Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh Lớp 12 Cấu trúc câu

- Diễn tả điều thật sự đang xảy ra lúc nói; thường dùng với: now, right now, at the moment, at present, today, this week, this summer Hurry up.. - Diễn tả dự định sắp làm hoặc điều sắp

LESSON 1: MẪU CÂU GIAO TIẾP

1.CÁC MẪU ĐỀ NGHỊ NGƯỜI KHÁC GIÚP MÌNH:

- What can I do for you?

- How can I help you?

I'm sorry (I'm busy )I'm afraid I can't/ couldn't

- Would / Do you mind

V-ing

- No I don't mind

- No, of course not - Not at all

- I'm sorry, I can't

2 CÁC MẪU MÌNH MUỐN GIÚP NGƯỜI KHÁC:

Trả lời đồng ý Trả lời không đồng ý

-Shall I

- Would you like me to

-Do you want me to

- What can I do for you ?

- May I help you ?

- Do you need any help?

- Let me help you

- Can I help you ?

-Yes Thank you-That's very kind of you

Yes, please.

Oh, would you really?

Thanks a lot.

No Thank you

No, thank you I can manage.

No, there's no need But thanks all the same.

Well, that's very kind

of you, but I think I can manage, thanks

3 CÁC MẪU XIN PHÉP NGƯỜI KHÁC :

- May I ? - Can I ? Could

- Please do - Please go ahead

- Yes, by all means

- I'd rather you didn't

- I'd prefer You didn't-No, I'm afraid you can't

-I'm sorry, but you can't.

- Would you mind if I + QKĐ

- Would you mind if I smoked

?

- Do you mind if I + HTĐ

Do you mind if I smoke ?

- No, of course not

- Not at all

- Please do

- Please go ahead

4 CÁC MẪU CÂU RỦ, GỢI Ý LÀM GÌ :

Trả lời đồng ý Trả lời không đồng

ý

1 Shall I / we (do)?

2 Let's (do).

3 Why don't I / we (do)?

4 How about (doing)?

5 What about (doing)?

6 I think we should (do).

7 I suggest that we (do).

8 It might be a good idea if we / you (do).

9 I think the best way of dealing with this situation

would be to (do).

10 If you ask me, I think we / you should/ could V

(do).

1 Yes, I think that's a good idea.

2 That's probably the best option.

3 Sure, why not?

4 Yes, definitely.

5 By all means.

6 Good idea

No, let's not

5 CÁC MẪU CÂU CÁM ƠN:

Trả lời

- Thank you - Thank you very much.

- Thanks a lot - Thanks a lot for

- You're welcome - That's all right

- Not at all - It's my pleasure

6 CÁC MẪU CÂU hỏi lại khi nghe không rõ:

- Pardon? ( chữ này thông dụng các em cần nhớ)

- Please say that again

- Could you repeat that?

7 CÁC MẪU CÂU MỜI:

a) Mời ăn uống: - Would you like + món ăn/uống

Ví dụ: Would you like a cup of tea? ( mời bạn uống trà)

Đáp lại: - Yes, please / - No, thanks

b) Mời đi đâu: - Would you like + to inf.

Ví dụ: Would you like to go to the cinema with me? ( mời bạn đi xem phim với tôi)

Would you like to go to the party? ( mời bạn đi dự tiệc)

8 CÁC MẪU CÂU CẢNH BÁO :

Don't move! Mind you head! Watch out!

Look out! Be careful! Take care!

9 CÁC MẪU CÂU CHUNG :

Showing

interest

(Thể hiện sự

quan tâm)

1 Uh-huh! 3 Right! 3 Really? 4 That's interesting!

5 And? 6 What then? 7 Oh? 8 What happened next?

Showing that

you're listening

(Thể hiện bạn

đang lắng nghe)

1 Now, you mentioned 2 So, that's how ?

3 Yes, I was going to ask you about that

4 Could you give me / us an example of ?

5 Could you explain in more detail ?

1 Many thanks 2 Thanks a lot 3 Cheers!

4 That's very kind of you 5 Thank you very much 6 Not at all

7 It's a pleasure / My pleasure 8 You're welcome

9 Don't mention it

10 Any time 11 That's OK / all right

12 I'm glad to have been of some help

Apologizing

( Xin lỗi )

1 Sorry 2 I'm very/awfully/so/extremely sorry.

3 Excuse me 4 Sorry, (it was) my fault.

5 I do apologize 6 Please accept my apologies

Accepting an

apology

( Chấp nhận

lời xin lỗi)

1 That's all right/OK 2 Not to worry.

3 That's quite/perfectly all right 4 No reason/need to apologize.

5 Don't worry about it

Giving

instructions

1 Make sure 2 Remember (to do).

3 Be careful (not to do) 4 Don't forget (to do)

( Đưa ra lời

hướng dẫn )

5 Giving directions 6 Go straight on.

7 Take the first/second on the left / right 8 Turn left / right

9 Go along as far as 10 Take the number 7 bus / tram.

11 Get off (the bus / tram) at (place) 12 Carry on until you see

13 Look out for

1 Are you with me?

2 Did you follow that?

3 Have you got that?

4 Is everything clear so far?

5 Does that seem to make sense

PRACTICE:

Choose the most suitable options to complete the sentences.

1 “Thank you for giving me this lovely dress” –” _.”

A Not at all B That’s right C Yes, Ok D Don’t think of it

2 “I’m afraid I’ve lost the wallet you gave me”- “Well, I can easily buy you another one”

A You’re welcome B Don’t mention it C all right D Never mind

3 “Hi This is Mrs Green Is Adam there?”- “ _.”

C Sure, hold on please D I’m glad to hear you

4 “Let’s go swimming”- “ _.”

5 “Could I ask you a rather personal question?”- “ _”

A Sure, go ahead B I’d love to C Yes I’m not sure D Let’s start.

6 “I don’t like crowded roads.”- “ _.”

A Neither I do B I do neither C I do either D Neither do I

7 “ I like driving”- “ _.”

8 “I’d like to get a present for my cousin”- “ _”

A How about going to another store?

B Let’s go shopping and look for something.

C Yes, let’s find some place to eat D No why don’t we walk It’s nice today.

9 “I listen to the radio when I drive”- “ _? I don’t.”

10.“How do you spell the word quiz?”- “Um, I think it’s Q-U-I-Z.”

11. “What‘s your job like?”- “ _.”

C It’s bored D It likes a game

12.Let’s go jogging “- Sorry ”

A I quite agree with you B Yes, let’s do that.

13."Thank you for the nice gift." - " _."

A But do you know how much it costs? B I'm glad you like it

C You're welcomed D In fact, I myself don't like it

14 Brenda: "Do you think it will rain?" Carol: "Oh! ."

A I don’t hope B I don't hope so C It’s hopeless D I hope not

15. “How about a game of cards?” – “ _.”

C Sorry, I don’t like D No, It’s interesting, is it?

16.A: “Would you mind if I came in late?” - B: “ _.”

17.Lan: “Are you American?” – John: “ ”

CÁC MẪU CÂU THÔNG DỤNG

1A AS IF

AS THOUGH ( như thể )

Ex : It is not winter => The lady dresses as if it were winter

Ex : She doesn’t study modeling = > She walks as if she studied modeling

Ex : He didn’t see a ghost => He looked as though he had seen a ghost

2 DESPITE / IN SPITE OF + NOUN / NOUN PHRASE

ALTHOUGH / THOUGH

<=> ( Dù, mặc dù ) + CLAUSE ( S + V + COMPLEMENT )

+ S + V ( past ) SUBJECT + V ( PRESENT )+ +

EVEN THOUGH

Ex : Though she is poor, she still goes to school => In spite of her poverty, she still goes to school

Ex : Even though he has physical handicap, he has become a successful business

=> Despite having physical handicap, he has become a successful business

3A S + V ( BE ) + TOO

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT ( BE ) + AND +

(mệnh đề khẳng định) SO + V ( BE ) + S (cũng vậy )

Ex : I am happy , and you are too

Ex : I didn’t see Mary this morning, and John didn’t either

neither did John

Ex : She won’t be going to the conference, and her colleagues won’t either

neither will her colleagues

5 S + WOULD RATHER THAT ( mong muốn ) + S 2 + V 2 / ED / WERE

Ex : It is not winter now => Jane would rather that it were winter now.

Ex : His friends doesn’t work in the same department

=> Henry would rather that his friends worked in the same department

6A S + Present perfect + For + Time <=> It’s + Time + Since + S + past verb

Ex : I haven’t enjoyed myself so much fo years <=> It’s years since I enjoyed myself for years

6B S + past verb + For + Time <=> It’s + Time + Since + S + past verb

Ex : The telephone rang for hours <=> It’s hours since the telephone rang

6C S + past verb + Ago <=> It’s + Time + Since + S + past verb

Ex : I last saw her 5 years ago <=> It’s is 5 years since I saw her

7 PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE : hiện tại giả định có hình thức giống như nguyên mẫu Thì hiện tại giả định thường được dung trong mệnh đề PHẢI bắt đầu bằng THAT

A S + V + THAT + S + [ V (in simple form) ]

ORDER, COMMAND (ra lệnh) , REQUEST, ASK (yêu cầu) , DEMAND, REQUIRE ( đòi hỏi ) , PROPOSE , SUGGEST(đề nghị) , INSIST ( khăng khăng), URGE (hối thúc) VERBS : (advise / prefer/ ask/ stipulate( qui định) / move( kích thích) / recommend / decree (ra lệnh))

Ex : He demanded that he be allowed to meet his lawyer.

Ex : The doctor suggested that his patient ( should ) stop smoking.

Ex : The child urges that his father take him to the zoo

Ex : The doctor asked that his patient stop smoking

BUT : The doctor asked his patient to stop smoking

B AFTER THE EXPRESSIONS

IT + BE ( Any tense ) + ADJECTIVE + THAT + SUBJECT + VERB – IN SIMPLE FORM

It is necessary

It is essential

It is imperative + That + S + [ V (in simple form) ]

It is important

It is advisable

It is urgent

ADJ: advised /recommended/ obligatory /required /mandatory( ủy thác) /proposed /suggested

Ex : It is necessary that your mother follow the doctor’s advice.

Ex : It is advisable that you be careful in the laboratory

8 STRUCTURE WITH PREVENT

Ex : The sea was so rough that the ferry couldn’t sail

=> The rough sea prevented the ferry from sailing

Ex : The water was everywhere and we couldn’t save the victims of the flood

=> The immense water prevented us from saving the victims of the flood

9 S + BE + NOT USED TO + V – ING / NOUN

<=> THIS IS THE FIRST TIME + S + HAVE + V 3

Ex : This is the first time my daughter has eaten European food

=> My daughter is not used to eating European food

10 S + BE + NOT USED TO + V – ING / NOUN <=> S + OFTEN + V

Ex : My French friend finds driving on the left difficult

=> My French friend isn’t used to driving on the left

Ex : I often get up early => I am used to getting up early

11 S + PREFER + V-ING + TO + V-ING

Sth + TO + Sth

<=> S + WOULD RATHER +V + THAN + V

S + LIKE ………… BETTER THAN

Ex : She prefers staying at home to going to market

=> She would rather stay at home than go to market

Ex : They prefer coffee to tea => They like coffee better than tea

12 S + HAS / HAVE BEEN + V 3/ED / V-ING + SINCE / FOR …

<=> S + BEGAN / STARTED + V-ING/ TO + V + TIME + AGO/ …

Ex : He has been working in this factory for over 20 years

=> Over 20 years ago, he began to work in this factory

13 HOW LONG IS IT SINCE + S + PAST VERB <=> WHEN + DID + S + V

Ex : How long is it since we met them.?

=> When did we meet them?

14 S + HAVEN’T BEEN + TO + A PLACE

<=> IT + BE + ONE’S FIRST VISIT + TO + A PLACE

Ex : I haven’t been to North America <=> It is my first visit to North America

15 IT IS (HIGH / ABOUT)TIME ( Đã dến lúc )

A IT IS (HIGH/ ABOUT) TIME + TO + V

IT IS (HIGH / ABOUT)TIME + FOR SOMEONE + TO + V

Ex : It is high time to go

EX : It is high time for them to clean the office

B IT IS (HIGH / ABOUT) TIME + S + V ( PAST SUBJUNCTIVE )

Ex : We should do something about it now

<=> It is high time we did something about it now

16 a LET’S + V

b IN MY OPINION <=> S + SUGGEST + THAT

c S + ADVISE + S + PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

d WHY DON’T YOU DO SOMETHING

Ex : “ Let’s go for a walk in the park, ” said Ann

=> Ann suggested that we should go for a picnic in the park

Ex : “ Why doesn’t Tom buy this picture as a wedding present ” said Mary

=> Mary suggested that Tom buy this picture as a wedding present

17 AS LONG AS / SO … THAT

S 1 + V 1 + SO THAT / SUCH … THAT + S 2 + V 2

WHEN / IF / BECAUSE

DUE TO / THE FACT THAT

Ex : Keeping calm is the secret of passing your driving test

=> As long as you keep calm, you can pass your driving test

Ex : He lost his money simple because he was not careful

=> If he had been careful, he wouldn’t have lost money

18 ( S ) + REMEMBER + TO DO STH <=> ( S ) + DON’T FORGET + TO DO STH

Ex: Remember to check your flight number

=> Don’t forget to check your flight number

Ex : Don’t forget to make friends with her

=> remember to make friends with her

19 Immediately No sooner + Had + S + V 3 +Than + S + V 2

The moment <=>

Just Scarcely + Had + S + V 3 + When + S + V 2

As soon As Hardly + Had + S + V 3 + When + S + V 2

Ex : Immediately after his appointment to the post , the new editor fell ill

=> No sooner had he appointed the post, the new editor fell ill

Ex : Just after solving the problem, I was faced with another

=> Hardly had I solved the problem, I was faced with another

Ex : She was wrong to think that her husband didn’t love her

=> Contrary to what she think, her husband didn’t love her

20 a NO MATTER HOW + ADJ / ADV + S + V

b NO MATTER WHAT + S + V

c NO MATTER WHERE + S + V

Ex : It doesn’t whether you are busy or not, he always insists on coming with you

=> No matter how busy you are or not, he always insists on coming with you.

Ex :Wherever he’s hiding, we must find him.<=> We must find him wherever he is hiding

21 S + V + SO + ADJ / ADV + THAT– CLAUSE

Ex : I am very busy I have no time to visit you <=> I am so busy that I have no time

to visit you

22 S + V + SUCH ( A/AN ) + ADJ + NOUN + THAT _ CLAUSE

Ex : He asked me such difficult questions that I couldn’t answer them

Ex : Tea is very hot They couldn’t drink it.<=> It is such hot tea that they couldn’t drink it

Ex : She is very kind Everybody loves her.<=> She is such a kind girl that everybody loves her

23 S + V + SO MANY + Plural Countable NOUN + THAT –

CLAUSE

SO MUCH + Singular Uncountable NOUN

Ex : He has so many books that he can’t read all of them

Ex : There was so much noise that I couldn’t sleep

24 It was not until + (mốc thời gian ) + THAT + S + V2 / ED mãi cho đến…

It is not until + (mốc thời gian ) + THAT + S +…

Ex : He didn’t become a doctor until 1990

=> It was not until 1990 that he became a doctor

Ex She won’t get married until 2008

=> It is not until 2008 that she will get married

25 S + V + NOT ONLY + NOUN + BUT ALSO + NOUN

ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE ADVERB ADVERB PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE PRE.P PHRASE

0r S + NOT ONLY + VERB + BUT ALSO ( BUT … AS WELL ) + VERB

Ex : Robert is not only talented but also handsome.

Ex : Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin

Ex : John not only plays the piano but also composes music

Ex : She is not only beautiful but also kind <> She is not only beautiful but kind as well

26 BECAUSE + CLAUSE ( SUBJECT + VERB )

BECAUSE OF + ADJECTIVE + NOUN

Ex : He is absent because he is sick <=> He is absent because of his sickness

Ex : Because it rained heavily, they didn’t go to work

<=> Because of the heavy rain, they didn’t go to work

27 NOUN NOUN

S + V + ADJECTIVE + AS WELL AS + ADJECTIVE

ADVERB ADVERB PREP PHRASE PREP PHRASE

or SUBJECT + V + AS WELL AS + VERB

Ex : Robert is talented as well as handsome

Ex : Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music

28 Causative Form:

EX : He got Daisy to move this chair away

Ex : They had me go to the market to buy some food

HAVE

Ex : She got her car repaired by Peter

Ex : Why didn’t you have your house painted ?

29 TOO + ADJ / ADV + TO – Infinitive

Ex : He is too young to go to school <= > He is so young that he can’t go to school

Ex : You run too fast for me to keep pace with <= > You run so fast that I can’t keep pace with

30 ADJ / ADV + ENOUGH + TO – Infinitive…

ENOUGH + NOUN + TO – Infinitive…

Ex : He is not old enough to get married

Ex : I don’t have enough money to invite her to eat at a five - star restaurant

31 SO + ADJ + AS + TO – Infinitive

Ex : He was so foolish as to leave his family

Ex : Would you be so good as to send my letter ?

32 S + find / think/ consider …+ it + Adj / Noun phrase + to V

Do I, You, We, They come?

Does He, She, It come?

*CÁCH PHÁT ÂM: Với các ngôi thứ

ba (3) số ít, đuôi "S" được đọc như sau :

- Diễn tả điều hầu như luơn luơn đng Ex:Water boils at 100oC

- Diễn tả thĩi quen hoặc sinh hoạt thơngthường trong hiện

tại; thường dng với cc trạng từ: always, usually, often, not often, generally , as a rule , sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never, every day, every week, every month, on Mondays, Tuesdays, , Sundays

Once/twice / three times a day /week/month/year

Every two weeks, every three months (a quarter)

Whenever, every time, every now and then, every now and again, every so often

Cách đọc

Các động từ có kết thúc với đuôi

/s/ K, F, P, T /iz/ S, X, Z, CH, SH,

CE, GE + ES

/z/ Không thuộc hai loại

trên

My father usually walks to work

I don’t often communicate by e-mail

Do you always do the washing up afterdinner?

*CÁCH THÊM S,ES VÀO SAU ĐỘNG TỪ

- Khi chủ ngữ ở ngôi thứ 3 số ít,động từ phải thêm s, riêng cáctrường hợp sau thêm es

Is He, She, It coming?

Are We, You, They coming?

- Diễn tả điều thật sự đang xảy ra lúc nói;

thường dùng với: now, right now, at the moment, at present, today, this week, this summer

Hurry up! The bus is leaving.

Jane is looking for a job at the moment You are wearing a new dress today, Tracy.

- Diễn tả dự định sắp làm hoặc điều sắp xảy ra (tương tự “Be going to + infinitive”)

“What are you doing tomorrow, Jack?” “I’m staying home”

tomorrow, next week, next month , next year, next summer

*CÁCH THÊM –ing VÀO SAU ĐỘNG TỪ

1 Thêm –ing vào sau động từ tận

but: singe  singeing

3 Động từ tận cùng bằng –ie : + die  dying, + lie  lying, + tie  tying Nhưng : + dye  dyeing

4 Động từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng là 1 nguyên âm + 1 phụ âm: + run 

running

Nhưng : mix  mixing

5 Động từ 2 âm tiết tận cùng là 1 nguyên âm + 1 phụ âm

* Có trọng âm ở âm tiết thứ 2:begín  beginning, permít 

Note: Một số động từ có đuôi

ed đọc bằng /id/

Adj: naked(trơ trụi), crooked(cong), ragged (xơ xác), wretched (khốn khổ), rugged (gồ ghề), learned (hay chữ), beloved (được yêu quí), wicked (độc, ác), sacred (thánh, thiêng)

Adv: deservedly(xứng đáng), supposedly (giả sử), markedly (rõ rệt), allegedly(được cho là)

adv: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/month/year, three months ago, long ago, in 1996, in the past, in those days

My grandfather built this house fifty years ago.

I started this course last month.

I was on holiday in Australia last year, but I didn’t practise much English.

When did you first drive a car?

NHỮNG CÁCH THÊM – ed VÀO SAU ĐỘNG TỪ

1 Thêm - d vào sau động từ tận cùng

bằng -e Ex: to hope _ I hoped you

2 Động từ tận cùng bằng 1 nguyên âm +1 phụ âm  gấp đôi phụ âm trước khi thêm – ed ( ngoại trừ w, x, y)

Ex: to drop _ These apples

dropped from trees yesterday / to fit fited

-3 Những động từ 2 âm tận cùng bằng – 1 nguyên âm + 1 phụ âm

+Nhấn vần thứ 2 : to permít – permited

Ex: to occur _ A terrible accident

occurred at the street corner last

month +Nhấn vần thứ nhất : to offer – offered

Ex: to gather _ People have

gathered into crowds

4.Động từ tận cùng bằng -Y

+ Phụ âm +Y Ex: to study _ We

studied the tenth grades last year

+ Nguyên âm +Y Ex: to play

_ Last month, we played football for our

school

PAST

CONTINU

OUS

I, He, She, It was (not) coming

We, You, They were (not)

coming

Was I, He, She, It coming?

Were We, You, They coming?

at … o’clock yesterday , at this time yesterday/ last week

- Dùng diễn tả hành động đang xảy ratrong quá khứ thì bị gián đoạn bởi mộthành động khác; thường nối câu với:

when, while

- hành động đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm trong quá khứ

- Hai hành động đang xảy ra đồng thời trong quá khứThey were having a party in the garden when it began to rain.Someone stole his car while he was

Has He She, It come?

Since :Since + thời điểm (since 1990,

since last week/month/year; since I lastsaw him )

For :For + khoảng thời gian (for two

days, for the past/last two months, for the

last two years ) already, just, yet, so far, recently, lately, ever, never , until now, up to now, up to the present, before, how long, In the last few weeks / days / months , all

my / his / her life , once, twice, three/

four / five times This is + superlative form+ EVER That is the first (second/ third) time

It is the only

- Diễn tả sự việc vừa mới xảy ra nhưngthời gian không nêu rõ; thường dùng với:

just, recently, lately.

Kate has just bought a new mobilephone / I haven’t read any books recently

- Diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứnhưng có hậu quả liên quan tới hiện tại;

thường dùng với: yet, already, ever, never

Oh, we can’t get into the house I’ve lost

thúc và có thể tiếp tục trong tương lai; thường dùng với:

so far, up to now, for, since, how long,

In the last few weeks / days / months , all my / his / her lifeAlex spends most of his time drawing He

has drawn more than 100 pictures so far

I’ve been here for two years How longhave you lived here?

- Hành động xảy ra 1 hoặc nhiều lần trong quá khứ ( once, twice, three/ four / five times)

Has He, She, It been coming?

Diễn tả hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ nhưng vẫn còn tiếp diễn tới hiện tại, hoặc vừa mới kết thúc; thường dùng

với: for, since (nhấn mạnh tính liên tục)

dùng với các động từ : lie (năm), wait

(chờ đợi), sit (ngồi), stand (đứng), study, learn (học), live (sống), rest (nghĩ nghơi), stay (ơ)

I’ve been waiting for the bus for half anhour

I’ve been working in this office since

2001 How long have you been workinghere?

PAST

PERFECT I, You, He, She, It, We, They

had (not) come

Had I, You, He, She, It, We, They come?

by the time, , never, ever, already, just, before

For + khoảng thời gian + before/after , When S + V-ed, S +had +V3

- By o’clock last night , No sooner than, hardly… when

Diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước một thờiđiểm hoặc một hành động khác trong quákhứ; thường dùng với: by the time, before,after, when

By the time we got to the cinema, the filmhad already begun

When I arrived at the party, most of thepeople had left

PAST

PERFECT

CONTINU

OUS

I, You, He, She, It, We, They

had (not) been playing

Had I, You, He, She, It, We, They been playing?

Diễn tả hành động xảy ra liên tục trongmột khoảng thời gian và kết thúc trướcmột thời điểm hoặc một hành động kháctrong quá khứ

They had been walking for many hours inthe jungle when they finally found astream

As I woke up I realized that it had beenraining during the night

FUTURE

SIMPLE I, You, He, She, It, We, They

will (not) come

Will I, You, He, She, It, We, They come?

Diễn tả điều chúng ta tiên đoán hoặc nghĩrằng sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai

They will reply your letter soon

Thường dùng với: perhaps, probably (có

lẽ) : Perhaps Richard will take the job.Most people will probably live in bigcities in the next century.

Thường dùng cho lời yêu cầu và lời hứa :Will you help me with my homework,Dad?

I’ll be back before 9.00 p.m I promise

“Shall” còn dùng cho lời tự đề nghị với

“Shall I / Shall we ”

Shall I carry this bag for you? /Shall weeat out tonight, darling?

FUTURE

CONTINU

OUS

I, You, He, She, It, We, They

will (not) be coming

Will I, You, He, She, It, We, They be coming?

Diễn tả hành động diễn tiến tại một thờiđiểm trong tương lai

At this time next week, I’ll be stayingwith my uncle and aunt on their farm.A: What will you be doing at 7.00tomorrow, George?

B: I’ll be playing tennis

FUTURE

PERFECT I, You, He, She, It, We, They

will (not) have come

Will I, You, He, She, It, We, They have come?

By + time , by the end of this year, by S + V(simple present) In a few hours/

days

Diễn tả hành động sẽ xảy ra và hoàn tấttrước một thời điểm trong tương lai;Thường dùng với: By + time

We’ll have finished this computer course

by the end of this year

By December, Anne and Bob will havebeen married for five years

FUTURE

PERFECT

CONTINU

OUS

I, You, He, She, It, We, They

will have been coming

Will I, You, He, She, It, We, They have been coming?

Diễn tả hành động xảy ra liên tục trongmột khoảng thời gian trước một thời điểmtrong tương lai; thường dùng với: for và

1 When :

- When / by the time + S + V1 / Vs , es , S + V1 / Vs , es ( often, usually, always )

S + will Vo ( sẽ xảy ra : next, tomorrow … )

S + will have V3,ed ( just, already, for + time )

Ra lệnh : Vo

Ex : When / by the time he comes, he will have taken a break for 15 minutes.

Remind me when I forget

- As son as S + V1 / Vs , es , S + will Vo

NOTE: BY < TIME> Ở TƯƠNG LAI DÙNG MỆNH ĐỀ CHÍNH PHÍA SAU LÀ : WILL HAVE V 3,ed

- When + S + V2/ ed , S+ V2/ ed ( 2 chủ từ giống nhau )

S + was / were + Ving ( 2 chủ từ khác nhau / hành động diễn ralâu hơn )

S + had + V3,ed ( just, already, for + time / hành động xảy ra trước )

Ex : When we came, they were dancing / When we came, we saw many people

there When I got home, everybody had gone to bed.

- As son as S + V2/ ED , S + V2

2.While :

- While S + am / is / are + V-ing , S + V1 / Vs, es ( often, usually, always )

- While S + was / were + V-ing , S + was / were + V- ing ( 2 hành động đang xày

ra ở quá khứ)

S + V2 , ed

3 Before + S + V2/ ed , S + had + V3 , ed # After + S + had + V3,ed , S + V2/ ed

4 Since S + V2/ ed , S + have / has + V3,ed

Note : - Before he went to bed, he had brushed his teeth

After I finish my homework, I will watch TV ( hiện tại )

NOTE: BY < TIME> Ở QUÁ KHỨ DÙNG MỆNH ĐỀ CHÍNH PHÍA SAU HAD + V 3,ed

3.Rút gọn mệnh đề:

- Hai mệnh đề phải cùng chủ từ

- Bỏ chủ từ chuyển V thành V-ing, mệnh đề chính giữ nguyên

After I finish my homework, I will watch TV

After finishing my homework, I will watch TV

TRANSFORMATION OF VERBS

1 S + have / has not V 3,ed + ( O ) for / since + <time> Ex : I have not met him for 3 years.

The last time + S + V 2/ ed was <time> ago

2 S + started / began / came + V –ing / to – Vo / N + <time> ago.

S + has / have V 3,ed + since / for + <time>

S + has / have +been + Ving + since / for + <time>

Ex : I started working here 2 months ago

………

PRACTICE

CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

1 Tourists first started to visit Ibiza in the 60s

A Tourists have been to Ibiza since the 60s

B Tourists have visited Ibiza since the 60s

C Tourists have paid a visit to Ibiza since the 60s

D All are correct

2 I’ve lived here 1990

3 Mike _ one hour ago

A had phoned B was phoning C phoned D has phoned

4 When he off the plane, I for him for half an hour

A gets/ will wait B got/ had been waiting

C had got/ was waiting D has got/ will be waiting

5 When I there, dinner _, so I had a drink first

A get/ is preparing B get/ has been prepared

C got/ had been prepared D got/ was being prepared

SUPPLY THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB

1 I (see) a very big ship last week I (never, see) such

a big one before.

2 You (wear) a new hat when I (meet) _you yesterday.

3 After he (break) the window, he ran away.

4 Our uncle (work) _in that factory for twenty years now.

5 When my brother (arrive) , we will have a party.

6 By the time I got to the airport, the plane (take) _ off.

7 I (see) _ a very big ship last week I (never, see) _such a big one before.

8 You (finish) your work yet ?

9 We (know) each other since 1990.

10 It started to rain when we (play) _football.

REWRITE

1 I haven’t been to the cinema for a month

The last time

2 The last time it snowed here was six years ago

ACTIVE SENTENCE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE

Remember these things :

1 The Active object becomes the passive subject

2 Adding “ TO BE “ after the subject (To Be =The same form as the active verb and in agreement with its subject

3 Setting the past participle

4 Adding the preposition “ By”

5 The Active subject becomes the passive object after BY

* NOTE :-The words such as I , YOU , WE , THEY, PEOPLE , ONE , ANYONE ,

ANYBODY , SOMEONE , SOMEBODY , EVERYONE , ….is omitted (bỏ) from Passive voice.

- Pay attention to (Chú ý )no one, nobody, nothing

Ex No one can answer that question

That question can’t be answered

+ The position of adverbs and preposition phrases in passive sentences: -Adv of place stand before BY + Agent

-Adv of time stand after BY + Agent

-Adv of manner usually stand between BE and PP

Form of Be + Past participle ( Passive voice )

Active: S + V + O

Passive: S + BE + V 3/ ED + by O

I Tense forms of Passive Verb :

1.Passive form of The present tense

S + Am / Is / Are + V 3

Active

Ex : The news surprises me.

Ex : The news surprises Sam.

Passive

Ex : I am surprised by the news.

Ex : Sam is surprised by the news.

2 Passive form of The past tense

S + Was / Were + Being + V 3

Ex : Mai was cooking dinner at

Ex : They were being talked to when I came.

4 Passive form of The present

Ex : Some letters are being copied by the secretary now.

Ex : A new hospital is being built.

5 Passive form of The present Perfect

tense

S + Has / Have + Been + V 3

Ex : I have just bought a car.

Ex : Phong has done these exercises for 3 hours.

Ex : A car has just been bought.

Ex : These exercises have been done for 3 hours by Phong.

6 Passive form of The past Perfect

8 Passive form of The Future

9 Passive form of The Future perfect

tense

S + Will + Have + Been + V 3

Ex : We will have finished our work by the end of this month

Ex : Our work will have been finished by the end of this month.

10 Passive form of The Future perfect

continuous tense

S +Will + Have Been + Being+V 3

Ex : They will have been teaching English at this school

by then.

Ex : English will have been being taught at this school by then

11 Passive form of The present and

past perfect continuous tense

S+ Have/Has + Been + Being + V 3

S + Had Been + Being + V 3

Ex : They have been learning French for ten years.

Ex : We had been eating lunch before they called.

Ex : French has been being learned for ten years.

Ex : Lunch had been being eaten before they came.

II PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES ( Dạng bị động của động từ khiếm khuyết )

Form : Modal + Be + past

Ex : I can do these exercises

Ex : You have to clean the floor.

Ex :Ted should mail it.

Ex : They are going to build this bridge.

Ex : These exercises can be done.

Ex : The floor has to be cleaned.

Ex : It should be mailed.

Ex : This bridge is going to be built

III / SOME OTHER CASES ( Một số trường hợp khác )

1 Verb of opinion : say, think, believe, report, hope, explain ………

A S + V + That + Clause <=> It + Be + V 3 + That + Clause

Ex : They think that he is a good teacher.

=> It is thought that he is a good teacher.

Ex : People say that we will pass this exam.

=> It is said that we will pass this exam.

B S + V + That + Clause ( S 2 + V 2 + O 2 )

<=> S 2 + Be + V 3 +To infinitive or perfect infinitive

Ex : People said that he had gone abroad.

=> It was said that he had gone abroad Or He was said to have gone abroad.

Ex : They believe that he is a good singer.

=> It is believed that he is a good singer Or He is believed to be a good singer.

2 S + V + Direct Object + To + V (inf.) <=> Direct Object + Be + V 3 + To + V (inf.) ( advise, ask , force , encourage , invite , tell , allow , convince , warn ………… )

Ex : He asked Tom to sit by me <=> Tom was asked to sit by me.

Ex : She told him not to look for a job <=> He was told not to look for a job.

3 WH – WORD + [ WILL/ DOES / DO/ DID ] + S + V + O ?

<=> WH – WORD + BE + S + V 3 ?

Ex : Why did you explain it ? <=> Why was it explained ?

Ex : Where will you do these exercises tomorrow ?

<=> When will these exercises be done tomorrow ?

4 YES – NO QUESTION : DO / DOES / DID + S + V + O ?

<=> IS / ARE / WAS / WERE + S + V 3 ?

Ex : Do you solve this problem ? <=> Is this problem solved ?

Ex : Did your mother make some cakes ? <=> Were some cakes made by your mother ?

5 IMPERATIVE SENTENCE : V + O + ADVERB

<=> LET + O + BE + V 3 + ADVERB

Ex : Write your name here <=> Let your name be written here

Ex : Open your book now <=> Let your book be opened now.

Ex : Don’t let the others see you => Don’t let you be seen by the others

*Passive voice with relative pronouns :

EX :The teacher who teaches him English is my father

=>He is taught English by the teacher who is my father

EX :I don’t know whom the doctor will examine next

=>I don’t know who will be examined next by the doctor

*Note :The relative pronoun must be placed right after the noun or pronoun it qualifies

+Who ( A) -> By whom (P ) + Whom ( A ) -> who (P)

EX :Who invented the telephone ?

=>By whom was the telephone invented ?

*Other Patterns :

-I’d like them to make me a cup of tea =>I’d like (myself ) to be made a cup of tea

-It’s necessary to call him up =>It’s necessary for him to be called up

-It’s impossible to do this =>It’s impossible for this to be done

*to be made of: Được làm bằng (Đề cập đến chất liệu làm nên vật)

This table is made of wood

*to be made from: Được làm ra từ (đề cập đến việc nguyên vật liệu bị biến đổi khỏi trạng thái ban

đầu để làm nên vật)

Paper is made from wood

*to be made out of: Được làm bằng (đề cập đến quá trình làm ra vật)

This cake was made out of flour, butter, sugar, eggs and milk.

*to be made with: Được làm với (đề cập đến chỉ một trong số nhiều chất liệu làm nên vật)

This soup tastes good because it was made with a lot of spices

CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

1 The next meeting _ in May

A will hold B will be held C will be holding D will have held

2 Ann was made repeat the whole story

3 The letter was translating into English by my sister

4 A lot of articles about the environment have written by my classmates.

5 The room is being cleaned when I arrived

6 The road accident victims first-aid assistance by the Red Cross members

A provide B provided C have provided D were provided

7 French _ in Quebec, Canada

A speaks B spoke C is spoken D spoken

8 Millions of tons of garbage _into the oceans since the 20th century

A are thrown B were thrown

C have thrown D have been thrown

9 Jane may offer that job, so tell her not to give up hope so early

10.When I got to the circus, the tickets _ So, I had to go back home

A were sold out B have been selling out

C had been sold out D had been selling out

11.The old man is said all his money to an old people’s home when he died

A have left B to leave C to have left D to leaving

12.“They are playing soccer now.” The passive voice is:

A Soccer is played now B Soccer is being played now

C Soccer are being played now D Soccer is be played now

PUT THE FOLLOWING INTO THE PASSIVE VOICE:

1 The teacher corrects our exercises

4 They are building several new schools in our town

Several new schools

5 It is believed that the man escaped in a stolen car

Ex: - My uncle kept talking about his farm life.

b AFTER: in, on, at, of, for, with, without, about,…

Ex: - The children are interested in playing soccer.

c AFTER: his, her, our, your…

2 To-Infinitive (to-V)

AFTER: afford, appear, ask, choose, determine, refuse, manage, offer, prepare, agree, arrange, expect, want, decide, try, fail, prove, hope, agree, promise, happen, tend, plan, learn, seem, wish, threaten, neglect

After: VERB + HOW/ WHAT/ WHERE + TO VERB

Ex: - She decided to live in HCM city.

Ex: She doesn’t know where to go

3 S + V + O + to-infinitive

a AFTER : ask, want, take, force, warn, help, teach, believe, get, tell, advise, allow, persuade, order, invite

Ex:- My parents always want me to be a doctor.

- Nga asked Lan to return her book.

b Thường theo sau các tính từ, danh từ, đại từ bất định, trạng từ

E.g :You are very kind to say so

4 Notes * start/ begin/ continue/ attempt + to V/ Ving

Ex: It started to rain/ raining as soon as we went out

* stop + V-ing: từ bỏ

Ex: Stop making noise, please!

* stop + to V: dừng lại để làm viêc khác

Ex: She stopped to talk to him.

* try + V-ing: thử làm Ex:He tries writing with his left hand.

* try + to V: cố gắng Ex: We try to get high marks.

* regret + to V: lấy làm tiếc Ex : I regret to tell you that you have failed.

* regret + V- ing : hối tiếc đã làm

* remember +V-ing: nhớ đã làm

Ex: I remember locking the door before I left.

* remember + to V: nhớ phải làm gì Ex: Remember to call him.

* forget + V-ing: quên không làm Ex: I forget meeting her.

* forget + to V: quên làm gì Ex: I forgot to shut the window.

* would like / love + toV

* feel like + V-ing

* go + V-ing : go camping, go rowing, go dancing, go sailing, go shopping, go fishing, gomountain climbing, go canoeing

* Advise/ allow/permit/ recommend/ forbid / admit/ consider + O + to V

* Advise/ allow/ permit/ recommend / forbid / admit/ consider + V- ing

* need / want / require / deserve

Ex: - We need to go there - The house needs cleaning / to be cleaned

* MODAL VERB + Verb: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to

* Perception Verbs : see, look, watch, notice, perceive, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, sense

perception verb + O(active) + V

Ex: She saw him enter behind the secretary

perception verb + O (active) + V- Ving

Ex: She saw him entering behind the secretary

perception verb + O(passive) + V3

*Đó là những động từ mà ngữ nghĩa của chúng sẽ thay đổi đôi chút khi động từ sau túc từ của chúng ở các dạng khác nhau

+ To see/to watch/ to hear sb/sth do sth (hành động được chứng kiến từ đầu đến cuối)

I heard the telephone ring and then John answered it

+ To see/to watch/ to hear sb/sth doing sth (hành động không được chứng kiến trọn vẹn mà

chỉ ở một thời điểm)

I heard her singing at the time I came home

Ex: He heard his name called

Be + perception verb + to V

Ex: He was seen to enter behind the secretary

* used to , nothing but

*Let/ know/ make / help + Verb

She made me cry - I was made to cry

She let me go - I was let go

She helps me do/ to do/ with the work

* Had better/ would rather + V- Ex: You had better go now.

Had better / would rather + Subject + V2

* prefer + V-ing to V-ing = (’d) prefer to V + rather than + V = would rather + V+ than + V

* It + (take) + O + <time> + to V…

S + (spend) + <time> + V ing…

PRACTICE

PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT FORM :

1 He urged us (work) faster.

2 He hates (answer) the phone and very often just lets it (ring) .

3 It’s too hot and my hair needs (cut) .

4 They need (study) hard for that test.

5 Adam is used to (sleep) _ late at weekends

6 When I was young, I used (swim) everyday.

7 We would rather (stay) _at home tonight.

8 He made me (do) _ it all over again.

9 I let him (go) _ early as he wanted (meet) _ his wife.

10 He was made (sign) _ a paper admitting his guilt

11 I saw the driver (open) his window and ( throw) a box into the bushes.

12 Stop (argue) and start (work) .

13 It’s no good (write) _ to him, he never answers letters The only thing (do) _ is (go) _ and see him

14 Ask him (come) in Don’t keep him (wait) _ at the door.

15 I didn’t know how (get) to your house So I stopped (ask) the way.

LESSON 6 : SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT

I Verb (singular)

1 S1 and S2 (one thing , one person)

Ex : Bread and butter was all I had

2 each /every/ many a + noun (and each / every / many a + noun)

Ex :Each boy and each girl has to take a test

3 Time/ measurement / money

Ex :Ten miles is too far to walk

4 Indefinite pronouns : everyone, no one, someone, anyone, everything, nothing,something, everybody, nobody, nothing

Ex : Is anybody at home ?

5 The number of

Ex :The number of letters we receive is increasing

6 To infinitive, gerund, gerund phrase, noun clause

Ex : Swimming is good for you

7 one / each of + noun (plural)

Ex : One of these letters is for you

8 who / what (as subject)

Ex : Who knows the answer ?

9 names / titles

Ex : “Stars wars” was a very successful film

10 noun + s (not plural)

news, mathematics, physics, politics, economics, statistics, linguistics, gymnasticsathletics , tennis, dominoes , billiards, Laos, the Netherlands, the United States, thePhilippines …

Ex : Physics is my best subject at school

11 uncountable nouns :

progress, advice, furniture, homework, knowledge, information, money, liquid,luggage…

Ex : The furniture bought buy my father is very expensive

II Verb (plural)

1 S1 and S2

Ex : Tom and Mary are hard working

2 The + adj = people

The rich, the poor, the blind, the deaf, the handicapped, the young, the unemployed,the dead, the mute, the injured, the sick, the wrong, the right…

Ex : The poor need help

3 people, police, livestock, cattle, poultry

Ex : The police are questioning a man

4 pair nouns :

trousers, pants, jeans, tights, pajamas, shorts, gloves, socks, glasses, scissors, shoes,sandals, chopsticks , compasses …

Ex : Trousers need cleaning

Note : A pair of + Verb (singular)

Ex: This pair of trousers needs cleaning

III Verb (singular or plural)

1 either + S1 + or + S2 + V(theo S2)

neither nor

not only but also

S1 or/ nor S2

Ex : Either Thursday or Friday is ok.

2 S1 + as well as + S2 + V(theo S1)

no less thantogether withalong withwithand notaccompanied byincluding

Ex : George , together with his four brothers, is buying a race horse

3 There + be + noun (be theo noun)

Ex :There are some students in the yard

4 N1 + preposition + N2 + V (theo N1)

Ex : The girls in my class are intelligent

5 Antecedent + who / which / that + V(theo antecedent)

Ex : One of the girls who are going to Paris is my friend

6 None / some/ the majority / minority +of +noun +V(theo noun)

/ fraction (2/3,3/5) / percent(%)

Ex : Three quarters of my money is for food

Ex : Three quarters of the oranges are sweet

7 Collective nouns : army, audience, band, class, committee, company, couple, crowd,dozen, group, public, row, team

a V singular : a whole

Ex : His family is poor

b V plural : a number of individuals

Ex : His family are sitting in the first row

PRACTICE: SUPPLY THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB

1 These pictures, as well as photograph (brighten) _the room

2 What he told you (seem) _to be of no importance

3 The police (come) to the site of the accident

4 Bread and butter (be) what she asks for

5 Measles (be) _cured without much difficulty nowadays

6 After a long day’s work (be) not the right time to dancing

7 What time (be) _the news on TV ?

8 Physics (study) _mechanics, heat , light , sound , and electricity.

9 Ten thousand dollars (have) _been stolen

10 The secretary and accountant of the company (not come) yet

11 It is her or I who (be) _to go

12 Mr Pike , with his wife and four children (be) arriving tonight

13 Every man and every woman (have) enjoyed the party

14 (be) everybody ready to start now?

15 Either you or he (be) _wrong

LESSON 7 :

IF CLAUSE- CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

I/ Type 1 Present possible :

will

shall

can may

Ex : If the weather is fine, I will go for a picnic

Ex : If she studies hard , she will pass the exam

II / Type 2 Present unreal :

could

should would might

Ex : I am not fine, so I can’t join the party

=>If I were fine, I could join the party

Ex : Alice doesn’t have free time today, so she doesn’t go to the cinema

=>If Alice had free time today, she would go to the cinema

III / Type 3 Past unreal :

could have

If + S + present tense, S + + V (bare inf.)

If + S + past tense ( V 2 / ed or Were ) , S +

+ V (bare inf.)

should have would have

might have

Ex : They didn’t go because they were busy yesterday

=> If they hadn’t been busy yesterday, they would have gone

Ex : We didn’t study hard, so we failed in an exam last year

=> If we had studied hard last year, we could have passed the exam

* Note : Past unreal with present effect :

If + S + past perfect , S + would + V 1

Ex : If we had got married, we would have a lot of children now

INVERSION

1 Should + S + V, …

2 Were + S + O, S + would V / Were+ S + to V

3 Had + S + V 3 / ed , S + would have V 3 / ed

*Unless = if … not

*But for = without + NOUN / V ing

*Otherwise = or (else)

Ex: I always eat breakfast Otherwise/ or (else) , I will get hungry during class

If I don’t eat breakfast, I will get hungry during class

I / Future Wish ( ước trái ngược với tình huống ở tương lai )

would

could were + V- ing

Ex : Mary will visit Paris next week.

=> I wish that Mary wouldn’t visit Paris next week

Ex : I can’t speak Spanish fluently.

=> I wish that I could speak Spanish fluently.

II / Present Wish (ước trái ngược với tình huống ở hiện tại)

S + Wish ( es ) + That + S +

+ V 3 / V ed

If + S + past perfect , S +

+ V (bare inf.)

V 2 / ed

were

Ex : The weather isn’t good => I wish that the weather were good.

Ex : He learns very badly => They wish he didn’t learn badly.

III / Past Wish (ước trái ngược với tình huống ở quá khứ)

Had + V 3 / V ed

Could have + V 3 / V ed

Ex : I’m sorry, they didn’t take part in the party last night.

=> I wish They had taken part in the party last night.

Ex : She couldn’t be with me yesterday.

=> I wish she could have been with me yesterday

NOTE:

* If only = I wish : giá mà

If only I had enough money to buy that car now

She didn’t help me yesterday If only she had helped me yesterday

AS IF

(nghĩa hiện tại) AS THOUGH ( như thể )

Ex : It is not winter => The lady dresses as if it were winter

Ex : She doesn’t study modeling = > She walks as if she studied modeling

Ex1: Tom said, “I’m very tired.” RS: Tom said (that) he was very tired.

Ex2: Teacher said, “Close the window, please”  RS: Teacher told us to close the window.

_ Reporting verbs are: say, tell, ask, advise, wonder…

II Changes in reported speech:

1 Pronoun changes:

Subject pronoun Object pronoun Possessive

adjective

Possessive pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

yourselves

_ Subject pronouns (I, she, they…) _ Object pronouns (me, her, them…) _ Possessive pronouns (my, her, ours, yours…)

_ Demonstrative pronouns: + This  that , + These  those

2 Adverbs of time:

Now  then - Today  that day - Tonight  that night - Ago  before - Yesterday  the day before / the previous day - Tomorrow  the day after / the following day - Next year  the year after / the following year

3 Adverbs of place:

 Here  there

4 Tense changes: GO  WENT, WENT HAD GONE, HAS GONEHAD GONE, AM/ IS ARE GOING  WAS WERE + GOING

WILL GO  WOULD GO, MUST GO  HAD TO GO

III Types of reported speech:

1 Statements:

o Said to s.b

S + said / told (+ O) + (that) + S + V

o Told s.b

2 Imperatives:

a Affirmative:

b Negative:

Ex: “Don’t play in the class”, the teacher said

 The teacher asked us not to play in the class.

3 Questions:

a Wh- Questions:

Ex: My parents asked me, “Where do you go?”

 My parents asked me where I went.

b Yes / No questions:

Ex: Peter asked, “Do you like playing football, Jack?”  Peter asked Jack if he liked playing football.

4 Reported speech with To- infinitive:

a To report orders, requests, warnings, advice and invitation:

Ex1: “You should go”, she said  She advised me to go.

Ex2: “Would you like to have dinner with us?”, they said

 They invited me to have dinner with them.

b To report offers, promises, threats, refusal and agreement:

S + asked / told / ordered + O + To- inf.

S + asked / told / ordered + O + not To-inf

S + asked (O) / wondered / wanted to know+ Wh- words + S + V

S + asked (O) / wondered / wanted to know + if / whether + S + V

S + V + O + (not) to-infinitive * V: asked, told, ordered, advised,

warned, invited, urged , begged, reminded

S + V + to-infinitive

Ex1: “Can I help you?”  She offered to help me.

Ex2: “Ok, I’ll give you a lift”, he said  He agreed to give me a lift.

5 Reported speech with gerund:

a V: admitted, denied, suggested

Ex: “Let’s go to Vung Tau beach”, said Peter

 Peter suggested going to Vtau beach.

b.

 V: apologized for, complained about, insisted on, objected to, confessed to, dreamed

of, thought of, look forward to.

Ex: “I’m sorry, I’m late”, said Mary. Marry apologized for being late.

CHOOSE THE BEST OPTION

1 “Don’t throw the disc away, in case we need it in the future.”, she said

A She told me that I didn’t throw the disc away in case we need it in the future

B She told me not to throw the disc away in case we need it in the future

C She told me not throw the disc away in case we needed it in the future

D She told me not to throw the disc away in case we needed it in the future

2 "Don't forget to go to the supermarket after work", he said

A He requested me not forget to go to the supermarket after work

B He told me that I shouldn't forget to go to the supermarket after work

C He asked me not to forget to go to the supermarket after work

D He reminded me to go to the supermarket after work

3 “ How long have you been waiting here ?” the girl asked me

A The girl asked me how long I had been waiting here

B The girl asked me how long had I been waiting here

C The girl asked me how long I had been waiting there

D The girl asked me how long had I been waiting there

4 Mary said, “I have not seen Peter since last month.”

S + V + Gerund

S + V + Preposition + Gerund

S + V + O+ Preposition + Gerund

A Mary said she has not seen Peter since the previous month.

B Mary said she had not seen Peter since the previous month

C Mary said she was not seen Peter since the previous month

D Mary said she does not see Peter since the previous month

5 “You should take more exercise”, the doctor said to me The doctor advised me _

A to taking more exercise B take more exercise

C should take more exercise D to take more exercise

3. Ann asked Kate: "Did you really write this story?"

Ann asked Kate

4. Tim asked: "Who has taken my ruler?"

Tim asked

5. Bill said: "I take the car because I am late."

Bill said (that)

6. He told them: "Don't tell me such a nonsense!"

He told them

7. The mother asked him: "Why are your clothes so dirty?"

The mother asked him

8. He asked her: "Have you sold your car?"

He asked her

LESSON 10: RELATIVE CLAUSES

Who, Whom, Which, Whose, That là các đại từ quan hệ When, Where, Why là các trạng từ quan hệ.

That

Who/ WhomThat

Whose

That

WhichThat

Whose

Of Which

- Đại từ quan hệ which / who được dùng làm chủ từ trong mệnh đề phụ có thể thay thế which bằng that , nhưng which / who được dùng thông dụng hơn

Ex1: Tom bought a house It has a bedroom and a kitchen ->Tom bought a house which/

that has bedroom and a kitchen.

Ex: The man is their teacher They are talking to him

-> The man who(m) / that they are talking to is their teacher

->The man they are talking to is their teacher