curs practic engleza 2

Unit  In this unit you will learn:  Coordinate Conjunctions  Subordinate Conjunctions Number of Nouns  Reading Read the following fragment from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Pay attention to the conjunctions Underline the coordinate conjunctions with one line and the subordinate ones with two lines: Mary wished to say something very sensible, but knew not how “While Mary is adjusting her ideas,” he continued, “let us return to Mr Bingley.” “I am sick of Mr Bingley,” cried his wife “I am sorry to hear that; but why did not you tell me so before? If I had known as much this morning I certainly would not have called on him It is very unlucky; but as I have actually paid the visit, we cannot escape the acquaintance now.” The astonishment of the ladies was just what he wished; that of Mrs Bennet perhaps surpassing the rest; though, when the first tumult of joy was over, she began to declare that it was what she had expected all the while “How good it was in you, my dear Mr Bennet! But I knew I should persuade you at last I was sure you loved your girls too well to neglect such an acquaintance Well, how pleased I am! and it is such a good joke, too, that you should have gone this morning and never said a word about it till now.” “Now, Kitty, you may cough as much as you choose,” said Mr Bennet; and, as he spoke, he left the room, fatigued with the raptures of his wife Ways with Words In the last sentence from the text, the preposition with appears Now learn some expressions containing the preposition with: with due regard for/ with all due deference to = cu tot respectul cuvenit; with an eye to = urmãrind, fãrã a pierde din vedere; with the exception of = cu excepţia cã; with full steam on = cu toatã viteza ỵnainte; with reason = pe drept, pe bunã dreptate; with reference/ respect to = ỵn privinţa, referitor, cu privire la; with a view of = ỵn scopul de a; as with = la fel ca şi; together with = ỵmpreunã cu; to away with = a ỵnlãtura, a termina cu Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own Read the following sentence taken from the same text: she began to declare that it was what she had expected all the while How you translate in all the while? Now learn some expressions with the adjective all beyond all doubt = ỵn afarã de orice ỵndoialã; all at once = dintr-o datã; all the better = cu atât mai bine; all in all = ỵn ỵntregime, cu totul; all in good time = toate la timpul lor; all the more as = cu atât mai mult cu cât; all over = peste tot; all worn out = complet uzat; first of all = ỵnainte de toate; of all kinds = de toate felurile; that is about all = ca, asta-i tot; it is all one to them = le este tot una; once for all = o datã pentru totdeauna Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own Grammar Reference The Conjunction Conjunctions join words, phrases and clauses: He slipped and fell on the floor He moved quickly but quietly Please watch my baggage while I buy my train ticket Coordinate Conjunctions  Coordinate conjunctions join units that are equal grammatically ( have the same function in the sentence): He slipped and fell on the floor (And joins two verbs) He moved quickly but quietly (But joins two adverbs)  Conjunctions both and, not only (but also), either or, neither nor make the connection more intense They are also called correlative conjunctions: Both Lisa and I will go to the party Not only did she have two helpings, she also had dessert! Either my husband or I can drive you home Neither money nor power can make him happy  The second noun determines the number of the verb with neither nor and either or: Neither the teacher nor THE STUDENTS are allowed to wear jeans Neither the students nor THE TEACHER is allowed to wear jeans Punctuation with Coordinate Conjunctions  A comma is not necessary when only two elements (two words, two phrases, two clauses) are joined by a coordinate conjunction The doctor told him not to smoke or drink  However, if three or more units are joined, use commas after the first and second units This is called a serial comma Men, women, and children are welcome It is not compulsory to use a comma before the last unit: Men, women and children are welcome Subordinate Conjunctions  Subordinate conjunctions join elements of unequal rank Here are some common subordinate conjunctions: after, although, as, as much as, because, before, how, if, since, that, unless, what, when, where, who, whom She never saw him after he left town He got a ticket because he was speeding She has been very ill since her operation Controlled Practice 1 Complete each sentence with an appropriate coordinate or subordinate conjunction: A journey to the National Parks of the United States is a rare and unforgettable walk on the wild side It is to feel once more the power of the old myths, to once again know that the land is the cradle of life, a ……… nature is the hand setting b ……… craddle endlessly rocking To the west, on the Olympic Peninsula, is the brooding, primordial coastline of Olympic National Park The great rocks rising from the sea were once a part of the landmass c …… the relentless sea chiseled away the softer stone, creating the haunting monoliths rising from the tides Along this coast, and beyond, into the Olympic Mountains, is one of the most diverse wilderness areas in North America Within the park are alpine meadows, majestic white-robed peaks, d …… some sixty active glaciers slow-sliding their relentless way down from the heights On the western slopes of the mountains, there is a remarkable rainforest In Wyoming are the rugged, majestic battlements and spires of the Teton Mountains e most mountain ranges, the Tetons have no foothills They rise dramatically to a height of almost 14,000 feet Although relatively small, the Colorado River must surely be the most powerful river of them all For the Colorado River carved the Grand Canyon To travel from one end of the canyon to the other would be a journey of 277 serpentine miles Sometimes the walls of the canyon are less than a half mile wide Far to the south and the east of the Colorado are the gentle waters of f …… may be the most unusual river in the world The Seminoles called it "Pa-hay-okee," g …… "Grassy Water." Here is the central feature of Everglades National Park A river that is 100 miles long, 50 miles wide, and averages only inches deep Slowly flowing through the entire southern reaches of the Florida Peninsula, the Everglades teems with an extraordinary variety of life Within its labyrinth of cypress swamps, hammocks, islands and hyacinth pools, live more than 350 species of birds Sea Mountain River Each has had a powerful impact on human experience h …… perhaps the most ancient influence has been the forest Within the National Parks of North America there are vast reaches of forest On the slopes of the Sierra Nevada, the giant sequoias are the survivors of a forest realm that has endured for millennia Some of these patriarchs have stood for more than 2000 years They are the largest living things on earth Far to the east, there is a more gentle forest In the ancient mountains of southern Appalachia, in Shenandoah National Park i …… in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, are seemingly endless groves of oak, hickory, maple and other hardwoods To walk these cool, serene, vaulted byways is to feel an intimacy with nature rarely found in this modern world where man and nature are too often strangers These are softer mountains, laying comfortably on the earth as if sleeping within their counterpanes of mist The Cherokee called these woodlands "The Place of Blue Smoke." Bryce Canyon seems like an enchanted city built by mythical giants long departed There are castles and whimsical skylines, arches, minarets, towers, all cut from stone by the delicate, j …… powerful hand of water, time and wind Some of the walls are 600 feet long and 200 feet high Within the avenues of the city are magnificent silent shapes k ……… seem to have once been alive Eighty miles west of Bryce Canyon are the massive walls and towers of Zion National Park l …… the formations of Bryce are delicately carved, the temples of Zion seem to have been hacked from the earth with bold, powerful strokes Vertical canyon walls rise thousands of feet from the valley floor m …….1794, n …… Captain George Vancouver first explored these shores, the glacier has receded more than 75 miles No longer shrouded in ice, the bay is a theater where one of nature's most spectacular dramas is performed Here is where glaciers come to die The lands and landscapes of Yosemite are a banquet for the eye o …… for the soul Here within the valley and in the high country are stone cliffs towering taller than anything man has made Waterfalls dance in the heights like angels in lace and then fall thundering through the sunlight into the lap of the valley Here are glacial lakes and alpine meadows and streams of liquid crystal Among the marvels of Yosemite are two so powerful they will dwell in the eye of the mind forever  _ Grammar Reference Number of nouns Nouns are made plural by adding: -s: book-books, tool-tools -es to singular nouns ending in -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh, -ss, -o: bus-buses, box-boxes, match-matches, brush-brushes, potato- potatoes (But: photo-photos) -ves to nouns ending in -f(e): knife-knives, leaf-leaves, shelf-shelves (But: roof-roofs, proofproofs, cliff-cliffs, handkerchief-handkerchiefs) -ies to nouns ending in consonant + y: lady-ladies -s to nouns ending in vowel + y: toy-toys Note: dwarf-dwarfs/dwarves; hoof-hooves/hoofs; scarf-scarfs/scarves  Some nouns form their plural irregularly man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, louse-lice, mouse-mice, child-children, ox-oxen, person-people  Foreign plurals - datum-data, medium-media (but: museums, asylums) - nucleus-nuclei, stimulus-stimuli, genius-genii (spirits)/geniuses (men of genius) (but: bonuses, geniuses, viruses) - alga-algae, larva-larvae, formula-formulae/formulas (but: dilemmas, villas, diplomas) - index-indices (algebraic signs) /indexes (tables of contents), appendix-appendices (in books)/appendixes (anatomical) - analysis-analyses, axis-axes, basis-bases, crisis-crises, diagnosis-diagnoses, hypothesishypotheses, thesis-theses - phenomenon-phenomena, criterion-criteria (but: demons, neurones, protons, ganglions)  Some nouns remain unchanged in the plural: Craft, cod, deer, fish, Japanese, means, plaice, salmon, sheep, squid, species, series, spacecraft, trout  Some nouns are only plural: a arms (weapons), belongings, cattle, clothes, congratulations, earnings, goods, groceries, greens (vegetables), lodgings, oats, odds (chances), outskirts, people, police, premises (building), regards, remains, riches, savings, surroundings, thanks, etc b garments, tools and instruments consisting of two parts: binoculars, compasses, glasses, jeans, pants, pliers, pyjamas, scales, scissors, spectacles, trousers, etc  collective nouns can take either a singular or a plural verb, according top the meaning The staff were not in agreement with the new rules (We refer to the individual members) The staff of the school consists of fifty people (We refer to the group as a unit) Some collective nouns are: audience, choir, class, clergy, club, committee, company, crew, crowd, family, firm, government, jury, orchestra, public, team, union, youth, etc  Some nouns have different meanings when turned into plural: Air (atmosphere)-airs (behaviour) Cloth (a piece of material)-clothes (garments) Compass (a magnetic compass)-compasses (an instrument for drawing circles) Content (what is written or spoken about in a piece of writing, speech)-contents (the things contained in a box, place, etc.) Custom (a traditional event)-customs (the government department which collects taxes on imported goods) Damage(harm done to something)-damages (monetary compensation) Experience (gaining knowledge or skill over a period)-experiences (activities/events one has done/lived through) Fund (a sum of money saved for a purpose)-funds (money) Glass (a drinking receptacle)-glasses (spectacles) Hair (the hairy part of the head)-hairs (fine strands growing from the skin) Look (a style, an expression)-looks (a person’s appearance) Manner (a way in which something is done)-manners (social behaviour; customs) Minute (sixty seconds)-minutes (notes taken as a record of a meeting) Relation (a connection)-relations (members of the same family) Scale (the relative size of something)-scales (an instrument for weighing) Spectacle (an object of attention)-spectacles (glasses; also specs) Spirit (a person’s soul or mind; a magical creature)-spirits (a person’s feelings; a strong alcoholic drink) Wood (the hard material trees are made of)-woods (small forests) Work (employment)-works (the moving parts of a machine; a place of manufacturing processes) Note: Some of the above nouns have their own regular plurals: minute/minutes  Compound nouns form their plural by adding –s/-es: a to the noun if the compound has only one noun: passer-by – passers-by b to the second noun if the compound consists of two nouns: cupboard – cupboards c to the first noun if the compound consists of two nouns connected with a preposition: mother-in-law – mothers-in-law d at the end of the compound if it does not contain any nouns: breakdown – breakdowns Controlled Practice Complete this newspaper article Choose the correct singular or plural form in the brackets: Clayton Factory for Milchester The Clayton Clothing Company is going to build a new factory in Milchester (This/These) (new/s) (was/were) announced by company chairman Mr David Clayton yesterday Mr Clayton spent the morning in Milchester before returning to the Clayton headquarters at Granby The Clayton company (has/have) been in existence for 130 years and (is/are) famous for its “Polymode” (good/s) The slogans “You’re never alone with a pair of Polymode (trouser/s)” and “Polymode (jean/s) (is/are) the (one/s) for you” are well known The company’s profit last year of two million pounds (was/were) the highest in the clothing business Mr Clayton will not say how (much/many) new (job/s) there will be, but the (information/s) that there will be (work/s) (is/are) hard to find at the moment, and 2,000 unemployed people (is/are) a high figure for a small town Make the nouns in these sentences plural Make all other changes which are necessary: a This child is a naughty one.; b That phenomenon was interpreted by the geologists.; c I need to buy some kerosene for my stove.; d When I entered the room, he was taking a book from the shelf.; e Where have you put that box?  Select the form you consider appropriate in each of the following sentences: a His (brother-in-laws /brothers-in-law) have committed several crimes b Three (basketful /basketfuls) of oranges have been gathered so far c (Ninety-year-olds /ninety-years-old) don’t need to use (toothbrushes /teethbrushes) d They keep talking about the legend of (men-eaters /man-eaters) e The (women doctors /woman doctors) I met there are professionals f Milk has lots of (by-products /bys-products) g George didn’t count his (footsteps /feetsteps) from the station to the library because he considered it useless h I don’t like (two-hour-walks /two-hours-walks) i (Mothers-in-laws /mothers-in-law) are considered by some men real shrews j The (commander-in-chiefs /commanders-in chief) decided to surrender Fill in the correct plural for the words in brackets: a Mars and Venus revolve on their (axis) like the Earth b It can be hilarious if translators make mistakes in their (analysis) c (Oasis) save sometimes Bedouins’ lives d A great deal of (datum) was stolen from our computers e All grammar books contain (index) f Jack will send some (memorandum) to the President g He doesn’t like spending his time playing with mathematical (formula) h Ten (addendum) had been proposed before they arrived i He knows almost all (genus) of animals j You have to finish your (thesis) before the first of July k As a President, he had to face many international (crisis) l The (criterion) of success must be found through experience  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ hewn a tãia to hide hid hidden a ascunde to hit hit hit a lovi a ciocni a izbi to hold held held a ţine a bloca a opri a fixa a cuprinde to hurt hurt hurt a rãni a lovi a avaria to keep kept kept a ţine a reţine a menţine a ỵntreţine to knit knit knit a ỵnnoda a tricota a ỵmbina to know knew known a şti a cunoaşte to lay laid laid a pune a aşeza a ỵntinde to lead led led a conduce a avansa a comanda to lean leant leant a înclina a (se) apleca a se sprijini to learn learnt learnt a ỵnvãţa to leave left left a pleca a pãrãsi to lend lent lent a ỵmprumuta to let let let a lãsa a permite to lie lay lain a se afla a consta ỵn light lit lit a aprinde to lose lost lost a pierde to make made made a fabrica a face to mean meant meant a ỵnsemna a vrea să spunã to meet met met a (se) întâlni a intersecta a încrucişa to pay paid paid a plãti a achita to put put put a pune a aşeza to read read read a citi to ride rode ridden a cãlãri to ring rang rung a suna a chema (la telefon) to rise rose risen a (se) ridica a (se) urca a rãsãri to run ran run a alerga a funcţiona a administra to say said said a spune to saw sawed sawn a tãia cu ferãstrãul to see saw seen a vedea to seek sought sought a cãuta a cerceta to sell sold sold a vinde to send sent sent a trimite to set set set a regla a ajusta a stabili to shake shook shaken a bate a scutura a vibra to shear sheared shorn a tãia a mãrgini to shed shed shed a arunca a difuza a vãrsa to shine shone shone a strãluci to show showed shown a arãta a manifesta to shoot shot shot a ỵmpuşca a filma to shrink shrank shrunk a se contracta to shut shut shut a ỵnchide to sing sang sung a cânta to sink sank sunk a (se) scufunda a ỵngropa to sit sat sat a sta jos to sleep slept slept a dormi to slide slid slid a aluneca a glisa to sling slung slung a arunca a lansa to smell smelt smelt a mirosi to smite smote smitten a izbi to speak spoke spoken a vorbi to speed sped sped a accelera to spell spelt spelt a scrie literã cu literã a silabisi to spend spent spent a petrece a cheltui a ỵntrebuinţa to spill spilt spilt a vãrsa a risipi a turna to split split split a scinda a despica to spin spun spun a (se) roti to spread spread spread a rãspândi a acoperi a extinde to spring sprang sprung a sãri a izvorỵ a se arcui to stand stood stood a sta (vertical) a rezista a suporta to steal stole stolen a fura to stick stuck stuck a (se) lipi a se fixa to strike struck struck a lovi a izbi to string strung strung a ỵnşira a lega to strive strove striven a se strãdui a se lupta to swear swore sworn a jura to swell swelled swollen a (se) umfla a creşte to swim swam swum a ỵnota to swing swung swung a oscila a (se) balansa a pendula to take took taken a lua a capta a necesita to teach taught taught a preda to tear tore torn a rupe to tell told told a spune to think thought thought a reflecta a gândi a socoti cã to throw threw thrown a arunca to thrust thrust thrust a ỵmpinge a înfige to understand understood understood a înţelege to wake woke woken a (se) trezi to wear wore worn a purta a (se) uza a toci to weep wept wept a plânge a se prelinge to win won won a câştiga to wind wound wound a to wring wrung wrung a stoarce a rãsuci a smulge to write wrote written a scrie APPENDIX WORD+PREPOSITION (sb.= somebody; sth.= something) (break sth.) by accident according to (the weather forecast) to account for sth an advertisement for sth afraid of (storms) at the age of (twenty) to agree with sb on sth to apply for (a job) appropriate for sth to argue with sb about sth to arrive at (the railway station) to arrive in (Europe) as a result to ask for sth to assist in sth attentive at sth./ sb at the beginning of sth in the beginning to be afraid of sb./ sth to be at home to be aware of sth to be bored with sth./sb to be careful about sth to be fed up with sth to be full of (energy) to be fond of sb to be good at sth to be in charge of sth to be in love with sb to be in a mess to be interested in sth to be impressed by sth to be married to sb to be on strike to be out of order to be patient with sb./ sth to be proud of sth./ sb to be similar to sth to be tired of sth to believe in sth to belong to sb to benefit from sth to go by bus/ train/plane, etc in the (20-th) century certain of sth change for (a dollar) to come from England/ Romania to compare sth with sth else to complain about sth in (good/bad) condition in/ under these conditions in contrast with sth./ sb to cooperate with sb to cope with sth to deal with sth to debate on sth deficiency in sth./ deficient in sth to depend on sb./ sth to develop into sth to die of sth to be different from sb./sth in the distance to distinguish sth from sth else to dream about sb./sth in the end at the end of sth to a (certain/great) extent to fight against sb./ sth to fight against sb./ sth on a flight to (Paris) to fight against sb./sth to find put about sv./ sth to forget about sb./sth to get in touch with sb to get on (well) with sb to go out with sb to go home to have a degree in sth to have an interview for a job to invite sb to (a party) or for (dinner) in the North/ South, etc to laugh at sb./ sth to listen to sth./ sb to live on the third/fourth floor to look after sb to look at sth to look for sth to look forward to doing sth to merge with sth by mistake at the/that moment to operate on sb to originate in sth owing to sth to participate in sth to pay ($5000) for sth to point at sb./ sth to point sth (a gun) at sb preoccupation with sth to rely on sb./ sth representative of sb./ sth resistance to sth./ sb to search for sth./ sb to sell sth for ($300) to share sth with sb similar to sb./ sth to speak to sb about sth to specialize in sth to spend money on sth a story about sth to suffer from sth to talk to sb about sth thanks to sb./ sth on television to think about (What are you thinking about?) to think of (What you thinf of von Laue?) to throw sth at sb a ticket for sth in view of sth to wait for sb./ sth on the way (to school) to work as (a teacher) to work for (an organization) to worry about sth./ sb to write (an e-mail, a letter) to sb BIBLIOGRAPHY ***, English for Science and Technology, Cavallioti Publishing House, The British Council, Bucharest, 1996; ***, Sinteze şi exerciţii pentru examenele de bacalaureat şi admitere, Editura Amarcord, Timişoara, 1998; Andrews, Stephen, Preparing for Proficiency, Heinemann Educational Books, London, 1983 Archer, Margaret, Nolan, Enid, 1978, Cambridge Certificate – A Course for First Certificate, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd Chiţoran, D., Panovf, I., Poenaru, I., English Grammar Exercises, Editura Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti, 1972 Deighton, Lee C., Vocabulary Development, Macmillan, New York, 1984; Dobrovici, Viorica & Dorobat, Dumitru & Luca, Tamara & Popescu Brandusa, 1972, Limba engleza.Curs practic, ed Didactica si Pedagogica, Bucuresti Eastwod, J., A Basic English Grammar Exercises, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1984; Galea, Ileana, Stanciu, Virgil, 1999, English With Tears, Ed.Dacia, Cluj 10 http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm 11 http://www.google.com 12 http://www.randomhouse.com 13 Lougheed, Lin, The Great Preposition Mystery, Grammar Review for Intermediate/ Advanced Students of EFL, English Teaching Division, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, Washington, D.C., 1985; 14 Martinet, A.V., Thomson, A.J., 1986, A Practical English Grammar, OUP, Oxford 15 Mistzal, Marius, 1996, Test Your English Grammar, Teora, Bucuresti 16 Sanford, Adrian B, Bishop, Katherine V., Reading Comprehension, Macmillan, New York, 1984; 17 Soars, John & Liz, Headway, pre-intermediate, Student’s Book, Oxford University Press, Hong Kong, 1991; 18 Soars, John & Liz, Headway, upper-intermediate, Student’s Book, Oxford University Press, Hong, 1991; 19 Thomson, A.J., A V Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, Exercises 1, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986; 20 Vince, Michael, Excel at First Certificate, Student’s Book, Heinemann, Oxford, London Edinburgh, 1989; 21 Walker, E and Elsworth, S., 1995, Grammar Practice for Upper Intermediate Students, Longman Malaysia, CLP 22 Zdrenghea, M, Greere, A, 1997, A Practical English Grammar, Ed Clusium, Cluj ... ca; in particular = ỵn special; in the place of/ in lieu of = ỵn loc de; in practice = ỵn principiu; in progress = ỵn curs de; in print = tipãrit; in return for = ỵn schimbul a; in quantity = ỵn... carved the Grand Canyon To travel from one end of the canyon to the other would be a journey of 27 7 serpentine miles Sometimes the walls of the canyon are less than a half mile wide Far to the... a forest realm that has endured for millennia Some of these patriarchs have stood for more than 20 00 years They are the largest living things on earth Far to the east, there is a more gentle forest