scaly, (pi 19,) 129 PariniB, Synopsis 82 (pi 15,) 196 195 georgica, 195 " passerina, 195 " peregrinator, 196 " wapacuthu, 194 Surnia, genus, 191 80 ' INDEX L'98 Toxostoma Surnia ululu, 191 Swallows, Synopsis " of, 242 Swamp " rediviva, (pi 42,) Sparrow, Western, 135 " Long-billed, 135 remarks on, 278 Sjlvicola, genus, 281 Sj'lvicoliufe, Alexandri, (pi 22,) 141 Troglodytes mexicanus, (pi 30,) 173 Turkeys, notes on, 267 Turkey Buzzard, 57 V olivacea, (pi 48,) 283 Kirtlandii, (pi 47,) Synopsis of North American 278 Vermilion Flycatcher, (pi 43,) 205 Vireo, genus, 154 : " Parinie, Chickadees, 17 Vulturidoe, Vultures, 56 atricapillus, (pi 24,) 153 Vireosylvia, genus, 224 Falconidoe, Falcons, 85 StrigidtB, Owls, 260 Trochilus, genus, 148 uotes on, -52 " 175 altiloqua, (pi 37,) 221 Vultures, remarks on, 61 Caprimulgidse, Night Hawks, 235 Hirundinidis, Swallows, 242 " synopsis of, 50 VuIturidiE, family, 56 HalcyonidiB, Kingfishers, 253 W Syrnium, genus, 183 " cinereum, 184 " " Warblers, remarks on, 278 Washington Eagle, 84 White Avocet, 232 nebulosum, 184 aluco, 196 " T Tetrao " " marmorata, 24 Texan Guan, 267 Thalassidroma, genus, 277 " furcata, (pi 46,) 274 " Eagle, 33 White-headed Gull, (pi 5,) 28 White-necked Goose, (pi 45,) 272 White-throated Wren, (pi 30,) 173 Western Avocet, (pi 40,) 232 24 guttata, 24 cristata, Wilsonii, 275 Wilsonii, Thalassidroma, 275 Woodpecker, California, (pi " black-breasted, 2,) (pi 32,) 201 sparverius, 92 Woodhouse, Dr S W " on Lophophanes atricristatus, 14 " on Vireo atricapillus, 154 Townsend, Dr John K " on Dryotomus imperialis, 28f Toxostoma, genus, 263 " on Embernagra Blandingiana, 71 Wren, the Ground, 37 " White-throated, 173 thyroideus Melanerpes, (pi 32,) 201 Tinnunculus, genus, 92 " THE END .V \^ Hiii'i'iJsraoTT's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World; OR, GEOGRAFHICAL DICTIONARY 2200 Pages; Comprising- nearly Including a greater amount of matter than any other single volume in the English language; giving DESCRIPTION OF NEARLY ONE UUNDRED TUOQSAND PLACES, with the Correct pRONDNCiATiON OF THEIR Najies, being above 20,000 more Geographical Notices than are found in any other Gazetteer of the World Edited by J THOMAS, M.D., and T i BALDWIN, BY SEVERAL OTHEa GENTLEMEN TESTIIvIOa>TI.A.IjS From "Dear Sib — I the Hon Edward Everett have examined with sonie care the copy you so ipjod as to send uie of LippiiK-otfs Pronouncing Gazetteer, and I have Ibrnied a vtry favorable opinion of the worli It has been evidently prepared with great labor, and, as far as I can judge, from the best materials and sources of infornmtion The principles adopted in ascertaining the pronunciation of proper names (as stated in the Introduction) appear to me correct This is a matter attended with some difficulty and uncertainty, It is were x-rlth tory treated but great ability and lu a very satisfac- mauner in your lutroduction In looking at some of the more doubtful pronunciations, have almost always concurred with you in opinion Where we differ, if I still adhere to my own opinion, it will be with diminished confidence in its accuracy The names of places in a gazetteer naturally fell into three classes: 1st Those which oripinally belong to our own language; 2d Those foreign names which are wholly or paitly naturalized in the English language 3d Those which remain foreign to our language I have examined the pronunciation of some important words of each class, as given in yourGazetteer; and the result has ; satisfied me that it bas been prepared ^vith £Ood Judgment and discrimination, as iveTl as ^vltb tbe aid of tlie best autborities Although, as a general rule I am obliged tt> excuse myself from expressing opinions of forthcoming publications, I have felt it my duty to make an exception on the present occasion I have no doubt your Gazetteer will be found an extremely useful -work, well calculated to supply a want whii'h must have been severely felt by almost every class of readers." From Eliplialet Nott, D.D., LL.D., From tlie Tbe 1»» generation will be greatly lieiiefiled, botb in tile accuracy and extent of tUeir information, should your work be kept as a book of reference on tbe table of every professor and teacher in From to tbe scbolar and tbe ntan of business* L as well as a very valuable contribution to our Literature." From TH B Anderson, LL.B., President of the University of Rochester " I hesitate not to say that, in all the elements which go to make up a good work of reference, it is altogetber su- perior to any book of its class accessible to tbe Anterican public* As a guide to the correct pronuuciation of geographical names it is specially valuable I sincerely hope that your remuneration as publishers may equal the excellence of the work." From Prof Cliaiincey A Goodrich, or Tale G'lh-ge, the ahU and accomplWied Editor of the " R'-vised Edition'* of Webster's Dictionary '* Your Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World appears, from tbe slJLrht examination T have been able to irive it a 'tvork of Imnkenselaborvery wisely directed The prim-iples observed in marking the pronunciation of names strike me as just and highly important The large experience of those employed in this part of the work, together with the opportunitifs they luive enjoyed, in difficult cases, of "insulting men well inffirmed on the subject, from almost every part of the Globe, give the best pledge which the nature of the case will admit for the arcuracy with whi.h f bey have executed this most difficult task I consider tbe -n-ork as of great importance to teachers." tlie country." Addison Alexander, D.D., and Literature, Princeton College "On the subject of geographical orthography and ortho* py, this is not only the best, but the only systematic -work with which I am acquainted The principles propoundfd in the 'Introduction' ai-e correct, and founded on a thorough and extensive knowledge of the subject, so fer as I am capable of judging Their application in the body of the work appears to me judicious and successful In examining this portion of the work, I have received an very strong impresindirect and incidental, but sion of its GllEAT SUPERIORITY iu FULM^:S^ and ACCURACY to any dictionary of geograpahy with which I am acquainted." From Dr B Sears, President of Broion University It ratum alike J Professor of Oriental Languages President of Vnion OAkge gives me pleasure to be able to say that I have found it, as far as examined, not only very correct, but very full and comprehensive; and that I consider It a deside'* Hon Horace Mann, LL.D., President of Antioch College ' Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World* before me for some weeks Having long felt the necessity of a work of tliis kind, I have spent no small amount of time in examiniug yours It seems to me so important to have a comprehensive and authentic gazetteer iu all our colleges, academies, and schooLs that I am induced iu this instance to depart from my general rule iu regard to giving re-commendations Your work has evidently been prepared with iinmeuse labor; and it exhibits prtHil's from beginning to end rlsthat knowledge has presidwi over its execution "I have had your — Dear Sm I have concluded to depart somewhat from a rule which I have established against giving any written recommendation of books: though even in the present instance I shall limit myself to a single point, with which not " every well-educated person is Cimiliar I refer to the pronunciation of foreign geographical names Your work must prove an invaluable guide to tbe student of geograpby, and if generally adopted could uot fail to remove that discrepancy and confusion which now so generally prevail in regard to the pronunciation of geographical names." From J E Worcester, LL.D., Author of Worcester's Critical Dictifmary made some examination of Lippincott's Pro nouncing Gazetteer,' more particularly in relation to pronun" Having ' cLation, I take pleasure in expressing a concurrence generally in what is said by the Hon Epwarb Everett, of the value and excellence of the work- The difficult subject of the pronunciation of geographical names appears to me to have l>een attended to with great care, good taste, -ind sound judgment, and this feature of the Gazetteer must add greatly to value." its From Joseph Henry, L£classes> From Prof Union It seems to me Henry Tlteological to be room B Smith admirably adapted to its object,— erring neither on the score of redundancy nor deficiency • * * By omitting thus what is is nearly useless to the learner, found to explain more fully than even in the larger dictionaries the difficult passages of those classic authors Seminary The introduction of synonyms of etymologies and which are most commonly read in schools and colleges Proper names are so fully explained as in a great degre'j to supersede the necessity of a Dictionary of Classic Antiqui- names adds much to its value ClearnesSf ties conciseness) and remarkable adaptation to Tlie differences of synonymous words, for the first use, are among the valuable qualities of time in a Latin-Engllsli dictionary, are here your work* * * ** I trust this volume may have distinguished, and in such manner as to show the precis© of proper the success it so richly deservea meaning better than is usually done by a lexicon of synoDyms, or the scattered notes of editors ... thickets of There they were mated their nests in Mimosse, which Of the number of their eggs, the are or in the extensive month and almost commonly denominated the description of their : THE iMEXICAN... under the Captain Sitgreaves of the Topographical Engineers of the who was command Army of of the United States, which surveyed the rivers Zunia and the Colorado of the west, by order of the Government... black on the under part of the fine silky blue above, There are a few species as the in which the prevailing color of the plumage Cyanocorax violaceus, a native of the northern parts of South There