THE POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS, DARWIN

THE POWER OF MOVEMENT PLANTS IN BY CHARLES DARWIN, LL D., F R S ASSISTED BY FRANCIS DARWIN IV/ri/ D ILLUSTRA TIONS NEW YORK APPLETON AND COMPANY 1897 77 ^7 1^( Authorized Edition CONTENTS Intkodttction Pag.e 1-9 CHAPTER I The ClKOtTMNUTATING MOVEMENTS OF SbBDLING PLANTS Brassica oleraoea, oiroumnutation of the radicle, of the arched cotyl whilst still hypo- huried beneath the ground, whilst rising above the ground and straightening tation of the cotyledons of — and when erect Ciroumnumovement Analogous obser- itself, —Eate — vations on various oi'gans in species of Githago, Gossypium, Oxalis, Tropasolum, Citrus, ^soulus, of several Leguminous and Cucurbitaceous genera, Opuntia, Helianthus, Primula, Cyclamen, Stap^lia, Cerinthe, Nolana, Solanum, Beta, Ricinus, Quercus, Corylus, Finns, Cycas, Canna, Allium, Asparagus, Phalaiis, Zea, 10-66' Avena, Nephrodium, and Selaginella CHAPTEE II General Considerations on the Movements and Growth of Seedling Plants Generality of the circumnutating movement — — Eadicles, their cir- cumnutation of service Manner in which they penetrate the ground Manner in which hypocotyls and other organs break through the ground by being arched Singular manner of germination in Megarrhiza, &c Abortion of cotyledons Ciroumnutation of hypocotyls and epicotyls whilst still buried and arched ^Their power of rtmigbtening themselves— Bursting of — — — the seed-ccats — — ^Inherited effect of the — arching process in hypo- CONTENTS VI — gean hypocotyls Oircumnutation of hypocotyls and epicotyls Circumnutation of cotyledons Pulvini or joints of erect cotyledons, duration of their activity, rudimentary in Oxalia Sensitiveness of cotyledons to oomiculata, their development — when — — light and consequent disturbance of their periodic ' Sensitiveness of cotyledons to contact OHAPTEE movements Page 67-128 III Sensitiveness of the Apex of the Radicle to Contact and TO OTHER IkEITANTS Manner the which in soil radicles —Vicia bend when they encounter an obstacle in faba, tips of radicles highly sensitive to con- — Effects tact and other irritants Power of discriminating between of too high a temperature objects attached on opposite — Tips secondary — Pisum, — such in overcoming — Phaseolus, geotropism — Secondary of hardly but highly and the removal of a —Tropseolum —Gossypium—Cucurbita —Eaphanus— jEpcuIus, not highly contact —Quercus, highly Power discrimination —Zea, highly secondary — moist — Summary of tips of radicles sensitive of sides ^Effects of radicles sensitive sensitiveness radicles tips sensitive to contact, to radicles sensitive to caustic slice tip sensitive to caustic of radicles sensitive to slight contact, tip sensitive to sensitive, tip Sensitiveness of radicles to air 129-200 chapter CHAPTEE IV The CiROUMNnTATiNG Movements op the several parts of Mature Plants — Oircumnutation of stems: concluding remarks on CiroumnutatioD of stolons aid thus afforded in winding amongst the stems ol : — Circumnutation of flower-stems— Oircum— Siugular oscillatory moveleaves of Dionsea — Leaves of Cannabis sink at night of Gymnosperms — Of Monocotyledons — Cryptogams— surrounding plants nutation of Dicotyledonous leaves ment ii Leaves Ccncluding remarks on the circumnutation of leaves lise in the evening and sink in the morning , ; generally 201-262 ^11 CONTENTS CHAPTER V Modified Cibcuhndtation Climbing Plants ; Epinastio and Hyponastio Movements : OircumQutation modified through innate causes or through the action of external conditions Innate causes Climbing plants ; simi- — larity of their — movements with those creased amplitude; of ordinary plants occasional points of difference — — ; in- — Epinastic growth of young leaves Hyponastio growth of the hypocotyls and epicotyls of seedlings Hooked tips of climbing and other plants due to modified circumnutation Ampelopsis tricuspidata Smithia Pfundii Straightening of the tip due to hyponasfcy Epinastio growth and circumnutation of the flower-peduncles of Trifolium repens and Oxalis carnosa Page 263-279 — — — CHAPTEE VI Modified Cieodmnutation : Sleep or Nyctitkopic Movkmexts, THEIR Use: Sleep of Cotyledons Preliminary sketch of the sleep or nyctitropio movements of leaves —Presence of pulvini—The of nictritropio lessening of radiation the final cause movements— Manner of trying experiments on leaves of Oxalis, Arachis, Cassia, Melilotus, Lotus and on the cotyledons tion from leaves of — Small differences in the conditions radia- make a —Despription of the various plants and movements of the cotyledons —Concluding remarks—Independence the of and cotyledons of the same movements the the movements have been —Reasons believing great difference in the result nyctitropio of position List and Marsilca, —Concluding remarks on Mimosa of species leaves of nyctitropio that for species 280-316 acquired for a special purpose CHAPTER VII MouiFiED Ciecumnutation Nyctitkopic or Sleep Movements OF Leaves : — — Conditions necessary for these movements List of Genera and Families, which include sleeping plants Description of the movements in the several Genera — Oxalis: leaflets folded at vm CONTENTS night — Averrlioa leaflets close : when rapid movements of the leaflets— Porlieria plant kept very dry —Trop^olum — leaves dc : not sleep unless well illuminated duiing day Lupinus various modes of sleeping Melilotus: singular movemenrs of terminal : — — Trifolium — Desmodiura rudimentary of their not developed on young movements — Bauhinia: palvini —Cassia complex movements of the ni.ht —Mimosa pudica: compounded moveleaves folded reduced of darkness — Mimosa ments of leaflet leaflets, lateral : plants, state of, leaflets : at albida, leaves, effect —Schranlda: downward movement of the pinnse Marsilea: the only cryptogam known to sleep Concluding remarks and summary Nyctitropism consists of modified circumnutation, regulated by the alternations of light and darkness Page 317-417 Shape of first true leaves leaflets of — — — CHAPTEE Modified Circumsutation : VIII Movemekts excited by Light Distinction between hcliotropism and the effects of light on the movements of leaves Heliotroplo movements Solanum, Zea, and Avena Heliotropic movements — — periodicity of the of Beta, towards an obscure light in Apios, Brassica, Phalaris, Tropseo- —Aphellotropic movements of Big—Of flower-peduncles of Cyclamen —Burying of the pods —Heliotropism and apheliotropism modified forms of circumnuconverted into the tation— Steps by which one movement diaheliotropism influenced other— Transversal-heliotropismus lum, and Cassia tendrils of nonia is or — by epinasty, the weight of the part and apogeotropism Apogeotropism overcome during the middle of the day by diaheliotropism Efiects of the weight of the blades of cotyledons So- — — —Chlorophyll called diurnal sleep Movements injured Seksitivfkess of Plants to Light Uses of he iotropism : IX its transmitted effects — Insectivorous and climbing — Same organ heliotropic light 418-448 to avoid intense light CHAPTEE tropic by intense at one age plants not helic- and not Extraordinary sensitiveness of some plants to light at another —The effecta CONTENTS of light not correspond with —Time required illumination —Apogeotropism its IS intensity — Ettccts of previoui for the action of light — After-effects — Accuracy with which plants benfl to the light This dependent on the iUumination of one whole side of the part Localised sensitiveness to light and its transmitted effects Cotyledons of Phalaris, of light acts as soon as light fails — — — manner tiys of bending —Effects — Results of the exclusion of light transmitted beneath the surface of th'e from their ground Lateral illumination of the tip determines the direction of the curvature of the base — Cotyledons of A vena, curvature of part due to the illumination of upper part basal — Similar results with —Radicles of Sinapis aphelio—Concluding remarks the hypocotyls of Brassica and Beta tropic,due to the sensitiveness of their tips and summary —Means by which of chapter circumnutation hag been converted into hel iotropism or apheliotropism CHAPTEE Page 449-492 X Modified Cikcumndtation Movements excited by Gravitation : observation —Apogeotropism — Cytisus—Verbena—Beta — Gradual conversion of movement of circumnutation into Avena, and Brassica apogeotropism in Bubus, Lilium, —Apogeotropism retarded by heliotropism—Effected by the Oxalis pulvini — Movements of flower-peduncles General remarks on apogeotropism — Geotropism —Movements —Burying of seed-capsules— Use process—Trifolinm subterraneura — Arachis — Amphicarpiea — Diageotropism — Means of tlie Phalaris, aid of of joints or of of radicles 493-522 Conclusion CHAPTEE XL Localised Bemsitiveness to Gravitation, and its Tbansmittbs Effects Greneral considerations —Vicia faba, — Regeneration of the radicles posure of the tips amputation — to Effects of of cauterising the tij* — geotroi'ic action tips of Effects of a short ex- and their subsequent — tips obliquely Effects Effects of grease on the tips — Pisiun amputating the — amputating the effects of the tips CONTENTS eativum, tips of radicles cauterised transversely, and on theii upper and lower sides— Phaseolus, cauterisation and grease on the tips —Gossypium— Cucurbita, tips cauterised transversely, — — and on their upper and lower sides Zea, tips cauterised Concluding remarks and summary of chapter Advantages of the sensibility to — geotropism being localised in the tips of the Page 23-545 radicles CHAPTEE XIL Summary akd Concluding Ebmaeks Nature of the circum nutating movement —The seed highly sensitive —History of a germinating — protrudes and circumnutates radicle first ^Its tip — Emergence of the hypoootyl or of the epicotyl — from the grcund under the form of an arch Its circumnutation and that of the cotyledons The seedling throws up a leaf- — bearing stem organs—The circumnutation —Epinasty and hyponasty—Movements —Nyotitropic movements — Movements of all the parts or Modified circumnutation of climbing plants by light and excited — gi'avitation between the movements of plants and radicle acts like a brain Index —Eesemblance animals —The ^Localised sensitiveness tip of the 546-573 574-593 THE MOVEMENTS OF PLANTS INTRODUCTION The chief object of the present work is to describe' and connect together several large classes of movement, common to almost all plants The most widely prevalent movement is essentially of the same nature as» that of the stem of a climbing plant, which bends^ successively to all points of the compass, so that therevolves This movement has been called by Sachs "revolving nutation;" but we have found it .much more convenient to use the terms circwnnutation and circumnutate As we shall have to say much, about this movement, it will be useful here briefly to describe its nature If we observe a circumnutating tip stem, which happens at the time to be bent, say towards the north, will it we will be found gradually to bend more and more easterly, until it faces the east and so onwards to the south, then to the west, and' back again to the north If the movement had been, quite regular, the apex would have described a cii'cle, ;: or rather, as the stem circular spiral But elliptical or oval it is always growing upwards, a generally describes irregular figures ; for the apex, after point- ing in any one direction, commonly moves back to the opposite side, not, however, returning along Afterwards other irregular ellipses the same line or ovals arc successively described, with their longer INTBODUCTION axes directed points different to of comjtass tlie Wliilst describing such figures, the apex often travels makes small subordinate loops in a zigzag line, or triangles In the case of leaves the ellipses or are generally narrow Until recently the cause of all such bending movements was believed to be due to the increased growth of the side which becomes for a time convex that this side does temporarily grow more quickly than the concave side has been well established but De Vriea has lately shown that such increased growth follows a previously increased state of turgescence on the convex side.* In the case of parts provided with a so-called joint, cushion or pulvinus, which consists of an aggregate of small cells that have ceased to increase in size from a very early age, we meet with similar movements and here, as Pfeffer has shown f and as we shall see in the course of this work, the increased turgescence of the cells on opposite sides is not followed by increased growth Wiesner ; ; ; denies in certain cases the accuracy of De Vries' con- turgescence, and maintains | that the increased extensibility of the cell- walls is the more clusion about important element That such extensibility must accompany increased turgescence in order that the part may bend is manifest, and this has been insisted on by but in the case of unicellular plants can hardly fail to be the more important element Oi the whole we may at present conclude that in- several botanists ; it • Sachs first showed "Lehr- buch,' &o., 4th edit p 452) the intimate connection b tween tin- Fur De ;geseenoe and gruwih Wries' interesting essay, Wachsitliumskriimmungcn mehrzelliger Organo,' see 'Bot Zeitung,' Dec ' 19, 1879, p R3n Die Periodischcn Buwegunf gen der Blattorgane,' 1S7.5 Untersuchungeii iil)er den J ' ' K Heliotropismus,' Sitzb d.r Akad derWissenschaft (Vieiinii) Jan 1880 57J? INDEX Crinum capeme, circumniitation of, DESMODICM 234 Crotolaria (sp 340 Cryptogams, 257-259 ?), sleep of leaves, Cyclamen Persicum, burying of th' pods, 433 Cyperus altemiMms, oirciimnuti.tion of stem, 212 circumnutation of, Cucumis dudaiin, movement of cotyledons, 43, 44 sleep of cotyledons, 804 , Cucurhita aurantia, movement of hypocotyl, 42 cotyledons vertical at night, , movemuut of slem, 509 Oytisus fragranf, circumnutation of hvpo'-otyl, 37 '-, sleep of leaves, 344, 397 apogi otropic movement oi , btem, 49i-49u , 304 ovifera, geotropic movement of radicle, 88, 39 eiroumnutation of archedhypo, cotyl, , , and vertical hypo- 40 movements of cotyledons, 41, 42, 115, 124 , position of radicle, 89 , rupture of the seed -coats, 102 , ciieumnutation of hypocotyl erect, 107, 108 when , cle, , sensitiveness of apex of radi- 169-171 not affected by apogecjti'opism, 509 , , , , cii'ciiranutution of peduncle, 225 , 435 alopecuroides, leaflets depressed al iiigl.t, B54 Darkness, effect of, on the move- ment of leaves, 407 Darlingtonia CaHj'ornica, its leaves or pitchurs apheliotropic, 45!), n Darwin, Charles, on Maurandia eemperjl'jrens,225i on the Swedish turnip, 230, n ; movements of climbing plants, 266 271 the heliotropic movement of the tendrils of Bignonia capreolata, 438 revolution of climbing plants, 451 ; on the curling of a tendril, ; 570 Erasmns, on the peduncles of Cyclamens, 433 Francis, on the radicle of Sinapis alba, 486 on Hygrosco, ; pic seeds, 48'J, n Datura stramonium, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 298 Delpino, on cotyledons of Ghfero- phyllum and Corydalis, 96, n Delphinium nudicaule, mode of breaking tlirough the ground, 80 confluent petioles of two cotyledons, 553 , Desmodium , of leaf, 246, 247 gyrans, movement of leaflets, ii57, n , downward apheliof ropic movement of a flower peduncle, 433, J'oung 244-246 , cauterised transversely, tips 537 Curvature of the riidicle, 193 Cycas pectinata, eiroumnutation of young haf, whilst emerging from the ground, 58 first leaf arched, 78 eiroumnutation of terminal leaflets, 252 CychKnen Persicum, movement of cciyleilon, 46 nndevtloped cotyledons, 78, 96 , eiroumnutation of j cotyledons vertical at night, 304 , leaves, JUalea 39 of straight cotyl, Dahlia, position of leaves at night 285 of leaves, not of ooty , sleep ledons, 314 , oircumnutation anil nyoti- INDEX 579 hesmodiom tropic movement ECCALTPTUS of leaves, 358- 360 ; Desmodium movement gyrans, of lateral leaflets, 361 jerking of , Ducliartre on Tephrosia catib(xa, 354 on the nyctitropic movemc nt of the Cassia, 869 Duval-Jouve, on the movements of Sryopliyllum calycinum, 237 of the nairow leaves of the Grami- leaflets, 362 ; nyctitropic movement of petioles, 400, 401 diameter of plant at night, , , 402 ncsB, 413 Dyer, Mr Thiselton, on the leaves of Orotolaria, 340 on Cassia floribunda, 369, «., on the absorbent hairs on the buried flower-heada of TrifoUum subterraneum, 517 ; lateral , movement of leaves, 404 zigzag movement of apex of , 405 shape of lateral leaf, , leaflet, 416 vespertilionis, 364, n Deutzia gracilis, ciroumnutation of stem, 205 Diageotropism, ; or transversegeotropism, 520 Diahcliotropism, 5; or TransversalHeliotropismus of Frank, 419 influenced by epinasty, 439 by weight and apogeotropism, 440 240 and cir- cumnutation of a full-grown leaf, closure of the lobes 241 oscillations of 242-244 Diurnal sleep 419 Drosera Capens.'s, straotvure of formed leaves, 414 , roiundifiiia young , , Echinocystis lobata, movements of 266 apogeotropism tendrils, leaf, 237, , , , of tendrils, 510 Elfving, F., on the rhizomes of Sparganium ramosum, 189; on the diageotropic movement in the rhizomes of some plants, 521 Elymus arenareus, leaves closed during the day, 413 Embryology Engelmann, virens, 85 Epinast}', 5, of leaves, 414 on the Quercus Dr., 267 Epiiotyl, or plumule, ; manner of breaking through the ground, emerges from the ground 77 under the form of an arch, 553 Erythrina caffra, sleep of leaves, ; first- movement 367 corallodendron, of 238 of the tentacles, 239 sensitiveness of tentacles, movement ol termuial leaflet, 367 erista-gaUi, perature on of effect of sleep tern leaves, 318 261 shape of leaves, 414 leaves not heliotropic, 450 loaves ciroumnutiile largely, 454 Echeveria stolonifera, oireumnutar tion of leaf, 237 Echinocactus viridescens, its rudimentary cotyledons, 97 , Dianthtts oarynphyUuB, 230 , circumnutation of young leaf, 231, 209 Dicotyledons, ciroumnutation widely spread among, 68 Dio'.icea, oscillatory movements of leaves, 261, 271 Dioncea muscipula, clrcnm-iutation of young expanding leaf, 239, , E sensitiveness of 570 , circumnutation tropic movement and of nycti- terminal leaflets, 367 Eucalyptus resinifera, ciroumnuta^ tion of leaves, 244 mDEX 580 GTMN0SPEKM8 EUPHOKBIA Euphorbia tropie jctcguineivflora, movement nycti- of leaves, 38S Githago segeium, ch'omnnutation hypocotyl, 21, 108 burying of hypocotyl, 09 ol , seedlings feebly illuminated, 124, 128 , sleep of cotyledon, 302 , leaves, 321 , M., on the rupture seed-coats, 102-104, 106 Flower- stems, circumButation Flaliault, of of, 223-226 Fragaria Rosacea, circnmnutation of stolon, 214-218 Frank, Dr A B., Ihe terms Heliotropisra and Geotropiem, iiist used by him, 5, n radicles acted on by geotropism, 70, n on tl}0 ; ; stolons of Fragaria, 215; periodic and nyctitropio movements of leaves, 284 on the root-leaves of plants kept in ditrkness, 443 ; on pulvini, 485 ; on natural selection oonnectim with in &c., geotiopism, heliotropism, ; 570 on Transversal-Heliotropismus, 419 Fuchsia, circnmnutation of stem, 205, 206 , Glaucium luteum, circumnutation of young leaves, 228 Gleditschia, sleep of leaves 368 Glycine hispida, vertical sinking of l.aflets, 366 Glycyrrhiza, leaflets depressed at night, 355 Godlewskl, Emil, on the turgescence of the cells, 485 Gooseberry, effect of radiation, 284 Gossypium (var Nankin cotton), hypocotyl, circumnutation of 22 movement of cotyledon, 22, 23 sleep of leaves, 324 arboreum (?), sleep of cotyla dons, 303 Braziliense, nocturnal movement of leaves, 324 sleep of cotyledons, 303 , , , herbaoeum, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 168 , radicles cauterised trans- 537 maritimum, nocturnal movement of leaves, 324 versely, Gazania ringens, of stem, 208 cueumnutation Genera containing sleeping plants, 320, 321 Geotropism, ; effect of, on the primary radicle, 196 the reverse effect on of apogeotropism, 512 tlie tips of radicles, 543 Geranium cinereum, 304 Endressii, 304 ; : Ibericum, nocturnal movement of lotyledona, 298 Richardsoni, 304 roteiidt/oKum, nocturnal movement of cotyledon, 304, 312 mbcaidescens, 304 Germinating seed, history of a, 548 Gravitation, movements excited by, 567 Gray, Asa, on Delphinium nudicaule, 80; on Megarrhiza Californica, 81 on the movements in the fruiting fronls of Asplenium trichoiiianes, 257 on the Amphicarpoea mnnoica, 520 on the Ipomcea Jalappa, 557 Grease, effect of, on radicles and their tips, 182, 185 Gressner, 0r H., on the cotyledon i of Cyclamen Persicum, 46, 77 on hypocotyl of the same, 96 Gymnosperms, 389 ; ; ; INDEX 581 HABEELAKUT nutation and other ^movements when arched.98; power of straightening themselves, 100; rupture of the seed-coats, 102-106 illubtratiou of, 106 ; circumnutation ; flaberlandt, Dr., oq the protuberance on the hypocotyl of Allium, 59 ; the importauoe of the arch to Beedliug plants, 87 sub; aerial and subterranean dons, 110, when erect, 108 Hyponasty, 6, 107; 369 Hed'ra movement helix, dark cotyle- of circumnutatioji stem, 207 Hetiaidhemum proslratum, geotro- movement of I of leaves, 368, Hedysarum coronarium, nocturnal movements of leaves, 356 pic in the arched hypo- re.; cotyl, 554 M^inat'Xylon Campecliianum, noc- turnal when 267 fluwer-heads, 618 Uelianlhus annuus, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 45 , arching of hypocotyl, 90 of coty, nocturnal movement ledons, 305 Heliotropism, uses of, 449 ; a modified form of circumnutation, ; 490 BeUebortis niger, mode of breaking thrpugh the ground, 86 Hensen, Prof, on roots in wormburrows, 72 Henslow, Eev G., on the cotyledons of ihalarii Canariensis, Iberis unibellata, 202 of, Imatophyllum Clivia movement Hofmeister, on the curious movement of Spirogyra, 3, 259, n of the leaves of Putia etratiutes, 255 ; of cotyledons at night, 297 of petals, 414 and Batalin on the movements of the cabbage, 229 Hooker, Sir J., on the effect of light on the pitchers of Sarracenia, ; vel on the sleep (sp ?), of leaves, 255 Indigo/era tincioria, leaflets dopressed at niglit, 354 Inheritance in plants, 407, 491 Insectivorous and climbing plants not heliotropic, 450 ; influence of light on, 488 Jpomcea bona nox, aroliing of hypocotyl, 90 , niicturnal position of cotyledons, 306, 312 ecerulea vcl Pharbitis nit, circumnutation of seedlings, 47 , ,, 62 movement of stem, Illumination, effect of leaves, 398 movement of cotyledons, 47- 49, 109 , nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 305 , sleep of leaves, 386 , sensitiveness to light, 451 , the hypoootyledonous stems heliotropic, 453 — cocdnea, position of cotyledons at night, 306, 312 leptophylla, mode of breaking through tie ground, 83, 84 arching of the petioles of the 450 cotyledons, 90 difference in sensitiveness to , gravitation in ditferent parts, — Hypocotyl, ; manner of breaking through the ground, 77 emerges under the form of an arch, 553 Hypocotyls and Epicotyls, circum- , , 509 extraordinary manner of ger , mination, 557 582 INDEX, Ipomcea pandurata, nanner of germination, 81, 557 purpurea (vel Fharhitis hispida), nocturnal movement cotyledons, 305, 312 , sleep of leaves, 386 sensitiveness to light, 451 of — , , the hypocotyledonous stems heliotropic, 453 circumnutation Iris pseuilo-acorus, of leaves, 253 Irmiach, on cotyledons of Banunculus Fiearia, 96 Ivy, its stems heliotropic, 451 262; dicotyledons, 226-252 mo nocotyledons, 252-257 nyotitropisra of, 280 their temperature af; ; ; fected liy their position at night, 294 nyotitropic or sleep moveperiodicity of ments, 315, 394 their movements inherited 407; s.j-called embryology of, 414 diurnal sleep, 445 ; ; ; sleep of cotyledons, sleeping species, 340 Legv/minosse, 308 ; Le Maout and Decaisne, 67 Lepidlum sativum, sleep of cotyle- dons, 302 Light, movements excited by 418, 563 r influence on most vegetable tissues, 486 ; acts on plant as on the nervous system of animals, Kemer on the bending down of pe- duncles, 414 an instrument devised by Sachs to eliminate geotropism, 93 Kraua, Dr Carl, on the underground shoots of Triticitm repens, 189; on Cannabis sativa, 250, 307, 312 ; on the movements of leaves, K.liuostat, the, 487 Lilium auratum, circumnutation of stem, 212 , apogeotropio movement of stem, 498, 499 ' Linnaeus, Somnus Plantarum,' 280 on plants sleeping, 320 on the leaves of Sida abutilon, 324; on CEnothera mollisslma, ; 383 Linum 318 Berendieri, nocturnal move- ment of I, Laetuca scariola, sleep of cotyledons, 305 Lagenaria vulgaris, circumnutation of seedlings, 42 , of cotyledons, 43 ^ cotyledons vertical at night, 304 squamaria, mode of Lathrxa breaking through the ground, 85 quantity of water secreted, , , 85, 86, n I.athyrus nissolia, tion of stem of circumnuta- young seedling, 33 , ellipses described by, 107, of 226- 108 Leaves, circumnutation eotyleiions, 298 usitatissimum, oireumnntation of stem, 203 LoUum perenne, joints affected by apogeotropisin, 502 Lonicera brachypoda, hooking of tho tip, , 272 sens'tivencss to light, 453 Loomis, Mr., on the movements in the fruiting fromls of Asplenium trichomanes, 257 Lohts aristata, effect of radiation on leaves, 292 Creticus, leaves a\vake ard asleep, 354 Gehelii, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 308 leaflets provided with pulvini, 353 Jaeobssus, movements of coty ledons, 35, 109 pulvini of, 115 , , INDEX LOTCB 5»3 584 INDEX Melilotus parviflora, sleep of iftves, 347 Petitjiirrreaiia, leaves ezposed at night, 291, 296 , sleep of leaves, 3i7 secundiflora, sleep of leaves, 347 at night, 116 not sensitive to contact, 127 , sleep of cotyledons, 308 , rudimentary nyctitropic leaves, 379, 380 , — leaflets, 364 movements of circumnutatiou of the main '—, petiole of yomig leaf, 381 torsion, or rotation of loaves , and -• 402 number of ellipses describe-i> , in given time, 406 of bright sunshine on , effect 446 jalapa leaflets, suaveolens, leaves exposed at night, 291 , sleep of leaves, 347 sulcata, sleep of leaves, 347 Taurica, leaves exposed at night, 291 , sleep of leaves, 347, 415 Methods of observation, Mimosa albida, ootyledouB vertical , albida, circumnutatlon and nyctitropic movement of pinuie, Mimosa leaflets, 400 true leaf, 416 , first , effect of bright sunshine on basal leaflets, 445 marginata, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 381 pudica, movement of ootyledoLis, 105 , rupture of the seed-coats, ' Mirabilis and longiflora-, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 307 nyctitropic , movement of leaves, 387 on Mohl, heliotropism in tenstems, and twining plants, drils, 451 Momentum-like movement, the ac- cumulated effects of apogeotropi^m, 508 Monocotyledons, sleep of leaves, 389 mode of Monotropa hypopitys, breaking through the ground, 86 Morren, on the movements of stamens of Spaimannia and Cereus, 226 Miiller, Fritz, on Cassia tora, 34 on the circumnutatiou of Linum usitatisdmum, 203 mpvements of the flower-stems of an Alisma, 226 ; Mutisia leaves, clematis, movement of 246 leaves not heliotropio, 451 , 105 circumnutatiou of cotyledons, , 109 N pulvini of, 113, 115 cotyledons vertical at night, , , 116 witli hardly sensitive to contact, , 127 effect of , exposure at night 293 , sleep of cotyledons, 308 and nyctitropic movement of main petiol 3, 374-378 , , circumnutatiou of leaflela, 378 selection geotropism, in connection heliotropism, 570 &c., Nephrodium molle, circumnutatlon of very young frond, 66 , nocturnal movement of leaves, 297 , Natural , of older frond, 257 slight movement of fronda 509 Neptunia oleracea, sensitiveness contact, 128 , nyctitropic lets, , movement 374 of pinna), 402 to of leaf- INDEX Nicotiana glauca, sleep of leaves, 385, 386 , circumnutation of leaves, , 386 Nobbe, on the rupture of the seedcoats in a seedling of Martynia, Oxalis acetosella, seed-capsules, only occasionally buiied, 518 artieulahi, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 307 (Biophytum) 105 movement minal Nyctitropisra, or sleep of leaves, 281 ; in connection with radiation, 286 ; object gained by it, and other , in full-gi'own cii'oumnutation of leaflet asleep, 327 rate of , leaflets, , when circumnutation of 404 effect of sunshine on leaflets, , apogeotropism 503-506 effect of dull light, 124 experiments on leaves at night, 288 - floribunda, pulvinus of cotyledons, 114 -, nocturnal movement, 118, 307, 313 , , - — fragrans, sleep Ortegesii, circumnutation of of leaves, 324 flower stems, 224 , sleep of large leaves, 327 , diameter, of plant at nighi, 402 , large leaflets affected by bright sunshine, 417 Plwmierii, sleep of leaves, 327 purpurea^ exposure of leaflets at night, 293 447 506 to forces, 122 , when movement due , 96 326 329 movements thickening of the hypocotyl, leaf, 113 corniculata (var cuprea), of cotyledons, 26 , rising of cotyledons, 116 rudimentary pulviiii of cotyledons, 119 development of pulvinus, , 383 Opuntia hasUaris, conjoint circumnutation of hypocotyl and cotyledon, 44 tropio leaflet, duncles Ohservatii n, methods of, (EjioiAeramoZZissimo, sleep of leaves, , of, carnosa, circumuutation of flower-stem, 223 , epinastio movements of flowerstem, 504 effect of exposure at night, , 288, 296 movements of the flower-pe, 413 , pulviuns , of leaves, circumnutation of hypocotyl eruct, 07 , burying of, 109 Orange, seedling, ciroumDutation of, 510 Orchis pyramidalis, complex movement of pollinia, 489 Oxalis acetosella, circumnutation of flower-stem, 224 effects of exposure to radiation at night, 287, 288, 296 circumnutation and nyoti- rof , cotyledons vertical at night, 116, 118 bupleurifolia, circumnutation of foliaceous petiole, 328 , nyetitropio movement of ter- 560 , sensitiva, pidity of movement of ootylcdona during the day, 26 Nolaria prostrata, movement of seedlings in the dark, 50 , circumuutation of seedling, 108 Nyctitroplo 585 circumnutation of peduncle, rosea, cii cumnutation of coty leduns, 23, 24 INDEX 58fi PHABEOLTJS pulvinua of, 113 raOTement of cotyledona at night 117, 118, 307 effect of dull light, 124 Oi-alie rosea, , , • non , - sensitive cotyledons, 127 sensitiva, movement of coty- ledons, 109, 127, 128 , ciroumnutation of flower-stem, 224 , nocturnal movement of coty- ledons, 307, 312 , sleep of leaves, 327 tropceoloidea, movement of cotyledons at night, 118, 120 Valdiviana, conjoint ciicumnutation of cotyledons and hypo- ootyl, 25 , cotyledons rising vertically at night, 114, 115, 117, 118 127 , non-sensitive cotyledons, nocturnal movement of coty, ledon, 307, 312 not of co, sleep of leaves and tyledons, 315 leaves, 327 , movements of ment and circumiiutation of very yoang leaf, 248, 249, 269 Pfeffer, Prof., on tlie turgesccnce of the cells, on pulvini of leaves, 113, 117 ; sleep movements of leaves, 280, 283, 284; nocturnal rising of leaves of Malva, 324 movements of leaflets in Desmodium gyrans, 358; on Phylkmthus Niruri, 388; influence of a pulvinus on leaves, 396; periodic movements of sleeping leaves, 407, 408; movements of petals, 414 effect of bright sunshine on leaflets of Eobinia, 445 ; effect of light on parts provided with pul; ; vini, 363 Phalaris Canariensis, movements of old seedlings, 62 ciroumnutation of cotyledons, 63, 64, 108 , , heliotropic movement and cir- oumnutation of cotyledon towards a dim lateral light, 427 sensitiveness of cotyledon to , light, 455 effect of exclusion , of light from tips of cotyledons, 456 , manner of bending towards liglit, 457 effects of painting with Indian ink, 467 , Pcushira aquatica, unequal cotyledons, 9S, n Pancratium littorale, movement of leaves, 255 Paraheliotropism, or diurnal sleep of leaves, 445 Passiflora gracilis, ciroumnutation and nyotitropio movement of kaves, 383, 384 apogeotropio movement of , tendrils, , 510 sensitiveness uf tendrils, 550 Pelargonium zonale, cirsumnutation of stem, 203 and downward movement of young leaf, 232, 233, 269 transmitted effects of light, , 469 illumination of lateral , tip, 470 apogeotropio movement of the sheath-like cotyledons, 497 , change from a straight upward apogeotro] lio course to cir, oumnutation, 499 , apogeotropio movement of cotyledons, 500 Phaseolus Mernandesii, nocturnal movement of leaves and leaflets, 368 , , caracalla, 93 noctrurnal movement of leaves, Petioles, the, rising of, beneficial to plant at night, 402 368 Petunia violacea, downward move- leaflets, , effect of bright 446 sunshine or INDEX 587 FHASBOLIIS QUERCUS PhaeecHiis multiflorus, moveiiieut of Plflnts, climbing, oircurnnutation of, radicles, 29 261 of young radicle, 72 , of Ijypocotyl, 91, 93 sensitiveness of apex of radicle, , , 163-167 , " to moist air, 181 , and grease on , nocturnal movement of leaves, cauterisation the tips, 535 nyotitropio movement of the (list unifoliate leaves, 397 Boxburgliii, effect of bright sunshine on first leaves, 445 , vulgaris 93 , sleep of leaves, 318 at , vertical sinking of leaflets night, 368 Phyllanthus Niruri, sleep of leaf, ' lets, 388 linoides, of sleep leaves, movements mature, of, 559 circumnutation of 201-214 Pliny on the sleep-movements ol plants, 280 Plumbago Capensis, circumnutation of stem, 2U8, 209 Poinciana Gilliesii, sleep of leaves, 368 at nisht, H87 convolvulus, sinking leaves at night, 318 Pontederia (sp vertical of the circumnutation ?), of leaves, 256 Porlieria hygromeiriea, circumnutation and nyotitropic movements of petiole of leaf, 335, 336 wateiing, 336-338 during the d.iy, , effect of , leaflets closed 413 387 Vilocereus rudimentary Hi/ulletii, cotyledoni?, 97 Pimelia speotabUis, sleep of leaves, 387 Pincers, wooden, through which tlie radicle of a bean was allowed to grow, 75 Pinus austriaca oiroumnutation of leaves, 251, 252 Nordmanniana, movement nyotitropic of leaves, 389 pinaster, 56 —hypoootyl, — movement , circumnutation of Portttlaca oleracea, effect of ,/Bcidium on, 189 Primula Sinensis, conjoint circumnutation of hypocotyl and cotyledon, 45, 46 Pringsheim on the injury to chlorophyll, 446 Prosopis, nyotitropio movements of leaflets, 374 Psoralea acaulis, nocturnal movements of leaflets, 354 Pteris aquiliiia, raohis of, 86 Pulvini, or of two opposite cotyledons, 57 , circumnutation of young leaf, 250, 251 epinastio downward move, ment of young leaf, 270 movement of Fielia stratiutes, Waives, 235 risam sativum, sensitiveness of tips of radicles transversely, 534 sensitiveness Plants, joints; of cotyledons, influence of, on the movements of cotyledons, 313; effect en nyctltropic movements, 112-122; 396 Qaercus (Araeiican apex of radicle, 158 sp.), circumnu- cauterised tation of young stem, 53, 54 robur, movement of radicles, to 54, 55 , sensitiveness radicle, 174-176 light, 449; hygroscopiu movements 489 ; Polygonum aviculare, leaves 368 , , of, of apex ol 588 INDEX QUERCrS Qucrcus virena, manner of germination, 85, 557 Eailiation at night, effect of, on 1' aves, 284-286 Radicles, manner in which they penetrate ihe ground 69-77 ; cir- curanutation of, with sticks, split wooden of apex 69 pincers, 75 experiments with 74 ; ; sensitiveness to contact and other irritants, 129 of Vieia /aba, 132158; various experiments, 135140 summary of results, 143-151; power of an irritant on, com; ; ; pared with geotnipism, 151-154 senbitiveness of tip to moist air, with greased tips, 180 185 effect of killing or injuring the primary radicle, 187-191; curvature of, 193; affected by moisture, 198 tip alone sensitive to geotropisra, 540 protrusion and oiroumnutation in a germinating seed, 548; tip highly sensitive, 550 the tip acts like the brain of one of the lower animals, 573 ; ; Beseda odorata, liypocotyl of seedling slightly heliotropio, 454 Reversion, due to mutilation, 90 Bhipsalis cassytha, rudimentary cotyledons, 97 Rioiniis Boriordensis, circumnutalion of arched hypocotyl, 53 Bubinia, effect of bright sunshine on its leaves, 445 pseudo-acacia, leaflets vertical at night, 355 Eodier, M., on the movements of CeratophyUum demersum, 211 Royer, Cli., on the sleep-movements of plants, 281, n on the sleep of leaves, 318 the leaves of Medicago maculata, 345 ; on Wistaria ; ; Sinensis, 354 Mubus idaus (hybrid) circumnutation of stem, 205 movement apogeotropio stem, 498 , Kuiz and Pavon, on Porlieria grometrica, 336 of liy- ; ; S ; secondary, sensitiveness of the tips in the bean, 154; become vertically geotropie, 186-191 Ramey on the movements of the cotyledons of Mimosa pudioa, and Clianthus Dampieri at night, , 297 mcide Ranunculus Ficaria, of breaking through the gruund, 86,90 single cotyledon, 96 — effect of lateral light, 484 — , •, llnphanus saliva, s nsiti\encss of apex of radiile, 171 sleep of cotyledons, 301 Rattan, Mr., on the gi-rmination of the seeds of Megarrhiza Califor7iica, 82 , Belaiion between circumiiutation and heliotropism, 435 Sachs on " revolving nutation," intimate connection between turgescenoe and growth, 2, n coty; ledon of the onion, 59 adaptation of root-hairs, 69 the movement of the radicle, 70, 72, 73 movement in the hypoootyls of the bean, &c., 91 sensitiveness of radicles, 131, 145, 198; sensitiveness of the primary radicle in the bean, 155; in the common pea, 156 effect of moist air, 180; of killing or injuriiig the primary radicle, 186, 187 circumnutation of flower-stems, 225; epinasty, 268; movemenu of leaflets of TrifoUtim incarnatum, 350; action of light in modifying the periodic move; ; ; ; ments of leaves, 418 pisra on ; on geotro- and heliotropism, 436, n Trop tolum irutjvs, 4.58 ; INDEX 589 SARRACENIA on the hypoontyls slightly heliotropio, and stems strongly aphelieliotropio of the ivy, 453 liotiopism of radicles, 482 exra'iicles periments on tips of curvature of of bean, 523, 524 tho hypocotyl, 555 resemblance between plants and animals, ; ; ; ; 571 Sarracenia purpurea, ciroumnutation of young pitcher, 227 circnmsarmentosa, Baxifrnga nutation of an inclined stolon, Smilax aculeata, movement of the nyotitropic 381, pinnse, 403 uncinata, nyctitropio move- Sfcurigera movements coronilla, nocturnal of leaflets, 352 Seed-capsules, biirying of, 513 Seed-coats, rupture of, 102-106 Seedling plants, circumnutating movements of, 10 , vertical , of, 322 rhomhifolia, sleep of cotyledons, 308 sleep of leaves, 314 vertical rising of leaves, 322 no pulvinus, 322 eircumnutation and nycti, , , , tropic movements of leaf of young plant, 322 movement of nyctitropic , leaves, 397 Biegesbeckia orientalis, leaves, 319, 384 sleep of Binapis alba, liypocotyl bending towards the light, 461 transmitted effect of light on radicles, 482, 483, 567 growth of radicles in dark movement of leaves, 356 ledons to act, 126 sleep of cotyledons, 308 Sophora chrysophylla leaflets rise at I , ni^'ht, tJ08 dulcamara, circumnuta- ting stems, 266 lycopersioum, movement of hypocotyl, 50 , of cotyledons, 50 , effect of darkness, 124 rising of cotyledons at night 306 , heliotropic movement;) of hypocotyl, 421 , effect of an intermittent light, 457 , retusa, vertical rising of leaves, — aphelio- , 258 Kraussii (?), circumnulation of young plant, 66 Sida napcea, depression of leaves at night, 322 , no pulvinus, 322 Selaginella, cii'cumnutation - tendrils 451 non - sensitive Pfundii, cotyledons, 127 livponastio moven)ent of the curvea summit of the stem, 274276 cotyledons not sleeping at , night, 808 Solanum ments of leaflets, 381 aepera, tropic, Smitkia eentitiia, sensitiveness of coty- 218 Schrankia • Binapis ntgra, sleep of cotyledons, 301 rapid heliotropihm, 461 eircumnupalinacanthum, tation of arched hypocotyl, 51, 100 , of cotyledon, 51 ellipses described by hypocotyl when erect, 107 ,"noeturnal movement of cotyledons, 306 , Sparganium ramosum, rhizomes 189 rising salsola, Bphoerophysa leaflets, 355 Bpirogyra princeps, movements 259, » Stahl, Dr., on of, o£ of, the effect of ^Eci- shoot, 189; on the influence of light on swarm-spores, dium on , , ness, 486 488, n Stapelia sarpedon, eircumnutation of hypocotyl, 46, 47 590 INDEX Stapelia sarpedon, minute coty- ledons, 97 moye- Stellaria media, nocturnal ment of leaves, 297 Stems, circumnutation of, 201-214 Stolons, or Eunnerg, circumnutation of, 214-222, 558 Strasbui ger, on the effect of light on spores of Haematoccus, 455, n ; the influence of light on tlie swarm-spores, 488 Strawberry, stolons of the, circumnutate, but not affected by moderate light, 454 Strephium floribvmdwn, circumnu- tation and nyctitropic of leaves, 391, 392 movement Trifolium pratense, leaves exposed at night, 293 repens, circumnutation cf flower-stem, 225 , circumnutating and epinastie movements of flower-stem, 276- —— 279 nyctitropic , movement 349 circumnutation of leaves, , tropic and movements of nycti- terminal 353 , sleep movements, 349 resupinatum, no pulvini to cotyledons, 118 circumnutation of stem, 204 leaflets, 352, , eflect of , exposure at night, 295 cotyledons night, 118, 309 , , T circumnutation tropic Tamarindus Indica, nyctitropic of leaflets, 374 heliotropismus (of Frank) or diaheliotropism, 438 Vrapa nutans, unequal cotyledons,- movement - 95,78 Tecoma radicans, steins aphelio- tropic, 451 Tephrosia caribiea, 354 Terminology, 'Hialia dealhata, sleep of leaves, 389 , and at nycti- terminal 352 striatum, movements of cotyledons at night, 116, 118 , nocturnal and diurnal movements of cotyledons, 309-311, 313 , movement of the left-nand cotyledon, 316 euhterraneum, movement of flower-heads, 71 of cotyledons at night, 116, , 118, 309 circumnutation of flower-stem, 224, 225 , circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of laives, 350 , number of ellipses in 24 hours, 405 , burying its flower be.ids, 513, 514 , lateral movement of leaves, 404 ' rising movements of leaflets, 351, Irimsversal not Trichosanthes anguina, action of the peg on the radicle, 104 , nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 304 Trifolium, position of terminal leaflets at night, 282 ghiosum, with hairs protecting the seed-bearing flowers, 517 glomeratum, cotyledons, 309 incarnatum, cotyledons, 309 movement of movement of Pannonieum, shape of true leaf, 330, 415 , downward movement circumnutating movement of peduncle, 516 Trigonella Gretica, sleep of leaves, 345 Triticum flrs' of pe- duncle, 515 shoots 189 imdergrounJ become apoguotropioi repent, of, INDEX 591 WILSON Trilieum vvlgare, sensitiveness of tips of radicle to moist air, 184 pared with that of geotropisra, 151-154 (?), sensitiveness of apex of radicle to contact, 167 circumnutation of stem, 204 of illumination on , influence Viciafaba, circumnutation of leaves, Tropmolum majus , nyctitropio movements, 338-340, 344 —— , , , heliotropic , 233-235 circumnutat-on of terminal leaflet, 235 effect of apogeotropism, 444 effect of amputating the tips of radicles, 523 regeneration of tips, 526 movement and circumnutation of epiootyl of a young seedling, 428, 429 of an old intcrnode towards a , lateral light, 430 stems of very young plants highly heliotropic, of old plants , slightly apheliotropio, 453 484 , effect of lattral light, , , short exposure to geotropio action, 527 , effects of amputating the tips obliquely, 528 , of cauterising the tips, 529 of grease on the tips, 534 , minus (?), cu'cumnutation of buried and arched epiootyl, 27 Vines; Mr., on cell growth, Vries, De, on turgesoence, on epinasty and hyponasty, 6, 267, 268; tlie protection of hypocotyls during winter, 557 stolons apheliotropio, 108 ; the nyctitropio movement of leaves, 283 the position of leaves influenced ; ; Ulex, or gorse, first-formed leaf of, 415 XJraria lagopus, vertical sinking of leaflets at uight, 865 the burying of the flower-heads of Trifolium subterraneum, 513; on the protection of seeds, 517 Verbena melindres (?), circumnutation of stem, 210 apogeotropio movement of , stem, 495 Vauoher, on by epintisty, their own weight and apogeotro440 pism in petioles and midribs, 443 the stolons of strawberries, 454 apogeotropism, ; ; the joints or pulvini of the Gramincai, 502 W of, on Porlieria hygrometrica, 336-338 Wells, Essay on Dew,' 284, ô Wiesuer, Prof., on the circumnutation of the hypocotyl, 99, 100; on the hooked tip of climbing stems, 272 ; observations on the bright sunshine on effect of chlorophyll in leaves, 446 the effects of an intermittent light, Watering, effect ' ficia faba, circumnutation of radicle, 29, , , , dicle, , 30 of epicotyl, 31-33 curvature of hypoootyl, 92 sensitiveness of apex of ra- 132-134 of the tips of secondary ra- dio es, 154 of the primary radicle above the apex, 155-158 various experiments, 135-143 143-151 , summary of results, of an irritant on, com, power _^, ^, ; 457 ; on aerial roots, 486 ; on special adaptations, 490 Wigandia, movement of leaves, 248 Williamson, Prof, on leaves of Drosera Capensis, 414 Wilson, Mr A S., on the movements of Swedish turnip leaves, 230, 298 592 INDEX WINKLEB ... great sweeps made by the stems of twining plants, and by the tendrils of other climbers, result from a mere increase in the amplitude of the ordinary movement of circumnutation The position which... plants and movements of the cotyledons —Concluding remarks—Independence the of and cotyledons of the same movements the the movements have been —Reasons believing great difference in the result... Movkmexts, THEIR Use: Sleep of Cotyledons Preliminary sketch of the sleep or nyctitropio movements of leaves —Presence of pulvini The of nictritropio lessening of radiation the final cause movements—