Lifespan development 7e global by boyd

GLobAL eDITIon Lifespan Development SevenTh eDITIon Denise Boyd • Helen Bee Lifespan Development This page is intentionally left blank Lifespan Development S e ve n th E d itio n Gl ob a l E d i ti on Denise Boyd Houston Community College System Helen Bee Boston  Columbus  Indianapolis  New York  San Francisco  Upper Saddle River Amsterdam  Cape Town  Dubai  London  Madrid  Milan  Munich  Paris  Montreal  Toronto Delhi  Mexico City  São Paulo  Sydney  Hong Kong  Seoul  Singapore  Taipei  Tokyo Editor-in-Chief: Dickson Musslewhite Head of Learning Asset Acquisition, Global Edition: Laura Dent Acquisitions Editor: Amber Chow Editorial Assistant: Alex Stravrakas VP, Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Senior Marketing Manager: Jeremy Intal Marketing Assistant: Frank Alarcon Director, Project Management Services: Lisa Iarkowski Senior Managing Editor: Linda Behrens Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Sandhya Ghoshal Associate Project Editor, Global Edition: Binita Roy Project Manager: Shelly Kupperman Program Manager: Diane Szulecki Procurement Manager: Mary Fischer Procurement Specialist: Diane Peirano Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Global Edition: Trudy Kimber Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics, Inc Digital Media Project Manager: Caitlin Smith Cover Image: © Chepko Danil Vitalevich/Shutterstock Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page of appearance Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2015 The rights of Denise Roberts Boyd and Helen L Bee to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Lifespan Development, 7th edition, ISBN 978-0-13-380566-6, by Denise Boyd and Helen Bee, published by Pearson Education © 2015 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners ISBN 10: 1-292-06562-1 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-06562-5 (Print) ISBN 13: 978-1-292-06565-6 (PDF) British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 14 13 12 11 10 Typeset in 10/12.5 pts Minion by Cenveo® Publisher Services Printed and bound by Courier Kendallville in The United States of America This book is dedicated to my husband, Jerry Boyd, in appreciation for the help and support he provided to me while I was preparing the seventh edition of Lifespan Development This page is intentionally left blank Brief Contents Part I Foundations 23 Chapter Human Development and Research Methodology 23 Chapter Theories of Development 45 Chapter Development from Conception to Birth 70 Part II Infancy 104 Chapter Infancy–The Process of Skills Development 104 Chapter Infancy–Learning and Cognitive Changes 127 Chapter Infancy–Social and Personality Development 149 Part III Early Childhood 173 Chapter Early Childhood–Physical and Cognitive Changes 173 Chapter Early Childhood–Social and Personality Development 201 Part Iv Middle Childhood 233 Chapter Middle Childhood–Physical and Cognitive Changes 233 Chapter 10 Middle Childhood–Social and Personality Development 262 Part v Adolescence 287 Chapter 11 Adolescence–Physical and Cognitive Changes 287 Chapter 12 Adolescence–Social and Personality Development 317 Part vI Early Adulthood 343 Chapter 13 Early Adulthood–Physical and Cognitive Changes 343 Chapter 14 Early Adulthood–Social and Personality Development 371 Part vII Middle Adulthood 397 Chapter 15 Middle Adulthood–Physical and Cognitive Changes 397 Chapter 16 Middle Adulthood–Social and Personality Development 421 Part vIII Late Adulthood and the End of Life 439 Chapter 17 Late Adulthood–Physical and Cognitive Changes 439 Chapter 18 Late Adulthood–Social and Personality Development 464 Chapter 19 Coping with Death and Bereavement 488 List of Features No Easy Answers It Depends 34 The Repressed-Memory Controversy  47 When Do Preterm Infants Catch Up with Full-Term Infants?  99 TV for Tots: How Much Is Too Much?  106 One Language or Two?  143 Adoption and Development  151 To Test or Not to Test?  197 When Divorce Is Unavoidable  223 IQ Testing in the Schools  248 Research Report An Example of a Cohort Effect: Children and Adolescents in the Great Depression  31 Piaget’s Clever Research  60 Twins in Genetic Research  73 Langlois’s Studies of Babies’ Preferences for Attractive Faces  121 Early Gestural Language in the Children of Deaf Parents  140 Gender Differences in Temperament  162 Children’s Play and Cognitive Development  181 Racism in the Preschool Classroom  204 Stereotype Threat  251 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Bullies and Victims  277 Reaching High School Dropouts  312 Interventions for Aggressive Teens  333 Assisted Reproductive Technology  349 Wedding Stress Management  377 The Pros and Cons of Hormone Therapy  401 Who Cares for Aging Parents?  427 The Coming Demographic Crisis  441 Deciding on Nursing Home Care  475 Saying Goodbye  496 10 Only Children, Birth Order, and Children’s Development  272 11 Formal Operational Thinking and Everyday Problem Solving  305 12 The Effects of Teenaged Employment  320 13 Gender Differences in the Brain  346 14 Sex Differences in the Impact of Marriage  378 15 Internet Addiction Disorder  411 16 The Empty Nest and the Revolving Door  426 17 Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease  453 18 Filial Piety  474 19 Ethnicity and the Widowhood Effect  508 Developmental Science 10 11 at Home: Correlation versus Causation  36 in the Classroom: Systematic Desensitization  52 in the Clinic: Singing to Preterm Infants  98 in the Clinic: When an Infant Dies  114 in the Classroom: The Importance of Reading to Toddlers  139 at Home: Choosing a Day-Care Center  168 at Home: A Good Night’s Sleep for Kids (and Parents, Too!)  177 at Home: To Spank or Not to Spank?  217 at Home: Homeschooling  256 at Home: Encouraging Moral Reasoning  270 in the Clinic: Crisis Intervention for the Pregnant Teen  297 12 in the Classroom: Role Models in Life and in the Media  324 13 in the Clinic: Smoking Cessation  352 14 at Home: Strategies for Coping with Conflict between Work and Family Life  392 15 in the Workplace: Maintaining the Creative “Edge” at Mid-Life and Beyond  416 16 at Home: Me, a Mother-in-Law?  429 17 in the Clinic: Computers in Rehabilitation Programs  454 18 at Home: Elder Abuse  476 19 in the Classroom: Copycat Suicide and the Internet  492 Contents Preface  16 Acknowledgments  22 Part I: Foundations  23 C h ap t er 1: Human Development and Research Methodology  23 An Introduction to Human Development  24 Philosophical and Scientific Roots  24 The Lifespan Perspective  26 The Domains and Periods of Development  26 test yourself before going on  28 DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN THE CLASSROOM Systematic Desensitization  52 Skinner’s Operant Conditioning  52 Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory  53 Evaluation of Learning Theories  54 test yourself before going on  55 Cognitive Theories  55 Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory  55 Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory  57 Information-Processing Theory  57 Evaluation of Cognitive Theories  58 test yourself before going on  59 Key Issues in the Study of Human Development  28 RESEARCH REPORT Piaget’s Clever Research  60 Nature versus Nurture  28 Continuity versus Discontinuity  29 Three Kinds of Change  29 Biological and Ecological Theories  60 RESEARCH REPORT An Example of a Cohort Effect: Children and Adolescents in the Great Depression  31 Behavior Genetics  60 Ethology and Sociobiology  61 Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory  62 Contexts of Development  31 test yourself before going on  63 test yourself before going on  32 Comparing Theories  63 Research Methods and Designs  33 Assumptions about Development  63 Usefulness  65 Eclecticism  65 The Goals of Developmental Science  33 Descriptive Methods  33 NO EASY ANSWERS It Depends   34 DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE AT HOME Correlation versus Causation  36 test yourself before going on  66 Summary  66 Chapter Test  68 The Experimental Method  36 Designs for Studying Age-Related Changes  37 Cross-Cultural Research  39 Research Ethics  39 C h a p t e r : Development from Conception to Birth  70 test yourself before going on  41 Conception and Genetics  71 Summary  41 Chapter Test  43 The Process of Conception  71 C h ap t er 2: Theories of Development  45 test yourself before going on  76 Psychoanalytic Theories  46 Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders  76 Freud’s Psychosexual Theory  46 Genetic Disorders  76 Chromosomal Errors  78 NO EASY ANSWERS The Repressed-Memory Controversy  47 Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory  48 Evaluation of Psychoanalytic Theories  49 test yourself before going on  50 Learning Theories  51 Classical Conditioning  51 RESEARCH REPORT Twins in Genetic Research  73 How Genes Influence Development  73 test yourself before going on  79 Pregnancy and Prenatal Development  79 The Mother’s Experience  79 Prenatal Development  81 Sex Differences  84 www.downloadslide.net Thobaben & Duncan, 2003, 476 Thomas, R, M., 174 Thomas, M., 65, 131, 188 Thomas & Chess, 1977, 160, 162 Thommessen & Todd, 2010, 211 Thompson, 2008, 158 Thompson, R., 204 Thompson, W., 410 Thompson, Brough, & Schmidt, 2006, 390 Thompson et al., 2011, 161, 163 Thompson & Joshua-Shearer, 2002, 311 Thompson, Lande, & Kalapatapu, 2010, 410 Thompson & Lander, 2007, 360 Thompson & Newton, 2010, 207 Thompson, Winer, & Goodvin, 2011, 160, 266 Thorne, B., 284 Thorn & Gathercole, 1999, 143 Thorson & Powell, 1992, 494 Tice & Setlow, 1985, 448 Tiedemann, J., 249 Tincoff & Jusczyk, 2012, 140 Todd, Swarzenski, Rossi, & Visconti, 1995, 107 Tolar, Lederberg, & Fletcher, 2009, 252 Tolomio, Ermolao, Lalli, & Zaccaria, 403 Tomasello, M., 228 Tomás, Sancho, Gutiérrez, & Galiana, 2013, 422 Tomassini et al., 2004, 476 Tomasuolo et al., 2013, 185 Tomita et al., 1997, 509 Tomlinson-Keasey et al., 1979, 241 Toomela, A., 175 Torgesen et al 1999, 255 Tortora & Grabowski, 1998, 77, 80, 82 Tottenham et al., 2010, 151 Trautner, Gervai, & Nemeth, 2003, 209 Trehub & Rabinovitch, 1973, 122 Treyvaud et al., 2009, 99 Trichopoulou, Costacou, Bamia, & Trichopoulou, 2003, 406 Trivers, 1972, 375 Tronick, Morelli, & Ivey, 1992, 158 Tsang, 1998, 415 Tsang & Hui-Chan, 2003, 444 Tsang & Hui-Chan, 2004, 450 Tufvesson et al., 2013, 398 Turnage, B., 335 Twenge, Campbell, & Foster, 2003, 385 Twohig & Crosby, 2010, 411 Twohig, Crosby, & Cox, 2009, 411 Twyman, Saylor, Taylor, & Comeaux, 2010, 332 U Udell, et al., 2006, 401 Udry & Campbell, 1994, 294 Uemura et al., 2001, 408 Ulmer, Desmond, Jang, & Johnson, 2012, 336 Underwood, M., 277 Underwood, Coie, & Herbsman, 1992, 275 Ungerer & Sigman, 1984, 137 Uno, Florsheim, & Uchino, 1998, 296 Upadyaya & Salmela-Aro, 2013, 310, 313 Updegraff & Obeidallah, 1999, 335 Urberg, Degirmencioglu, Tolson, & Halliday-Scher, 1995, 337 U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics, 164–165, 391, 427 U.S Census Bureau, 218, 219, 220, 221, 279, 312, 376, 406, 428, 439 U.S Department of Health & Human Services, 178, 179, 409, 410, 475 Utz, Caserta & Lund, 2012, 507, 508 Uylings, H., 106 V Vaeisaenen, L., 114 Vaillant, G, 423, 444 Valdez-Menchaca, Whitehurst, 1992, 139 Valentino et al., 2012, 218 Valenza, Leo, Gava, & Simion, 2006, 131 van Beijsterveldt, Bartels, Hudziak, & Boomsma, 2003, 227 van Beijsterveldt, Hudziak, & Boomsma, 2005, 167 Van Boxtel et al., 1997, 413 Vandell et al., 2010, 166, 168 Van den Broek et al., 2004, 245 van den Hoonaard, 1999, 509 van der Leij, Bekebrede & Kotterink, 2010, 143 van der Molen & Molenaar, 1994, 235, 289 Vandewater, Shim, & Caplovitz, 2004, 237 van Doornen, Snieder, & Boomsma, 1998, 408 van Doorn et al., 1998, 502 Van Duuren, Kendall-Scott, & Stark, 2003, 121 van IJzendoorn, M., 154 van IJzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Pannebakker, & Out, 2010, 332 van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg, 1988, 158, 159 van IJzendoorn & Sagi-Schwartz, 2008, 158 Van Impe et al., 2012, 483 van Wormer & McKinney, 2003, 298 Vartanian, 2001, 306 Vazsony & Huang, 2010, 271 Veenstra, Lindenberg, Munniksma, & Dijkstra, 2010, 277 Vega, W A., 386 Velásquez et al., 2010, 275 Venkatraman, M M.,1995, 477 Ventura, Curtin, & Abma, 2012, 296 Verbrugge, 1989, 408 Verbrugge & Wingard, 1987, 408 Verhaegen, P., 459 Verkooijen, de Vries, & Nielsen, 2007, 336 Vermeer & van IJzendoorn, 2006, 167 Viallon, P., 484 Vig & Pearlman, 2003, 499 Villar et al., 2006, 96 Villegas, Castellanos, & Gutiérrez, 2009, 188 Viner, R., 291 Vinokur & van Ryn, 1993, 433 Virtala, Kunttu, Huttunen, & Virjo, 2006, 383 Vitaro et al., 1997, 334 Voelcker-Rehage, Godde, Staudinger, 2010, 450 Vogin, 2005, 88 Volkers, Westert, & Schellevis, 2007, 409 Volz, J., 468 Von Marées & Petermann, 2010, 276 Vuchinich, Bank, & Patterson, 1992, 31 Vuorenkoski et al., 2000, 143 W Wagner, C., 111 Waldinger & Schulz, 2010, 476 Walker, L J., 330 Walker-Andrews, 1997, 163 Walker-Andrews & Lennon, 1991, 164 Name Index 607 www.downloadslide.net Walker, de Vries & Trevethan, 1987, 327 Walker et al., 1987, 327 Wallerstein & Lewis, 1998, 222 Wallerstein, Lewis, & Packer Rosenthal, 2013, 222 Wallien & Cohen-Kettenis, 2008, 298 Walters, Chen, & Breiding, 2013, 357 Walton, Bower & Bower, 1992, 153 Walusinski, Kurjak, Andonotopo, & Azumendi, 2005, 84, 85 Wang, Y., 292 Wang, Q., 266 Wang et al., 2004, 85 Wang et al., 2002, 272 Wang & Ollendick, 2001, 267 Wang & Pinney, 1998, 218 Ward & Overton, 1990, 305 Wark & Krebs, 1996, 331 Warren et al., 2003, 157 Warr, Jackson, & Banks, 1988, 433 Wartner et al., 1994, 155 Waseem & Aslam, 2010, 113 Waskowic & Chartier, 2003, 502 Watamura et al., 2003, 168 Waters, et al., 1995, 155 Waters & Waters, 2010, 244 Watson, J B., 1930, 51 Watson et al., 1999, 185 Watson, Nixon, Wilson, & Capage, 1999, 185 Webster-Stratton & Reid, 2003, 227 Wechsler, 2002, 192 Wedding Report, Inc., 376, 377 Wee, D., 474 Weeks, J., 382 Weil et al., 2013, 307 Weimer, Kerns, & Oldenburg, 2004, 335 Weinberg, R A., 195 Weinberg, Scarr, & Waldman, 1992, 196 Weinfield & Egeland, 2004, 155 Weisse, C., 347 Weitoft, Jhern, Haglund, & Rosen, 2003, 178 Welford, A T., 347 Wellman, H M., 182 Wellman, Cross, & Watson, 2001, 185–186 Wentzel & Asher, 1995, 278 Werker et al., 2007, 138 Werner & Gillenwater, 1990, 118 Werner & Smith, 1992, 192 Wesson et al., 2008, 236 West & Crook, 1990, 458 Westerhof, Katzko, Dittman-Kohli, & Hayslip, 2001, 498 West et al., 1999, 301 Wetzel, Widman, Berti, & Schröger, 2006, 235 Wharton & Blair-Loy, 2006, 391 White, W H., 25 White, J., 248 Whitehurst et al, 1988, 139 Whitehurst, Fischel, Crone, & Nania, 1995, 139 White, Wilson, Elander, & Persson, 1999, 384 Wicki, W., 385 Widerman & Allgeier, 1992, 376 Wilcox, Curb, & Rodriguez, 2008, 448, 449 Wilde, C., 391 Willett et al., 1992, 406 Williams, 1992, 501 608 Name Index Williams, R., 196 Williams & Best, 1990, 210 Williams, Frech, & Carlson, 2010, 378 Williams, Keigher, & Williams, 2012, 470 Wilmore et al., 2001, 348 Wilson & Donenberg, 2004, 295 Wilson et al., 2013, 457 Wimmer, Mayringer, & Landerl, 1998, 255 Winter, R., 495 Winter et al., 2007, 414 Wintre & Yaffe, 2000, 365 Wolpe, J., 52 Wong, D., 152, 177, 178 Wong, T., 445 Wong et al., 2004, 408 Wong & Tang, 2004, 298 Wood & Eagly, 2007, 376 Woodhouse et al., 2010, 158 Wood & Terrell, 1998, 190 Woodward & Tunstall-Pedoe, 1995, 406 Woo & Oei, 2006, 323 World Health Organization (WHO), 96, 355 Worrell, F., 313 Wortman & Boerner, 2007, 503 Wortman & Silver, 1989, 1990, 1992, 504 Wortman & Silver, 1990, 503, 504 Wortman, Silver, & Kessler, 1993, 504 Wrenn & Maurer, 2004, 432 Wright & Birks, 2000, 112 Wright & Bonett, 2007, 390 Wright et al., 2010, 426 Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators, 2002, 401 Wu, Liu, & Fan, 2010, 300, 429 Wu, Mendola, & Buck, 2002, 291 Wyatt et al., 2000, 356 Wyatt & Carlo, 2002, 332 Wylie & Mirza, 2008, 96 X Xie, Cairns, & Cairns, 1999, 278 Xu et al., 2009, 90 Xu et al., 2010, 405 Xu, Kochanek, Murphy, & Tejada-Vera, 2010, 303, 407 Xuncià et al., 2010, 93 Y Yager, J., 301 Yamada & Singelis, 1999, 325 Yaman, Mesman, van IJzendoorn, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2010, 227 Yang et al., 2002, 408 Yang et al., 2009, 349 Yellowlees & Marks, 2007, 411 Yerkes, M., 391 Yeung, Chui, & Lau, 1999, 322 Yi-Bing & Ming-Gui, 2005, 277 Yildiz & Arikan, 2012, 134 Yirmiya & Shulman, 1996, 185 Yonas, Elieff, & Arteberry, 2002, 120 Yonas & Owsley, 1987, 120 Yordanova, Kolev, & Basar, 1998, 399 Young, A., 309 Young, Baltes, & Pratt, 2007, 432 Yu & Ballard, 2007, 141 www.downloadslide.net Yuill, 1997, 203 Yu & Liu, 2007, 277 Z Zaiden, R., 77 Zakriski & Coie, 1996, 277 Zamboni, 2006, 298 Zeidán-Chuliá et al., 2013, 75 Zelazo, Helwig, & Lau, 1996, 270 Zelazo, Zelazo, Cohen, & Zelazo, 1993, 110 Zelinski & Burnight, 1997, 414 Zero Poverty, 2010, 279 Zhang & Yu, 2002, 204 Zhao, Montoro, Igartua, & Thomas, 2010, 298 Zhong, Bohns, & Gino, 2010, 332 Zhou & Boehm, 2004, 252 Zhou, Dawson, Herr, & Stukas, 2004, 388 Zhou et al, 2012, 466 Zhou, Yao, & Xu, 2002, 470 Zick & Holden, 2000, 509 Zigler & Styfco, 1993, 194 Zimmer-Gembeck, 1999, 336 Zimmerman, C., 244, 335 Zimmerman, Christakis, & Meltzoff, 2007, 106 Zimmerman, Copeland, Shope, & Dielman, 1997, 323 Zimmerman et al., 2003, 473 Zisook, Chentsova-Dutton, & Shuchter, 1998, 507 Zisook, Paulus, Shuchter, & Judd, 1997, 508 Zmyj, Buttelmann, Carpenter, & Daum, 2010, 134 Zola & Squire, 2003, 176 Zucker, Ostrove, & Stewart, 2002, 422 Zunker, 2006, 432, 433 Zunzunegui, Alvarado, Del Ser, & Otero, 2003, 467 Zuurbier, Nikolova, Ahs, & Hariri, 2013, 346 Zysset, Schroeder, Neumann, & von Cramon, 2007, 398 Name Index 609 www.downloadslide.net This page is intentionally left blank www.downloadslide.net Subject Index A Abacus, usage, 252 Ability goal, 309 Ability grouping/performance, middle schools (emphasis), 309 Abuse, 178–180 consequences, 179 prevention, 179–180 Academic failure, risk (increase), 247 Academic self-concepts (adolescence), 322 Acamprosate, prescription, 410 Acceptance (dying stage), 497 Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), 411 Accidents, 178 Accommodation, 56 Achievement, 247–253 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 90, 354–355 quiz, 354t ACT See Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Activities of daily living (ADLs), 443 Activity level (temperament dimension), 160 Activity theory, 466 Acute myocardial infarction, 405 Adaptive behavior, problems, 192 Adaptive reflexes, 107 Addiction, 410 ADHD See Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADLs See Activities of daily living Adolescence (adolescents), 27, 288 academic self-concepts, 322 alcohol, usage, 300–301 death, impact, 491–492 depression, 302–304 development, hormones (impact), 290t eating disorders, 301–302 egocentrism (formal operational stage), 305–306 gender roles, 323–324 health, 299–304, 314 high school, 310 identity development, 320 individualism, 328 information processing, advances, 307–308 middle school, 309–310 moral development, 326–334, 339 antisocial behavior, relationship, 332–334 causes/consequences, 330 parents, relationships, 334–335 peer groups, 340–341 personality development, theories, 318–321, 339 physical changes, 288–293 physical growth, 288–289 hormones, impact, 290t pregnancy, 295–296 romantic relationships, 337–339 schooling, 308–313, 314 self-esteem, 322–323 sensation seeking, 299 social relationships, 334–339, 340 thinking, changes, 304–308, 314 tobacco, usage, 300–301 Adoption, development (relationship), 151 AFP See Alpha-fetoprotein African Americans, sickle-cell disease, 76–77 African infant precocity, 110 Ageism, age norms (impact), 30 Age norms (social clock), 30 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 446 Aggression, 225–227 bullying, relationship, 276 Aggressive/rejected children, 277 Aggressive teens, interventions, 333 Aging, 466–469 Aging in place, 472 Aging parents, caregiver (identification), 427 AIDS See Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Ainsworth’s Strange Situation, secure/insecure attachment (categories), 155t Alameda County Study, 350–351 Alcohol addiction, 361 adverse effects, 88–89, 101 Alcoholism (middle adulthood), 410–411 Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), 93 Altruism, variation, 228 Alzheimer’s disease, 451–453 diagnosis/treatment, 452 heredity, relationship, 452 mild cognitive impairment, relationship, 453 AMD See Age-related macular degeneration Amenity move, 484 American culture, individualism, 250 Americanized adolescent behavior, 326 Amnion, 72 Analgesics, 94 observed effects, 95 Anal stage, 47, 202 Analytical style, 250 Androgens, 72 Androgynous gender role, 323 Anesthesia, 94 Anesthetic gases, impact, 92 Anger (dying stage), 497 Animal-assisted therapy, 456 Animals, study (ethology), 61 A-not-B error, 130 Anoxia, 97 Antisocial behavior moral development, relationship, 332–334 pattern, appearance, 334 Anxiety, 154, 358–359 Anxious idealists, 434 Anxious preoccupation (dying diagnosis grouping), 500 Apgar scale, 97, 101 Apnea, history, 114 Appearance-only transformations, 182 Approach/positive emotionality/sociability (temperament dimension), 160 Aronson, Joshua, 251 Arsenic, impact, 91 ART See Assisted reproductive technology ASD See Autism spectrum disorders Assimilation, 56, 128 Assisted living facility, 472–473 Assisted reproductive technology (ART), 349 Association areas, neurons, 235 Associative play, 225 Assortative mating (homogamy), 376 Asthma, 236 step approach, medical usage, 236 Atherosclerosis, 405 At-risk-children, weight management, 238 Attachment, 152–159, 169, 213–214 autism spectrum disorders (ASD), relationship, 156 behaviors, 154 caregiver characteristics, relationship, 156–158 establishment, 153–154 long-term consequences, examinations, 158 marital status, 157 secure attachment, 154–155 types, 154–155 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 75 causes, 256–257 characteristics, 257 cultural factors, 256 treatment, 257 Attractive faces, baby preferences (Langlois studies), 121 Attributions, 228 Atypical development, 31 Auditory acuity, 118 Augustine of Hippo, 25 Authoritarian parenting style, 215 Authoritative parenting style, 215–216 Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), 156, 254t attachment, relationship, 156 Automaticity, 242–243 importance, 243 Autonomy, shame/doubt (differences), 48, 202 Autosomal disorders, 76–77 Autosomal disorders, 77t Avoidant couples, 380 Awareness of finitude, 493 Axons, 84 611 www.downloadslide.net B Babbling, 136, 139–140 Babies See Infants Babinski reflex, 107 Baby Boomers, 434 demographic crisis, 441 women, comparison, 38–39 Bacterial infections, cancer (correlations), 408 Bacterial STDs, 353 Balanced approach, 245 Balance task (Siegler), 241 reciprocal determinism, 264f, 265 social-cognitive theory, 53–54t, 64t television violence, effects (demonstration), 281–282 Bargaining (dying stage), 497 Bar mitzvah/bat mitzvah, 319–320 Base behavior, 154 Bayley-III, 145 Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 144 Behavior Behavior genetics, 60–61 Behaviorism (Watson), 51 Berkeley/Oakland Growth Study, 38 longitudinal study, 429 Big Five personality dimensions, 334, 433 Bilingual education, problems, 246 Bilingual infants, receptive/expressive vocabularies, 143 Binocular cues, 120 Bioecological theory (Bronfenbrenner), 62 idea, 67 Biological aging, theories (late adulthood), 447–449 Biological context, 62 Biological theories, 60–63, 67 behavior genetics, 60–61 bioecological theory, 62 ethology/sociobiology, 61–62 Bipolar disorder, 359 Blank slate, 25 Blastocyst inner cells, specialization, 81 Blind observers, usage, 34 Blind spot, enlargement, 446 Blood pressure, increase/decrease, 97 Blood type, inheritance (impact), 74 BMD See Bone mineral density Bobo doll studies (Bandura), 281–282 Bodily functions, synchronization, 107–108 Bodily kinesthetic intelligence, 247 Body mass index (BMI), 237, 483 Bone hardening (ossification), 110 Bone mineral density (BMD), 403 Boundary violations, 274 Brain development adolescence, 288–289 fetal behavior, correlations, 85f early adulthood, 345–346 late adulthood, 445 middle adulthood, 398 middle childhood, 234–236 processes, impact, 249 612 Subject Index Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, 97–98, 101 Breastfeeding, 111 impossibility, 111 Breast milk, immunological benefits, 111 Breech presentation, 96 Bullies, victims (relationship), 277 Bullying, 276 cyberbullying, 332 Burnout, 431 C Cadmium, impact, 92 Cancer, 406–410 Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 405–409 Career development (early adulthood), 389–390 Caregiver burden, 427 identification, difficulty, 427 multigenerational caregivers, 425 Case studies, 34, 40t Categorical self (objective self), 163 Causation, correlation (differences), 36 CCRCs See Continuing-care retirement communities Cell bodies, 83–84 Center-care infants, cortisol levels, 167 Centration, 182 Cephalocaudal pattern, 81, 108 myelinization sequence, relationship, 107 Certified midwives, 94 Certified nurse-midwives, 94 Cervical cancer, human papillomavirus (relationship), 407 Cesarean deliveries, 95–97 Child abuse, 178–180 Childbirth afterbirth, 95 natural childbirth, 95 prepared childbirth, 95 Children aggression, 225–227 development, paternal behaviors (impact), 153 early gestural language, 140 obedience orientation, 328 peer acceptance, 335 temperament difficulties, 206 types, 160 training studies, 307 trisomies, identification, 78 video games, usage, 282–283 Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), usage, 92–93 Chromosomal anomaly, 78 Chromosomal disorders, 76, 78–79, 100 Chromosomal error, 78 Chromosomes, 71 Circadian rhythms, 108 Classical conditioning (Pavlov), 51–52, 54t, 64t newborn usage, 134 Classification skills, studies, 241 Class inclusion, 241 Climacteric, 399 Clinical death, 489 Clique, 336 CMV See Cytomegalovirus Cocaine, usage, 89 Cognition, changes (middle adulthood), 414–415 Cognitive abilities, retention, 468 Cognitive activity, focus, 235 Cognitive adventurousness, 468 Cognitive aging, models, 412 Cognitive changes, 128–133, 145 early adulthood, 362–364, 368 early childhood, 180–188, 197–198 formal operations, 362–363 intelligence, 363–364 late adulthood, 456–461 middle childhood, 239–244, 259 Cognitive development, 127–128 children, 181 nonparental care, impact, 166 occurrence, 204 progression, 67 Cognitive-developmental explanation, 209 Cognitive-developmental stages (Piaget), 57t Cognitive-developmental theory (Piaget), 46, 55–57, 59t, 64t Cognitive development, Piaget testing strategies, 60 Cognitive domain, 27 Cognitive functioning (middle adulthood), 411–418 Cognitive process (conservation), 182 Cognitive processing, efficiency (evidence), 242 Cognitive theories, 55–60, 64t, 67 Cohort effect, 37 example, 31 Colic, 108 Colostrum, 80–81 Communication disorder, 254t Compensatory migration (kinship migration), 484 Componential intelligence, 248 Computational fluency, 252 Computers, Internet (relationship), 282 Conception, 71–76, 100 process, 71–73 Concrete operational stage (Piaget), 56 middle childhood, 239–240 Concrete operations, within-stage development, 241f Conditioned response (learned response), 51 Conditioned stimuli (learned stimuli), 51 Conditioning, 134 Conduct disorder, 276 adolescent-onset conduct disorder, 333 childhood-onset conduct disorder, 333 social variables, impact, 334 Cones, presence, 117 Confidentiality, 40 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 72 Conservation (cognitive process), 182 Contexts, 62 Contextual intelligence, 248 Contingent responsiveness, 157 Continuing-care retirement communities (CCRCs), 474 www.downloadslide.net Continuity-discontinuity debate, 29, 42 Continuity theory, 467 Contraction, 95 Control group, 36 Conventional morality, 328 Conventional reasoning, 328 Conventional stage (moral development stage), 327t Cooing, 139 Copycat suicide, Internet (impact), 492 Corpus callosum, 176 Correlational studies, 40t Correlations, 35 C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, measurement, 406 Creativity enhancement, 460 middle adulthood, 415–417 stages (Cohen), 460 wisdom, relationship (late adulthood), 459–461 Critical consumer, 36 Critical period, 30 Cross-cultural differences, achievement (relationship), 251–253 Cross-cultural research, 39, 40t importance, 39, 42 Cross-gender behavior, 212 Cross-linking, 448 Cross-race effect, 203 Cross-sectional design, 37, 40t advantages/disadvantages, 42 example, 38f Crowds (reputation-based group), 337 CRP See C-reactive protein Crying, increase (cross-cultural studies), 108 Crystallized intelligence, 364 Cultural beliefs, 252 Cultural context (macrosystem), 62 Cultures language development, 143–144 moral reasoning, relationship, 331 theory of mind, 185–186 Curriculum flexibility, importance, 246 CVD See Cardiovascular disease CVS See Chorionic villus sampling Cyberbullying, 332 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 90 D Darwin, Charles, 25 Day-care center, selection, 168 Day-care experience, 165 Death adolescents, understanding, 491–492 adult meaning, 492–494 brain death, 489 children, understanding, 491–492 clinical death, 489 experience, 489–490, 510 fear, 494–495 meaning, 491–496, 510 preparation, 495–496 religious beliefs, 494–495 responses, 499–501 rituals, psychosocial functions, 505–506 Decentration, 240 Deception, 41 Deductive logic, 240 Defense mechanisms, 47 Deferred imitation, 130 studies, 132 Degree completion rates (United States), 366f Delayed retirement, 480 Delinquency, 332 Delusion of grandeur, 359 Delusions, 359 Dementia, 451–453 Dendrites, 84 Denial (dying diagnosis grouping), 499 Denial (dying stage), 497 Denney, Nancy (model of physical and cognitive aging), 412 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 71 Dependent variable, 36 Depressants, 361t Depression adolescents, 302–304 grief-related depression, 506 late adulthood, 454–456 mothers, 157 postpartum depression (PPD), 384 prevalence, 454–455 risk factors, 454–456 therapy/medication/prevention, 456 Desires, understanding, 184–185 Despair, ego integrity (differences), 49, 465–466 Development See Human development; Prenatal development Diabetes, 409–410 Dialectical thought, 363 Diet, impact, 90–91 Dilation (birth), 95 Diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis (DTP), 113 Disabilities, 253–255 Disengagement theory, 466–467 Dishabituation, 119 Disruptive behavior, 277–278 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, 207 Divorce, 222–223 coping (middle-aged women), 425 early adulthood, 380 effects, understanding, 223–224 inevitability, 223 Dizygotic twins, 72 DNA See Deoxyribonucleic acid Domains of development, 26–27 Dominance hierarchies, 226 Dominant disorder, 100 Dominant genes, 73–74 Dominant-recessive pattern, 73–74 Down syndrome (trisomy 43), 78 Drugs adverse effects, 88–89, 101 causal links, studying, 94–95 statin drugs, administration, 406 teratogens, types, 87t tolerance, 360 DTP See Diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis Dynamic systems theory, 109–110 Dyslexia, 253–254 E Early adulthood anxiety, 358–359 educational influences, 388 family, influences, 388 health, 350–362, 367–368 habits, 350–351 mental health problems, 357–360 personality disorders, 359 postsecondary education, 365–367, 368 sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 353–355 smoking, cessation, 352 social support, 461 strength/speed, change, 348 substance use/abuse, 360–362 Early childhood, 27 Early retirement, 481 Eating disorders (adolescence), 301–302 Eating patterns, 177–178 Eclecticism, 65–66 Ecological theories, 60–63, 67 Ectopic pregnancy, 80 Edison, Thomas, 416 Effacement (birth), 95 Effortful control/task persistence (temperament dimension), 160 Ego, 46, 50 Egocentric empathy, 207t Egocentrism, 181–182 Ego-integrity-versus-despair stage (Erikson), 465 Elder abuse, 476 Elderly, ethnicity/poverty rates, 482f Elders, respect (moral principle), 331 Electra, 47 Electrical activity patterns, production, 83 Embryo, development, 79 Embryonic stage, 81, 82t critical periods, 87 Emerging adulthood, 374–375 neurological changes, 374 Emotional availability, 157 Emotional characteristics, genetic components, 73 Emotional intelligence, 249 Emotional regulation, 206 acquisition process, 206–207 Emotional relationships, requirement, 61 Emotional responses (learning), classical conditioning (usage), 134 Emotional responsiveness, 157 Emotional self, 163–164, 206–207 Empathy, 207 development stages, 207t Empiricism, 25 Empiricists, 123 Empowered trailblazers, 434 Empty nest, 426 Encore phase (creativity stage), 460 Endocrine system, development, 81 Energy expenditure, 413 English as a Second Language (ESL), programs, 246 Subject Index 613 www.downloadslide.net English language learner (ELL), 246 academic failure, risk (increase), 247 Environmental hazards, 91 Episodic memories, 414–415 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 407–408 Equilibration, 56 Erectile dysfunction, 399 Establishment stage (career development), 389 Ethnic groups, differences, 250 Ethnic identity See Unexamined ethnic identity achievement, 325 development factors, 325 stages (Phinney), 324–325 search, 325 teenagers, 324–326 Ethnographers, interaction (example), 39 Ethnography, 39 Ethology, 61–62 criticism, 62 perspectives, 151–152 Excessive weight gain, 236–237 Exchange (children/adolescence), 328 Executive processes, 243 Exercise, term (usage), 412 Existential self (subjective self), 163 Exosystem (socioeconomic context), 62 Experience internal models, 29 shared experiences, 30 Experiential intelligence, 248 Experimental group, 36 Experimental method, 36–37 advantage, 42 Experiments, 36 Explicit, meaning, 245 Explicit phonics, 245 Exploratory stage (career development), 389 Expressive language, 141 Expressivity, dominant/recessive genes (differences), 74 Extended family, 224 Externals, movement, 269 Extinction, 53 Eye color, polygenic trait, 75 F Factual knowledge, 460 Fallopian tubes, 71 False-belief principle, 185 False-belief tasks, presentation, 186 Families attachment, 213–214 characteristics, 215 extended families, 224 members, interaction (patterns), 386 mental illnesses, 358 poverty, effects, 279–280 relationships, 213–224, 230 late adulthood, 477–478 structure, 213, 218–221, 230 effects, understanding, 223–224 types, 221 614 Subject Index Families of choice, 382 Fast Track Project, 333 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), 89 Fetal assessment/treatment, 92–93 Fetal blood samples, laboratory tests, 93 transfusions, 93 Fetal brain, 83–84 connections, development, 84 third-trimester fetal brain, image, 84f Fetal distress, 97 Fetal stage, 82t, 83 critical periods, 87 milestones, 83t Fetal yawning, 84f Fetoscopy, 93 usage, 93 Fighting spirit (dying diagnosis grouping), 499 Filial piety, 474 Fine motor movements, difficulty (late adulthood), 450 Fine-motor skills, improvement, 174–175 Flextime, 391 Fluid intelligence, 364 Flynn effect, 196 Followers, pecking orders, 226 Foreclosure, 319 Forgetfulness, 459 Formal operational stage (Piaget), 57, 304–306 Formal operational thinking, 305 Fragile-X syndrome, 77 Fragmin and/or Early Revascularization During Instability in Coronary Artery (FRISC)II study, 405–406 Frail elderly, 443 Framingham study, 405–406 Fraternal twins (nonidentical twins), 72 Free radicals, 448–449 Free-standing birth center, 94 Friends middle adulthood, 429 parenthood, 386–387 selection, 336 Friendships, 228–229 adolescence, 335–336 late adulthood, 477–478 middle childhood, 272–273 prosocial behavior, relationships, 227–229 Frontal lobes asymmetry, 161 maturation, 235 G Galantamine, impact, 452 Gametes, 71 Gardner, Howard, 247–248 Gender development, 208–213, 229–230 biological approaches, 210 cognitive-developmental explanation, 209 explanation, 208–210 information-processing approach, 209–210 psychoanalytic explanations, 208 social-learning explanations, 209 Gender role adolescence, 323–324 categories (Bem), 323f identity, 323 types, 323 Generativity research, 422–423 stagnation, differences, 49 Genes, 71 Genetically programmed senescence, 448 Genetic disorders, 76–77 Genital herpes, 90, 353 Genital stage, 47 Genital warts, 354 Genomic imprints, age-related deterioration, 75 Genotype, 73 German measles (rubella), 89–90 Germinal stage, 81, 82t Gerontology, 440 Gestational diabetes, 80 Gestures (language development), 139–140 Glial cells, 84 Global empathy, 207t Glutamates, 118 Goal-corrected partnership, 213–214 Gonads (sex glands), development, 72 Gonorrhea, 90, 353 Goodness-of-fit, 162 Grammar development, infant-directed speech (importance), 138 explosion, 189–190 Grandchildren, interactions (late adulthood), 478 Grandparenting, 428–429 Grasping, 128 Great Depression, children/adolescents (experience), 31 Grief complicated grief, 509 long-term problems, prevention, 509 perspectives, alternatives, 503–504 stages, 503t Grief-related depression, 506 Growth, 108–109 early childhood, 234 motor development, relationship, 174–175 Growth stage (career development), 389 Guided reading sessions, 245 Guilt, initiative (differences), 48, 202 H Habituation, 119, 132 Hair type, genetics, 74f Hallucinations, 359 Hallucinogens, 361t Handedness, 176–177 Harm, protection, 40 Harvard men, Grant study, 38 Hayflick limit, 447–448 Hazing, emotional trauma, 325 Head Start program, 194 Hearing, 118–119 impairment, 89, 254t www.downloadslide.net late adulthood, 446–447 middle adulthood, 404 Heart deformity, 89 Heart and Estrogen Replacement Study (HERS), 401 Helicobacter pylori, 408 Helplessness/hopelessness (dying diagnosis grouping), 500 Hemispheres, asymmetry, 161 Hemophilia, 77 Heredity See Temperament impact, 75 late adulthood, 444 Heroin addiction, 88 Heterosexual couples, 380–381 Heterozygous genes, 74 Heuristic value, 65 Hierarchical categorization, 135 High blood pressure, genetic disorder, 77t High-risk children, raising, 151 Hippocampus, reticular formation (relationship), 176 Hiroshima, pregnant women exposure, 87 Hoenshel’s Complete Grammar (example page), 24 personality types/work preferences, 389t Holophrases (word-and-gesture combinations), 141 Home health aide, hiring, 472 Homeschooling (middle childhood), 256 Homogamous couples, 380–381 Homogamy (assortative mating), 376 Homosexual teens, 338–339 Homozygous genes, 74 Honeymoon-hangover effect, 433 Hopelessness, feelings, 250 Horizontal decalage, 241 Hormone therapy (HT), pros/cons, 401 Hospice care, 489 Hostile aggression, purpose, 226 Hostile/detached couples, 380 Hostile/engaged couples, 380 Hot flashes, 400–401 Household composition (United States), 375f HT See Hormone therapy Human development domains, 26–28 introduction, 24, 41 lifespan perspective, 25–26 periods, 26–28 philosophical roots, 24–26 scientific roots, 24–26 scientific theories, 25 study, issues, 28–32, 41–42 understanding, 31 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 90, 353–355 Human memory, developmentalist understanding, 59 Human papillomavirus (HPV), 354 cervical cancer, relationship, 407 Huntington’s disease, 77, 77t Hyaline membrane disease (respiratory distress syndrome), 99 Hypertension, 409 Hypotheses, production, 33 Hypothetico-deductive reasoning, 305 I IAD See Internet addiction disorder IADLs See Instrumental activities of daily living Id, 46 Identical twins, 73 Identity, 50, 182, 318 IDS See Infant-directed speech Illegal drugs, 88–89 Illnesses, 178 Illumination (mulling-over stage), 416 Imaginary audience, 306 Imitation, 130 Immediate context (microsystem), 62 Immigrants infants, mortality rates, 116 teenagers, 325–326 Immune system function, breast milk (impact), 111 functioning early adulthood, 348–350 optimism, relationship, 500 Immunizations, 112–113 Implantation, 81 Impotence, 399 Imprinting, 61 Inborn biases, 28 Inclusive education, 255 Incubation (mulling-over stage), 416 Independent living community, 472 Independent variable, 36 age, 37 Individualism (children/adolescence), 328 Individualistic American culture, 250 Individuality, increase, 466 Inductive discipline, 216 Inductive logic, 240 Industry, inferiority (differences), 48, 263 Infancy, 27 attachment, quality, 158 girls/boys, relationship, 109 intelligence, measurement, 144–145, 146 malnutrition, impact, 112 physical changes, 105–111 Infant-directed speech (IDS), 138 Infantile amnesia, 176 Infant monkeys, mother attachment (Harlow experiment), 150 Inferiority, industry (differences), 48, 263 Inflections, 142 Influences, system, 31 Information processing Information, senses (impact), 122–123 Informed consent, 40 Ingrowth stage, 188 Inheritance dominant-recessive pattern, 74 mitochondrial inheritance, 75 multifactorial inheritance, 75 polygenic inheritance, 75 sex-linked inheritance, 78f types, 75 Inhibition/anxiety (temperament dimension), 160 Initiative, guilt (differences), 48, 202 Injuries (early childhood), 236 In-laws, impact, 429 Innate goodness, 25 Insecure/ambivalent attachments, 155 Insecure attachments, 154–155 categories (Ainsworth’s Strange Situation), 155t Insecure/avoidant attachment, 155 Insecure/disorganized attachments, 155 Institutional migration, 484 Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), 443 Instrumental aggression, 226 Instrumental purpose (children/adolescence), 328 Intellectual disability, 191, 248, 254t Intelligence quotient (IQ), 191–192 Intelligence quotient (IQ) testing, 144–145, 191–197, 197, 248 Intentionality, child understanding (test), 205f Interactionists, 137–138 Interdisciplinary research, 26 Intermodal perception, 122 demonstration, 123 Internal models of experience, 29 Internet addiction disorder (IAD), 411 Interpersonal conformity, 328 Interpersonal intelligence, 247 Interposition, 120 Interpretation, 29 Intimacy capacity, 372 isolation, differences, 49, 372–373 love component, 379 Intimate partner abuse, 355–357 individuals, effects, 356 prevalence, 355–356 prevention, 357 sexual violence, 357 Intimate relationships (early adulthood), 375–383, 393 Intonational pattern, 139–140 Intrapersonal intelligence, 247 Introversion, 321 Invented spelling, 190 example, 190f In vitro fertilization (IVF), 349 Involuntary career changers, 433 Involved relationships, 428 Iron-deficiency anemia, development, 112 Irwin, Steve (death, public reactions), 493 Isolation, intimacy (differences), 49 IVF See In vitro fertilization J Job honeymoon, 433 Job loss, effects, 433 Job performance (middle adulthood), 432 Job satisfaction, 390 Justice (moral orientation), 331 K Keeper of the meaning (Vaillant), 423 Kinetic cues, 120 Kin keeper, 387 Kin orientation, 221 Subject Index 615 www.downloadslide.net Kinship migration (compensatory migration), 484 Kohlberg, Lawrence, 326, 362 theory of moral reasoning, 326–330 criticisms, 330–332 Kumon program, 252–253 Kwashiorkor, 112 L Labor breech presentation, 96 drugs, usage, 94–95 phases, length, 95 stages, 96f, 101 transition phase, 95 Laboratory observation, 34–35 Language acquisition device (LAD), 137 Language development chronology, 143t cultures, 143–144 first sounds, 139–140 gestures, 139–140 individual differences, 142 infant-directed speech (IDS), influence, 138 influences, 138–139 milestones, 139–141 poverty, relationship, 138–139 rate, differences, 142 Late adulthood career issues, 479–484, 485 chronic health conditions, 443–444 cognitive changes, 456–461 crises, factors, 49 death, meaning, 493 delayed retirement, 480 early retirement, 481 grandchildren, interactions, 478 health, 441–445 late-life psychosocial functioning, theories, 466–467 life expectancy, 440–441 memory, 457–459 changes, explanations, 459 impairment, percentage, 457f mobility, 483–484 motor functions, 450 physical changes, 445–451, 461 racial/ethnic differences, 444 religious coping, 470–471 residential options, 472–474 self-rated health status, 442f sexual activity, 450–451 short-term memory function, 457–458 Late-life marriages, 475 Late-life psychosocial functioning, theories, 466–467 Lateralization, 176 spatial perception, 235 LBW See Low birth weight Leaders, pecking orders, 226 Lead, impact, 91 Learned response (conditioned response), 51 Learned stimuli (conditioned stimuli), 51 616 Subject Index Learning disabilities, 253, 254t disagreements, 255 middle childhood, 253–255 Learning theories, 46, 51–55, 64t, 66 classical conditioning, 51–52 evaluation, 54–55 list, 54t operant conditioning, 52–53 social-cognitive theory, 53–54 strength, 55 Lesbian couples, 381–382 Liberation phase (creativity stage), 460 Libido, 46 Life events, approach, 423–424 expectancy trends late adulthood, 440 White/African American men/women, 405f review, process, 466 Lifespan perspective, 26, 41 Lifestyle changes, benefits, 345t Limbic system, 346 Linear perspective, 120 Linguistic intelligence, 247 Listening, 122, 128 Living arrangements (late adulthood), 472–474 Locomotion (self-movement), 182 Locus of control, 352 Longitudinal design, 37, 38 Long-term memory, 58 Low birth weight (LBW) babies, 101 M Macronutrient malnutrition, 112 Macrosystem (cultural context), 62 Magic School Bus, The, 282 Maintenance stage (career development), 390 Male climacteric, 399–400 Male fetuses, activity, 84 Malnutrition, 112 macronutrient malnutrition, 112 micronutrient malnutrition, 112 Marijuana, usage, 88–89 Marital status, 157 Marriage, 376–380 divorce, 380 relationship quality, 378–380 same-sex marriage, 382 sex differences, impact, 378 wedding stress management, 377 Masculine bias, existence, 323 Masculine gender role, 323 Master lessons, series, 252 Mastery approach, 310 Maternal deaths, 96–97 Maternal diseases, 89–90 teratogens, effects, 87t Maternal emotions, 92 Maternal influences, 90–92 Maternal malnutrition, impact, 90–91 Maternity clinics, alternatives, 94 Mate selection, theories (early adulthood), 375–376 evolutionary theories, 375–376 Mathematical intelligence (logical intelligence), 247 Math, gender/ethnicity/achievement (adolescence), 311 Matrix classification, examination, 186 Maturation, term (usage), 25 Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max), 346, 348, 412 Mayukwayukwa Camp feeding center, experience (damage), 63 Means-end behavior, 128–129 Memory long-term memory, 58 retrospective memory, 458 semantic memories, 414 sensory memory, 58 short-term memory, 58 strategies, 243 working memory, 58 Memory-technique training experiment, usage, 36 Menarche, 290 Menopause, 399–403 Mental disorders, causes/consequences, 357–358 Mental health later adulthood, 451–456, 461 problems (early adulthood), 357–360 widowhood, 508–509 Mental symbols, manipulation (ability), 129 Mesosystem (interconnections), 62 Metacognition, 187 adolescence, 307 examples, 243 Metamemory, 187 adolescence, 307 Methadone, usage, 88 Methods See Research Micronutrient malnutrition, 112 Microsystem (immediate context), 62 Middle adulthood See specific terms Middle-age squeeze, 427f Middle childhood, See also specific terms Midlife career issues, 431–435, 436 Midlife crisis, 423–424 Midlife squeeze, 427f Midline, 118 Migraine headaches, genetic disorder, 77t Migration compensatory migration (kinship migration), 484 institutional migration, 484 Mild cognitive impairment, 452 Alzheimer’s disease, relationship, 453 Mind, theories, 184–186 Miscarriage (spontaneous abortion), 80 causes, 88 Mistrust, trust (differences), 48, 150 Mitochondrial inheritance, 75 Mitochondrion (mitochondria), 75 Mobility (late adulthood), 483–484 Modeling observational learning, 53, 134 importance, examples, 54 usage, 226–227 Model of adult development (Levinson), 373f www.downloadslide.net Model of physical and cognitive aging (Denney), 412, 412f Models, infant watching, 134 Monocular cues, 120 Monogamy, expectations, 382 Monosodium glutamate (MSG), addition, 118 Monozygotic twins (identical twins), 72 Monteith, Corey (death, public reactions), 493 Mood disorders (early adulthood), 358–359 Moral development adolescence, 326–334, 339–340 antisocial behavior, relationship, 332–334 causes/consequences, 330 stages (Kohlberg), 327t Moral emotions, 207 Moral orientations, 331 Moral realism (Piaget), 269–271 stage, 269 Moral reasoning, 269–271 Moral relativism (Piaget), 269–271 stage, 270 Moratorium, 319 Morning sickness, 79 Moro reflex (startle reflex), 107 Motion parallax, 120 senses, 119 Motor development early childhood, 234 growth, relationship, 174–175 improvements, 110 influences, cross-cultural research, 110 milestones, 109t, 174t Motor functions (late adulthood), 450 Motor skills, 108–109 development, explanation, 109–110 practice, opportunities, 110 Mulling-over process, stages, 416 Multifactorial inheritance, 75 Multigenerational caregivers, 425 longitudinal studies, 426 Multiple births, 72 Muscle fibers, presence, 110 Musical intelligence, 247 Music therapy, 98 Mutual interpersonal expectations, 328 Myelination, 107, 235 N Nagasaki, pregnant women exposure, 87 Naive hedonism, 328 Naive psychology stage, 187 Naming explosion, 141 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), 113 National Survey of Family Growth, findings, 381 Nativists, 123 Natural childbirth, 95 Naturalistic observation, 34, 40t Naturalist intelligence, 247 Natural response (unconditioned/unlearned response), 51 Natural stimulus (unconditioned/unlearned stimulus), 51 Nature-nurture debate, 28–29 discussion, renewal, 131 Naughty behavior, 270 Negative correlations, 35 Negative emotionality/irritability/anger/emotionality (temperament dimension), 160 Negative reinforcement, 52 Negatives, child usage, 189 Neglect, 178–180 instability, 278 prevention, 179–180 Neglected group, 277 Neo-Freudians, 48 Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), pacifieractivated lullaby units (usage), 134 Neonates, 94–100, 101 assessment, 97–98 small-for-date neonates, 98 stimuli, responses, 98 Neo-Piagetian matrix task, 186f Neo-Piagetian theories, 58, 186 Nerves, firing rate, 346 Nervous system brain, relationship, 175–177 early adulthood, 345–346 late adulthood, 445 middle adulthood, 398–399 middle childhood, 234–236 physical changes, 105–107 Neural networks, competition, 361 Neural tube, 81 Neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease, 451 Neurodevelopmental disorders, 75 Neurofibrillary tangles, 452 Neuronal migration, beginning, 87 Neuronal proliferation, 83 Neurons, 81 Neurons, myelination, 176 New York Longitudinal Study, 160 Niche picking, 161–162 NIHCD See National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Nonfocused orienting/signaling, 153 Nonnormative changes, 30 Nonparental care arrangements, 165f children, differences, 167 developmentalist argument, 168 effects, 164–166, 170 impact, 166 research, interpretation, 167–169 studying, difficulties, 165 Normative age-graded changes, 29–30 Normative history-graded changes, 30 Norm-referenced tests, 25–26 Norms identification, 25 social clock (age norms), 30 Number sense, 252 Nurses’ Health Study, 405–406 Nursing (Erikson), 150 Nursing home care, selection, 475 Nurture nature, debate, 28–29 perspective, 29 Nutrition, 111–112 malnutrition, 112 Nutritional support programs, goal, 112 O Obedience orientation (children), 328 Obese, 237 Object concept, 132 Objective self (categorical self), 163 Observational learning (modeling), 53 Observer bias, 34 Older workers, obstacles, 480–481 Onlooker play, 225 Operant conditioning (Skinner), 52–53, 54t, 64t Operational efficiency, 186 Optimism, immune system functioning (relationship), 500 Optimization subprocess (Baltes/Baltes), 432 Oral behaviors, 150 Oral reading fluency, 245 Oral stage, 47 Organogenesis, 83 Ossification (bone hardening), 110 Osteoporosis, 403 risk factors, 403t Overweight children, weight management, 238 Overweight classification, 237 Ovum (egg cell), 71 P Pacifier-activated lullaby (PAL) system, usage, 134 Palliative care, 489, 490 Panic disorder (mothers), 157 Parental behaviors, impact, 193 Parental care, 165 Parental investment theory, 375–376 Parental responsiveness, 157 Parenthood, 383–387, 393 childlessness, 385–386 developmental impact, 385 friends, 386–387 postpartum depression, 384 transition, experience, 384 Parenting styles, 214–217 Parents, infant attachment, 152–153 Parents-to-be, prenatal diagnosis, 93 Partial reinforcement, 53 Participation, risks, 40 Partner abuse See Intimate partner abuse causes, 356 Partnerships, 424–425 Paternal behaviors, impact (cross-cultural studies), 153 Paternal control, 153 Pecking orders, 226 Peer acceptance (importance), child beliefs (cross-sectional studies), 335 Subject Index 617 www.downloadslide.net Peer groups adolescence, 340–341 structures, change, 336 Peer rejection, 263 Peer relationships, 224–229, 230 gender role, school-aged children evaluation, 274–275 play, usage, 225 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 353 Perceived threats, anger, 276 Perceptual development, explanation, 123–124 Perceptual skills, 119–124, 124–125 Perimenopausal phase, 400 Periods of development, 27 Permissive parenting style, 215 Personal fable, 305–306 Personality, 160–164, 170 disorders, early adulthood, 359 types, 359t modification, 205–206 self-concept, relationship, 205–208, 229 traits, 264t, 266 types (Holland), 389t Personal values, research results (conflict), 36 Person perception, 203 Pet therapy, 456 Phallic stage, 47, 202 Phenotype, 73 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 76 Phobia, 358 Phonological awareness, 190–191 Physical abuse, rates (women), 354f Physical activity, decrease, 237 Physical aggression, 226t Physical aging, models, 412 Physical changes, 105–111, 124 adolescence, 288–293, 313 behavioral effects (late adulthood), 449–451 early childhood, 174–180, 197 late adulthood, 445–451, 461 middle adulthood, 398–404, 417 middle childhood, 234–239, 259 Physical development, nonparental care (impact), 166 Physical domain, 26–27 Physical drug dependence, 360 Physical exercise, impact, 413 Physical functioning (early adulthood), 344–350, 367 age changes, 347t declines, 346–347 Physical growth, adolescence, 288–289 Pituitary gland, 290 PKU See Phenylketonuria Placenta, 81 Placental cells, extraction, 92f Plaques, 452 Plasticity, 26, 107 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 91 Polygenic inheritance, 75 Population, 35 Positive correlations, 35 Positive reinforcement, 52 618 Subject Index Postconventional morality, 329 Postconventional reasoning, 329 Postconventional stage (moral development stage), 327t Postformal thought, 362 Postmenopausal phase, 401 Postpartum depression (PPD), 384 Postsecondary education (early adulthood), 365–367, 368 developmental impact, 365 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 507 development, 179 symptoms, 280 Poverty age, relationship, 279f effects, limitation, 193 increase (late adulthood), 481–483 language development (relationship), 138–139 middle childhood, 279–280 negative effects, exacerbation, 280 PPD See Postpartum depression Practice effects, 38 Pragmatic marker, 144 Preconventional morality, 328 Preconventional reasoning, 328 Preconventional stage (moral development stage), 327t Predictions, production, 33 Preference technique, 119 Prefrontal cortex, 289f Pregnancy, 79–84, 100 adolescence, 295–296 first trimester, 79–80, 80t second trimester, 80, 80t third trimester, 80–81, 80t Premarital sexual experience, 381 Premature labor, causes, 88 Premenopausal phase, 400 Prenatal behavior, 85–86 Prenatal care See Early prenatal care Prenatal care, access, 116 Prenatal care, importance, 79 Prenatal classes, fathers (participation), 95 Prenatal development, 79, 81–84, 100 age, impact, 91 drugs, impact, 88–89 embryonic stage, 81, 83 environmental hazards, 91–92 fetal development, 82t, 83 germinal stage, 81 illegal drugs, impact, 88–89 maternal influences, 90–92, 101 maturational codes, impact, 84 milestones, 82t over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, impact, 88 prescription drugs, impact, 88 stages, 81–84, 100 teratogens, influence, 86–88 tobacco, impact, 88–89 Prenatal diagnosis Preoperational stage, 56, 180–182 Preparation (mulling-over stage), 416 Prepared childbirth, 95 Presbycusis, 404, 446 Presbyopia, 404 Preschool classroom, racism, 204 Preterm infants development, prediction, 99 full-term infants, relationship, 99 intestinal tracts, maturity, 111 signing, 98 Primary aging (senescence), 344–345 Primary circular reactions, 128 Primary sex characteristics, 290 Primitive reflexes, 107 Primitive stage, 187 Processing efficiency, 242 Programmed senescence theory, 448 Prosocial behavior cultural influences, 228 development, 228 friendships, relationship, 227–229 parental influences, 228 Proximal development, zone, 57, 187, 245 Proximity-seeking behaviors, 154 Proximodistal pattern, 81, 108 myelinization sequence, relationship, 107 Pruning, 105 Psychoanalytic perspectives, 150, 202–203 adolescence, 318–319 middle childhood, 263–264 Psychoanalytic theories, 46–50, 64t, 67 evaluation, 49–50 list, 50t strengths, 66 weakness, 50, 66 Psychoanalytic theory (Freud), grieving, 501–502 Psychological construct, 269 Psychological drug dependence, 360–361 Psychological self (middle childhood), 265–266 Psychosexual stages (Freud), 47, 48t Psychosocial theory (Erikson), 48–49, 50t, 64t PTSD See Posttraumatic stress disorder Pubertal development (Tanner), 291t Puberty, 290–293 Public memorials, function, 507 Pull-out program, 255 Punishment, 52 Q Qualitative change, 29 Quality of work-life (QWL) movement, 390–391 Quantitative change, 29 Quasi-experiments, 37 R Racial awareness, 204 Rapid eye movement (REM), decreases, 450 Reactive attachment disorder, 151 Receptive language, 140–141 Recessive genes, 73–74 differences, 74 Reciprocal determinism (Bandura), 264f, 265 Recovered memory, 47 Red-green color blindness, 77 www.downloadslide.net Reevaluation phase (creativity stage), 460 Reflective judgment, 363 Reflexes, 51, 107–108 Rehabilitation programs, computers (usage), 454 Reinforcement, 52, 53 Relational aggression, 275, 276 Relational style, 250 Relative right-left orientation, 235 Relativism, 362 Religious beliefs (late adulthood), 470 Religious coping, 470–471 Reminiscence, process, 465–466 Remote relationships, 428 Representative sample, 35 Repressed memory, controversy, 47 Reproductive capacity (early adulthood), 348 Reproductive system (middle adulthood), 398–403 Reputation-based group (crowd), 337 Research answers, fluidity, 34 critical consumer, 36 cross-cultural research, 39 ethical standards, 40–41 ethics, 39–41 methods/designs, 33–41, 42 types, 40t Resilience, 31–32 Resilient children, 280 Respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease), 99 Respiratory illnesses, timing, 113 Response inhibition, 346 Retaliatory aggression, 276 Reticular formation, 107 hippocampus, relationship, 176 maturation, 235 Retina, blind spot (enlargement), 446 Retirement, 434–435, 479–484 Retrospective memory, 458 Reversibility, 182, 240 Revolving door, 426 Right-handedness, 176 Role conflict, 424 Role confusion identity, differences, 318 stage, identity (differences), 48–49 Role-taking, 330 absence, 333 Romantic relationships (adolescence), 337–339 Rouge test, 163f Rubella (German measles), 89–90 Rule categories, understanding, 203–204 Rule-governed play, 181 Rumination (girls), 323 S Same-sex marriage, 382 Samples, 35 Sandwich generation, 425, 427f Satiety, 450 Scaffolding, 57, 187 Schematic learning, 134–135 Scheme, 56 Schizophrenia, 359–360 genetic disorder, 77t Schooling adolescence, 308–313, 314 homeschooling, 256 middle childhood, 244–253, 259 Seattle Longitudinal Study, 413 Secondary aging (early adulthood), 344–345 Second trimester, 80 ultrasound tests, 93 Secure attachments, 154–155 Sedatives, 94 Selective attention, 235 Selective optimization with compensation, 412, 432 Self-awareness, development, 163 Self-centered egomaniac, 182 Self-concept, 160, 162–164, 170 adolescence, 321–326, 339 changes, 206–208 differentiation, increase, 322 emotional self, 163–164 middle childhood, 265–268, 284 objective self, 163 personality, relationship, 205–208, 229 subjective self, 163 Self-descriptions, changes (adolescence), 321f Self-display, forms, 212 Self-efficacy, 54, 266 Self-esteem, 267 Self-movement (locomotion), 182 Self-rated health, 441–442 Self-regulation, 271 Self-segregation, 203 Semantic memories, 414–415 Senescence (primary aging), 344 genetically programmed senescence, 448 programmed senescence theory, 448 Senses, 118–119 Sensitive period, 30 Sensorimotor stage, 56, 128–130 substages, 129t Sensorimotor thinking, 128 Sensory memory, 58 Sensory skills, 117–119, 124 Separation anxiety, 154 Sequential design, 37, 38–39, 40t advantages/disadvantages, 42 SES See Socioeconomic status Seuss, Dr., 86 Severely obese, 237 Sex desire, 382 determination, 71–72 glands (gonads), 72 Sex-chromosome anomalies, 78–79 Sex differences, 84–85, 271 Sex-linked disorders, 77 Sex-linked recessive disorders, 77, 77t Sex-role knowledge, 210–211 Sex-typed behavior, 211–213 individual differences, 212–213 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 90, 353–355 bacterial STDs, 353 viral STDs, 353–354 Sexual violence, 357 Shame/doubt, autonomy (differences), 48, 202 Short-term memory, 58 Short-term storage space (STSS), 186 Sickle-cell disease, 76–77 SIDS See Sudden infant death syndrome Sildenafil (Viagra), 400 Singapore Math program, 252–253 Single-parent families, impact, 223 Single-X pattern, Turner’s syndrome, 79 Skilled nursing facilities, 473 Sleeping patterns (late adulthood), 450 Small-for-date neonates, 98, 99 Smell (late adulthood), 447 Smelling, 118 Social-cognitive perspectives, 202–205 middle childhood, 264–265 Social-cognitive theory (Bandura), 53–54, 54t, 203 differences, 66 Social comparisons, 266 Social contract orientation, 329 Social death, 489 Social desirability, perception, 35 Social development nonparental care, effects, 166–167 psychoanalytics perspectives, 202–203 social-cognitive perspectives, 203–205 Social development theories, 202–205, 229 adolescence, 318–321, 339 early adulthood, 372–375, 393 late adulthood, 465–467, 485 middle adulthood, 422–424, 435 middle childhood, 263–265, 283 Social development, theories, 150–152, 169 Social domain, 27 Social engagement (late adulthood), 468 Social interactions, Vygotsky hypothesis, 57 Social-learning theory (Bandura), 54t, 64t Social networks, 386–387 gender/ethnic differences (late adulthood), 478–479 index, 351 influences, 336 Social referencing, 154 Social relationships adolescence, 334–339, 340 formation capacity, 151 late adulthood, 471–479, 485 nonparental care, effects, 167 Social role theory, 376 Social scripts, 208 Social Security, demographic crisis, 441 Social self, 208 emergence, 206 Social self-concepts (adolescence), 322 Social skills (development), play (relationship), 225 Social status (middle childhood), 276–278 Social world (school-aged child), 271–278 Society for Research in Child Development, 39 Society, study (sociobiology), 61 Sociobiology, 61–62 criticism, 62 Subject Index 619 www.downloadslide.net Sociocultural theory (Vygotsky), 57, 59t, 64t, 187–188 Spatial cognition, function, 236 Spatial intelligence, 247 Spatial perception development, 235 lateralization, 235 Speech Spina bifida, 90 Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage), 70 Stages, 29 Stagnation, generativity (differences), 49 Stamina, 110 Stanford-Binet IQ test, 191 Stereotypes clarity, 210 threat (middle childhood), 251 Stereotypical behaviors, social skills training/ behavior modification, 156 Stereotypic behaviors, 156 Sternberg, Robert, 248, 379–380 Stimulus-response connection, 51 Stretched and stressed boomers, 434 STSS See Short-term storage space Student goals, impact, 309 Subjective self (existential self), 163 Submersion, 246 Substance abuse, 360–362 ranking, 361t Substance use, 360–362 adolescents, 300–301 Successful aging, 467 components, 468t paradigm, 467–469 criticisms, 469 Sucking, 128 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 114–115 risk, 115 Suicide adolescents, 302–304 copycat suicide, Internet (impact), 492 rates, gender differences (late adulthood), 454f Superego, 46 Superordinates, 135 Surveys, 35, 40t Symbiotic relationship (mother/young), 150 Sympathy, 207 Synapses, 84, 105 Synaptic development, 105–107 Synaptic plasticity, 445–446 Synaptogenesis, 105 Synchrony, 152 Syphilis, 90, 353 Systematic desensitization, 52 Systematic, meaning, 245 Systematic phonics, 245 Systematic problem solving (formal operational stage), 304–305 T Tadalafil (Cialis), 400 Task goals, 309 Tasting, 118 Tay-Sachs disease, 77 620 Subject Index TBI See Traumatic brain injury Telecommuting, 391 Telegraphic speech, 142 holophrases, relationship, 144 Television impact, 106, 280–282 quantity, 106 violence, effects (demonstration), 281–282 Telomere, 448 Temperament, 160–164, 170 change, 205–206 difficulties, 206 dimensions, 160 environment, impact, 161–162 gender differences, 162 heredity, 161 long-term stability, impact, 161 neurological processes, 161 origins/stability, 160–162 ratings, consistency, 161 types, 160 Teratogenic maternal diseases, risks, 101 Teratogens, 86–88 Terminal decline hypothesis, 449 Tertiary circular reactions, 129 Testosterone, 210 Thanatology, 499 Theories of biological aging (late adulthood), 447–449 Theories of mate selection, 375–376 Theory of identity achievement (Marcia), 319–321 Theory of love (Sternberg), 380f Theory of mind, 184–186 cultures, 185–186 development, influences, 185 Theory of moral reasoning (Kohlberg), 326–330 criticisms, 330–332 Thymus gland, changes, 349 Tinnitus, 446 Tobacco, adverse effects, 88–89, 100 Toxemia of pregnancy, 72 Tracking, 117–118 Traits, 264 genetic sources, 73t personality traits, 264t Tranquilizers, 94 observed effects, 95 Translation (mulling-over stage), 416 Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 236, 254t Traumatic events, hidden memories, 47 Triarchic theory of intelligence, 248 Trisomies, 78 Trisomy 43 (Down syndrome), 78 Trust, mistrust (differences), 48, 150 Tubal ligation, 97 Turner’s syndrome (single-X pattern), 79 Twins dizygotic twins, 72 fraternal twins (nonidentical twins), 60, 61f, 72 identical twins (monozygotic twins), 60, 61f, 72 Two-word meaning, creation, 141 Type A blood, genotype, 74 Type A personality, 407 Type B blood, genotype, 74 Type B personality, 407 Type D personality, 407 Type O blood, genotype, 74 U Ultrasonography, 92–93 Ultrasound tests, usage, 93 usage, 80 Umami, newborn tasting, 118 Umbilical cord, 81 blood samples, 93 Unconditioned response (unlearned/natural response), 51 Unconditioned stimulus (unlearned/natural stimulus), 51 Undifferentiated gender role, 323 Unemployment (middle adulthood), 432–434 Unexamined ethnic identity, 324 Uninvolved parenting style, 215, 216 Unique invulnerability, 492 United States, infant mortality, 113 Universal ethical principles orientation, 329 Unlearned response (unconditioned/natural response), 51 Unlearned stimulus (unconditioned/natural stimulus), 51 Uterus, 71 Utterances, overregularization, 136–137 V Vaccination, 112–113 U.S rate, 113 Validating couples, 380 Valued self, 265, 266–268 Values, relevance (understanding), 460 Vardenafil (Levitra), 400 Variables, 35–36 Vascular dementia, 452 Verbal aggression, 226t Verbal exchanges, initiation, 137 Verbal insults, anger, 276 Verbal scales, 192 Viability, 83 Victims, bullies (relationship), 277 Violation-of-expectations method, 132 Viral STDs, 353–354 Visual acuity, 117 Visual cliff, construction, 120 Visual impairment, 89, 254t VO2 max (maximum oxygen uptake), 346, 348, 412 Vocabulary, growth, 141, 142 Voices, newborn discrimination, 122 Volatile couples, 380 Voluntary career changers, 433–434 Volunteerism, 469 Vowel sounds (cooing), 139 Vulnerability, 31–32 W Wakes, ritual, 505 Wealth builders, 434 www.downloadslide.net Widowhood, 507–510 effect, ethnicity (relationship), 508 mental health, 508–509 physical health, 507–508 Wisdom, 459 creativity, relationship, 459–461 criteria, 460 Withdrawal symptoms, 360 Withdrawn/rejected children, 277 Within-group aggression, 336 Womb, 79 Word-and-gesture combinations (holophrases), 141 Working memory, 58 Work-life balance, 390–391 Work-related burnout, 431 X X chromosome, 71–72 size, 72 Y Y chromosome, 71–72 size, 72 Young adults, mental health problems (development), 358 Young children, egocentrism, 184 YouthBuild USA, 312 Z Zone of proximal development, 57, 187, 245 Zygote, 71 Subject Index 621 .. .Lifespan Development This page is intentionally left blank Lifespan Development S e ve n th E d itio n Gl ob a l E d i ti on Denise Boyd Houston Community College... adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Lifespan Development, 7th edition, ISBN 978-0-13-380566-6, by Denise Boyd and Helen Bee, published by Pearson Education © 2015 All rights reserved... INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 1.1 What ideas about development were proposed by early philosophers and scientists? 1.2 1.3 What is the lifespan perspective? What major domains and periods developmental