Ảnh hưởng của phân bón đến độ phì nhiêu đất đỏ bazan và năng suất cà phê ở cao nguyên di linh, lâm đồng tóm tắt luận án (tiếng anh) (1)

1 PREAMBLE 1.1 The urgency of the topic Reddish brown soil developed on basalt (Rhodic Ferralsols - FRr), which is relatively high in natural fertility due to its thick, spongy, total organic matter and total phosphorus at a rich level, total nitrogen on a decent level This type of soil is suitable for growing perennial trees of high economic value such as coffee, tea, pepper and fruit trees In Lam Dong province, there are 212,049 of basalt reddish brown soil, distributed mainly in Di Linh Plateau (182,818 ha) By 2015, there be 157,307 of coffee in Lam Dong province, concentrated in the Di Linh plateau with an area of 140,482 (accounting for 89.3% of the provincial coffee area), mainly Coffea canephora Pierre), accounting for about 95% of the area The productivity of Vietnamese coffee over the last 10 years has always reached an average of tons/ha, Which is the highest in the world, with typical places reaching – tons/ha, special is – 10 tons/ha Contributing to the above results are many technical factors (seedling, care, irrigation, plant protection), but fertilizer is still a decisive factor Coffee is a perennial plant grown on high land so that, along with the high nutritional requirements of N, P, K, organic fertilizer plays an important role in creating a stable and efficient intensive environment For that reason, there have been many studies on the effects of inorganic fertilizer N, P, K and organic fertilizer on yield and quality of coffee in the Central Highlands Typical works of Truong Hong and Ton Nu Tuan Nam, 1999; Y Kanin Hdok, 2005; Trinh Cong Tu, 1996; Le Hong Lich, 2000; Ho Cong Truc and Pham Quang Ha, 2004, Nguyen Van Minh (2014), Nguyen Van Bo (2016), However, these studies are concentrated in Dak Lak, Gia Lai So far, there have not been any researches that thoroughly concern the relationship between fertilizer and soil fertility In Lam Dong province, there is very little research on the nutritional management of coffee, especially in the Di Linh highlands, where the characteristics of the climate and the history of land formation are characterized Late Cenozoic volcanic eruptions have markedly different soil properties compared to the same basalt red soils in other provinces in the Central Highlands A recent survey on the use of fertilizer in coffee in Lam Dong shows that many issues have become a challenge for sustainable coffee production First of all, most of farmers use fertilizers which are lacking in science, fertilizing very high in quantity and unbalanced in proportion For nitrogenous fertilizer, more than 40% of households over 500 N kg/ha/year (highest 897 kg N), With phosphorus fertilizer, 53% of households over 300 kg P2O5/ha/year (highest 620 kg P2O5) As for potassium, the average amount of fertilizer applied by farmers is quite reasonable (average 299 – 317 kg K2O/ha/year), although there are still some households applying too much potassium Compared to the average yield in Lam Dong (3.6 tons/ha), the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus wasted annually is very large The inorganic inorganic fertilizer application rate is also severely imbalanced In most farmers, the application rate is N: P 2O5: K2O = 1.38: 1.0: 0.94 This is reducing the efficiency of fertilizer use, reducing plant health, increasing pests and causing environmental pollution Secondly, organic fertilizers for coffee vary greatly from - 45 tons/ha/year, – years of application one time In fact, the demand for organic fertilizers is increasing, but the ability to provide locally just limited to just shoddy, the situation of using fresh manure (pig, cow, chicken, ) is still popular as a source of pollution for both people and the environment Therefore, research on the use of high quality compost to offset the need for organic fertilizer is essential A long process of using fertilizers for unprofitable coffee on the one hand reduces the efficiency of fertilizer use, reducing the productivity and quality of coffee, resulting in low economic efficiency, on the other hand, The soil fertility of basalt red soil in the Di Linh plateau was reduced, with the content of OM, Ca 2+, Mg2+ decreasing, acidification (pHKCl 3.53 – 4.67 ), the amount of Al3+ and SO42- in the soil tends to increase and contribute to the emergence of diseases for coffee (Lam Van Ha, 2016) On the urgent need for a comprehensive and systematic study on the relationship between soil – fertilizer – soil ecological environment for sustainable coffee cultivation in the context of climate change, research topics “The effect of fertilizers on fertility of basalt red soil and coffee productivity in the Di Linh Plateau in Lam Dong Province” was investigated 1.2 The scientific and practical significance of the topic - Provides new information on fertilizer relationships - fertility - ecology of basalt reddish brown soil in Di Linh plateau To supplement the scientific basis in the strategy of managing balanced and appropriate fertilization between inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers, contributing to the improvement of fertilizer use efficiency and improvement of fertility of baslt reddish brown soil for intensive farming sustainable coffee trees - Contribute some technical solutions to use fertilizer in coffee production in the direction of increasing economic efficiency and improving fertility of basalt reddish brown soil in the strategy of using and protecting the sustainable land resources of the Lam Dong province 1.3 Objectives of the study 1.3.1 Assessment of the effect of compost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on soil fertility of coffee plantations in Di Linh plateau, Lam Dong 1.3.2 Evaluation of the effect of compost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the yield of ground coffee in basalt reddish brown soil 1.3.3 Sustainable coffee production model in basalt reddish brown soil in Di Linh plateau, Lam Dong 1.4 Object and scope of research of the project - The dose of nitrogenous fertilizer; phosphorus fertilizer and compost to the fertility of reddish brown soil development on basalt rock in the Di Linh plateau has intensified coffee trees for many years - The dose of nitrogen fertilizer; phosphorus fertilizer and compost to coffea Canephora Pierre yielded Truong Son (TS1) 1.5 Limit the research of the topic The research focused on the effect of N fertilizer, P fertilizer and compost to some physical, chemical and biological properties of basalt reddish brown soil associated with fertility, soil environment and coffee productivity of Di Linh plateau, Lam Dong 1.6 New contributions of the topic - Determine the importance of nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphorous fertilizer and compost to the fertility and ecology of basalt reddish brown soil - Proposed measures to use nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphorous fertilizer and compost for high-yielding coffee to stabilize coffee productivity in Lam Dong province CHAPTER I OVERVIEW OF DOCUMENTS 1.1 Soil fertility 1.1.1 Soil fertility and soil fertility considerations 1.1.2 Main elements of soil fertility 1.1.3 Criteria for soil fertility assessment 1.1.3.1 Physical indicators 1.1.3.2 Chemical criteria 1.2 The role of organisms in the fertility of agricultural land 1.3 Fertility characteristics of red soil developed on basalt 1.3.1 Formation and distribution of red soil developed on basalt in Vietnam 1.3.2 Physical, chemical and biological properties of red soils developed on basalt 1.3.3 Evolution of soil fertility basaltic Central Highlands coffee growers 1.3.3.1 Physical properties 1.3.3.2 Chemical properties 1.3.4 Characteristics of basalt reddish brown soil in the study area 1.4 The role of fertilizers in crop yield and soil fertility 1.4.1 The concept of fertilizer and the role of fertilizers in agricultural production 1.4.2 The role of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers with the productivity of ground coffee and soil fertility 1.4.2.1 Ecological characteristics of coffee trees 1.4.2.2 The role of nitrogen fertilizer (N) in coffee plantations 1.4.2.3 The role of phosphorus fertilizer (P) in coffee plantations 1.4.2.4 The role of potassium fertilizer (K) in coffee plantations 1.4.2.5 Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to soil fertility 1.4.3 Organic fertilizers, the role of organic fertilizers in crop yields and fertility 1.4.3.1 Main sources of organic matter added to the soil 1.4.3.2 Role of organic fertilizer CHAPTER II CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Research content 2.1.1 Contents 1: Survey and assessment of fertilizer use status of coffee farmers in Di Linh plateau, Lam Dong province 2.1.2 Content 2: Study on the effect of compost, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer on soil fertility of basalt reddish brown soils in Di Linh plateau, Lam Dong province 2.1.3 Content 3: Study on the effect of compost, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer to coffee yield on the basalt reddish brown soil of Di Linh plateau, Lam Dong province 2.1.4 Content 4: Develop a demonstration model for sustainable coffee production on the basalt reddish brown soil of Di Linh Plateau, Lam Dong Province 2.2 Characteristics of climate in the study area Di Linh Plateau has a height of 800 m above sea level Monsoon tropical climate: rainy season (from May to November) and dry season (from December to April) The average temperature is 18 - 27 0C, the rainfall is 1,750 3,150 mm/year, the relative humidity is 85 - 87% 2.3 Study Materials 2.3.1 Soil and experimental site The basalt Reddish brown soils (Rhodic Ferralsols), slope ± 0, thick layer > 120 cm in Dan Phuong commune, Lam Ha district; Forest soil was collected in Tan Thanh commune, Lam Ha district 2.3.2 Crops: Coffea Canephora Pierre is grafted with TS1 seedlings, 15 years old; age of grafted trees is years; density of 1,100 trees/ha 2.3.3 Fertilizer Inorganic fertilizers: urea fertilizer, FMP, potassium chloride and compost 2.3.4 Study time: from April 2012 to December 2015 2.4 Research methodology 2.4.1 Survey, interview farmers on pre-printed information sheets - The survey sites include districts of Lam Ha, Di Linh and Bao Lam The total number of questionnaires was 135; Survey on area, productivity and actual use of fertilizer for coffee 2.4.2 Method of field experiment arrangement - The three-factor experiment was arranged in Split - Plot Design with replications in which large plots consisted of two treatments (compost and non compost), small plots with levels of nitrogen (250, 320, 390 and 460 kg N/ha), levels of phosphorus (100, 150 and 200 kg P 2O5/ha) on K fertilizer basis (350 kg K 2O/ha) Each small plot has an area of 81 m2 (equivalent to coffee trees) and large area of 3.600 m2 - Demonstration models were located at two sites: each of the three treatments: farmer control, NPK treatment and NPK treatment with compost The area of each model is 1.5 ha, each treatment is 5,000 m and the density is 1,100 coffee trees/ha + Model 1: Dan Ha Village, Dan Phuong Commune, Lam Ha District, Lam Dong Province + Model 2: Hamlet 7, Phuc Tho commune, Lam Ha district, Lam Dong province Table 2.1 Compost, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer in treated treatments (on the basis of 350 kg K2O/ha/year) Treatment (NT) Compost P2O5 (tons/ha) N (kg/ha) NT1 100 250 NT2 100 320 NT3 100 390 NT4 100 460 NT5 150 250 NT6 150 320 NT7 150 390 NT8 150 460 NT9 200 250 NT10 200 320 NT11 200 390 NT12 200 460 NT13 10 100 250 NT14 10 100 320 NT15 10 100 390 NT16 10 100 460 NT17 10 150 250 NT18 10 150 320 NT19 10 150 390 NT20 10 150 460 NT21 10 200 250 NT22 10 200 320 NT23 10 200 390 NT24 10 200 460 2.4.3 Method of application - Compost is applied in June, buried in the soil Fertilized phosphate fertilizer is applied 100% at the end of April - early May, spread in the basin 30 cm, mixed with soil - Urea and KCl fertilizers are mixed in the right proportion of times/year (between dry season; early; mid and late rainy season) Apply in the basin from the original 30 cm, mixed into the soil 2.4.4 Caring techniques as directed by 10 standards of the Ministry of Agriculture 478 - 2001 2.4.5 Method of soil sample collection 2.4.5.1 Earthworms sample (collected in May, July and October of 2014): According to the method of Fender and McKey-Fender (1990), the number of samples 72 2.4.5.2 Soil sample for microbial density assessment (collected in October 2014): According to TCVN 7538-6: 2010, sample number 72 2.4.5.3 Soil samples for physical and chemical evaluation (collected in November 2014): Soil samples for density, porosity and durable solid wastes were collected according to TCVN 5297: 1995 and TCVN 7538-2: 2005 with specialized kits Soil samples for analysis of some chemical criteria were collected according to TCVN 5297: 1995 and WASI on coffee cultivated soil, number of samples 72 2.4.6 Soil analysis methods: Soil physical, soil chemical and soil biological (pH, SOM, CEC (cation exchange capacity), Ca 2+, Mg2+, Al3+, total microorganism, nitrogen fixation, P-decay, cellulose decay) were analyzed according to TCVN and Soil, Fertilizer and Plant Analysis Manual of the National Institute for Soils and Fertilizers (1998) 7 2.4.7 Sampling: Coffee Productivity and Economic Efficiency Calculation: Farmers and economic efficiency were collected from the second year of field trials and monitored continuously for years (2013, 2014 and 2015) 2.4.8 Statistical processing method: Data collected were analyzed for variance (ANOVA) and mean values tested according to LSD (the smallest difference) with α ≤ 0.05 using IRRITAS version 5.0 software Correlation between factors analyzed by XLSTAT 2012 and Microsoft Office Excel 2010 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to analyze relationships between physical, chemical and biological study with fertility and fertility Chapter III RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Current status of coffee cultivation of farmers in Di Linh plateau, Lam Dong province 3.1.1 Size of area and yield of coffee The average yield of coffee beans in the three districts of Lam Ha, Bao Lam and Di Linh was 3.6 - 3.7 tons/ha However, there is a great variation in coffee yield of farmers, ranging from < 2.0 tons/ha to > 5.0 tons/ha In all three districts, the percentage of farmers receiving yield ranged from 3.1 to 4.0 tons/ha, accounting for the majority (55.7%) 3.1.2 The actual use of inorganic fertilizer for Canephora coffee 3.1.2.1 The amount of fertilizer N, P, K - Nitrogenous fertilizer: The application of coffee to farmers in three districts (Lam Ha, Di Linh and Bao Lam) has a great variation Nitrogen levels range from 196 - 897 kg N/ha/year, average 448.5 kg N/ha/year Compared to the WASI recommendation (N = 300 kg N/ha for yield), the average N fertilizer application for coffee in all three districts was 118- 166 kg N/ha, up to 77% of N households - Phosphorous fertilizers: The phosphorus level is 105 - 620 kg P 2O5/ha/year, average is 324.1 kg P2O5/ha/year Compared with WASI recommendation (P2O5 fertilizer level of - tons/ha, 80 - 100 kg P2O5/ha/year), the amount of phosphorous fertilizer applied to all districts is higher than 212 - 293, (kg P2O5/ha/year), up to 97.0% of phosphorous fertilizer application - Potassium fertilizers: Low potassium levels of 80 - 900 kg K 2O/ha/year, average 305.8 kg K2O/ha/year Compared with WASI (K2O application rate for yield - tons/ha, 250 - 300 kg K 2O/ha/year, 36.3% excess potassium) Farmers applied high NPK fertilizers, but yield did not increase, fertilizer application was not effected, resulting in waste of fertilizer and low economic efficiency 8 - Ratio of fertilizer N: P2O5: K2O: The average rate of application of fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium by farmers is generally unbalanced (N: P2O5: K2O is 1.38: 1: 0.94), in which the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus was much higher than that of potassium and recommended (3: 1: 3) 3.1.3 The use of organic fertilizer for coffee The number of households used organic fertilizer accounts for 61.5% of the total surveyed households; Of which 53.0% of households used fresh manure; The number of households compost accounted for 27.7% The application of manure varies, ranging from 8.5 to 35 tons/ha, on average 16.8 tons/ha and applied every - years For compost applied with volume 1.0 - 5.3 tons/ha/year, average 2.8 tons/ha/year 3.2 Effect of continuous application of compost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers to coffee plants to the fertile of basalt reddish-brown soil Di Linh plateau, Lam Dong 3.2.1 Effect of continuous application of compost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers to coffee plants to physical properties 3.2.1.1 Effect of continuous apply compost to soil physical properties Applying compost continuously for years at the rate of 10 tons/ha/year showed that soil density did not change; soil bulk density decreased by 10.2%; porosity increased by 7.5% and durable structure soil increased by 17.2% compared with no compost (statistically significant difference) 3.2.1.2 Effect of continuous apply nitrogen fertilizer to some soil physical properties The effect of 3-year N fertilizer rates on the soil bulk density was not statistically different; The lowest soil weights were 320 kg N/ha/year and highest at 460 kg N/ha/year Porosity and durable structure soil were highest at the application of 320 kg N/ha/year and lowest at 460 kg N/ha/year (statistically significant difference) 3.2.1.3 Effects of continuous apply phosphorus fertilizer to soil physical properties Phosphorus fertilizer application on basalt reddish brown soil does not have much impact on improving soil physical properties 3.2.1.4 Effects of compost, introgen and phosphorus fertilizer doses to some soil physical properties Inorganic fertilizers N and P combined with compost did not significantly affect the soil bulk density The interaction between phosphorus and compost: Apply 10 tons of compost with 100 kg P 2O5/ha/year making the lowest bulk density (meaningful) The interaction between compost with nitrogen and phosphorus gave the lowest soil weight (significant) in NT14 (320 kg N - 100 kg P 2O5 - 350 kg K2O + 10 tons of compost/ha/year) 0.98 g/cm3 Fertility and soil water consistency decreased in the treatment treatments with N, P without organic fertilizer (NT1 - NT12) and lowest in treatments with N (460 kg/ha) irrespective of the dose P fertilizer and increase in the combination treatments of inorganic fertilizer N, P with compost (NT13 - NT24) Incorporation of inorganic fertilizer NPK and compost at an appropriate level (320 N - 100 P 2O5 - 350 K2O + 10 tons of compost/ha/year) has improved some soil physical properties 9 3.2.2 Effect of continuous apply compost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers to coffee plants on some soil chemical properties 3.2.2.1 Effects of continuous apply for compost to soil pH dynamics The effect of fertilizing and no compost on pH H2O through 2013, 2014 and 2015 is statistically significant Applying 10 tons of compost/ha/year, the pHH2O move through 2013, 2014, 2015 is increasing compared with no compost on average 6% 3.2.2.2 Effects of continuous apply for nitrogen fertilizer to soil pH dynamics After four consecutive years of application of N fertilizers at different levels (250, 320, 390 and 460 kg N), the pH of the soil was markedly changed with the application of N (460 kg N/ha/year) caused the pH to drop lower than the soil before the experiment, which is most evident in the fourth year (2015) of the experiment 3.2.2.3 Effects of continuous apply for phosphorus fertilizer to soil pH dynamics pH increases at the rate of 200 kg P2O5/ha/year through 2013, 2014 and 2015, especially the highest in 2015, applying the molten phosphate fertilizer in the long run has improved the pH of basalt reddish brown soil 3.2.2.4 Effects of compost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer doses to soil pH dynamics The correlation between nitrogen and organic matter significantly increased the pH significantly when applied 10 tons of compost/ha/year with 320 kg N/ha/year The highest (significant) correlation between NT18 (320 N - 200 P 2O5 - 350 K2O + 10 tons of compost/ha/year) was 6.3 and lower the highest in NT4 (460 N - 100 P2O5 - 350 K2O/ha/year) was 4.8 3.2.2.5 Effect of continuous apply of compost to some soil chemical properties Applying compost 10 tons/ha/year increased SOM, CEC, Nts, P 2O5, K2O, Ca2+ and Mg2+ respectively (36.51%, 21.8%, 15.79%, 13, 91%, 23.53% 67.63%, 52.74% and 49.33%), with Al 3+ decreased by 2.4 times compared with no organic application After years of continuous fertilization with 10 tons of compost/ha, CEC, SOM, Nts, P 2O5, K2O, Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents were significantly improved For soil not fertilized with organic matter, SOM content in soil decreased compared to soil before experiment 3.2.2.6 Effects of continuous apply nitrogen fertilizer to Some Soil Chemistry - Variation of CEC, SOM and Nts content in soil is very clear Levels of N fertilizer (320 kg N/ha/year) for coffee will increase CEC, SOM, Nts in soil Applying too low or too high levels makes CEC, SOM and Nts in the soil decrease and lowest at 460 kg N/ha/year The content of P2O5dt and K2Odt increased with N fertilizer application rate and reached the highest level at N2 (320 kg N/ha/year) and lowest at N4 (460 kg N/ha/year) Ca 2+ and Mg2+ levels in soil were highest at N2 = 320 kg/ha/year (3.53 and 2.24 cmol/kg of soil) and lowest at N4 = 460 kg/ha/year 10 - Al3+ content in soil increased with N fertilizer application rate and highest at N4 = 460 kg/ha/year was 0.37 cmol/kg soil Thus, balanced N fertilizer in coffee cultivation is very important, helping regulate Al 3+ content to safe level for plant roots 3.2.2.7 Effects of continuous apply phosphorus fertilizer to some chemical properties - The effect of the dosages of phosphorus to CEC, SOM, Nts, P 2O5, K2O, Ca2+ and Al3+ in soil difference was not statistically significant Mg2+ content increased with the application of phosphate fertilizer to the soil and highest at P3 (2.07 cmolc/kg soil) 3.2.2.8 Effect of the dose of compost, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer to some soil chemical properties - The correlation between N, P and compost at the application rate (320 kg N - 150 kg P 2O5 - 350 kg K2O + 10 tons of compost/ha/year) had the highest CEC (mean) be cmolc/kg of soil and the lowest level of fertilizer application (460 kg N - 200 kg P2O5 - 350 kg K2O/ha/year), and the application rate (460 kg N - 150 kg P 2O5 - 350 kg K2O/ha/year) be 12.2 cmoles/kg of soil - The interaction between compost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer concentrations in SOM, N in the highest soil (significant) in NT14 (320 kg N - 100 kg P2O5 - 350 kg K2O + 10 tons compost) and the lowest in NT8 (460 kg N - 150 kg P 2O5 - 350 kg K2O/ha/year, not compost) and NT12 (460 kg N - 200 kg P 2O5 - 350 kg K2O/ha/year, not compost) - The interaction between inorganic N, P and compost (NT 13 - NT24) resulted in a C/N ratio of 10.3 - 16.9, which was optimal during the supply, N mineralization for trees and humus accumulation for soil In contrast, in inorganic fertilizers N, P without compost (NT1 - NT12), the C/N ratio ranged from 9.3 to 11.9, indicating significant mineralization humus in the ground is reduced - The highest content of P2O5dt in NT14 (320 kg N - 100 kg P2O5 - 350 kg K2O + 10 tons of compost) 14.8 mg/100g and the lowest in NT8 (460 kg N - 150 kg P 2O5 - 350 kg K2O + tons of compost) is 9.2 mg/100g of soil The content of K2Odt in inorganic fertilizers N, P without compost (NT1 - NT12) ranged from 12.2 - 19.2 mg/100g of soil and in the combination treatments of inorganic N, P with organic fertilizer (NT13 - NT24) ranged from 20.1 to 26.7 mg/100g of soil The Ca2+ content in the highest (significant) soil at NT22 (320 N - 200 P 2O5 - 350 K2O + 10 tons of organic fertilizer/ha/year) was 4.26 cmolc/kg and the lowest in NT4 (460 N - 100 P 2O5 - 350 K2O/ha/year) was 1.45 cmolc/kg The content of Mg2+ in the highest (mean) in NT22 (320 N - 200 P 2O5 - 350 K2O + 10 tons of compost/ha/year) was 2.75 cmolc/kg and the lowest in treatment NT4 (460 N - 100 P 2O5 - 350 K2O/ha/year) was 0.67 cmol/kg - The interaction between organic and protein fertilizers and Al 3+ concentration in the soil decreased the lowest at the level of 320 kg N/ha/year combined with 10 tons of compost/ha/year and highest at 460 kg N/ha/year without compost 11 - The correlation between doses of compost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer to the highest level of soil 3+ Al in NT4 (460 kg N - 100 kg P2O5 - 350 kg K2O/ha/year) was 0.64 cmolc/kg of soil and In the NT21 (250 kg N - 100 kg P2O5 - 350 kg K2O + 10 tons of manure/ha/year) was 0.09 cmolc/kg of soil In general, inorganic fertilizers combined with compost (NT13 - NT24) contained low soil Al 3+ content (0.09 - 0.22 cmolc/kg soil) compared to those using inorganic fertilizer N, P not compost (NT1 - NT12: 0.23 - 0.64 cmolc/kg of soil) 3.2.3 Effect of continuous apply compost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers to coffee plant density, size and biomass of earthworms 3.2.3.1 Effect of continuous apply compost to density, size and biomass of earthworms Applying 10 tons of compost/ha/year resulted in increasing density, size and biomass of earthworms (2.5, 2.6 and 7.6 times) compared with no organic fertilizers (difference was statistically significant) and also higher than the soil before the experiment 3.2.3.2 Effect of continuous apply nitrogen fertilizers to density, size and biomass of earthworms At the level of N2 = 320 kg N/ha, the highest worm infestation was observed in the months (5, and 10) as well as the worm size and biomass and lowest at 460 kg N/ha/year (statistically significant) 3.2.3.3 Effect of continuous apply phosphorus fertilizer to density, size and biomass of earthworms Diluted phosphorus had almost no effect on the density of earthworms in basaltic reddish soil 3.2.3.4 Effect of the compost, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer dose to density, size and biomass of earthworms - The highest worm density was applied at the rate of 10 tons of compost/ha/year with 200 kg P 2O5/ha/year and the lowest level was 200 kg P 2O5/ha/year without compost The correlation between phosphorus and compost was not statistically significant, applying 10 tons of compost with 150 kg P 2O5/ha/year gave the largest worm size compared to the remaining and low levels At the level of 150 kg P 2O5/ha/year without compost - The effect of the interaction between nitrogen and compost was significant at the level of 320 kg N/ha/year with 10 tons of compost and lowest at the level of 460 kg N/ha/year without compost The interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer showed the highest (significant) level of application at 320 N with 100 P2O5 and lowest at 460 N with 200 P2O5 - The effects of N, P and organic fertilizer were investigated The results showed that NT22 treatment (320 kg N, 200 kg P2O5 and 10 tons of compost/ha) gave the best results on earthworm density through months (5, and 10) The size and biomass of NT14 (320 kg N, 100 kg P2O5 and 10 tons of compost/ha) gave the best results 3.2.4 Effect of continuous apply compost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer for coffee plants to soil microbial density 3.2.4.1 Effect of continuous apply compost to soil microbial density Applying 10 tons of organic fertilizer/ha/year of microorganism density (total, nitrogen fixation, phosphorus-decay and cellulose-decay respectively: 4.6x10 cfu/g, 7.6x104 cfu/g, 14.0x105 cfu/g and 7.4x104 cfu/g 12 of soil) increased by 31.42%, 40.74%, 91.78% and 68.18% compared with not compost and compared with the soil before the experiment 3.2.4.2 Effect of continuous apply nitrogen fertilizer to soil microbial density The total microbial density varies with the amount of N applied to the soil The total microbial density was highest at N2 = 320 kg/ha/year, 5.7x10 cfu/g and lowest at 460 kg/ha/year, 2.7x10 cfu/g The highest nitrogen fixation of N1 = 250 kg/ha/year was 8.4x10 cfu/g of soil and the lowest was N4 = 460 kg/ha/year, 4.7x10 cfu/g of soil The highest dissolved phosphorus-decay density at N1 = 250 kg N/ha/year was 1.6x10 cfu/g soil and lowest at N4 = 460kg N/ha/year was 6.3x10 cfu/g soil The highest cellulase-decay density was N2 = 320 kg/ha/year, 6.0x104 cfu/g soil and lowest was N4 = 460 kg/ha/year was 4.8x10 cfu/g soil It was found that high N (460 kg/ha/year) resulted in a decrease in soil microbial density 3.2.4.3 Effect of continuous apply phosphate fertiizer to microbial density in soil The effect of phosphate levels on total microbial population, microbial cellulose-decay was not statistically significant For the concentration of nitrogen fixing bacteria, microorganisms dissolved phosphorus in the soil is significantly different The highest dissolved phosphorus-decay density was applied at the rate of 100 kg P2O5/ha/year at 1.4x106 cfu/g soil and lowest at 200 kg P2O5/ha/year at 8x105 cfu/g soil; The concentration of 100 kg P2O5/ha/year was 8.9x104 cfu/g and lowest at the rate of 200 kg P2O5/ha/year of 4.6x104 cfu/g of soil 3.2.4.4 Effect of doses for compost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer concentrations to soil microbial density - The total microbial density was highest (NT4 (320 kg N - 100 kg P 2O5 - 350 kg K2O + 10 tons of compost/ha/year) was 7.1 x106 cfu/g of soil and lowest in NT8 (460 kg N - 150 kg P 2O5 - 350 kg K2O/ha/year) is 2.1x106 cfu/g of soil Nitrogen fixation was highest in NT17 (250 kg N - 150 kg P 2O5 - 350 kg K2O + 10 tons of compost/ha/year) was 14.7x104 cfu/g of soil and lowest in NT8 (460 kg N - 150 kg P 2O5 - 350 kg K2O/ha/year) is 2.3x104 cfu/g of soil - The interaction between phosphorus and compost was highest (100 kg P 2O5) plus 10 tons of compost/ha/year and the minimum is 200 kg P2O5 and no compost The interaction between phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer doses was highest at the application rate of 100 kg P 2O5 plus 250 kg N/ha/year and lowest at the application rate 150 kg P2O5 with 460 kg N/ha/year The interaction between nitrogenous and compost concentrations was highest at the application rate of 250 kg N and 10 tons of compost/ha/year The lowest level was 460 kg N/ha/year without compost - The interaction between compost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer doses to the highest phosphorusdecay density in NT13 (250 kg N - 100 kg P2O5 - 350 kg K2O + 10 tons compost/ha/year) was 37x105 cfu/g of soil and the lowest NT12 (460 kg N - 200 kg P 2O5 - 350 kg K2O/ha/year) was 4.9x105 cfu/g soil The highest (significant) correlation between nitrogen and compost was found at the level of 320 kg N with 10 tons of compost/ha/year and lowest at the application rate 250 kg N and 460 kg N without compost - The correlation between the doses of compost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer to the highest cellulosedecay density (significant) in NT14 (320 kg N - 100 kg P 2O5 - 350 kg K2O + 10 tons compost/ha/year) is 11x10 cfu/g and the lowest in NT12 (460 kg N - 200 kg P 2O5 - 350 kg K2O/ha/year) is 3.5x104 cfu/g In general, the 13 inorganic fertilizers N, P combined with compost (NT13 - NT24) had higher density of microorganisms than those of inorganic fertilizer N, P without compost (NT1 - NT12) 3.2.5 Analyze the relationship between physical, chemical and biological properties in soil 3.2.5.1 Relationship between soil organic matter content and some physical soil properties - The correlation between SOM content with bulk density, porosity and durable structure soil of soil aggregates in country, r coefficient is 0.94; 0.95 and 0.95 (P ≤ 0.01) show that this is a very tight correlation 3.2.5.2 Relationship between soil organic matter content and some soil chemical properties - correlation between SOM content with CEC, K 2O and Ca2+ in soil with r coefficient of 0.95; 0.94; 0.94 and 0.94 (P ≤ 0.01) This is a very strong correlation The correlation between Al 3+ with pH and between CEC and K 2O correlated r respectively to -0.91 and 0.96 (P ≤ 0.01) Correlation between Ca2+ with pH, CEC, total K2O, K2O and Al3+ (aluminum toxicant) in soil with coefficient r of 0.90; 0.93; 0.92; 0.92 and - 0.92 (P ≤ 0.01) This is a very strong correlation 3.2.5.3 Correlation between some physical and chemical properties of soil with the density, size and biomass of earthworms as well as the density of soil microorganisms - The correlation between earthworm density with soil bulk density, porosity and durable structure soil with coefficient r was 0.95; 0.95 and 0.98 (P ≤ 0.01) Between worm size with density, porosity and structure durability, the coefficient r was - 0.94; 0.94 and 0.99 (P ≤ 0.01) - The correlation between SOM and densities, size and biomass of earthworms was a very close interaction with r: 0.95; 0.96 and 0.90 (P 120 cm in Dan Phuong commune, Lam Ha district;... in Di Linh plateau, Lam Dong province In intensive coffee production with high yielding varieties to produce high profit/production costs in the same area of basalt reddish brown soil in Di Linh