Florida Scientist, QUARTERLY JOURNAL of the FLORIDA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 66-1-2003

t-o 6^ ISSN: 0098-4590 fCPph Florida Scietiti, Volume 66 Number Winter, 2003 CONTENTS Effects of Dietary Restriction and Monoamines Aging on in the Cerebral Cortex the Concentration of of the Florida Mouse, Podomys Floridanus First Fred Punzo Report on the Protists Cochliopodium and Lepidotrachelophyllum in Florida Daniel E Wujek Mangrove Habitat on Key Biscayne, Florida John F Barimo and Joseph E Serafy Checklist and Identification Key for Free-Living Copepod Crustaceans Fishes of a Restored in Freshwater Habitats 12 of Everglades National Park and Adjacent Areas, Florida, with Notes on Their Ecology M Cristina Bruno, Janet Reid, and Sue A Perry Herpetological Biogeography of the Georgia Barrier Islands: 23 An Alter- native Interpretation C Robert Shoop and Carol A Ruckdeschel 43 Seasonal Abundance of Diachlorus ferrugatus (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Monroe County, Lawrence Florida J Hribar, Miriam N Hribar, and David J DeMay 52 Cattlemen's Perceptions of Coyotes in Florida Martin B Main, Michael D Fanning, J Jeff MuUahey, Steven Coates, and Daniel H Thornton Behavioral Interactions Between the Shrew Blarina carolinesis and Four Species of Florida Mice in the Presence and Absence of Mouse 55 Nestlings Book Review Fred Punzo F Martin Dean 63 67 FLORIDA SCIENTIST Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences Copyright © by the Florida Academy of Sciences, Inc 2003 Editor: Dr Dean F Martin Co-Editor: Mrs Barbara B Martin Institute for Environmental Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250 Phone: (813) 974-2374; e-mail: dmartin@chumal.cas.usf.edu Business Manager: Dr Richard L Turner Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901-6975 Phone: (321) 674-8196, e-mail: rturner@fit.edu http//: www.floridaacademyofsciences.org The Florida Scientist is Inc., a non-profit scientific published quarterly by the Florida Academy of 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will be considered which present edge to practical Officers for 2002-2003 FLORIDA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Founded 1936 President: Barry HDR Wharton Treasurer: Mrs Georgina Engineering, Inc 2202 N Westshore Boulevard Suite 250 Tampa, PL 33607-5711 Wharton 11709 North Dr Tampa, FL 33617 Executive Director: Dr Gay Biery-Hamilton Rollins College President-Elect: Dr Cherie Geiger Department of Chemistry University of Central Florida Orlando, FL 32816 1000 Holt Ave., 2761 Winter Park, FL 32789-4499 Natalie Smith, Secretary e-mail: GBiery-Hamilton@osc.org Past-President: Dr Maribeth Durst St St Program Chair: Dr Jeremy Montague Department of Natural and Health Sciences Leo University Leo, FL 33574 Secretary: Ronald Federspiel University of South Florida SCA400 Barry University Miami Shores, FL 33161 4202 E Fowler Ave Tampa, FL 33620 Published by The Florida Academy of Sciences, Inc Printing by Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas Florida Scientist QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE FLORIDA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Dean F Barbara Martin, Editor Volume 66 B Martin, Co-Editor Number Winter, 2003 Biological Sciences AND AGING ON THE CONCENTRATION OF MONOAMINES EFFECTS OF DIETARY RESTRICTION IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF THE FLORIDA MOUSE, PODOMYS FLORIDANUS Fred Punzo^ Box 5F Dept of Biology, University of Tampa, 401 W Kennedy Blvd., Tampa, FL 33606 ejfects of aging and chronic diet restriction on the monoamine neurotransmitters (NTs) in the cerebral cortex of young (6 months) and old (30 months) males of the Florida mouse, Podomys floridanus Control animals were fed ad libitum (AL) Aging per se had no significant effect on either the levels of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), 5hydroxytryptamine (5-HT = serotonin) or some of their metabolites such as 4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid (DOPAC), homovanilic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), in the frontal cortex Dietary restriction (DR) in old mice caused a significant increase in levels of 5-HT and the DOPAC + HVA I DA ratio Aging and DR had no effect on NTs or their metabolites in the parietal cortex In the occipital cortex, levels of 5-HT were significantly higher in old mice as compared to younger conspecifics; there was no difference in the levels of DA or NE The ratio of 5-HIAA 5-HT was significantly reduced in Abstract: This study analyzed the concentrations of older animals The results also suggest that serotonergic neurons are influenced to a greater extent by senescence than catecholaminergic neurons DR during the aging process resulted in higher DA concentrations in the frontal cortex Key Words: IT is aging, cerebral cortex, diet restriction, well known monoamines, Podomys (DR) (i.e., undemutrition without on senescence and prolong lifespan in and arthropods (Walford, 1983; Weindruch that dietary restriction malnutrition) can have a profound effect numerous taxa including mammals, birds, and Walford, 1988; Finch, 1990; Yu, 1994) Experimental DR has also been shown to reduce or delay the onset of numerous phenotypic parameters associated with aging such as renal failure, immuno-suppression, myocardial degeneration, and the development of tumors (Fishbein, 1991) Furthermore, the beneficial E-mail: fpunzo(djut.edu effects of FLORIDA SCffiNTIST when underfeeding can be observed [VOL 66 younger animals initiated in either older or 1982; Holehan and Merry, 1986; Schneider and Rowe, 1996) The homeostatic maintenance of various physiological functions via regulatory molecules such as cyclic adenosine-monophosphate (cAMP), inositol phosphate, (Weindruch et al., hormones, comodulators, and neurotransmitters is essential for survival suggested that the aging process and age-related dysfunction breakdown in is has been It associated with some homeostasis (Finch, 1990; Esser and Martin, 1995) Behavioral parameters such as learning, memory, and locomotor activity can also decline as a function of age and/or DR (Goodrick, 1984; Idrobo et 1986; al., Beatty et al, 1987; Campbell and Gaddy, 1987; Finch, 1990) The concentration and activity of neurotransmitters (NTs) and comodulators, which play a vital role in the processing and encoding of experiential information in the central nervous system (CNS), also change as a function of senescence (Lorens modify behavior as the have a significant et al., 1990) The ability to result of previous experience (learning) is adaptive effect on overall fitness in a and can wide variety of taxa (Davey, 1989; Punzo, 1996; Punzo and Punzo, 2002) Most of the studies conducted on inbred on the relationship between aging and strains of laboratory DR have been mice and Norway rats (Moment, 1982; Esser and Martin, 1995) There are few data available from other species of rodents (Finch, The purpose of the present study was 1990) the concentration of monoamines species — and to analyze the effects of DR and aging on wild their metabolites in the cerebral cortex of a mouse, Podomys floridanus Monoamines such as dopamine the Florida (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) have been shown to be involved in a variety of behavioral tasks including learning, arousal, agonistic interactions, and open-field exploratory behavior (Mason, 1986;Haneyetal., 1990; Summers and Greenberg, 1995; Punzo and Punzo, 2002) — 1992 The Methods The animals were obtained from a breeding colony maintained in the laboratory since The colony was started from the breeding of an original male and female collected in Pasco Co., FL habitat was a sandy ridge and the dominant vegetation was scrub palmetto, Sabal etonia and turkey oak, Quercus leavis Following weaning, individually in plastic rodent cages (23 all X 23 X mice (males) used 15 in these experiments were housed cm) and maintained on a 12-hr light-dark photoperiod regime The life span oi P floridanus from two age groups: young older mice from 23 Purina, was Louis, St MO) initiated at the (1977), the DR —27 this laboratory colony is — 3.5 years months) and old (30 months) Young mice ranged (6 g in The mice were divided into weight from 19 Six animals from each age group were fed commercial on one of two dietary regimes: ad libitum and age of weeks for all —21 mouse chow g, and (Ralston diet-restricted Diet restriction (DR) subjects in these groups Following the protocol of Goodrick group received a daily food ration equivalent to 60% of the weighed intake of the ad lib group In order to ensure that adequate nutritional requirements were met for diet-restricted animals, a vitamin, amino acid, and mineral suppliment (Mardel Laboratories, Kansas City, chow (Holehan and Merry, 1986) Animals had access to water at all MO) was added to the times At and 30 months of age animals were sacrificed by cervical disconnection following a 12-hr period of fasting dissection on The brains were removed, and various regions of the cerebral cortex were separated ice as described by Haney and co-workers (1990) and immediately frozen on dry ice by Brain regions included the frontal cortex, occipital cortex, and parietal cortex Brain samples were also stored at — 80°C for subsequent analyses All samples were analyzed within 30 days Samples of the same brain region from different groups were analyzed on the same day No PUNZO— AGING, 2003] Table Effects of diet restriction (DR) and ad young neurotransmitters and their metabolites in floridanus Values are ng / g wet See tissue AND NEUROCHEMISTRY OF PODOMYS DIET, means ± S.E.M (N = (AL) feeding on libitum frontal cortex monoamine months) and old (30 months) males of Podomys (6 for each treatment group each age category) expressed in in text for details Young Old Monoamines and ad metabolites NE*- 336.5 ± 12.3 339.4 + 16.4 418.7 + ± 4.3 ± 13.2 ± 6.8 ± 32.3 + 31.3 ± 11.2 173.2 ± 17.6 94.6 + 12.4 425.8 + 22.6 414.2 ± 22.5 0.97 + 0.04 3.06 + 0.21 + 9.5 94.7 + 8.8 67.8 + 7.6 379.3 + 36.7 417.6 ± 24.3 1.10 ±0.02^ 2.82 + 0.31 168.2 + 159.8 ± 20.3 + 5.8 54.3 DOPAC^ HVA^ 109.7 5-HT^ 423.4 5-HIAA§ 5-HIAA / 5-HT 398.7 70.3 " '^ ^ ^ ^ < < < 3.31 57.6 87.7 0.94 ± 0.03 DOPAC + HVA / DA •^ restricted lib 318.8 + 20.4 DA^ ^ ad restricted lib +0.13 61.2 18.4'^ 27.8*'-'^ 544.29 ± 26.6' 417.3 ± 28.6 0.76 ± 0.03' 1.31 ±0.22'-" 0.05 30 AL vs AL vs 24 AL 0.01 30 vs 24 AL 0.05 30 < 0.05 30 DR vs AL vs AL 0.01 30 p (dopamine); 5-HT (5-hydroxy-tryptamine = serotonin) NE (norepinephrine); DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid; (homo-vanillic acid); 5-HIAA (5 -hydroxy indoleacetic acid) p p p p , , , DR DR < , DR DA HVA The monoamines and their metabolites (NE and DA; and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid, homovanilic acid, HVA), and serotonin (5-HT) (5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, DOPAC; 5HIAA) from each cortical region were determined using a modified procedure of Wester and co-workers (1987) as follows Fifteen mg of tissue was sonicated in 175 of 0.1 ^il M perchloric acid containing 0.3 mM Na2-EDTA and 0.5 mM sodium meta-bisulphite Isoproterenol (25 ng to sonication Sonication of tissues 25 in \i\) was added was performed on dismembrator The resultant homogenates were centrifuged were placed in column (40 cm sample vials in length, as the internal standard to each tube prior 20 sec using a Fisher Model 76-2S sonic ice for at 4°C at Packard 760E electronic detector (0.40 V) The mobile phase (flow filtered mM octane through a 0.5 HPLC-ED analysis The HPLC with a 0.2fi pore diameter) was packed with Hypersil and contained a Hewlett- monoamines consisted of 20 orthophosphate, 2.5 48,000 g for 20 Supematants and injected into a Beckman Model 47 A for \x.m filter nM sodium acetate, sulfonic acid, and 0.3 The peak-area 12% rate, acetonitrile, 3000 psi) mM 100 used to elute the sodium hydrogen mM EDTA disodium salt adjusted to pH 4.2 and ratios of the monoamines or metabolites to the internal standard in each sample were compared to the ratios of the standard to internal standard at known concentrations and quantified using linear regression analysis (Donzanti and Ang, 1990) Concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites were expressed as ng/g wet tissue The effects of diet restriction and ad libitum feeding on the various neurochemical parameters of young and old mice were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance followed, when appropriate, by a Newman-Kuel's test for significance as Results and Discussion tions described by Moroi-Fetters and co-workers (1989) —Aging had no significant effect of neurotransmitters in the frontal cortex (Table 1) on the concentra- The metabolism of 5-HT, however, showed a significant increase in 30-month old AL mice as compared to 6-month animals (p < 0.05) The metabolism of DA, as shown by the ratio of DOPAC + HVA / DA, was also unaffected by the aging process Diet restriction in the older mice caused a significant increase in the concentration of 5- HT and DA while reducing the ratios of 5-HIAA / 5-HT and DOPAC + HVA / DA (p < 0.05) The concentrations of all neurotransmitters in the frontal cortex of 30- FLORIDA SCIENTIST Table of diet restriction and ad libitum feeding on parietal cortex Effects neurotransmitters and their metabolites in floridanus Values are expressed in ng IVT nn o ?i m / means ± S.E.M (N g wet tissue See np {P 0.01) as compared to those rodents that were similar in size to the shrews approach and 0.50) This indicates that the tendency for B carolinensis to attack = mice depends on the size of the rodent in question Conversely, the species of larger mice approached the shrews to a greater extent than their smaller counterparts (F = 23.7, P < Shrews attacked and P polionotus and R humulis On the time, respectively P (F 0.01) killed 80% at least one of the offspring of the smaller (12 out of 15 and 66.7% (10 out of 15) of trials) the other hand, offspring of the larger P gossypinus floridanus were attacked significantly less frequently (13.3 and = 21.9, P < 0.01) When shrews attacked one of the limbs, dragged it a mouse 0%, nestling they typically seized out of the nest, and killed it it and respectively) by the head or with a bite to the base of the The young mouse was then dragged through a runway to a distance of at least 12 cm from the rodent nest before feeding was initiated In some cases (40%), following the lethal bite, the young mouse was dragged back to the nest of the shrew skull before feeding began out of 15 In trials (26.7%) with females of P gossypinus, the mouse proceeded directly toward the shrew and confronted it the shrew retreated In trials (13.3%), the female mice proceeded within a runway In all cases directly to the shrew's nest and uttered a series of rapid vocalizations which caused the shrew to flee from the their head, Three shrews were found dead within the arena with wounds on nest neck and flanks following encounters with P gossypinus In contrast, females of P floridanus were never observed to approach a shrew's nest, although they did confront shrews within a runway in out of 15 shrew to retreat None of the shrews were (20%) causing trials mouse In trials with females of P gossypinus without young, the a mean of 3.3 (±1.1 SE) approaches and 3.5 ± to compared shrews as 1.5 repsectively, for P floridanus, R values were not significantly different (t = ± trials, all 2.9, 6.8 ± and 8.2 1.8, ± to 2.8 ± exhibited 0.6, 3.1 ± 1.2, humulis, and P polionotus These 0.85, P > 2.6, respectively (t Shrews approached more frequently (7.4 ± 0.50) P gossypinus, P floridanus, P polionotus, and R humulis 3.1, 6.6 the killed during encounters with P floridanus = 4.2, F < of the female mice appeared more tolerant of the shrews mice were not present, and they were never observed to attack 0.01) hi these when nestling shrews or emit vocalizations of any kind The results of these effectively attack Florida, B carolinensis, to R humulis which P gossypinus which to more experiments indicate that the shrew, B carolinensis can and consume nestlings of mice is is which prefers mesic that share habitats, its geographic range In would present a also found in mesic areas with herbaceous found from mesic hammocks Peromyscus polionotus sandy habitats and ai*e less in a variety of habitats ranging xeric palmetto-scrub associations (Whitaker, 1996) and P floridanus, on the other hand, prefer more xeric, greater threat ground cover, and FLORIDA SCIENTIST 66 Table Number enclosures during the [VOL 66 of approaches of adult female rodents and shrews (Blarina carolinensis) in first 60 that shrews were present Data are expressed as means for 15 trials (±SE) Rodent species Rodent approaching shrew Shrew approaching rodent Peromyscus gossypinus 10.7(2.1) 2.7(1.0) Peromyscus polionotus 3.4(1.4) 21.3(6.4) Podomys floridanus Reithrodontomys humulis likey to encounter B uncommon 3.6(1.1) 2.4 (1.0) 17.8 (4.7) Because carolinensis in Florida (Gingerich, 14.2(3.5) P floridanus is considered to be 1999), the impact of shrew predation on this when species should be taken into account In addition, the nestlings of adult mice considering possible reintroduction that have a body size similar to that sites ofB more vulnerable to attack than those of larger mice An earlier study 1992) showed that both male and female voles {Microtus ochrogaster) carolinensis are (Getz et al, displayed aggressive behavior toward the sympatric shrew, B brevicauda, and were able to successfully protect their young from attack M pennsylvanicus, did not exhibit any form of aggressive behavior toward vole, However, another species of shrews even when nestlings were present and being attacked Thus, that the degree to body the rodent's which size short-tailed it would seem shrews prey on cricetine rodents depends on its level of aggression which appears to be Even among the larger mice tested in this study, exhibited more aggressive behavior toward shrews than as well as species-specific (Punzo, 2003) P gossypinus clearly P floridanus — Acknowledgments I would like to thank L Ludwig for assistance in maintaining animals in the Foreman for assistance in the observation of behavioral trials; J Lane, D Martin, B Martin, C Hardin, and anonymous reviewers for comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript; and J Vince for assistance in procuring some of the reference literature All animal protocols followed the laboratory and D guidelines for the ethical treatment of animals in behavioral research of the of America A Faculty Development Grant from the University of Animal Behavior Society Tampa made much of this work possible LITERATURE CITED Eadie, W French, T R 1948 W Shrew-mouse predation during low mouse abundance J Mammalogy 29:35-37 1984 Notes on the distribution and taxonomy of short-tailed shrews (genus Blarina) in me southeast Brimleyana 24:121-128 Getz, L L 1989 Mammalogy C , J A 14-year study of Blarina brevicauda populations in East-Central J M Larson, and K A Lindstrom 1992 Blarina brevicauda as a predator on nestiing voles Mammalogy 73:591-596 Gingerich, J L 1999 Florida's Fabulous Hamilton, W J 1930 The food of Mammals World the Soricidae J Pubis., Mammalogy New World F Tampa, Florida, 128 pp 11:27-39 Madison, D M 1985 Activity rhythms and spacing Pp 373^19 Punzo, Illinois 70:58-66 In: Tamarin, R H (ed.) Biology in Microtus Spec Publ., Amer Soc Mammalogists, Lawrence, KS 2003 Effects of dietary restriction and aging on the concentration of monoamines in the cerebral cortex of the Florida mouse, Podomys floridanus Florida Scient (in press) No PUNZO— SHREWS AND FLORIDA MICE 2003] SoKAL, R R AND Whttaker, J Knopf, Horida F J RoHLF 1995 Biometry 3rd ed O 1996 National New Audubon W 67 H Freeman, San Francisco, CA, 818 pp Society Field Guide to North American Mammals Alfred A York, N.Y., 937 pp Scient 66(1): 63-67 2003 Accepted: August 23, 2002 REVIEW M Curie, Radioactive Substances, Dover Publications, Inc., ii+94 pp 3/8 x 1/2 0-486-42550-9, paper 7.95 For the price of a movie ticket and a handful of popcorn, a reader can have a copy of Dr Marie Curie's 1904 doctoral dissertation (English translation) This is not a typical dissertation, of course For this research, she, her husband, and Henri Becquerel (her mentor) shared the Nobel prize in Physics in 1903 The dissertation describes the isolation of and characterization of the strongly radioactive element radium as well as polonium from pitchblende, a uranium-containing ore dissertation also describes many, though not all, properties of radioactivity and The some radioactive substances Omitted, of course, were the consequences of working with these elements, and Dr Curie The volume would ultimately sacrifice her life, dying of leukemia which more drawings, and typically far less significance The volume is recommended for the historical significance, the interesting presentation of the results, and example of outstanding research under challenging conditions Dean F Martin, University of South usually have is interesting in somewhat comparison with contemporary different organization, as well as — Florida dissertations, — A Field Guide and fee' 5*16*"^ Identification aad gaitem U.1 Mysterious Manatees Manual for Photographs by Karen Glaser Florida and Eastern U S T16ER BEETLES by John E Reynolds III "From his days as a graduate student Text Tiger Beetles Paul M Choate, studying wild manatees from a canoe to his chairmanship of the U.S Marine Jr "Lavishly illustrated, authoritatively Mammal Commission, John Reynolds well-written the finest single-state has been guide to tiger beetles that research available, tiger beetles ing." currently and the chapter on geologic history as and is is Florida's will relates to the it plexities of the absolutely tantaliz- —Ronald L manatee's situation today."—Daryl Domning, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Huber, cofounder editor of Cicindela Commission Invertebrates of Florida Series 256pp 227 color photos, 70 distribution maps Published in co-operation with the Center for American Places March Paper, $34.95 208pp 52 duotones June Cloth, $29.95 Grasshoppers of Florida The Cuban Treefrog John L Capinera, Clay W Scherer, and Jason M Thf'WuiOrchuh at the center of manatee and conservation efforts You find no better guide to the com- in Florida Squitier Life "Florida naturalists will be delighted by Grasshoppers of Florida This derfully presented book unlocks an amazing world that previously was unavailable to most backyard and weekend naturalists." 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