Table of Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Preface Introduction Introduction to the Sixth Edition Introduction to the 2009 Fifth Edition Introduction to the 2006 Fourth Edition Introduction to the 2003 Third Edition Introduction to the 1999 Second Edition Chapter 1: Brunei Early History The British Impact Brunei in the New Millennium Chapter 2: Cambodia Early History and the Empire of Angkor The Kingdom of Cambodia, 15th–18th Centuries The Colonial ERA, 1863–1940 World War II, 1940–1945 Toward Independence, 1945–1953 Cambodia Under Sihanouk, 1953–1970 War and Revolution, 1970–1975 “Democratic Kampuchea”: Khmer Rouge Government, 1975–1979 Cambodia a “Vietnamese Protectorate,” 1979–1991 UNTAC, The 1993 Elections, and the Royal Government of Cambodia Cambodia in the 21st Century Chapter 3: East Timor Chapter 4: Indonesia Precolonial Indonesia Colonialism Nationalism The Japanese Occupation The Revolution Indonesia After Independence The End of Suharto's Rule Chapter 5: Lao PDR The Creation of Laos and Its Earlier History French Conquest and Rule to 1940 World War II and the First Indochina War, 1940-1954 The Failure of “Neutralisation,” 1954-1964 Laos and the Vietnam Conflict, 1964-1975 Laos Since 1975 Chapter 6: Malaysia Early History Melaka and Malay Culture: The 15th Century A Threatening World: The 16th to 18th Centuries The British Advance: The 19th Century The Colonial ERA Japanese Occupation The Postwar Period Alliance Government and Independence The Creation of Malaysia The 1969 Crisis Umno and Barisan Nasional Government The Nep and Economic Growth Mahathir and the Centralisation of Power Chapter 7: Myanmar Precolonial History The Colonial Period Japanese Occupation Independence Chapter 8: Philippines Early History Spanish Rule Filipino Nationalism US Colonialism Japanese Occupation Independence and the Democratic Years The Marcos Era The Restoration of Democracy Chapter 9: Singapore Colonialism Japanese Occupation Toward Independence Chapter 10: Thailand Early History The Kingdom of Ayudhya, 1351-1767 The Rise of the Bangkok Empire Bangkok and the West The Eclipse of the Monarchy, 1910-1932 The Rise of Military Government, 1932-1948 The “Strongman” Era, 1948-1973 Between Autocracy and Democracy, 1973-1992 Unresolved Issues Chapter 11: Vietnam Early History The 19th-Century Confucian Revival Colonial History Culture and Politics in Colonial Vietnam World War II and the First Indochina War, 1940-1954 Vietnam Partitioned and the Vietnam War, 1954-1975 Vietnam Since 1975 Further Reading Maps Index End User License Agreement A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-EAST ASIA 6TH EDITION PETER CHURCH Copyright © 2017 Peter Church Published by John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte Ltd Fusionopolis Walk, #07-01, Solaris South Tower, Singapore 138628 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or 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where appropriate Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, P019 8SQ, United Kingdom John Wiley & Sons (Canada) Ltd., 5353 Dundas Street West, Suite 400, Toronto, Ontario, M9B 6HB, Canada John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd., 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia Wiley-VCH, Boschstrasse 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Church, Peter (Peter C.), editor Title: Short history of South-East Asia / [edited by] Peter Church Description: Sixth edition | Singapore : John Wiley & Sons Inc., [2017] | Includes index Identifiers: LCCN 2016053371 | ISBN 9781119062493 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781119062486 (epub) | ISBN 9781119062479 (Adobe PDF) Subjects: LCSH: Southeast Asia—History Classification: LCC DS525 F63 2017 | DDC 959—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016053371 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Images: map © FrankRamspott/iStockphoto; modern buildings © AsiaTravel/Shutterstock; Sukhothai park © kungverylucky/Shutterstock; people © Rukitsara Mukdamuang/Getty Images, Inc “To understand the present and anticipate the future, one must know enough of the past, enough to have a sense of the history of a people.” Lee Kuan Yew, then Prime Minister of Singapore, in January 1980 on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the founding of the People's Action Party Preface I had already been involved with South East Asia for many years when I read the late Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew's thought provoking words set out on the facing page Although I was an indifferent student of history at school in Australia, the words hit me like a sledge hammer Whilst I was well aware of the importance to business of understanding the different cultures of South East Asia, I had not given a lot of thought to the relevance of history to the future in general, or to business in particular Since that time I have read a lot of history on the region and what I have learnt has over and over again reinforced Lee Kuan Yew's message Unfortunately, I have found much of the history of the region has either been written by scholars absorbed by their topics and writing at a much greater depth than is required to get that broad understanding of history of the people or has been written in an abbreviated form for tourists or others needing only an outline of the past This book is the sixth edition of A Short History of South East Asia, and we continue to attempt to find a middle path which will give business and other readers enough detail to have a sense of the history of the different countries and their people The first edition of this book was published in 1995 under the title Focus in Southeast Asia The original book was written substantially by two leading Australian historians who specialise in the ASEAN region, Professor John Ingleson and Dr Ian Black, then both at the University of New South Wales They immediately understood what it was that we were trying to achieve and, through their skill, sensitivity, and experience, the original book was published There have been significant historical developments in much of South East Asia since 1995 and this led us to bring the material up to date in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2009, and now again in late 2016 For this edition I turned to Janis Soo, formerly a senior editor at my publishers, John Wiley & Sons, for assistance and am extremely thankful to her for her professionalism and expertise Any mistakes which remain are mine The original project proved to be a far more difficult exercise than at first envisaged Not only is it difficult to condense thousands of years of history to a few pages, but at all times, we wanted to test the material against the objective that a reader should by the end of each chapter have a feel for the history of the particular people When the fifth edition went to press the whole world was being battered by the Global Economic Crisis This time there is a more pressing regional issue and that is the territorial dispute that a number of South East Asian countries have with China over its claims to the South China Sea Hopefully this dispute will be solved amicably as the effect could be catastrophic if it led to armed conflict Adding to this mix is the result of the presidential election in the United States What President elect Trump's actual policies will be to Asia, as compared with his various pronouncements during the campaign, is at this point unclear However, it is likely he will be more isolationist and, if so, this is likely to be negative for the countries of South East Asia in many ways, ranging from possible increased tariffs to export goods and services to the United States through to a reluctance of the United States to play a balancing role to China's aggressive stance in the South China Sea If I were going to pick one major development throughout the region since the last edition it would be the impact of the Internet and social media in all its forms on the governments of the region We have seen the Vietnamese government prohibit discussion of politics on social media, the Thai government using its lese majeste and computer crime laws to crack down on discussion of the monarchy and dissent with the junta, and the Malaysian government blocking websites which are seen as antigovernment and charging those who it believes are using social media for the purpose of “defaming, abusing or inciting others to belittle the position of or instil hatred towards the institutions of government.” Even the Singapore government has recently passed a law with civil and criminal sanctions for any discussion, debate, or criticism of cases under review by the judiciary Sadly, another issue increasingly present in the current history of South East Asia is the incidence of Islamic terrorism All of the governments in the region are doing their best to counter this scourge but one senses it will still be a major problem far into the future Above all, we hope you come away from reading this small book with a deeper understanding of the history of South East Asia which might, in a small way, better enable you to understand the present and interpret the future with respect to your South East Asia business and other interests Peter Church OAM Singapore 10 November, 2016 Introduction INTRODUCTION TO THE SIXTH EDITION When the fifth edition of this brief and handy history was introduced in 2009, South East Asia, like nearly all the rest of the world, was struggling with contagious recession The region emerged from that and has generally resumed growth In the biggest economy, Indonesia, there is a fair chance of broad expansion and in a couple of the smaller states there is clear improvement Political uncertainties constrain investment and growth in some places But the most striking change since 2009 is the large and rapid increase in the salience of China's presence and influence This is evident in new regional institutions, in trade, and in infrastructure funding and in an assertive claim of sovereignty over most of the South China Sea That claim has been given physical shape by the development of reefs and islands, some newly and artificially formed, on some of which air strips or other military facilities are being installed Despite a decision by an arbitration tribunal operating under the auspices of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea against China's claims, regional governments have been relatively careful in their criticism of China's claims Whether the United States, which has also disputed China's claims, will continue to so under a Trump Administration remains to be seen President elect Trump's remarks during the campaign might suggest a reduction in US engagement in the region Sydney, 10 November 2016 Rawdon Dalrymple AO Former Australian Ambassador to Israel, Indonesia, United States, and Japan INTRODUCTION TO THE 2009 FIFTH EDITION The first sentence of my introduction to the fourth edition has been reinforced by the market since then More than 150,000 copies of “this little book” have now been sold and here we are with a fifth edition That it fills a need is more than ever obvious Busy people who need a basic history of one or more of the countries of South East Asia have been well served by it The region, like the rest of the world in January 2009, faces formidable difficulties Demand for exports is drying up, as is foreign investment Economies that have a major exposure to earnings sent home by workers who have jobs in other countries are likely to be adversely affected For example, some eight million Filipinos work overseas and their repatriated earnings are a significant part of the country's national income The competence of governments every where will be tested Some will manage better than others, but all will come under strain A major question is whether regional cooperation will be more effective than in 1987–88 Their histories not enable us to predict with 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) scandal Onn, Tun Hussein Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Oum, Boun Pacific War Pagan Pahang, civil war Palang Dharma Pancasila (ideological basis) Pangkor Treaty, problems Pan-Malayan Islamic Party (PMIP) Panyarachun, Anand Papua, separatism Paracels, disputes Paris Peace Agreements Partai Rakyat Brunei opposition/revolt Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (Pas) Pathet Lao (Land of the Lao) Pavie, Auguste Penal Code, usage (Thailand) Penang Penembak misterius (mysterious shooters), impact People’s Action Party (PAP) People’s Alliance for Democracy (PAD) (yellow shirts), presence People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR) People’s Power Party (PPP) People’s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) People’s war (Vietnam) Perlis, imperial claims (relinquishment) Peterson, Pete Petrus killings Phaulkon, Constantine Phetracha (coup) Pheu Thai, regrouping Philippines Catholicism, conversion Chinese mestizo, impact commonwealth, establishment Communist Party, impact constitutional authoritarianism democracy, restoration democratic mission democratic years early history export crops, growth Filipino nationalism incorporation independence Islam, impact Japan, occupation Marcos era Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signing Nationalist Party domination New Society, Marcos promotion people power, election win personal loyalty, importance South-East Asian countries, comparison Spain, rule timeline United States, colonialism Phnom (term, usage) Phnom Penh regime, toppling Phomvihane, Xaysomphone Phomvihan, Kaysone Phouma, Souvanna Phuc, Nguyen Xuan Phuket Island, land-reform rights scandal Plain of Jars Pol Pot P’o-ni, existence Port Essington, settlement failure Portugal, conquest (1511) Pradjahipok (Rama VII) Prambana, Hindu temple (importance) Precolonial Indonesia Premocracy (Thailand) Provisional Government of National Union Provisional Revolutionary Government of the NLF (PRG) Quezon, Manuel Quoc ngu (adoption) Raffles Bay, settlement failure Raffles, Stamford Rahman, Tunku Abdul (separation agreement) Rainsy, Sam Rama I (Bangkok founder) Rama II, reign Rama III Rama IV (King Mongkut) Rama V (Chulalongkorn) Rama VI (Vajiravudh) Rama VII (Pradjahipok) Rama VIII (Ananda) Rama IX (Bhumibol Adulyadej) Rama X (Prince Maha) Ramayana Ramayana Ramkhamhaeng Ramos, Fidel Ramos-Horta, José Razak, Najib Razak, Tun Abdul Red River Delta (Vietnam) Red shirts, presence Red Tai Reformasi slogan Reinado, Alfredo Republic of Vietnam (RVN) Re-sinofication Revolution (Indonesia) Riau-Lingga islands, refugees (arrival) Rice, importance Ridsdel, John (murder) Rizal, Jose Rohingya Muslims, status (solution) Romanisation controversy Royal Government of Cambodia Royal Lao Royal Philippine Company, Spanish Crown establishment Sabah (Malaysian state) Saifuddin, Omar Ali Saigon-Hanoi railway Saigonregime, toppling Sakdina (system) Samphan, Khieu (sentencing) Sam Rainsy Party (SRP), election results Sangha (order of monks) Sangkum Reastr Niyum (People’s Socialist Community), Norodom establishment Sann, Son Sarawak (Malaysian state) Malay-Muslim native administrators impact problems river region, revolt Sayaboury province Scarborough Shoal, claims Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), outbreak (Thailand) Shans (ethnic minority) autonomy, desire Japan, reward Shariah (Islamic) law, introduction Shinawatra, Yingluck Siagnason, Choummali Siam, original term Siem Reap Singapore ASEAN future Britain, reoccupation Central Provident Fund, creation Chinese, majority colonialism constitutional commission review economic history EIC occupation geography, importance government, intrusiveness Housing Trust, activities (impact) immigration restrictions independence, approach Indian community, problems Japanese Imperial Army, attack Japan, occupation Legislative Assembly, majorities Mandarin, promotion national identity, forging timeline trade, relocation Singapura (Lion City) Siphandon, Khamtay Sisoulith, Thongloun Siyanon, Phao Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, creation Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) Songkhram, Phibun Japan, relations (controversy) repressive policies, resumption resignation Son, Ngoc Thanh Souphanouvong, Prince South China Sea dispute South-East Asia colonies, independence Hinduism/Buddhism, arrival nationalist movements products, collection/package/re-exportation territory claims, nine-dash line trade, boost Spratly Islands, claim/disputes Sri Vijayan empire, impact State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) State of Cambodia (SOC), PRK transformation State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) Straits Settlement Strongman era (Thailand) (1948–1973) Students’ Revolution (Thailand) Suharto, Muhammad alarm authoritarianism corruption, increase nepotism, increase New Order government office, departure replacement, speculation resignation (1998) rule, cessation succession problem Sukarno exile freedom, message (spread) Guided Democracy declaration presidency, Old Order Sukarnoputri, Megawati Sukhothai Sultan Mahmud of Johor, murder Sultan of Brunei Sulu archipelago, incorporation Sulu, Islamic Sultanate Sumatra Sumatra, economic transformation Suryavarman II, reign Tai communities Tai ethno-linguistic origin Tai Neua (upland-dwelling group) Taksin (Thai general) T’ang dynasty, rulers (impact) Tay Son Rebellion Technocrats, introduction (Laos) Tenth Party Congress (Vietnam) Tet offensive Thai Buddhism, reform Thai-Burma railway, construction Thailand AIDS, health issue autocracy/democracy, transition (1973–1992) baht spread, devaluation Bangkok empire, rise Bangkok, West (relationship) Battambang, addition Class graduates, impact Democrat Party, constituency loss early history issues, resolution (absence) kingdom of Ayudhya (1351–1767) lese majeste laws managed democracy martial law military dominance, resumption military government, rise (1932–1948) military leaders, problems (absence) monarchy National Assembly setup National Peacekeeping Council (NPC), coup group “Nation, Religion and Monarchy” trinity Palang Dharma Penal Code, usage population, changes poverty, issue power structure, ossification red shirts, presence separatist violence Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), outbreak shock therapy (IMF) Siem Reap, addition social coherence social problems, addressing strongman era (1948–1973) Students’ Revolution Tay Son Rebellion Thanom-Praphas regime, downfall timeline Vietnam, rivalry Thai Rak Thai (TRT) Party, impact Thaksin, Shinawatra Thammasat University, student torture/deaths Thammayutika sect, founding Thanarat, Sarit (martial law declaration) Thanom-Praphas regime, downfall Theravada Buddhists Thein, Sein Thieu, Tri Thirty Comrades Tibeto-Burman origin Tinsulanonda, Prem (retirement) Tonkin (French protectorate) Tonkin Delta, population density Tonle Sap Trailok, King Trengganu, imperial claims (relinquishment) Trinh (Viet clan) U, Aung San Unfederated Malay States (UMS) Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) compromise dominance formation Malaysia, relationship power/influence, increase United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) United States “Unit in Diversity,” Indonesia coat of arms U, Thong Vajiralongkorn, Maha (succession likelihood) Vajiravudh (Rama VI) Vientiane (Vieng Chan) (Lao centre) Vietminh August Revolution DRV guerilla forces USSR assistance Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh: League for the Independence of Vietnam Vietnam administrative disappearance ASEAN entry Cambodia, interaction colonial history colonial Vietnam, culture/politics Communist Party, Sixth National Congress (doi moi approval) conflict, Lao PDR (1964–1975) Confucian government, collapse Confucianism, 19th century revival Confucian state, development culture, Chinese attitudes/values absorption current status early history economic change economic crisis First Indochina War (1940–1954) France, takeover/conquest frontier southerners, presence geography, importance National Liberation Front (NLF) (Vietcong) Nixon/Kissinger strategies NLF insurgents, attack partitioning protectorates, French declaration Provisional Revolutionary Government of the NLF (PRG) quoc ngu adoption Red River Delta Republic of Vietnam (RVN) reunification/independence Saigon-Hanoi railway Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) stay-at-home northerners, presence Tenth Party Congress Tet offensive Thailand, rivalry timeline Vietnam War (1954–1975) World War II (1940–1954) Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh: League for the Independence of Vietnam Vietnamese, actions Vietnamese protectorate (1979–1991) Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang (VNQDD) Vongsa, Souligna Vorachit, Bounnhang Wahid, Abdurrahman Water Chenla (Khmer society) Watergate scandal Wen, Jiabao West, Bangkok (relationship) West Irian White Raja (Charles Brooke) White Tai Widodo, Joko (“Jokowi”) Win, Soe Win, U Ne Wongsawat, Somchai World Trade Organization (WTO), Laos admittance World War II Xi, Jinping (Sen meeting) Xieng Khouang, Vietnamese claims Yangon Yao (language group) Yassin, Muhyiddin Year Zero (Kampuchea) Yellow shirts (PAD), presence Yogyakarta Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang election results Islamic fundamentalism crackdown reelection resignation WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA ... shared economic success and on the growing international status of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) has also been affected ASEAN as a body was shown to be largely irrelevant... recent years South East Asia has also experienced a diminution of the growth of regional solidarity This is hard to quantify, but the authority and standing of ASEAN and of its associated FTA seem... of Kalimantan, including what are now the Malaysian states of Sarawak and Sabah As the first Islamic kingdom in the area, Brunei was the base for the Islamisation of the southern Philippines and