UNEP WCMC World Atlas Mark The most D Spalding definitive overview yet of a living w/orld." BBC Wildlife Reefs Corinna Ravilious and Ednnund and comprehensive vital part of of Coral our P Green ®iral reefs are the most biologically diverse marine habitats the world, host to an in extraordinary variety of plants and animals They are also one of the world's most fragile and endangered ecosystems The growth of tourism, combined with the boom in popularity of scuba diving, has brought these spectacular ecosystems to public attention around the planet Coral reefs provide essential fish habitat, support endangered and threatened species, and harbor protected marine mammals and turtles significant source of food, provide They are a income and employ- countless other benefits to humans, including supply- ing compounds Yet coral reefs for pharmaceutical development around the world are rapidly being degraded by human activities such as overfishing coastal development, and the introduction of sewage fertilizer, and sediment And because corals are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature, they are particularly vulnerable to climate change The World Atlas of Coral Reefs provides the detailed and definitive first account of the state of our planet's coral reefs With its wealth of authoritative and up-to-date information, the finest maps available, and nn^ Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCIVIC, Cambridge Iittp://www.archive.org/details/worldatlasofcora01spal World Atlas of Coral Reefs The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous contribution to this book provided by the Moore Family Foundation Published in association with The contents of this volume not necessarily reflect the views UNEP-WCMC or policies of by The University UNEP-WCMC, contributory organizations, editors or of California Press publishers The designations University of California Press not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of employed and the presentations Berkeley and Los Angeles, UNEP-WCMC California concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area University of California Press, Ltd or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or London, England boundaries, or the designation of or contributory organizations, editors or publishers its name or allegiances Cloth edition ISBN: ^ 2001 UNEP World Conservation 0-520-23255-0 Monitoring Centre UNEP-WCMC Cataloging-in-Publication data 219 Huntingdon Road is Cambridge, CB3 ODL, UK +44 (0) 1223 277314 +44 (0) 1223 277136 E-mail: info@unep-wcmc.org Website: www.unep-wcmc.org Tel: on file with the Library of Congress Citation: Spalding M.D., Ravilious C and Green E.P (2001) World Fax: Atlas of Coral Reefs Prepared at the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre University of California Press, Berkeley, USA Printed in China 09 No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted or translated into a machine language without the written permission of the publisher 07 The paper used of in this publication ANSI/NISO Z39 48-1992 meets the minimum requirements (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper) @ ^S T UNEP WCMC ICLARM THE WORLD FtSM CGNTER World Atlas Mark D Spalding, Corinna Ravilious, and UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London of Coral Reefs Edmund P Green World Atlas Prepared The of Coral Reefs at UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road UNEP WCMC Cambridge CB3 DDL UK Website; www.unep-wcmc.org Director: Mark The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Collins Centre provides objective, scientifically rigorous Authors products and services that D Spalding include ecosystem assessments, support Connna Ravilious for Mark Edmund implementation of environmental agreements, regional and global bio- Green P diversity information, research on threats Research assistants and impacts, and development Sarah Carpenter scenarios for the living world The Centre became the biodiversity Rachel Donnelly arm information and assessment Space Shuttle photographic research Julie A, Robinson United Nations Environment in June 2000 lUCN and Marco Noordeloos in Edmund R Green and Mark unless otherwise stated Cartography Corinna Ravilious Layout John Dunne Color separations Swaingrove China A Banson Production 27 Devonshire Road Cambridge, CBl 2BH UK bansonlBou rplanet.com D Spalding organizations years is was founded lUCN, financial support Photographs in It in of the Programme in 1979 by 1988 was transformed joint activity of Printed of future WWF and into a UNEP The and guidance of these the Centre's formative gratefully acknowledged Supporting institutions Supporting institutions The United Nations Environnnent Programme environment Its role is to is the principal United Nations body the field of the in be the leading global environmental authority that sets the global environmental agenda, that promotes the coherent implementation the environmental dimension of environment Its objectives include analysis of the state of the global environment and and regional environmental trends, provision threats, and to catalyze sustainable of development within the United Nations system and that serves as an authoritative advocate for the global assessment of global and early warning information on environmental of policy advice and promote international cooperation and action, based on the best scientific and technical capabilities available Website; w/ww.unep.org ICLARM-The World Fish Center an international, non-profit research center working is and promote food security through the sustainable development and use environmentally sound management The focus of ICLARM's work are one of the key resources systems studied Database on Coral Reefs ReefBase aims ICLARM shallow tropical habitats, activities order in to A major coral of to alleviate poverty resources based on developing countries and coral reefs ICLARM reef project led by ReefBase: A Global is provide data and information on coral reefs and associated to facilitate better and the status and dynamics is in of aquatic understanding of the relationship between human these environments Over 110 institutions and individuals have contributed information and expert advice to ReefBase, Websites: www.iclarm.org and wiwwreefbase.org Scientists l^w in the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center with astronaut crews and facilitate public studies access manage in is located at http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov Strasbourg, France, was formed in 2000 The Aventis Foundation promotes projects at the interface of culture, science, business and society The Foundation Aventisroundation are international, interdisciplinary, and looking towards the future people who will shape tomorrow and activities in science, politics and PAOI (Professional Association enable them to society Website: to contribute to One of its aims to select projects that prime aims is to identify the sustainable development through their www, aventis-foundation.org of Diving Instructors) Project and non-diving communities' environmental awareness, humans and closely imagery, with an emphasis on using astronaut photographs for scientific to the The cataloged data and imagery The Aventis Foundation, based work the Earth photography by astronauts on space missions They also to AWARE seeks to increase both the diving encourage responsible interactions between the aquatic environment and to emphasize the diver's role in preserving the aquatic realm Aquatic World Awareness, Responsibility and Education at www.projectaware.org The non-profit fvlarme Aquarium Council organizations, the Marine Aquarium Council and others MAC IS to aquarium industry, ensure quality and sustainability an international network that brings together environment in (hobbyists), public the collection, culture and aquariums, government agencies commerce of marine ornamentals doing this by developing an international system of certification and labeling that will: establish standards for quality products and practices; document compliance with these standards and label the results; and create consumer demand and confidence Paul Holthus, Executive Director, 923 Fax: (1 Nuuanu for labeled "products" from certified industry operators Ave, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817, USA Tel: (1 8081 550 8217; 808) 550 8317; E-mail: pauLholthusHaquanumcounciLorg; Website: wAvw.aquariumcouncil.org The International Coral Reef ICRI is aquarium keepers Initiative is a voluntary partnership that allows representatives of over 80 countries with coral reefs to work with major donor countries and development banks, international environmental and development agencies, scientific associations, the private sector and NGOs to decide on LvrERjNATlUNAI- CORALREtl the best strategies to conserve the world's coral reef resources ICRI is not a permanent structure or INITUTIVE organization, but an informal network linked by a global Secretariat Website: http://icriforum.org/ Dulverton Trust The Dulverton Trust was founded is a UK grant-making by Lord Dulverton in 1949 charitable trust, with an interest in the field of conservation It WORLD ATLAS OF CORAL REEFS Acknowledgments would authors The support like thank to have lent organizations that the many for the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory other Johnson Space Center to contribute to this book or financial various stages in the preparation of this at These include the United Nations Environment work Programme Division of Early Warning and Assessment, Dulverton Trust, the ICLARM, NASA, the the Aventis Foundation, Marine Aquarium Coimcil and PADI We would also our gratitude to the Moore Foundation for like to express providing support for the production costs of this book excellent support as research assistants during the prepara- The information behind these maps has been compiled over seven years and many thanks are due all those who have Jonathan Blyth, to Map Room UNEP we the to for all of the staff help over their are also very grateful Dan to Claasen Salif Diop, Agneta Nilsson and Arthur Dahl for Colin Watkins has been an incredible support on this not only with fund-raising but also with his and optimism; thank you Colin Thanks persistence, vision also to Heather Cross, In Mary Cordiner and Rogowski Will Mania evenings and weekends the at Spalding and Stephen Grady have shown great patience and tolerance of the crazy hours - many thanks indeed We to we put in to prepare this book both of them part of the text photographs, but also provided his newly prepared coral distribution data species lists and thoroughly reviewed our resulting Thanks to Clive Wilkinson, Bernard Salvat and Lauretta Burke for supplying data and general encouragement Thanks International Coral Jerry Kemp, Doug Reef the to many others Initiative for their some valuable in the kind support Giotto Castelli Perrine, Fairhurst also provided and Colin A images Thanks must also go that appear in the book Lonely Planet/Pisces Books to number of copies of a In addition, considerable thanks are their Diving and owed to the who have checked reviewers, listed below, text the high- copies of film products that were the digital starting point for the of the Johnson at making These have greatly improved the final quality which remain the texts However, any errors responsibility of the authors Part In Chapter Stephen Grady, Lucy Conway and Sarah I: and 1) David Woodruff (primarily 1-3), Paul Holthus (aquarium Marco Noordeloos spent countless hours sorting showing coral reefs In addition to this, of Kamlesh P LuUa it without the many would not have been possible and trade certification) In Part II: Jeremy Woodley (Chapters and Reyes BoniUa (Mexico), Juan Manuel Diaz Hector Guzman (Honduras, Hector 5), (Colombia), Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama), Sheila Marques Pauls (Venezuela) and Clive Petrovic (British Virgin Islands) Part David Obura (East Africa), Nyawira III: Muthiga (Kenya), Chris Horrill, Richmond and Jason Reubens Quod Martin Guard, Matthew Jean Pascal (Tanzania), (Eastern Africa), Arjan Rajasuriya (South Asia), Charles Anderson (Maldives), Charles Sheppard (Chagos Archipelago), Alain de Grissac (northern DeVantier (Middle Eastern reefs), southern Arabia), Ormond Rupert Hansa Chansang (Thailand), Red Jeremy HM Sea), Kemp (northern Lyndon (Red Sea, Red Part IV: JEN Veron Guinea), Duncan Vaughan Islands), Darrin (Australia), (Fiji), Drumm (Cook Sea), Ibrahim (Malaysia), Laura David (Philippines), Vo Si Tuan (Vietnam), In an earlier of are solely the CF (Melanesia and Polynesia), Aaron Jenkins (Papua at many over large parts Robinson has worked long and hard on the through thousands of images to select those clearly efforts quality to (Taiwan) and Andre Jon Uychiaoco (Southeast Asia) images from Space Shuttle and Mir, while, stage, Imaging Laboratory Digital to the checking the in additions to the photographs Julie The Space Center gave special attention In who not and supplied some are extremely grateful to Charlie Veron, reviewed only and those who helped staff Carpenter (Chapters their constant support UNEP-WCMC support Snorkelling Guides in to all the photography of Earth Particular thanks are due who provided Hagen Also and orbit, members of the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory who have over the years supported astronaut Mary Edwards, Simon University Library project, astronauts for their continuing efforts "placement students" the Cambridge, many thanks are owed In NASA to helped, including Joanna Hugues and Chantal the years due photograph coral reef areas from Rhind and Annabel Lee, Ivor Wheeldon, Alastair Grenfell, Susannah Hirsh, to annotations Both Sarah Carpenter and Rachel Donnelly provided tion of this work are at Thanks Dai Robin South New John Gourley (Mariana Islands) and Flinn Curren (American Samoa) Thanks are also due appraisal of the text to James Nybakken for his overall 414 WORLD ATLAS OF CORAL REEFS Laccadives see Lakshadweep Lacepede Islands, Northern Lachnolaimus maximus 101 Elliot Island, Great Barrier Reef 315 Papua New Guinea 326, 327 Gulf, Pfiilippines 282 lagoons 25, 26 Lembata Nusa Tenggara Mexico 112, 116 Laguna de Pananna Cfiiriqui, Caledonia 335, 123, 124 Lakemba Passage, Fiji 343 Laksfiadweep Islands 337 216,217 Irois, Haiti 149, US Virgin Islands 154 155 Lesser Antilles 147, 158-66 Lamotrek, Federated States of Micronesia 355 LampiMNP265 Archipelago, Kenya 182, 183 Lan-Yu Islands, Taiwan 293 Lombok, Indonesia Long Leyte Gulf, Philippines 285 Long Island 79 land reclamation 53, 63, 222 Landsat Thematic Mapper 83-4 Lansdowne Bank, New Caledonia 335, 336 Bermuda and ranging Lihir Group, 18, 19 326 327 102 Larus novaehoUaniae 358 larvae 23 170 123, 124 Panama 126 129 Lassuan MR/TZ, Philippines 285, 286 Latham Island, Tanzania 187, Lau Group, 343, 344 Fiji Lau Lagoon, Solomon Islands 331,332 Lau Ridge, 342, 344 Laughing Bird Caye, Belize 118 Lavan, Iran 252 Lavongai (New Hanoverl, Papua Guinea 326, 327 Layang Layang, Malaysia 269 Madracis decactis 173, 174 Island, Vanuatu 339 Mafia Channel, Tanzania 187 Howe Island Group, MPA/Vorld Heritage 189 Site, Magnetic Island, Queensland 312 Los Arcos ETC, Mexico 112, Mahakam Kalimantan River, 275-6 Los Rogues Archipelago, Mahe, Seychelles 200, 201 Maiana, Gilbert Islands, Kiribati 365 NP/Ramsar Maibishi MP, Japan 296 Mozambique Islands, Queensland New Gulf, Philippines 281, 282, 283 lionfish 289 Lisianski Island, Hawaiian Islands 393 395 Little Bahama Bank Little Barrier Reef, Saudi 103 Arabia 240 Caledonia Lanka 15 Makassar, Indonesia 279 Makassar Strait, Indonesia 268 277 Makatea, French Polynesia 385, 387-8 Makemo, French Polynesia 387 Lubang Makin, Gilbert Islands, Kiribati Islands Philippines 282 Lutjanidae41 120 365 Lutjanus apodus 127 137 Makira ISan Christoball, Lutjanus ehrenbergii Al Solomon Islands 331 Makundhoo Kandu DS, 36 Maldives 223, 225 Luzon, Philippines 281, 282, 283 Makunudu Luzon Malacca, Straits 57, 266, 267 Strait, Philippines 281, 282 Lyra Reef, 326, 328 Atoll, Maldives 223 272 Lynher Reef, Northern Australia 308, 309 Sri Majahual, Mexico Lu-Tao Islands Taiwan 293 Lutjanus synagns Republic 151 152 218.219 New Lutjanus kasmira 27 212 Sur NP Dominican Basses Reef, Guinea 325, 326 Loyalty Islands, Society Islands 388 361,362 268, 270 334, 335, 337 225 Litoral Darussalam Iti, Majuro, Marshall Islands 360, Louisiade Archipelago, Papua lined butterflyfish 379 Lingayen of Micronesia 356 Louisa Reef, Brunei Line Islands, Kiribati 363 364, Little Venezuela Site, Losap, Federated States Lindeman 100, 102 Madivaru DS, Maldives 223, 225 Limpopo Lithothamnion 119 Fiji Madiana PA, Bermuda Maiao River, 208-9 Guinea see Archipielago Los Rogues Lions Head DS, Maldives 223, Laticaudinae 43 New Limon Costa Rica 125 126 Linkia laevigata 302 188 Madang, Papua 247 188 Los Rogues NP/Ramsar Site 366, 397 Las Perlas Archipelago, 180, 194-6, Mafia Island MP, Tanzania 187, Venezuela 168, 169, 170 312,313,315 Las Iguanas WRef, Honduras Island Group, 116 lime production 333 197, Madagascar Mafia Island, Tanzania 186, 187, Howe Australia 318, 321 Lihou Reef and Cays Australia 190 Las Aves Venezuela 168, 169, Lord Islands, 365 macroalgae Maewo Australia 318, 320-1 Papua New Guinea Kiribati Madracts spp, 175 96, 97, 338 339 Lord Lihou Reef NNR, Australia 319 100 WMA Papua New Lopevi lUlveahl Island Vanuatu 321 Lartington PA, 103, 104 99 Caledonia 334, 335 274 Site, 326, 327 Bahamas Guinea 326 329 318.319 Laos 262, 288 Island, Looe Key NaMS, Florida Lighthouse Reef, Belize of Punt, expedition 78, 268, 278 Long Cay, Belize 118 Leyte, Philippines 281, 285 New Gulf, Indonesia McKean, Phoenix 344 ILIDARI 86 Lanai, Hawai'i 393 131, 133 342, 343, Lifou Macclesfield Bank, Paracel Mackay, Queensland 312, 315 Fiji light detection Philippines Ecuador lobster 36, 58, 108, 119, 133, Lomaiviti Islands, ranging Macahutom MP, Ramsar L'Etang FiR Reunion 206, 209 and see Marine Aquarium Machalilla 316 light detection MAC Lobophyton 33 54, LIDAR see UNESCO Islands 288 spiny 35, 105, 155,396 100 see Man and the Biosphere Programme McCluer loggerhead turtle 102 MAB Programme Lobophora variegata 135 Lesser Sunda Islands 268, 273 Leuwang Sancang NR, Thila DS Maldives 223, 225 285, 286 136 LHerminie PA, Bermuda laminar corals 34 New 151 Indonesia 268, 280 Bay, trade 49, 284, 290, 317, Reef 311, 313 151 M Maaya Council Lizard Island, Great Barrier Lethrinus miniatus 319 ILaccadivesI, India 212,214, live fish 160, 167 345 201 Honduras Lamu Tobago Haiti 149, 151 Les Bancs de Seche-Croissant New Tobago GS, Trinidad and Little Les Mamelles NR, Seychelles Laguna de Guaymoreto WRef, Bahamas 104 Little San Salvador WBR, Bahamas 104, 105 Little Sound EnvZ, Cayman Inagua, Islands 143 Leptosens payracea 128 Les 126, 127 Lameshur Island, 277 Leslies Cayemites, Haiti 149, Laguna de Chankanaab PNat, Land 159, SpFR, Lagonoy 161-2 Leeward Islands LesArcadms, Barrier Reef 315 Cayman, Cayman Islands 134, 141, 142 Little leopard grouper 304 Lady Musgrave Island, Great Lae, 20, 302, 305, 307 Australia 308, 309 LittleBay FNR Anguilla 166 Little Leeuwin Current lace corals 32 Lady Laysan Island, Hawaiian Islands 393, 395, 397 Islands, India Malaga MuMR, Philippines 285, 286 Papua New Guinea Malaita, 332 Solomon Islands 331, Index Manila Reef Federated States Malakal, Palau354, 355 Malakula Island Vanuatu 338, Maiden Island Line Islands, 366 Kiribati 36^ Maldives 223 Kenya Malindi 182 183 18^ MNP Kenya 182 185 Biosphere Resen/e Kenya 182, 185 Malinoa Island Park and Reef Vanuatu 339 Malolo Barrier Reef Fiji 3i2, Maldives Atolls Atoll, 383 Manuae Lagoon HR, Cook Islands 383, 384 Manus Malpelo Island see Isla de Malpelo FFS Papua New Indonesia Atoll, Papua New Mamanuca mammals Island, Colombia 132 Group Fiji 3^3 Belize 118 Managaha Northern FiPr Mananara Marine NP, Madagascar 195 196 Mananara Nord UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, Madagascar 196 Mananara River Madagascar Manatee FoR Belize 118 Mangaia Island, Cook Islands New Caledonia 334 335 Maria Island French Polynesia Mangkalihat Peninsula Kalimantan 268 276 Manglares Churute ER/Ramsar Ecuador Mangoky Delta, 131, 133 Madagascar Maria Islands NR St, Lucia 160 2A, 30-1 216, 291 Mesogastropoda 37 248 Microdictyon marinum 63 300 348 23, 49, Micronesia 348-9, see a/so Federated States Eitrea 244, 245 246 75 120 263 332, 357, 364 386 389 Celeste PA, Bermuda 100, 102 Marie-Galante Guadeloupe Marmduque Philippines 281 283, 284 Marine Aquarium Council Mammal Middle (Grand) Caicos, Turks Matthew Island and Caicos New Dominican Republic 152 marine protected areas 69-72 Marino Ballena NP Costa Rica Islands, Mariana Islands Hawah 392,393 Mauke River, Papua New Guinea 327 393,395 Island Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands 331, 333 Marquesas Archipelago, French Polynesia 369 385 387 Atoll Hawaiian Islands 393 395, 397 Cook Islands Midway Atoll NWR, Hawaiian Islands 396 381.383 Mauphihea, Society Islands 388 Midway Islands 14 Maupiti Society Islands 385, Mikmdani Bay, Tanzania 189 Miladhunmadulu Mauritius205-7 208 209 Atoll, Maldives 221, 223 Marshall Islands 361 Maxillopoda 36 Mill, Mayaguana Bank Bahamas 103 military activities 63, 73, 137, 155,228 287,348,353,364 Malaysia 266-71 milkfish 364 Mayotte 195, 197, 198 199 Millennium Island, Maza V\/MA Papua New Guinea Kiribati 363 366 MiKepora platyphyllia 281 311.326.329 MiUepora alcicornis 168, 174, 175 187 189 187 189 MiUepora complanata 149 Meandrinidae 226 Milleporina 32 Medilerranean-Tethys Sea 175 Mills Megaptera novaeangUae 395 Mehetia Society Islands 385 Meiuns, Palau 354 355 289 Polynesia 386, 390 320 Midway 350 352 Mbudya MR Tanzania 126, 129 Marion Reef, Australia 318 138 140 Middleton Reef Australia 318, Maziwi Island MR Tanzania (MSCI 74 Markham 340 Maui 106, 107 Middle Moranl Cay NR, Jamaica Mayan Indians 119 141 Middle Eastern Seas 65 233-4 134 136 388 159 162 of Micronesia Matanzas Bay Cuba Maug Mariana Trench 300, 351 106, Mataiva French Polynesia 387 Mekong 283 284 Mexico Miami Florida 96 Miami Beach, Florida 96 IR Djibouti mass spawning events Marotiri (Bass Islands) French Manila Bay, Philippines 282 Mexico Gulf of see Gulf of 135 Marokau, French Polynesia 387 Manila Philippines 282 248 250 250 Manihi French Polynesia 387 381,382.384 Oman 286 Maskali island, Djibouti 248, Manifah Saudi Arabia 252 Manihiki Atoll, Cook Islands Metis Shoal, Tonga 377, 378 Mexico 113-16 MR Masinloc and Oyon Bay CaledoniaA'anuatu 334, 338 Mariana Islands Maro Reef, Hawaiian Islands 194 mangroves Rodngues Mascarene Ridge Indian Ocean Matenkupum 47 Marine Stewardship Council 381.383 Mangalore, India 21^ Meso-American Reef 117 middens 47 Marine 17 Australia 306, 321 Mauritius; Reunion; mid-Cayman Rise [MACl 74 195 manatee Mermaid Reef NNR Western Mascarene Islands see Mastigias spp 357 Mane Marianas 353 Reef, Western Australia 306 massive coral 101 maricuUure 51-2, 122 123 12 Marcus Island see Minami- 350.351-3 120 Man-o-V\/ar Cays, Nicaragua Philippines Massawa, Torishima Myanmar Palau 354, 355 marbled grouper 386 167 AA Man-o-War Cay B5 Atoll Mermaid Islands 142 143 MuMR 68,98-9, 316 390 285 286 Menr 249-50 Maputo, Mozambique 190 Mare Guinea 326 328 Malusay MuMR Philippines Merida, Mexico Mary's Bay-East Point RpZ Maskali Sud puffer 334 Marakei Kiribati 365 Maluku see Moluccas Marutea French Polynesia 387 Masirah Island, Island, Mergui Archipelago 262 264-5 Martinique 160 163 167 200 205, 207 126 129 267, Merauke Indonesia 274 285 286 Cook Islands 381 Sumatra Islands, 272, 275 of Martaban Masaplot Manuae, Society Islands 388 map Mentawai Cayman 238 mantis shrimps 37 Mapelo 223 Site ray 99 238 Guinea 326, 327 3/i3 Malosmadulu Malum birostris Manuel Antonio NP Costa Rica Tonga 378 380 Island, Mania manta Manuae Malindi-Watamu MNaR/UNESCO Brazil 172, 173 Mateolap Marshall Islands 361 Male Lanka 218 Sri Manoel Luis Reefs 221-5 IRI Lanka 218 187, 189 360-3 Martaban Gulf see Gulf Sri Menai Bay CA, Tanzania Martea, French Polynesia 387 Mannar, Male, Maldives 223 Atoll, of 219 Maldives 25, 53.61 179 Malindi Mannar Mannar Island, Marquesas Keys Florida 96 Marshall Islands 78-9, 348 Micronesia 356 Mannar, Gulf see Gulf 339 Malaysia 266-71 Male of River Delta Vietnam Melanesia 323-4 Mellish Reefs Australia 318, 319 Me/oi)es/acea spp 174 Menai Bay Tanzania 187 Breaker PA Bermuda 100 102 Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea 326 327, 328, 329 Milwaukee Depth 153 Minami-Tonshima, Japan 294 Mindanao, Philippines 281 283, 285 Mindanao Current 281 Mindoro, Philippines 281 282 283 415 416 WORLD ATLAS OF CORAL REEFS Mindoro Republic 151, 152 Minerva Reefs, Fiji/Tonga 2AU 377,378 mining 367 57 328, 364, Reef, Federated Stales of f^icronesla 356 Island CA, Tanzania 187, Mu Ko 138, New Montserrat 159, 162, 163 Guinea 328 122, 123, 124 Island, moray 138, 139 eel 295 Mu KoSurin Mui hopo hoponga Coastal Mulaku Atoll, muro-am/ Mururoa Morombe, Madagascar Musandam Mnazi Bay MP, Tanzania 187, Moroni, 189 Mnemba CA, Tanzania 187, 189 fvlnemba Island, Tanzania 187, fvloa Island Queensland 313 Moala Group, Fiji 168, Moheli see Mwali, Comoros Mollusca 37-8 fvlolokini States of Micronesia 356, 358 Shoal MLCD, Hawaiian Myanmar 262 262 265 Moluccas, Indonesia 273, 277-8 390 Mombasa MNP/MNaR, Kenya 182, 185 Island RNal, Puerto Rico 153, 154, 157 Mossman Queensland Monachus shauinstandi 395 Bay, Western 1 Monserrat, Lesser Antilles 159, 162 Guinea 326 328 247, 261, 266, 275-7 310,313 100, 102 62, 101 59, 121, 130 149, 155, 158, 161, 168 168, 174, Islands, Western Australia 305, 306, 307 Cristi, Dominican Republic 150, 151 Negapnon Islands, Comoros Negros, Philippines 281, 283 285 of 262, 263-5 Lancaster French Polynesia N Indian Nabq MRPA Egypt Island Nembrotha cnstata 37 Nemertea 35 Neogastropoda 37 of Nereus Reef New Caledonia 335 336 of Micronesia 356 Netherlands Antilles Namonuito, Federated States Soufriere, St Vincent of 29^ 191, 195.208-9 Mozambique Current 191 Mozambique Gyre 194 197 Mpunguti MNaR, Kenya 182, 185 Island PP Papua New Guinea 326, 329 Nanuku Channel, Fiji 3^3, 344 Nanumea Tuvalu, Polynesia 372 Naomebaravu-Malo R Vanuatu Council Mtwara, Tanzania 187 262, 265 Thailand 159 161-2, 167 New Napolean wrasse New New Britain, Papua New Guinea 42 49 58 Caledonia 323 334-7 Georgia, Solomon Islands 330 331 New Guinea 325 New Hanover (Lavongai), Papua New Guinea 326 327 New Ireland Papua New Guinea 326 327 New 341 see Marine Stewardship 71, 158 169 170-1 326 327 Nansei Shoto Chain Japan 292 Nanuk Leeward Islands Windward Islands Micronesia 356 358 Namonk, Marshall Islands 361 Namu Marshall Islands 360 361 Mount Wilhelm, Papua New British Territory 227 Nelson's Dockyard, Antigua 159 Vietnam 289 Namoluk Federated States 164 Ocean 229 236 239 Micronesia 356 163 Territory 227 Nelson Island SNR Nama Federated States Artificial Mu Ko Ang Thong NP, brevirostris 26 Neilson Reef see Recif Mouchoir Passage 107 Mozambique 190, 191-3 Mozambique Channel 190, Hawaiian Negril MP Jamaica 138 140 197, 198 199 Mwokil Federated States Island Islands 393 74 Papua New Guinea 326, 327 Nam Du MSC 175 Monte Bello 73, nalolo blenny 18^ Guinea 325 Montastrea cavernosa t)artii Mouchoir Bank 106 Mount Montaslrea annularis Necker coral 38 Mussismilia British Virgin Islands 154 157 Nabq Eqypt 236 238 283 Australia 305, 306 Montastrea Necker Island BS TP, Djibouti 248, 250 mushroom New Guinea 326, 329 Ocean Mount Pinalubo, Philippines seal 395 Montana PA, Bermuda Ndrolowa WMA, Papua 248 31 Reef MR St, Lucia 167 Mount Pelee Martinique Republic 151 Solomon Islands Island, 330, 331 Nelson Island British Indian Papua New Island Nazareth Bank, Indian Ocean Ndeno Island, Djibouti 248, Myanmar214, 387 388 Moule-a-Chique Mona Passage, Dominican monsoons Oman Micronesia 356 Motupure 182, 184 Belize Musha Mwali, Reef French Polynesia Motu One French Polynesia Monkey River Town, Oman 151 152 Navidad Bank, Dominican 206 207 Muyua (WoodlarkI mother-of-pearl 52 Molucca Sea 273 Monkey Mia 389 Peninsula, Virgin Islands 154 157 Islands 393, 396 Mombasa, Kenya Islands, Mosquito Island BS British Molokai, Hawaii 392, 393 Atoll Navassa Island Republic 106 150-2 249-50 169, 171 Moses 169, 171 Monte Musha 168, Moscos Islands G5 Myanmar Mochima NP, Venezuela monk Muscat Morrocoy NP, Venezuela 264-5 P, Philippines 285, 286 Nautiloidea 38 247, 248 250 Morowali NR, Indonesia 280 Moscos 343 Moalboal/Pescador Mona Comoros 198 Mortlock Islands, Federated 188 245, 246 Maldives 221, 224 fishing 48, 278, 283 MoroGulf, Philippines 285 194, 195 Kalimantan 268 276 Natuna Sea, Indonesia 268 Nauru 364-7 Tonga 378, 380 R, multispectral imagers 85-6 Site, Australia 321 375 376 Natuna Besar, Indonesia 268 Miyako Island, Japan 292 294 NP, Thailand 262, Mulloidichthys martinicus 162 Moreton Bay Ramsar 381,383 Miyake Jima Island, Japan 292 Samoa NP Natuna Archipelago Mukha, Yemen idol 291 Natal, Brazil 172 National Park of American Similan NP, Thailand Reserve Morant Cays, Jamaica Cook Islands Nassau grouper 136 Petra NP, Thailand 262, 265 388, 389 Moorish Miskito Indians 124 fvlitiaro Tonga 378, 379, 380 Cook Islands 381 Atoll 382 262, 265 Moorea, Society Islands 385, Miskito Cays RMar, Nicaragua Mu Ko Thila DS Maldives 223 Nassau Bahamas 104 Nassau Libong NHA, Thailand 265 Montipora spp 249, 259, 389 R, Lanta NP Thailand 262 265 Mu Ko 140 Monuafe Island Park and Reef 189 Misima gold mine, Papua Mu Ko Nasimo 225 265 Montipora fotiosa 250 Misali Island, Tanzania 187, 188 f^isali Montecristo WRef, Honduras Montego Bay, Jamaica 138 Montego Bay MP, Jamaica Ocean 21^ Thailand 262, 265 123, 124 Minicoy Indian Mmto Mu Ko Chang NP, Montecristi NP, Dominican Strait, Philippines 285 Providence Island Bahamas 103 104 105 Nares Bank Sprally Islands 288 New Nanva Swamp, Trinidad 160 NASA (North American Space Newcastle Australia 318 Agency) 84-5 Zealand 380 384 Ngaremeduu Bay CA Palau 355 357 359 Index Ngaruangel AtoU, Patau 354, 355 North Carolina PA Bermuda Comoros Ngazidja, Ngemelis Islands 197, 198 Palau FJR, Bkulachelid CA, Palau 359 R Palau 355, 359 Ngerukewid Islands WPres, Palau 355 359 North Equatorial Current 103, North Male Ngiwal State CA, Palau 359 North Malosmadulu Atoll, Federated Stales of Micronesia 354, 355, 358 Nha Trang, Vietnam Nias Sumatra 267 288, 289 Nichinan (Miyazaki) MP, Japan Nihoa Island, Hawaiian Islands 393 395 Nine Degree Channel Indian Ocean 214 Bermuda Australia 304, 305, 306 307 New Guinea 326 327 Nzwani Comoros 198, 199 Ofu Antigua and Barbuda 159 monsoons 275 276 277, 293 63 393 396 Nosy Be, Madagascar 195 196 North Island Mauritius 206 207 Noumea New Caledonia 343 335, 337 369,377.392 reefs at risk 65 Okinawa Senseki QNP, Japan see also individual regions/ countries Okino Tori Shima Reef Japan MuMR Philippines 285 286 Site, Bahama Channel 103 104 Man Bay Cayman Islands McBean Lagoon NalNP, Colombia 131 133 nudibranch 37 North Caicos, Turks and Caicos Nuguria Atoll Oman One and a Half Degree Channel Papua Guinea 326 328 New 54 Pagai Selalan Sumatra 267 Pagai Ultra Sumatra 267 Pagan Island Mariana Islands 350 352 Pago Bay Guam 350 Maldives 224 One Tree 375, 376 Pakin Atoll, Federated States of Micronesia 356, 359 Pakistan 216, 217 248 250, 252 Gulf see Gulf of 362 389 North Atlantic Gyre 103 Oman PADI [Professional Association Pago Pago, American Samoa Old Providence Micronesia 355 nuclear testing 307 348, 360 351,369,377.392 of Diving Inslruclorsj Olango Islands Wildlife Old Pacific tectonic plate 300 330, Padang Sumatra 267 292 294 Olimarao Federated Slates of Nowruz blow-out 253 301 Okinawa MP, Japan 292 296 142 Nosy Radama, Madagascar 195 mapping 78-9 plate tectonics 300, 330,351 Old Norfolk Island Australia 318 Ocean 300-1 currents 300-1 Okinawa Kaigan QNP Japan Philippines 285 286 195 Vanuatu 339 Island Pachysens speciosa 196 human impacts Sanctuary/Ramsar 194 Paama early reef Nosy Manitsa Madagascar 196 342 Guinea 328 Nosy Boraha Madagascar 195 195 Fiji 301 of reefs 67 Okinawa, Japan 292 294-5 Okiot Nomuka Group Tonga 378 Nomwin Atoll, Federated States Site 107, 108 New Okino Daito Jima, Japan 292 Madagascar ownership, Pacific Papua 292 296 Islands Nosy Antafana Madagascar 196 North Astrolabe Reef 179.253 Tedi mine 292 296 Philippines282, 283 286 Mitsio, 342 343 paaling 48, 283 292 296 pollution 57 114 116, 127 155 Nizamudinnia spp 247 North, Middle and East Caicos oil Ok Northern Territory Australia CRER72 Fiji overfishing 57-9, 70 [Boninj Islands Japan 292 294 261 266, Northern Mariana Islands Caledonia 323 335 American Samoa 375 Ogasawara Ogasawara NP Japan northeast New Ovalau Island Oxycheiimus digrammus 353 Islands 142 143 Nosy Islands Odontodactylus scyllarus 36 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands organizations (NGOs) 70 73 138 140 Oeno, Pitcairn Islands 389, 390 northwest monsoons 310 313 Nonouti Kiribati 365 Palm Ouenghi Basin Grande Terre Ouvea 13 Cemetery MP, Cayman Niuatoputapu Group Tonga 378 non-governmental Island 336 Octocorallia 32-3 Niuatoputapu Tonga 378 Micronesia 356 358 Orpheus Otu Tolu Group 378 Ocho Rios PA, Jamaica Australia 306 Queensland 314 315 Niue378 379 380 Guam 350 353 see also individual currents Islands 142 143 Northumberland Niuafo'ou Tonga 378 106 107 Orote Peninsula ERA, ocean currents 20-1 300-1 308 149 Oroluk, Federated States of Micronesia 356 Oaxaca, Mexico 100 102 Northern Sierra Madre NatP Ningaloo Reef Western Ramsar 268 273, 276-7 393 Pr 350.351-3 306 321 Islands 225 Qahu Hawaiian Islands 392 northeast trade winds 360 Ningaloo MP Western Australia Orimas Thila DS Maldives 223 Ostracoda 36 166 Nilandu Atolls Maldives 223-4 Ophiuroidea 39 Osprey Reef Australia 318 319 Northeast Archipelago PRes, Niihau, Hawaiian Islands 393, Solomon Orinoco River 166, 168 Current 392 North West Point-West Bay 214,217 Niger River 174-5 of 342, North Pacific Equatorial North West Cape Western 292 296 Nicobar Islands, India 179,212 Atoll, Australia 317 North Sound RpZ Cayman 292 296 digitalis Fiji 224 North Shore Coral Reef Nichman Kaigan QNP, Japan Ontong Java Orienle Transform Fault 141 Reefs Nuweiba Egypt 236 Maldives 223 102 Nicaraguan Rise 130 Ninigo Atoll Papua Nukusemanu nutrients 22 24 Atoll, 343 Opislhobranch 37 North Rock PA, Bermuda 100, Nicaragua 110, 122-4 Niphates Maldives 223 Atoll, Fiji 343 344 organ-pipe corals 33 AloU Tokelau Nusa Penida Indonesia 44 North Nilandu AloU, Maldives organizations Ngulu Nukunonu Nusa Tenggara Indonesia Nggela, Solomon Islands 332-3 NGOs see non-governmental New Papua Islands 343, 344 North Keppel Island, Fiji Islands 330, 331.332 Polynesia 375 North Keeling Island, Western Oni-i-Lau Onotoa Kiribati 365 Guinea326 328 331 Current 183 Queensland 315 Micronesia 356 Nukufetau Tuvalu Polynesia Nukumanu North Equatorial Counter Reef 314 315 Oneata Passage 372 100, 102 Australia 306, 307 Ngetik, Federated Stales of French Polynesia Nukulaelae Tuvalu Polynesia 113.281.300 Palau 355, 359 Ngerumekaol Grouper SpnA Hiva, 372 296 Bermuda Ngermach ChannelNgeruangel North Coast PA, Taiwan 292, North East Breaker PA 355, 359 Nuku 387 100, 102 Island Great Barrier Palaemonidae 36 Palancar Reef Mexico Palaster Reef 1 MNP, Antigua and Barbuda 159 166 Palau 68, 348, 354-7, 359 417 418 WORLD ATLAS OF CORAL REEFS Palawan Philippines 283, 285 Palawan Passage, Philippines Palawan UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, Philippines 285, 286 Parque Esladual Marinho 2U Palk Bay Sri Lanka 2U, Palm Beach, 123, 124 Queensland 312, Islands, 313,317 Palmerston Cook Islands Atoll 381,383 Palmerston Lagoon HR Cook Islands 383 38^ Palmyra Atoll USA/Kiribati 364 Palolo Deep Marine Samoa R palolo worm Pamban Mannar Island, Gulf of Panama 93 125-9 Panama Canal 57, 61 126 127 City, Panama 126 Pananjung Pangandaran NR, Indonesia 268 280 Gulf, Philippines 285 Pandora Passage, Great Barrier Pangaimotu Reef R, Tonga 378, Phyllangia Pangani River Tanzania 187 Pangavini MR Tanzania 187, Pedro Cays, Jamaica 138 139 Pedum spondyloideum 38 Panglao Island-Balicasag Area MR/TZ Philippines 285, 286 Panguana mine, Papua New Guinea 328 Peleng Island, Indonesia 273, 276 Bahamas Papeete Society Islands Tahiti Papua Gulf of, see Gulf of Papua 47 274 301 308.313,323.325-9 Pigeon Islets Pemba Channel, Tanzania 159, 186, Pemba Island Tanzania 182 Islands, Penaeidea 36 penguins 321 UNESCO Biosphere Reserve 134, 137 outlying islands 394 397 see also individual islands/countries Pinatubo mountain, Philippines Polynesian voyages 301 Polyplacophora 37 Pomacanthidae Pinctada margaritifera 52 of Pomacentridae 28 41 porcelain crabs 36 Pontes spp Guinea 326 329 113, 117, 175,250, 259, 386 Pontes arnaudi 389 390 Ocean 389-91 Bank, British Indian Ocean Territory 226, 227 Pontes asteroides 150 Pontes heronensis 320 Pontes lichen 113, Pontes lobata]]3 327 126 128, 129 Placencia, Belize 117, 118 Pontes panamensis Plantagenet Bank 101 Pontes pontes Piatax orbicularis 352 150 168 platform reefs 17 Pontes sverdrupi 113 protected areas 329 Penrhyn, Cook Islands 381 382 Platte Island Seychelles 200 Porolithon 29 see also Torres Pentecote Island, Vanuatu 339 Papuan Barrier New Strait Reef Papua Guinea 326, 327 Percy Islands Queensland 314 315 Papuans 323 Perle Mauritius 206 207 Paracel Islands South China Peros Banhos, British Indian Sea 287, 288 Ocean Territory 226 227 202 Port Antonio Jamaica 138 Platyhelminthes 35 Port Dickson, Malaysia 266, 267 Playa del Carmen, Mexico 114 Port Hedland Western 115 Australia 306 Piectorhinchus orientalis 41 Port Honduras Belize 118 Piectropomus leopardus 304 Port Honduras MR, Belize 118 Parcel del Abrolhos Brazil 172 Perth Australia 306, 307 Pleistocene extinctions 259 Parcel Manoel Luis SMP Brazil Peru Coastal Current 133 Plexaura flexuosa 135 Peru Oceanic Current 133 Plexaura homomalla 135 175 13 125, 128, 130, Pennatulacea 33 biodiversity 42 Great Barrier Reef 313-14 315 WMA Papua New Pitcairn Islands Pacific 41 Pomacanthus arcuatus 155 Pomacanthus sexstriatus 348 Pompey Complex pink anemonefish 287 Pitt Polychaeta 35 49 US minor Pitcairn, Pitcairn Islands 389 Taiwan 293 294 PoloTayabas MuMR, Polynesia 369, 370 Federated States of Pinar del Rio Province, Cuba Pirung see also pollution Polycladida 35 Pikelot, Indonesia 273 280 187 Lanka 218 Philippines 285 286 Guadeloupe Pinjam/Tanjung Mantop GR Darussalam 270 Cuba 328-9 Lucia Micronesia 356 Pelong Rocks Brunei Peninsula de Guanahacabibes Papua New Guinea St, 160 167 Pmgelap Federated States 100, 102 Penaeus spp 136 388 oil 283 104 105 Pen-Hu [Pescadores] PanuiJrus argus 119, 136 Pigeon Island ETC Sri Polillo Islands Philippines 282 pollution 24 28 57 69, 134 136 186 187 188 PanulJrus spp, 35 175 Micronesia 355 163 Rouge LtCA, Martinique 160 167 283 amencana 162 Pemba, Mozambique 190 189 Pointe Vietnam 288 Physaiia spp 32 Hawaiian Islands 393, 396 Kuendu SpR New Polhena Reef Phyaeophyta 30 Bermuda Pangani, Tanzania 187 Island pearl culture 52, 53, 386,389 Atoll lEtang Sale FiR, Reunion 209 Pointe Caledonia 335 337 Pearl Cays, Nicaragua 122 123 Hermes Kiribati 363 Phuket Thailand 261-3 262 Pelinaion and Rita Zovetto PA, 380 Penh Cambodia 288 289 worms 35 Micronesia 354, 356, 358, 359 Pointe de Bretagne-Pointe de Phoenix Islands Phu Quoc Caledonia 335 Pohnpei, Federated States of phosphate mining 364 367 13 Pelican Cays Land and Sea NP, Reef 311 Phnom New 337 364, 365 Pelee mountain, Martinique Panay, Philippines 281, 285 Poe SpR, 282-6 348, 351 Pedro Bank Jamaica 138 139 Panama Panay Pavona spp Pearl and 128 70 New Guinea 326 Phillipines tectonic plate 300 peanut 2U, 215 249 386, 389 Pocklington Reef Papua Philippines Trench 281 350 353 Pocdlopora effusus 110 Pocillopora spp 113, 128, 132 334, 335 Passage Patteson, Vanuatu 339 peacock mantis shrimp 36 49 Caledonia Passe de Longogon SFiR, peacock grouper 369 Palu, Indonesia 273 New PhllippmesSO, Guam Philippines Pocillopora elegans 128 Petrie Reef, Philippine Sea 282, 285 NA MuMR, 285, 286 Pocillopora damicornis 128 250 stoplight 99 Pavona clavus 128 375, 376 Bahamas bump-headed 345 Pati Point glaciations 93 Poblacion pharmaceuticals 54 parrotfish 42, 155 Pati-Pati GR, Indonesia 273 280 Paioia siciUensis 49 Islands 154 157 Phangnga, Thailand 262 Mayotte 198 199 39A 396, 397 Peter Island BS, British Virgin 159, 166 Parque Submarmo La Caleta Plexaura spp 168 Pliocene/Pleistocene 104 105 152 Florida 96 Taiwan Petite-Terre NR, Guadeloupe Site, NP, Dominican Republic 151, 218 Islands, Peterson Cay NP Parque NacionalJeanette Honduras Palk Strait, India/Sn Lanka Ramsar 175 Site, Brazil Kawas, NP/Ramsar PalJnura 35, 36 Palm of Paria Parcel Manoel Luis, 285 Pescadores Islands see Pen-Hu Parepare Indonesia 273 Pana, Gulf see Gulf 288 120 Port Launay 201,204 MNP Seychelles Index Puerto Morelos Mexico Port Louis Mauritius 206 Port Louis FiR Mauritius Port Morant Jamaica 138 Port Moresby Papua New Guinea 326 327 River NP V^/orld Heritage black-spotted 228 Port-of-Spain Trinidad 160 map 334 Portland Bight PA, Jamaica Pukapuka UO Pukapuka, Cook Islands 382 Pukapuka, French Polynesia 319 Panama Portobelo NP, 126, 387 Portugese man-o'-war 32 Portugueses Islands 190, 192 Prachuab Kirikhan, Thailand 387 Pulap, Federated States of Praslm, Seychelles 200, 201 Preparis North and South Andaman Sea 262 President Coolidge and Million Dollar Point R.Vanuatu 341 Bay-Mam Channel MP Cayman Islands 142 143 Preston Prickly Pear Island BS, British Virgin Islands 154, 157 190, 191, 193 Queensland 31 1, 313 see also individual countries/ Pulau Hujung MP, Malaysia regions Providence Island, Seychelles Pulau Jahat MP, Malaysia 270 200, 202, 204 Pulau Kaca MP, Malaysia 267, Providence-Cerf Bank, Seychelles 200, 204 270 Providencia, Colombia 130, 131 Providenciales Turks and Prune IPalml Island WR, St Vincent 160, 167 spp 113,386 stetiata 128 Pseudoptexaura spp 135 Pseudopterogorgia spp 168 Pterois voUtans 289 Puako Bay FMA, Hawaiian Islands 393, 396 Pulau Kapas MP, Malaysia 267, 270 Pueblo Nuevo, Mexico 112 Puerto de Sagua, Cuba 134, 136 Puerto Escondido reefs, Cuba Philippines 283 UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, Philippines 286 CoNP/Ramsar Western Australia 306, 321 of Micronesia 356 Micronesia 356 131 Punta Frances/Punta Pederales PNM, Cuba 134, 137 Punta Galeta, Panama 126, 127 Punta Gorda, Mexico 114, 115 Punta Isopo WRef, Honduras 268, 280 123, 124 Punta Majagua, Mexico 114, 115 267, 280 266 Punta Mocambo, Mexico 114, 115 Punta Nizuc, Mexico 115 Punta Patino Ramsar 267, 271 Semama GR, Indonesia 268, 280 Panama Site, 126, 129 Punta Ycacos, Belize 117, 118 Pulau Semblian Islands, Punto Chileno, Mexico 112, 113 Pulau Sembilang MP Malaysia Pulau Kuraman MP, Malaysia Pulau Labas MP, Malaysia 271 Pulau Lang Tengah MP Malaysia 267 271 Pulau Langkawi Islands Malaysia 266 271 Pulau Lima MP, Malaysia 267, 271 267, 271 Pulau Mentinggi MP, Malaysia 267, 271 Pulau Moyo HP/RP, Indonesia 268, 280 Pulau Sibu Hujung MP, Pulau Sibu MP, Malaysia 267, Pulau Sipadan, Malaysia 269 Pulau Sipadan BS, Malaysia Pulau Qeshm Island, Iran 252, 255 queen angelfish 12^ queen conch 58 101-2 105, 136 271 Sri Buat MP Malaysia 267 271 Pulau Susa Dara MP, Malaysia 267, 271 Pulau Talang Islands, Malaysia 266 Pulau Tengah FoR, Malaysia 267 Pulau Tengah MP, Malaysia 267, 271 Queensland, Australia 308 311-15 Queensland Department 268, 271 Malaysia 267 Q Qatar 252, 25^ Malaysia 267, 271 268,271 Lembu MP Pulau Sepoi MP, Malaysia 271 Pulau Mensirip MP, Malaysia 134, 136 Puerto Galera, Mindoro, Malaysia 268, 271 267 271 273, 280 Pulau Pulu Keeling Malaysia 266 267 Pulau Kasa GR/RP, Indonesia Caicosia7, 108 Malaysia 268, 271 Pulau 267, 270 Pulu Keeling Western Australia Punta Betin, Colombia 130, 267 271 Pulau Segantang MP, Malaysia 267, 270 Pulo Anna, Palau 354 355 Puluwat, Federated States of 266 Pulau Satar Islands, Malaysia Malaysia RP, Indonesia 267, Pulusuk, Federated States 271 Pulau Sangiang NR, Indonesia Hanmau MP, Weh 280 Site, Pulau Sangalaki RP, Indonesia 270 Pulau 271 Pulau Rusukan Kecil MP, 280 271 306 307 268, 280 Pulau Rusukan Besar MP Pulau Chebeh MP, Malaysia Pulau Goal MP, Malaysia 267, Queensland 31 Puerto Galera Pulau Bunaken NR Indonesia 267, 270 protected areas, marine 69-72, Darussalam 270 Pulau Redang MP Malaysia 280 Pulau EkorTebu MP, Malaysia Princess Charlotte Bay, Psammocora Psammocora Pulau Besar RP, Indonesia 273, Malaysia Malaysia 271 Pulau Pulau Redang Islands Malaysia 270 Pulau Dua NR, Indonesia 268, Prince of Wales Island, Indonesia Pulau Redang FoR Malaysia 270 Pulau Besar MP, Malaysia 267, 267, 270 Islands 154, 157 Primeiro Archipelago, Mozambique Pulau Aur MP, Malaysia 267, 273, 280 Prickly Pear P, British Virgin Pombo NR/RP, 273, 280 Pulau Rawa MP, Malaysia 267, Indonesia 267, 280 MPWR, 267,271 Pulau Tulai MP, Malaysia 267, 271 Pulau Rambut NR, Indonesia Micronesia 356 266 Pulau Tokong Bahara MP, Pulau Pinang MP, Malaysia 267, Pulau Punyit, Brunei Pulau Anak Krakatau NR, 261 Pulau Perhentian Kecil MP, Pulau Pukaruha, French Polynesia 129 271 Pulau Tioman Islands, Malaysia Pulau Tioman Malaysia 267, 271 382 Portlock Reefs, Australia 311 Channels Pulau Perhentian Besar MP, Cook Islands Malaysia 268, P, 271 Pulau Tinggi MP, Malaysia 267, 267,271 Pulau Penyu [Turtle Islands] Malaysia 267, 271 Atoll, Pulau Tiga FoR, Malaysia 267 Pulau Tiga 271 MP, Malaysia 268, 269, 271 pufferfish Pulau Tenggol MP, Malaysia 267, 271 Pulau Payar MP, Malaysia 267, Pulau Pemanggil MP, Malaysia Port-au-Prince Haiti U9 151 138, 139 Site, Philippines 286 Puerto Rico Trench 153, 158 Vanuatu 341 Pulau Nyireh MP, Malaysia 267, 271 Puerto Rico 63, 153-6, 157 Port Sudan 242 2/i3 Vila 14, Puerto Princesa Subterranean 206 209 Port 115, 116 of Environment and Heritage 317 Quintana Roo State, Mexico 115 Quirimbass Archipelago, Mozambique 190, 191, 192, 193 Quitasueho Bank Colombia 131, 132 Quseir, Egypt 236 lA, 419 420 WORLD ATLAS OF CORAL REEFS early R mapping 78-9 Reunion 178,207,209 Egypt 237-9 Rurutu Island, French Polynesia Reunion hot spot 205, 212, 216, Israel 238, 239 221,226 rabbitfish two-lined 351 Jordan 238, 239 Reunlon-Rodrigues chain 180 Rabigh Saudi Arabia 240, lUl northern 235-7 Rhizophora mangle Saudi Arabia 240-1, 242, 245 Rhizophora mucronata 243 southern 244-6 Rhodophyta Sudan 243 Rhopalaea 40 Yemen Ria Lagartos ETC, Mexico racoon butterfly Radama fish 234 Archipelago, Madagascar 195, 196 Radio Mast-Sand Bluff RpZ, Cayman Ragay Islands 142, 143 282 Gulf, Philippines Ragged Cay WRef, Honduras 123, 124 red-footed booby 212, 228 Redonda Island, Reef 311, 313 Reef at 393 Reef Anse de Pilons MR, Rakahanga, Cook Islands 381 382 Ramu Rachette Point MR, St Lucia Rangiroa French Atoll, Polynesia 369, 385, 387 Rangoon seeYangon Ranguana Cay, Belize Rapa, French Polynesia 386, 390 mapping boat-based 81-2, 86-8 remote sensing 82-8 stick charts 78-9, reef monitoring 64-5 Rarotonga Island, Cook Islands reef protection global areas 72-3 integrating Turtle Reserve, 248 Ras al Khafji, Ras el Bir, Djibouti Saudi Arabia 252 248 Maldives 223 Refugio de Vida Silvestre/Punta Ramsar Isopo Ratak Cham, Marshall Islands 123, 124 Site, Honduras Bretagne FIR, Reunion 209 aerial photography 85 Recif Lancaster [Neilson Reef), ground-truthmg83, Polynesia 390 Recif des Francais, Brazil 175 New Caledonia 334, 335 Recife de Guaratibas, Brazil 172 red crabs 307 236 24, 178, Rennell, Point, Belize 118 Solomon Islands 330, 331,333 Biosphere du Biosphere Reserve, 179,233-4, Atoll, Madagascar resolution, of 195, 196 maps 82 Anne MNP, Seychelles Atoll, Atoll, US Virgin Islands 153, 154, 156 Denis 206 St Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles 158-9, 161 Atoll NW^R, American 375, 376 St Eustasia BS, British Virgin Islands 154, 157 New Rota, Mariana Islands 350, 351, 353 St Eustatius MP, Netherlands Antilles 160, 161, 167 St Georges St John, US Cay, Belize 118 Virgin Islands 154 155 Australia 306, 307 Rotuma Island, Fiji 343, 344 Round Rock Island BS, Virgin Islands 154, 157 Australia 306,321 River and Delta, Tanzania Bahamas John's, Antigua 159 John's Island see Zabargad, Egypt St, Kitts and Nevis 159, 162, 167 St Leu St Lucia, Lesser Antilles 160, FiR, Reunion 209 St Lucia Marine Reserve, South Africa 193 186, 187, 188 Cay, St St 163-4, 167, 170 Rowley Shoals MP, Western Rum 159, 166 Brandon see lie du Nord Mauritius St American Samoa Island, Barthelemey NR, Guadeloupe Marshall 374-6 Rufiji Barthelemey Guadeloupe 159 St, Croix, Islands 361, 362 201, 204 Marshall Australia 306, 309 la Anne, Seychelles 201 St St, Rowley Shoals, Western reptiles 43 Reserve de St St, Rottnest Island, Western Mananara Nord, UNESCO red algae 28 Red Sea 86-8 sensors 83-4 Rendezvous SMP, 88 multispectral imagers 85-6 satellite Recife, Brazil 172 Recife de Fora limitations Saikai NP, Japan 292, 296 Reefs MR, Guinea 326,328 from manned spacecraft 84-5 French Polynesia 390 Safaga, Egypt 236, 238 St Rossel Island, Papua Rawaki, Kiribati 365 Recif President Thiers, French Artificial 242 Roseau, Dominica 159 active sensors 86 86, saddleback butterflyfish 183 Sahul Shelf, Indonesia 274 Lucia 160, 167 Samoa remote sensing 82-8 360, 361 Ravine Trois Bassins-Pomte de Islands, Islands 330, 331 Rose Indonesia 273, 274, 280 Haiti 149, 151 Island, Egypt 239, Rodney Bay Rose Atoll, 277 Sabuda Tataruga OR, Indonesia Rochelois Bank, Rongenk ffeefe a( ff/5* 64, 65, 93, 179, Rasfari DS, Maldives 223, 225 269-71,288 Sabalana Islands 361, 362 259, 301 Atoll, Islands 154 Rongelap ReefCheck 64-5, 73 Rasdu Sabah, Malaysia 266, 268, British Virgin 205, 206, 207 84, 89 Antilles 71, 161, 162, 167 FiR, Roncador Reef, Solomon reef rock 53 Ras Hadarba, Sudan 242 NP, Egypt 236, Rampart Mauritius 206, 209 St, 68-72 ReefBase Mohammed Antilles 159, 162 Saba MP, Netherlands Rodrigues Island, Indian Ocean measures 67-8 traditional 161 Saba Bank, Netherlands Site, 315 consumers 73-4 Ras Fartak, Yemen 248 239 Biosphere Rockhampton, Queensland measures 76 legal controls role of 342, 343 Palau 355 enhancement 75 fisheries RasalHadd, Oman Hadd UNESCO Rio Platano Rocky Ras Abu Soma, Egypt 236, 238 al Fiji Rock IChelbachebl 348 FiS, Philippines 285, 286 Saba, Netherlands Antilles 159, Ringgold Islands, 121, 123 background 78-80 historical Raroia, French Polynesia 387 Oman Saavedra Rincon de Guanabo reefs, Cuba robber crab 228 Raraka, French Polynesia 387 248, 250 Saadani, Tanzania 187 Roatan, Bay Islands, Honduras scale and resolution 82 381,383,384 248, 250 Rimatara Island, French Road Town, global 89-90 Saad ed Dm, northern Somalia worms 35 Riviere du 330, 331 reef 15 Honduras 123 Reef Islands, Vanuatu 338, 339 326, 327 ribbon reefs 310, 313 ReserveA'Vorld Heritage reef crest 24, 26 Reef Islands, Solomon Islands 71 Papua New Guinea River, 294, 295 134, 136 Reef between Grand Caille and reef flat 25-6 Ramsar Convention Ras St 160, 167 Cham, Marshall Islands 360, 361 Ras St, Lucia 160, 167 Raivavae, French Polynesia 390 29-30 28, River, Tanzania 187 Ryukyu Islands, Japan 292, 293, Polynesia 390 Malgretoute MR, at Islands 331 Ruvu 68 Riau Archipelago, Sumatra 267, ribbon Lucia 160, 167 Raita Bank, Hawaiian Islands 272, 275 Lesser Antilles 19, 161 Raine Island, Great Barrier Ralik 245, 246 Red Sea Islands PA, Egypt 239 390 Russel Islands, Solomon St Luke's Island, St 103, 104 Myanmar 262 Maarten, Netherlands Antilles 159, 161, 162, 163 Index Martin Island, Guadeloupe St Martin NR Guadeloupe 159, St 166 Martin's Island IJinjiradwipl, St Bangladesh 2U, 217 262 Matthias Group, Papua St New Guinea 326 327 Paul Subterranean River St island, Ecuador St Pierre, sandfish 379 Schyphozoa 32 Sandy Bay, Honduras 123 Scilly Sandy Island MP, Anguilla 159, Sanganeb Atoll, Sanganeb Atoll Sudan 242, 243 MNP, Sudan Shanghai, China 292 IManuaell TRes, French Shark Bay, Western Australia 305, 306, 307 Polynesia 388, 391 MPMorld Shark Bay scleratininan corals 19-22, 34-5 Site 306 321 shark feeding 105 Santa Cruz, Ecuador 131, 133 Scorpaenopsis diabotis 220 Shark Reef, Great Barrier Reef Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Scott Reef, Northern Australia scuba diving see diving sea 339 318 shark/shark 308, 309 fin fishing 49, 56, 396 59, 246, shark5 26, 58, 98-9, 391 anemones 33 Pierre FiR, Reunion 209 St Raphael, Mauritius 207 Santa Marta, Colombia 130, 131 sea cucumbers 39-40, 58, 76 Caribbean reef 75 St, Thomas, US Santo Domingo, Dominican sea fans 101 grey reef 234 Republic 150, 151 154 St Vincent, Lesser Antilles 160, Vincent and the Grenadines 160, 164-5, 167 Saipan, Mariana Islands 348, 350,351,353 Sakiyama-wan NCA, Japan Saline I'Hermitage [lagoonl FiR, Reunion 209 Saline I'Hermitage (reef) FiR, Salomon Atoll, British Indian Territory IChagos Ocean Archipelago! 20, 226, 227, Salt Fish Tail Reef Salt Island BS, Virgin Islands Water Point-Beach Point Cayman Islands 142, 143 Salway, Gulf see Gulf Samana Salwah of Samana Cay, Bahamas 105 Samar, Philippines 281, 285 Sea, Philippines 285 301, 373-6 Ecuador 131, 133 331 San Esteban NP, Venezuela 168, 169, 171 San Jose, Costa Rica 126 San Jose MuMR, Philippines 54 Satawal, Federated States of Satawan, Federated States satellites San Salvador, Bahamas 104, 105 103, seaweeds 52 166 Shoalwater and Corio Bays of 83-4 Saudi Arabia 234, 236, 248 Arabian Gulf coast 241, 252, Ramsar Segundo Archipelago, Mozambique Saumarez Reef, Australia 318, Samoa 373, 374, shore crab 192 Semha, Yemen shrimp farming 51-2, 247, 248 shrimp Sepia sp 38 shrimpfish 203 Sepik River, Papua New Guinea Shuqra Yemen 248 249 Sian Ka'an BRINI Mexico 116 Sept Freres Island, Djibouti 248, Sian Ka'an UNESCO Reserve Mexico 249-50 Seram Sea 120 263 fishing 136 253 Semporna, Malaysia 268, 269 Biosphere 16 Sian Ka'an World Heritage Site, Mexico 273, 274 Seringapatam Reef, Northern WMA, Papua New Australia 315, seine-net fishing 189 Seram, Indonesia 274 319 Savai'i Island, Site, 321 190, 193 325, 326, 327 Siberul, 16 Sumatra 267 Sibuyan Sea, Philippines 282, Australia 308 309 Serrana Bank, Colombia 131, 285 SiderastreaUl 175 132 Serranidae 40 Siderastrea radians 135 Saya de Malha Bank 206 Serranilla Bank, Colombia 131 Siderastrea siderea 125, Saziley P, Mayotte 198, 199 Set Net Cays Nicaragua 122, Sawu Sea, Indonesia 273 scale, of maps 82 Seychelles 61, 178, 180,200-4 Scarborough Reef, Philippines Seychelles Bank 200 283, 288 Scarus vetula 42 30, 168 Siderastrea stellata 174 123 scallop 38 SchizocuUna 175 San Pedro, Belize 118 Shikoku Island, Japan 292, 294 sedimentation 22, 24, 57 Scaridae 42 286 San Juan, Puerto Rico Shidvar WRef, Arabian Gulf 252 166 Shoal Bay MP, Anguilla 159, Guinea 326, 329 Solomon Islands Cay East MP, Anguilla 159, shipwreck sites 359 Sawataetae Cristobal, Site 255 seaweed farming 189 Marianas 353 Save River, Mozambigue 190 Cristobal, Sheedvar Island Ramsar Seal Island and Prickly Pear Shipstern PrivR, Belize 118 San Bias Archipelago, Panama San shell trade 52 Islands 154, 157 seasnake 43 FiPr, San Andres, Colombia 130-2 San sheet coral 196 Virgin Northern Sasanhaya 375 125-8 Sheba Ridge, Arabian Sea 247 Shimobishi MP, Japan 296 Red Sea coast 236, 240-2, 245 Republic 151, 152 Shaft al Arab, Arabian Gulf 251 seagrasses 30 seals 44, 395 255 Bay, Dominican Sharm Obhur, Saudi Arabia 242 Sarmi, Irian Jaya 274 277 Micronesia 356 157 Sheikh PCo Egypt sealions 44 Micronesia 355 166 Samar Samoa 163, 247 Japan 292, 296 MNP, Antigua and Barbuda 159, RpZ, 135, Sala Misaki IKagoshimal MP, 228 Salt 171 el seabirds43-4, 316, 364, 395 The Seal Dogs BS, Sargassum piatycarpum Sarpassum spp 52, 121, Sharm sea wasps 32 seahorses 58 269-71,288 Sheikh, Egypt 236, 239 sea urchins 39, 58 120 el 238 sea temperatures 20, 59, 61-2 172, 174 350, 352 22 Sharm Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Brazil Sarigan Island, Mariana Islands Reunion 209 whale 99 sea squirts 40 Sarcophyton 33 Japan 292, 296 lemon 26 sea levels 26, 139,384 sea pens 33 Sarawak, Malaysia 266, 268, Sakurajima IKagoshimal MP, sea kraits 43 Sanya, China 290 Sapodilla Cayes MR, Belize 118, 292, 296 salinity Santo Domingo NP, Dominican Republic 151, 152 164-5,167 St Heritage Western Australia 305 St Virgin Islands 288, Scolymia wellsi 74 242, 243 Santa Maria Island, Vanuatu Seychelles 202 Shan HuJiaoNR, China 291 Scleractinia 19-22,34-5 Islands 330, 331,332 NP, Philippines 285, 286 New Schouten Islands, Papua Guinea 325, 326 166 Matthew's Island, Myanmar St, San Salvador 131 159 Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta NatNP, Colombia Shabelle River, Somalia 182, 131, 133 Siganus lineatus 351 Sikaiana Atoll IStewart Islands!, 185 Shadeganan Marshes, Iran Solomon Islands Silhouette 252 schooling bannertish 205 Shadwan schoolmasters 127, 137 Shalao, China 290 Island, Red Sea 236 MNP, 201,204 Sinulana 33 330, 331 Seychelles 421 WORLD ATLAS OF CORAL REEFS Silavatturai Reef Sn Lanka 218, 219 South Africa 190, 193 Dominican Silver Bank 106, 107 Republic 106 150-2 silver gull 282, 285 WMA Papua NevK Guinea 326 329 South Equatorial Current 133 173, Simeulue Sumatra 267 Islands 142, 143 Sea 270, 283, 285, 287, 288, 290 squat lobsters 36 staghorn coral 93, 95, 128, 140, South Jamaica Shelf 138 Starbuck, Kiribati 366 South Keeling Island, Western starfish 39 Singapore 267 269, 270 271 Singapore Strait 270 Sinub Island Maldives 223 Sinnath NP, Thailand 262 265 Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano NMP Mexico Pit Maldives 224 PA, Bermuda 100, 41, 120, 264 Bengal 212 South Sound RpZ, Cayman 118 120 schoolmaster 127 137 snapping shrimps 36 Society Islands 385, 388 Yemen 248, 249 33 100 102 Australia 321 Solitary islands Australia 318 320-1 biodiversity 21-2 MR Australia 321 Solomon Islands 326 330-3 SolomonSea325 326 331 Somali Current 183 185 234 Somalia southern 182, 185 Sombrero Island, Anguilla 158, 159 Sombrero 276 277 Island MR/TZ, Philippines 282, 286 sonar remote sensing 86 Songo Songo Archipelago, Tanzania 186 187 188 Sonsorol Patau 354, 355 Sorol, Federated States of Micronesia 355 Soufrlere, Mount St- Vincent 164 St and Nevis 159 167 307 379 Monserrat 162 Soufriere Marine St Southern Islands MNA Singapore 267, 271 Management Soufriere MR St Lucia 160, 167 Soufriere/Scotts Head MR, Dominica 159, 166 343 345 Suwarrow storms see also 55 63-4 Strait of Malacca 57 266 267 381.382 Suwarrow Atoll NP Cook Islands 382 384 Swain Reefs Great Barner Reef 313-14.315 Straits of Florida 96 104 Straits of Tiran Red Sea 236 Red Sea 236 Swains American Samoa Atoll, 374-6 Swan Islands Honduras Strombus gigas 119 136 Sweetings Cay Bahamas 104, 105 Suakin, Sudan 242, 243 242, 243 sweetlips 41 Synaraea 386 Synngodlum flliforme 06 Systeme pour I'observation de Reina IMA, Cuba 134, 137 la Terre ISPOTl 83-4 Subarchipielago de los Subarchipielago de Sabana- Sudan IMA Cuba 134 137 242 243 T Taba, Egypt 238 Sudest Island Papua New Guinea 325 326, 327 Taba Coast PCo, Egypt 236, 239 Tabar Islands, Papua Suez Canal 237-8 Tabiteuea Kiribati 365 Suez Tablas lEl Suweisl Egypt 236 Strait Philippines Space Shuttle 84-5 Sulawesi, Indonesia 273, 276-7 Tabuaeran Spansoma 99 Sulawesi Sea 268, 273, 281, 285 23, 49, 68, Sullivan Island, vlrlde spawning events 98-9.316 Speakers Bank, Myanmar 262 Sulu Archipelago Philippines British Indian Territory 226, 227 spear fishing 48 273.281.283.285 Sulu Sea, Philippines 268 281 283, 285 Sumatra Spermonde Archipelago Sumba Indonesia 273 Sumbawa Indonesia 268 277 Sumilon Island MP Philippines 179, 267,272 275 286 spiny lobster 105, 136, 155, 396 Sumilon National Fish Sanctuary 28, 31-2, 135, 149 SPOT see Systeme pour I'observation de la Terre S Philippines 285, 286 Sumilon Reefs Philippines 283 284 282 Kiribati 363 364, 366 Tafua Rainforest Reserve ETC, Samoa 374, 375, 376 Tahanea, French Polynesia 387 Tahiti, spectral libraries 88 Sphyraena barracuda 75 New Guinea 326, 327 taboos 67 67-8, 332 sponges 121, 123 Su/asu(a212, 228 Ocean 342 343 Fiji Cook Islands Atoll southwest monsoon 261 spinner dolphins 316 Lucia 71 163-4 Fiji Stomatopoda 37 Suez, Gulf, see Gulf of Suez Indonesia 273, 276, 279 Soufriere Hills Volcano Islands, Thailand 261 Suva Suva Barner Reef Camaguey Southeast Peninsula NP southeast trade winds 300-1 northern 248, 250 Sunn Canarreos IMA, Cuba 134 137 southeast monsoons 266 275 Kills Sural Thani, Thailand 261, 262 Stolonifera 33 la see also individual countries/ regions Solo Delta Java 268 272 348 Subarchipielago de Jardines de reefs at risk 65 Solitary Islands Solomon Islands Suakin Archipelago, Red Sea Southeast Asia 179 259-60 Juventud NP Surikozaki MP, Japan 292, 296 Atoll, Stylastenna 32 South West Solitary Island NR la Stewart Islands see Sikaiana 237 South West Breaker Area PA Bermuda 55 de 134, 137 surgeonfish 40, 42-3 Straits of Gubal South Water Cay MR Belize lane 136 272 Islands 142, 143 blue-lined 27 soft corals Pr 100 102 Isla Stetson Bank, Gulf of Mexico 99 cyclones; hurricanes South Shore Coral Reef Indonesia 275 216 Sur stoplight parrotfish 99 Environment Programme Bermuda Socotra, Atoll, ISPREPI 380 102 Area South Nilandu Strait, Cuba stick charts 78-9 South Pacific Regional 115, 116 Red Sea 242 snails 37 snapper Atoll, Sunda 350.351.352 Stephanocoenia michetinit Maldives Atoll, South Malosmadulu Sipuncula 35 Snake South Male Shelf Indonesia 266, Supply Reef, Mariana Islands 180.302 Stenopodidea 36 223 Sumatra 267 Siyal Islands, South Keppel Island, Sunda Supertyphoon Paka 351 Stenella tongiroslns 316 Queensland 315 WMA, Papua New Guinea 326.329 Sipora, 165 Australia 306 307 Islands Indonesia 268 273 Sundarbans, Bangladesh 214, 238 237-9 218, 219-20 South Honshu Ridge 294 Sinai Peninsula 55 233 236 Sunda 268 270 272 276 Netherlands Antilles 163 Sinai Egypt Sunda Barrier Reef Indonesia 268 276 Sn Lanka 179,212,214, 191.300,310.385 South Hole Sound RpZ, Cayman Simpson Bay Lagoon Islands 142, 143 Spratly Islands, South China South China Sea 259, 268, 270, 358 Simbine Coast Cayman Spoil Bay RpZ, South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Society Islands 385 388 389 Taiaro Atoll French Polynesia 387 IWA RobmsonI SNR French Polynesia 387, Taiaro Atoll 391 Taira Cays, Nicaragua 122, 123 Taiwan 292, 294, 295-6 Taiwan Strait 292 Take Bone Rate Indonesia 277 Index Take Bone Rate NP, Indonesia Ten Degree Channel Indian Ocean 216 217 273, 280 Takidunguchi MP, Japan 292, 296 New Takuu Islands, Papua Tenassenm Mountains Myanmar 264 Guinea 326 329 Talibon FishR Philippines 285 Guam 350 Taman Terna Reef Cook Islands 381, Tonga Trench 377 Laut Banda RP Thailand217 261-3, 264 265 Tambobo MuMR, Philippines Thailand Gulf, see Gulf of Thalassia testudinum 106, 121, 12 Tana River 183 122 Thatassodendron 30 Tandayag MuMR, Philippines Thaiassoma lutescens 330 Theienota ananas 40 Thiele Tanjung Amelango OR Thiladhunmathi Tanjung Blimbing, Kalimantan 268 276 Tanjung Datu, Kalimantan 268 Maldives Tanjung Pamenkan, 268, 276 Tanna Island Vanuatu 340 Tarawa Kiribati 364 Territory 227 Tarpon Hole PA Bermuda 100, Three Brothers and Resurgent Ocean Territory 227 229 Queensland Island Tarutao NP Thailand 262 265 Tatakoto French Polynesia 387 American Samoa 375 New Caledonia 335 Tikopia Island, Solomons 331 Mariana Islands 350, Tayabas Bay, Philippines 282 Tiran Island, Egypt 236 237 Tayrona NalNP, Colombia 131 Tiran-Senafir NP, Egypt 236, Red Sea 236, 237 239 Tebada Colombia 131 132 Tobacco Reef, Belize 118 Telestacea 33 Tobago Teluk Kelumpang/Selat Tobago Cays, Sebuku NR Indonesia 268, 280 Teluk Kupang RP, Indonesia 273 280 Indonesia 274 280 Teluk Maumere RP Indonesia 273 280 Tematagi, French Polynesia 387 Tambelan Archipelago Kalimantan 268 276 Temoe French Polynesia 387 160 165 166-7, 167 St- Vincent and the Grenadines 160 Tobago Cays WR, St Queensland 312 Palau 354 355 Toddu Atoll Maldives 223 trade winds 300-1 307, 360, commons" 67 trawling 278,317 294 South Islets MP, Malaysia 268, 269, 271 Turtle Islands and Reefs Great Barrier Reef 318 WS Philippines 285, 286 turtles 43, 354, Tridacna gigas 38, 52, 345, 357, 395 fishing for 49, 58 flatback316 Tridacna tevoroa 345 Great Barrier Reef 316 Tridacnidae 38, 52 green 105, 122, 141,209.316 Trimmatom nanus 226 Trimmatom offucius 226 395 Trinidad Sri Cuba hawksbill43 105 188.319 Lanka 218, 219 loggerhead 166-7 316 turtleshell 53 Tutuila Trobriand Islands, Papua 54 protection of 68 134 135 New Guinea 326 327 American Samoa 375 376 Tuvalu Polynesia 371 372 trochus 52 58 354 357, 358-9 Two Trochus Sanctuaries, Federated Typhoon Linda 289 Mile Reef, South Africa 193 Slates of Micronesia 356 Tromelin seelle Tromelin Storm Mitch 98 Trou d'Eau Douce FiR Mauritius 206 209 trumpet emperor 319 trumpet fish 136 Polynesia 385 387 Tubastrea sp U Ujae Marshall Islands 360 361 Ujung Kulon NP/Krakatan National Reserve/V\/orld Heritage Site 267, 280 Tuamotu Archipelago French Tokara Islands, Japan 292, Site Turtle Islands IPalau Penyu] traditional medicine 54 Tofua Island Tonga 378 277 Tongaland Ramsar Africa 190, 193 379 tsunamis 329 Togian Islands, Indonesia 273, Turneffe Islands, Belize 118, 119 Tofua Arc, Tonga 378 Tofua Trough 377 maps 87-8 Turtle Beaches/Coral Reefs of Trachinotus btochii 43 Tropical Vincent and the Grenadines 160 167 Tobi Teluk Laut Cendrawasih NP, Townsville Trinidad and Tobago 160 165 351,353 satellite habitat Turks Island Passage 107 Tnncomalee 285, 286 Tinian, 335, 379 Tiran Straits Laut/Selat Turks Bank, Caribbean 106 107 Turks and Caicos Islands 337 Tregosse Tigris River 251 Taunton PA, Bermuda 100, 102 133 Tortola British Virgin Islands "tragedy of the 311 Tinaogan MuMR, Philippines 102 Turbinaria 121, 163 Turiamo Bay, Venezuela 168 318 Islands 330 331 365 P Malaysia 267, 271 Tupai Society Islands 388 326 SpMR, New Caledonia Thousand Islands see TimorSea274, 276, 302 308 Tinakula, Solomon Islands 330 Tanzania 186-9 287 Atoll protected areas 107 108 Vietnam 289 Island, Tikehau, French Polynesia 387 268, 276 Tanjung Setan Kalimantan 276 Tunku Abdul Rahman Caribbean 95, 106-8 Tiga Tanjung Selatan Kalimantan Torres Strait Australia 302 Tournante de Marine Faune Thursday 276 Tanjung Sambar Kalimantan 288 292 Tho Chau Islands 5NR, British Indian 276 Tanjung Putih, Kalimantan 268, 350 tourism46 54-5 70-1.73-4 Ocean Tanjung Pengujan Kalimantan Guam Thio River Grande Terre 336-7 Three Brothers, British Indian Kalimantan 276 Bay, Tung Sha 154, 156 Kepulauan Seribu Java 276 Ta'u, Atoll Tumon Torres Islands Vanuatu 339 317 221.223 Indonesia 273 280 194, 195 Tung-Sha South China Sea 287, 289 290 Torres Strait Islanders 304, 316, Gerhard 85 Tanga Tanzania 187 Madagascar 196 Tulum Mexico 115 380 304.308.310.311,313.317, Tanahmerah, Indonesia 274 285 286 Tonga 378 Ton Shima Reef Japan 292 Thailand 285 286 Tampico, Mexico Island FiS Philippines 285 286 Tulear Tongatapu Tonkin Gulf China/Vietnam 288, 267 288 Tujuh Belas Pulau NR Indonesia 268 280 378 388 anemones 33 Tulapos Tongatapu Group Tonga 377 Tetiaroa, Society Islands Indonesia IIU 280 Bay Sulawesi 273, 277 Tonga 300, 369, 377-80 382 tube Tubuai French Polynesia 390 Teraina Kiribati 363 tern 73, 183 286 Talofofo Bay Cebu Philippines 284 Tommi 124 Papua New City Philippines Site, 285 Tokelau 373 375 376 Toledo Site/World Heritage Site/Ramsar 292 296 TeonostalWRef Honduras 123, Guinea326 328 331 Talele Islands PP Tokashiki lOkmawa] MP, Japan 175 Tubbataha Reefs Philippines 283 Tubbataha Reefs NP/Ramsar Ulithi, Federated States of Micronesia 355 358 Ulveah iLopevi) Island Vanuatu 338 339 Umatac, Umm Guam 350 al-Qamari Islands PA, 423 424 WORLD ATLAS OF CORAL REEFS Vieques Passage, Puerto Rico Biosphere Programme 71 Unguja see Zanzibar Unilever 74 Union, St, Vincent and the St 252 Guam 353 University of the South Pacific, Samoa 373 375 155-7 Virgin Islands NP Virgin Islands Trough 153 Mariana Islands 164,239 69, 71, Bermuda Islands, Island Solomon Islands 330,331 Uturoa Society Islands 386 388 Atoll, 343, 344 Northern Australia 308 Vangunu Solomon w 330, Vankalai Reef, Sn Lanka 218, Vanua Balavu Island Fiji 3*13, Vanua Lava Island, Vanuatu 339 Vanua Levu, Fiji 342-5 Vanua Levu Barrier Reef Fiji Atoll Polynesia 394, 397 Bahamas Walker's Cay, Vanuatu 338-41 Vatoa Island Ira Fiji 343 344 Cfiannel, Fiji 342, 343 Vava'u Group, Tonga 377, 378, 369.371,372 Wandur [Mahatma Gandhil MNP, India 216 217 War in the Pacific NHP Guam Waturu Veracruz, Mexico 112, 114, 115 West Veracruz reefs, Mexico West Bay Cemetery-Victoria Vero Beach, Florida 96, 97 Victoria, Seychelles 201 Islands 142, 143 West Caicos Marine NP Turks Victory Bank, British Indian Ocean Territory 227 Viemandu Channel, Maldives 224 Vientiane 288 Zagros Mountains, Iran 251 107 World Resources Institute 71 65 and Caicos St, Vincent and West Fayu, Federated States Micronesia 355 of Delta, Mozambique 190 Zamboanga Peninsula, Wotje Marshalllslands361 Zanclus cornutus 291 wrasse 330 Zanzibar, Tanzania 186-9 bandcheck 353 Zanzibar Channel, Tanzania 187 Zealandia Banks, Mariana cleaner 41 42 199 42 49, Wreck Wreck Islands 350, 352 Zhongsha Qundao see Reefs Australia 318, 319 of the Rhone MP, Virgin Macclesfield Bank South China Sea Zoantharia 33, 184 zooxanthellae 31 33 35, 39, 59 15 112, 115 116.118 Xing Da Area PA, Bermuda 100, 107 108 the Grenadines 160, 167 Zambezi Philippines 285 102 West Cay WR (Okinawa) MP, Japan 292, 296 Micronesia 355 Xincun Bay China 290 142, 143 John's Island) Zamami XcalakNMP Mexico West Caicos, Turks and Caicos [St, Egypt 239 242 Woleai, Federated States of Xcalak Mexico House RpZ, Cayman Islands Caledonia Wizard Reef Seychelles 202 X Africa 147, 173, 174-5 House-Sand Cay Apartments MP, Cayman Victoria 365 Kiribati 363, 182 185 Weipa Queensland 308 31 14 Zabargad 381.383 Maldives 221, Atoll New Antilles, Islands 154 157 169 Watamu MNP, Kenya IR, 335, 337 58 311,313 Venezuela 147, 168-70, 171 56 humphead (Napolean) 223-4 380 Yves Merlet 165 Washington-Slagbaai Bonaire 223-4, 225 Windspint Windward Islands see World's End Reefs Grenadines Sulawesi Warrior Reefs Australia 310, Vataru Kandu DS Maldives Yucatan Current 114 World Heritage Convention 105 350, 353 342 343 Vatu Say Oahu Hawaiian Yucatan Channel Mexico 115 Yucatan Peninsula Mexico 118 Winslow Reef, Islands 393 and Wilkes Exploring Expedition 79 Winslow Reef Cook Islands Islands Wallls and Futuna Polynesia 344 New FMA Hawaiian Islands 393 MLCD, Hawaiian Island St Vincent the Grenadines 160 Territory 226, 227 Netherlands Head Wallacea see Nusa Tenggara; 219 292 296 Young 396 Wake 331 296 Yoshino-Kumano NP, Japan Windward Islands Windward Passage 151 Waimea Solomon Islands Yoronto (Kagoshimaj MP, Japan 150 Guinea 325 393 396 Islands 331 333 Vanlkolo filefish Wilhelm, Mount, Papua Watkiki Island, Ocean Yongala HShip, Australia 321 Yorke Islands, Queensland 31 damsel 374 Wight Bank British Indian 393 Gulf Gulfof Aden 248, 249 Queensland 312 313 315 Fiji yellow band disease 140 Yemen Whitsunday Islands Japan 342, 343 Red Sea 245, 246 whitespotted 100, 102 Waikjki Island-Diamond Van Diemen Mexico Fiji yellowspot emperor 41, 251 white-belly Waikiki Oahu Hawaiian Islands V Site white band disease 62 93 98 Vostok, Kiribati 366 Vuata Vatoa 361,362 yellow goatfish 162 whale shark 99 Volcano Islands see Kanzan Utnk AtoU Marshall Islands of El Vizcaino whales44, 316 395 342-5 Indonesia 274 Strait Yasawa Group 140 155 Fiji Vixen PA urchins see sea urchins Yapen Site 311 whelk 105 Levu, of Micronesia 68, 355 358, 359 Queensland World Heritage Myanmar 262 Yap Island, Federated States 112 154, 157 Visayan Sea, Philippines 281, Viti of Whale Sanctuary Virgin Islands 153, 154, Yangon, 180, countries/regions World Heritage 281,283 Uracas see Farallon de Pajaros, Utupua ' Visayas Islands, Philippines upwellings 20, 130 240-1.242 Wet Tropics Lucia 160, 167 285 Suva 344 user fees Reef MR, Islands 154, 156 United Arab Emirates 248 251 Upolu, Artificial Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Grenadines 160 University of Beach Yalong Bay, China 291 Yanbu Al Bahr, Saudi Arabia regions 181-2 see also individual Vietnam 288, 289-90, 291 Vigie 10-12, see Western Indian Ocean 154 and the aiso individual countries/ 154, 155 World Conservation Monitoring Centre 89-90 UNESCO Man Western Caribbean Vieques Puerto Rico 63 153 Saudi Arabia 2i 1.242 UNEP Y Yaeyama 294 Islands Japan 292, its detailed descriptive texts experts, this full-color for and images by leading volume everyone interested in will these be a vital critical environments The World Atlas of Coral Reefs contains 85 new/ly researched resource full-page and drawn color maps: more than 200 color photographs illustrating reefs and reef ani- mals: and 85 images of coral reefs from space, taken by NASA astronauts from the space shuttle including those flights 2000 and 2001 The authors provide in a wealth of information on the geography biodiversity and human uses of coral reefs as well as details about the threats to their existence Centre in Cambridge, UK, the United Nations office responsible for providing authoritative information on the condition of global biodiversity the World Atlas will be welcomed by and will policy all serve as a coral reef enthusiasts and divers critical tool for scientists, makers, and planners students at local, national, and International levels alike Jacket illustration False clown anennonefish fAmphipnon oceltans! Great Barrier Reef, Australia Barbara Jellow © 2001 Stuart Westmorland/Stone Jacket design by f^\ ^\ ^^^^ l^M^ ^y^ Marine and Coastal Programme, with a leading role UNEP WCMC -^^ / ° mangrove SPALDING MA, forests Reefs at Risk He Unit University of *•r- He is programme lead author of the World is in UNEP-WCMCs officer of research into coral reefs and Mangrove Atlas and coauthor of also research associate at the Cambridge Coastal Research Cambridge CORINNA RAVILIOUS UNEP-WCMC Ph.D is senior is a geographic information with primary responsibility for systems technical managing the Centre s officer at coral reef and ICLARM forest datasets She is coauthor of A Global Overview of Forest Conservation and has prepared maps for many publications, including Global Biodiversity.- Earth's Living Resources in the 21st Century EDMUND P GREEN MA PhD Programme, overseeing its is head active projects of UNEP-WCMCs Marine and Coastal and developing others with a wide range of international collaborators His research interests include coral reef coral diseases, and the trade in coral reef organisms He is mapping, lead author of Remote Sensing Handbook for Tropical Coastal Management and The Global Trade Above left: in Coral Grand Cayman from space The snatlow lagoon is surrounded by extensive and important mangrove areas NASA 199^, reefs, photo SSTS062-84-70 Above right: Map shows mangroves, dive centers, and protected areas Left; Massive corals Montaslrea and gorgonians in Winner, Mary B Ansari Best Reference (or sea fans) the Caribbean, V/ork Award, Geoscience Information Society UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley 94720 wvvw,ucpress,edu ... distribution of the vast majority of the world' s shallow coral reefs Equally important with the maps in this atlas has been to place the location of coral reefs in a wider WORLD ATLAS OF CORAL REEFS... WORLD ATLAS OF CORAL REEFS Chapter The World reefs are Coral complex of all among of Coral Reefs the most diverse and ecosystems; tfiey are among changes that are now occurring on coral responding... countries, and the human impacts on their reefs, of coral reefs around the world Those traveling regularly to coral reef areas, for leisure or for work, can use the World Alias before they of Coral Reefs