Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh Lớp 12 Cấu trúc câu

LESSON 1: MẪU CÂU GIAO TIẾP 1.CÁC MẪU ĐỀ NGHỊ NGƯỜI KHÁC GIÚP MÌNH: Đề nghị - V0 , please - Can you / Could you + V0 - Would you please + V0 - Will you + V0 - I wonder if you'd/ could + V0 - Would / Do you mind Ving Trả lời đồng ý - Certainly - Of course - Sure - No problem - What can I for you? - How can I help you? Trả lời không đồng ý I'm sorry (I'm busy ) I'm afraid I can't/ couldn't - No I don't mind - No, of course not - Not at all - I'm sorry, I can't CÁC MẪU MÌNH MUỐN GIÚP NGƯỜI KHÁC: Trả lời đồng ý -Yes Thank you -That's very kind of you -Shall I - Would you like me to -Do you want me to - What can I for you ? Trả lời không đồng ý No Thank you Yes, please No, thank you I can manage Oh, would you really? Thanks a lot No, there's no need But thanks all the same Well, that's very kind of you, but I think I can manage, thanks - May I help you ? - Do you need any help? - Let me help you - Can I help you ? CÁC MẪU XIN PHÉP NGƯỜI KHÁC: - May I ? - Can I .? Could I -May I go out ? Trả lời đồng ý - Certainly - Of course - Please - Please go ahead - Yes, by all means - I'd rather you didn't - I'd prefer You didn't -No, I'm afraid you can't -Do you think I could -I wonder if I could -Is it all right if I - Would you mind if I + QKĐ - Would you mind if I smoked ? - Do you mind if I + HTĐ Do you mind if I smoke ? Trả lời không đồng ý -I'm sorry, but you can't - No, of course not - Not at all - Please - Please go ahead CÁC MẪU CÂU RỦ, GỢI Ý LÀM GÌ : Trả lời đồng ý Shall I / we (do)? Trả lời không đồng ý Yes, I think that's a good idea Let's (do) That's probably the best option Why don't I / we (do)? How about (doing)? Sure, why not? What about (doing)? Yes, definitely I think we should (do) By all means I suggest that we (do) No, let's not Good idea It might be a good idea if we / you (do) I think the best way of dealing with this situation would be to (do) 10 If you ask me, I think we / you should/ could V (do) CÁC MẪU CÂU CÁM ƠN: Trả lời - You're welcome - That's all right - Not at all - It's my pleasure - Thank you - Thank you very much - Thanks a lot - Thanks a lot for CÁC MẪU CÂU hỏi lại nghe không rõ: - Pardon? ( chữ thông dụng em cần nhớ) - Please say that again - Could you repeat that? CÁC MẪU CÂU MỜI: a) Mời ăn uống: - Would you like + ăn/uống Ví dụ: Would you like a cup of tea? ( mời bạn uống trà) Đáp lại: - Yes, please / - No, thanks b) Mời đâu: - Would you like + to inf Ví dụ: Would you like to go to the cinema with me? ( mời bạn xem phim với tôi) Would you like to go to the party? ( mời bạn dự tiệc) CÁC MẪU CÂU CẢNH BÁO : Don't move! Mind you head! Watch out! Look out! Be careful! Take care! CÁC MẪU CÂU CHUNG : Showing interest Uh-huh! Right! Really? And? What then? Oh? That's interesting! What happened next? (Thể quan tâm) Showing that you're listening (Thể bạn lắng nghe) Now, you mentioned So, that's how ? Yes, I was going to ask you about that Could you give me / us an example of ? Could you explain in more detail ? Thanking and responding ( Cảm ơn đáp lại lời cảm ơn ) Many thanks Thanks a lot That's very kind of you Thank you very much It's a pleasure / My pleasure You're welcome Cheers! Not at all Don't mention it 10 Any time 11 That's OK / all right 12 I'm glad to have been of some help Apologizing Sorry I'm very/awfully/so/extremely sorry ( Xin lỗi ) Excuse me Sorry, (it was) my fault I apologize Please accept my apologies Accepting an apology ( Chấp nhận That's all right/OK Not to worry That's quite/perfectly all right No reason/need to apologize Don't worry about it lời xin lỗi) Giving instructions Make sure Remember (to do) Be careful (not to do) Don't forget (to do) ( Đưa lời hướng dẫn ) Giving directions Go straight on Take the first/second on the left / right Turn left / right Go along as far as 10 Take the number bus / tram 11 Get off (the bus / tram) at (place) 12 Carry on until you see 13 Look out for Checking someone has understood ( K.tra xem hiểu hay chưa) Are you with me? Did you follow that? Have you got that? Is everything clear so far? Does that seem to make sense PRACTICE: Choose the most suitable options to complete the sentences “Thank you for giving me this lovely dress” –” _.” A Not at all B That’s right C Yes, Ok D Don’t think of it “I’m afraid I’ve lost the wallet you gave me”- “Well, I can easily buy you another one” A You’re welcome B Don’t mention it C all right D Never mind “Hi This is Mrs Green Is Adam there?”- “ _.” A Thanks C Sure, hold on please B It’s my pleasure D I’m glad to hear you “Let’s go swimming”- “ _.” A Well-done B That’s a good idea C It’s a good job D Come on “Could I ask you a rather personal question?”- “ _” A Sure, go ahead B I’d love to C Yes I’m not sure D Let’s start “I don’t like crowded roads.”- “ _.” A Neither I B I neither C I either D Neither I “ I like driving”- “ _.” A Me, too B so I C I do, too D Both A and C are right “I’d like to get a present for my cousin”- “ _” A How about going to another store? B Let’s go shopping and look for something C Yes, let’s find some place to eat D No why don’t we walk It’s nice today “I listen to the radio when I drive”- “ _? I don’t.” A Oh, Yes B Oh, No C Oh, really D Oh, sure 10 “How you spell the word quiz?”- “Um, I think it’s Q-U-I-Z.” A I’m not sure B I believe C I guess D I hope 11 “What‘s your job like?”- “ _.” A It’s interesting B I like fishing C It’s bored D It likes a game 12 Let’s go jogging “- Sorry ” A I quite agree with you B Yes, let’s that C Great! D That’s a good idea, but I am busy 13 "Thank you for the nice gift." - " _." A But you know how much it costs? B I'm glad you like it C You're welcomed D In fact, I myself don't like it 14 Brenda: "Do you think it will rain?" Carol: "Oh! ." A I don’t hope B I don't hope so C It’s hopeless 15 “How about a game of cards?” – “ _.” D I hope not A Good idea B I’m afraid I C Sorry, I don’t like D No, It’s interesting, is it? 16 A: “Would you mind if I came in late?” - B: “ _.” A No, I wouldn’t mind B Yes, of course C All right, you can D No, of course not 17 Lan: “Are you American?” – John: “ ” A Sorry! LESSON 2: B Yes? C Excuse me? D Pardon? USUAL SENTENCE PATTERNS CÁC MẪU CÂU THÔNG DỤNG 1A SUBJECT + V ( PRESENT )+ + AS IF + S + V ( past ) AS THOUGH ( thể ) Ex : It is not winter => The lady dresses as if it were winter Ex : She doesn’t study modeling = > She walks as if she studied modeling 1B AS IF SUBJECT + V ( PAST ) + + S + V ( Past Perfect ) AS THOUGH Ex : She didn’t win the grand prize => She talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize Ex : He didn’t see a ghost => He looked as though he had seen a ghost DESPITE / IN SPITE OF + NOUN / NOUN PHRASE ALTHOUGH / THOUGH ( Dù, ) + CLAUSE ( S + V + COMPLEMENT ) EVEN THOUGH Ex : Though she is poor, she still goes to school goes to school => In spite of her poverty, she still Ex : Even though he has physical handicap, he has become a successful business => Despite having physical handicap, he has become a successful business 3A S + V ( BE ) + TOO AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT ( BE ) + AND + (mệnh đề khẳng định) SO + V ( BE ) + S (cũng ) Ex : I am happy , and you are too …… so are you 3B AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT + AND + S + AUXILIARY ONLY + TOO ( mệnh đề khẳng định ) SO + AUXILIARY ONLY + S EX : They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too so will you 3C AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT + AND + (mệnh đề khẳng định) S + / does / did + TOO SO + / does / did + S Ex : Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too so does my sister NEGATIVE STATEMENT + AND + S+ NEGATIVE AUXILIARY or BE + EITHER ( mệnh đề phủ định ) BE + S NEITHER + POSITIVE AUXILIARY OR ( không ) Ex : I didn’t see Mary this morning, and John didn’t either neither did John Ex : She won’t be going to the conference, and her colleagues won’t either neither will her colleagues S + WOULD RATHER THAT ( mong muốn ) + S2 + V2 / ED / WERE Ex : It is not winter now => Jane would rather that it were winter now Ex : His friends doesn’t work in the same department => Henry would rather that his friends worked in the same department 6A S + Present perfect + For + Time It’s + Time + Since + S + past verb Ex : I haven’t enjoyed myself so much fo years It’s years since I enjoyed myself for years 6B S + past verb + For + Time Ex : The telephone rang for hours 6C S + past verb + Ago It’s + Time + Since + S + past verb It’s hours since the telephone rang It’s + Time + Since + S + past verb Ex : I last saw her years ago It’s is years since I saw her PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE : giả định có hình thức giống nguyên mẫu Thì giả định thường dung mệnh đề PHẢI bắt đầu THAT A S + V + THAT + S + [ V (in simple form) ] ORDER, COMMAND (ra lệnh) , REQUEST, ASK (yêu cầu) , DEMAND, REQUIRE ( đòi hỏi ) , PROPOSE , SUGGEST(đề nghị) , INSIST ( khăng khăng), URGE (hối thúc) VERBS : (advise / prefer/ ask/ stipulate( qui định) / move( kích thích) / recommend / decree (ra lệnh)) Ex : He demanded that he be allowed to meet his lawyer Ex : The doctor suggested that his patient ( should ) stop smoking Ex : The child urges that his father take him to the zoo Ex : The doctor asked that his patient stop smoking BUT : The doctor asked his patient to stop smoking B AFTER THE EXPRESSIONS IT + BE ( Any tense ) + ADJECTIVE + THAT + SUBJECT + VERB – IN SIMPLE FORM It is necessary It is essential It is imperative + That + S + [ V (in simple form) ] It is important It is advisable It is urgent ADJ: advised /recommended/ obligatory /required /mandatory( ủy thác) /proposed /suggested Ex : It is necessary that your mother follow the doctor’s advice Ex : It is advisable that you be careful in the laboratory STRUCTURE WITH PREVENT Ex : The sea was so rough that the ferry couldn’t sail => The rough sea prevented the ferry from sailing Ex : The water was everywhere and we couldn’t save the victims of the flood => The immense water prevented us from saving the victims of the flood S + BE + NOT USED TO + V – ING / NOUN THIS IS THE FIRST TIME + S + HAVE + V3 Ex : This is the first time my daughter has eaten European food => My daughter is not used to eating European food 10 S + BE + NOT USED TO + V – ING / NOUN S + OFTEN + V Ex : My French friend finds driving on the left difficult => My French friend isn’t used to driving on the left Ex : I often get up early => I am used to getting up early 11 S + PREFER + V-ING + TO + V-ING Sth + TO + Sth S + WOULD RATHER +V + THAN + V S + LIKE ………… BETTER THAN Ex : She prefers staying at home to going to market => She would rather stay at home than go to market Ex : They prefer coffee to tea => They like coffee better than tea 12 S + HAS / HAVE BEEN + V3/ED / V-ING + SINCE / FOR … S + BEGAN / STARTED + V-ING/ TO + V + TIME + AGO/ … Ex : He has been working in this factory for over 20 years => Over 20 years ago, he began to work in this factory 13 HOW LONG IS IT SINCE + S + PAST VERB WHEN + DID + S + V Ex : How long is it since we met them.? => When did we meet them? 14 S + HAVEN’T BEEN + TO + A PLACE IT + BE + ONE’S FIRST VISIT + TO + A PLACE Ex : I haven’t been to North America It is my first visit to North America 15 IT IS (HIGH / ABOUT)TIME ( Đã dến lúc ) A IT IS (HIGH/ ABOUT) TIME + TO + V IT IS (HIGH / ABOUT)TIME + FOR SOMEONE + TO + V Ex : It is high time to go EX : It is high time for them to clean the office B IT IS (HIGH / ABOUT) TIME + S + V ( PAST SUBJUNCTIVE ) Ex : We should something about it now It is high time we did something about it now 16 a LET’S + V b IN MY OPINION S + SUGGEST + THAT c S + ADVISE + S + PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE d WHY DON’T YOU DO SOMETHING Ex : “ Let’s go for a walk in the park, ” said Ann => Ann suggested that we should go for a picnic in the park Ex : “ Why doesn’t Tom buy this picture as a wedding present ” said Mary => Mary suggested that Tom buy this picture as a wedding present 17 AS LONG AS / SO … THAT S1 + V + SO THAT / SUCH … THAT + S + V2 WHEN / IF / BECAUSE DUE TO / THE FACT THAT Ex : Keeping calm is the secret of passing your driving test => As long as you keep calm, you can pass your driving test Ex : He lost his money simple because he was not careful => If he had been careful, he wouldn’t have lost money 18 ( S ) + REMEMBER + TO DO STH ( S ) + DON’T FORGET + TO DO STH Ex: Remember to check your flight number => Don’t forget to check your flight number Ex : Don’t forget to make friends with her => remember to make friends with her 19 Immediately The moment No sooner + Had + S + V3 +Than + S + V2 Just Scarcely + Had + S + V3 + When + S + V2 As soon As Hardly + Had + S + V3 + When + S + V2 Ex : Immediately after his appointment to the post , the new editor fell ill => No sooner had he appointed the post, the new editor fell ill Ex : Just after solving the problem, I was faced with another => Hardly had I solved the problem, I was faced with another Ex : She was wrong to think that her husband didn’t love her => Contrary to what she think, her husband didn’t love her 20 a NO MATTER HOW + ADJ / ADV + S + V b NO MATTER WHAT + S + V c NO MATTER WHERE + S + V Ex : It doesn’t whether you are busy or not, he always insists on coming with you 10 universal/ union) (Europe, eulogy (lời ca ngợi), euphemism (lối nói trại), eucalyptus (cây khuynh diệp) · Dùng thành ngữ số lượng định như: a lot of/a great deal of/a couple/a dozen · Dùng trước số đếm định thường hàng ngàn, hàng trăm a/one hundred a/one thousand · Dùng trước "half" (một nửa) theo sau đơn vị nguyên vẹn: a kilo and a half, hay ghép với danh từ khác để nửa phần (khi viết có dấu gạch nối): a half - share, a half - holiday (ngày lễ nghỉ nửa ngày) · Dùng với đơn vị phân số 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth · Dùng thành ngữ giá cả, tốc độ, tỉ lệ: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers an hour, times a day Cách dùng quán từ xác định "The" Dùng the trước danh từ xác định cụ thể mặt tính chất, đặc điểm, vị trí đề cập đến trước đó, khái niệm phổ thơng, biết EX: The boy in the corner is my friend (Cả người nói người nghe biết cậu bé nào) EX : The earth is round (Chỉ có trái đất, biết) Với danh từ khơng đếm được, dùng the nói đến vật cụ thể, khơng dùng the nói chung EX: Sugar is sweet (Chỉ loại đường nói chung) EX: The sugar on the table is from Cuba (Cụ thể đường bàn) Với danh từ đếm số nhiều, chúng có nghĩa đại diện chung cho lớp vật loại khơng dùng the EX: Oranges are green until they ripen (Cam nói chung) EX: Athletes should follow a well-balanced diet (Vận động viên nói chung) * Sau số trường hợp thông dụng dùng The theo quy tắc trên: · The + danh từ + giới từ + danh từ: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico · Dùng trước tính từ so sánh bậc only: The only way, the best day · Dùng cho khoảng thời gian xác định (thập niên): In the 1990s · The + danh từ + đại từ quan hệ + mệnh đề phụ: The man to whom you have just spoken is the chairman · The + danh từ số tượng trưng cho nhóm thú vật đồ vật: The whale = whales (loài cá voi), the deep-freeze (thức ăn đông lạnh) · Đối với man mang nghĩa "lồi người" tuyệt đối khơng dùng the: Since man lived on the earth (kể từ loài người sinh sống trái đất này) · Dùng trước danh từ số để nhóm, hạng người định xã hội: The small shopkeeper: Giới chủ tiệm nhỏ/ The top offcial: Giới quan chức cao cấp · The + adj: Tượng trưng cho nhóm người, chúng khơng phép số nhiều xem danh từ số nhiều Do động từ đại từ với chúng phải thứ số nhiều: The old = The old people; The old are often very hard in their moving · The + tên gọi đội hợp xướng/ dàn nhạc cổ điển/ ban nhạc phổ thông: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles · The + tên gọi tờ báo (khơng tạp chí)/ tàu biển/ khinh khí cầu: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg · The + họ gia đình số nhiều = gia đình nhà: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children · Thông thường không dùng the trước tên riêng trừ trường hợp có nhiều người vật tên người nói muốn ám người cụ thể số đó: There are three Sunsan Parkers in the telephone directory The Sunsan Parker that I know lives on the First Avenue · Tương tự, không dùng "the" trước bữa ăn: breakfast, lunch, dinner: EX: We ate breakfast at am this morning Trừ muốn ám bữa ăn cụ thể: EX: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious · Không dùng "the" trước số danh từ home, bed, church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college, university v.v với động từ giới từ chuyển động đến mục đích khỏi mục đích chính: EX: Students go to school everyday EX: The patient was released from hospital Nhưng đến khỏi khơng mục đích dùng "the" EX: Students go to the school for a class party EX: The doctor left the hospital for lunch Bảng sử dụng "the" không sử dụng "the" số trường hợp điển hình Có "The" Khơng "The" + Dùng trước tên đại dương, sơng ngòi, biển, vịnh cụm hồ (số nhiều) The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gufl, the Great Lakes + Trước tên hồ Lake Geneva + Trước tên dãy núi: The Rocky Mountains + Trước tên núi Mount Vesuvius + Trước tên vật thể vũ trụ giới: The earth, the moon + The schools, colleges, universities + of + danh từ riêng The University of Florida + Trước tên hành tinh chòm Venus, Mars + The + số thứ tự + danh từ The third chapter + Trước tên chiến tranh khu vực với điều kiện tên khu vực phải tính từ hoá The Korean War (=> The Vietnamese economy) + Trước tên nước có hai từ trở lên (ngoại trừ Great Britain) The United States, The Central African Republic + Trước tên nước coi quần đảo quần đảo The Philipines, The Virgin Islands, The Hawaii + Trước tên tài liệu kiện lịch sử The Constitution, The Magna Carta + Trước tên nhóm dân tộc thiểu số the Indians + Trước tên môn học cụ thể The Solid matter Physics + Trước danh từ với số đếm Chapter three, Word War One + Trước tên nhạc cụ đề cập đến nhạc cụ nói chung chơi nhạc cụ The violin is difficult to play Who is that on the piano LESSON 18: + Trước tên trường trước tên riêng Stetson University + Trước tên nước có từ: China, France, Venezuela, Vietnam + Trước tên nước mở đầu New, tính từ hướng: New Zealand, North Korean, France + Trước tên lục địa, tỉnh, tiểu bang, thành phố, quận, huyện: Europe, Florida + Trước tên môn thể thao baseball, basketball + Trước danh từ trừu tượng (trừ số trường hợp đặc biệt): freedom, happiness + Trước tên mơn học nói chung mathematics + Trước tên ngày lễ, tết Christmas, Thanksgiving + Trước tên loại hình nhạc cụ hình thức âm nhạc cụ thể (Jazz, Rock, classical music ) To perform jazz on trumpet and piano MODAL VERBS ( ĐỘNG TỪ KHIẾM KHUYẾT ) A Form : Modal Verbs ( can /could / may / might will / would ) + Vo B Use : a Can (could ) : có thể, chĩ khả Ex : Tom can play three musical intruments In the past, people could hardly travel easily b may / might : có lẽ , Ex : It may / might be a bomb She may / might be at home today c should ( not ) := had better (not) = ought (not) to : nên (không nên) Ex : You should not smoke so much It is not good for you d Must: phải ( bắt buộc), must not : khơng phép (chỉ cấm đốn) Ex : You haven’t got much time You must hurry You can tell Tom what I said but he mustn’t tell anybody else e Need ( cần ) # needn’t = don’t need ( không cần ) Ex : You have got plenty of time You don’t need to hurry ( You needn’t hurry ) Notes : *** Diễn tả suy đoán : MUST : khẳng định/ CAN’T (phủ định) - Must + V ( là) / Can’t + V (chắc không) HIỆN TẠI - Must + have + V3,ed / Can’t +have + V3,ed QUÁ KHỨ Khi nhờ giúp : Can you … ? Could you … ? Will you…? Would you…? Khi muốn giúp : Can I …? Shall I …? Khi xin phép : May I … ? Ex : Could you please open the window ? May I read your newspaper ? Một số cụm từ tương đương : -It + be + necessary ( for O ) + to – Vo = need + V Ex : It is unnecessary for him to study many subjects He needn’t study many subjects / He does not need to study many subjects - It + be + possible / probable / impossible + to – Vo - maybe / perhaps = can / may + V o (có lẽ) Ex : Maybe your answer is right = Your anwer may be right Modals + have + V3,ed : dùng diễn tả khứ - Could have + V3,ed (diễn tả khả có khứ, chưa sử dụng tới) - Should ( not ) have + V3,ed : nên ( không nên ) làm.(trong khứ) - May / might / can / could (not) + have + V3,ed : Có lẽ , làm.(trong khứ) - Need ( Needn’t ) + have + V3,ed : Cần (không cần) làm khứ LESSON 19 : STRESS - Nhấn trọng âm : -ee, - eer, - ese, aire, -ique, - esque, - ette, -oo, -oon, -ain, -air, ade Ex: unique, Chinese, degree - Trọng âm liền trước : - ion, -ic, -ical, -ity, -ial(ly), - ive, - logy, - graphy, - etry Ex: active - Từ có âm tiết : danh từ va tính từ nhấn âm tiết thứ 1, động từ nhấn âm tiết thứ - Từ có âm tiết : thường nhấn âm tiết thứ LESSON 20 : WORD FORM Noun ( danh từ ) : tận : -ion, -ment, -ity, -er / -or / -ist ( cho người) ), -ance / ence, -ness Vị trí - Sau tính từ Ex : effective treatment, - Sau a,an,the - many, much, a lot of, - no, every, this, that, these, those Ex : the production, many activities - Sau tính từ sở hữu : my, our, your, his, her, their Ex : her success - Làm chủ từ/ túc từ Ex : Good health brings happiness for Note : giới từ ( in, with … ) + Ving + O # giới từ ( in, with … ) + N Ex : Thank for your inviting me # thank for your invitation Adjective ( Tính từ ) : tận : -ive, ful, - al, -y, -ing, - less ( not ), able Vị trí - Trước danh từ Ex : healthy food - Sau be ( am,is,are,was,were ), look(ed), seem(ed), feel(felt), appear(ed) , become (became) stay (ed) , taste (d) remain(ed) sound(ed) smell(smelt) Ex : The flowers smell sweet Ex : is industrial, natural resource Adverb ( Trạng từ ) : tận -ly ( ngoại trừ : yearly, monthly, weekly, daily tính từ ) - Trước tính từ Ex : extremely cold - Bổ nghĩa cho động từ thường : V +( O ) + adv Ex : treat women equally - Đứng đầu câu Ex : Surprisingly, he cries Notes : * a / an / the + ( adv ) + ( adj ) + N LESSON 21: INVERSION NO LONGER (ADV) = not any longer / not any more  still Ex : I’m no longer jobless → I’m not jobless any longer / I’m not jobless any more I Mid position: S + BE + no longer…(BE = am / is / are / was / were) Ex : She is no longer at school S + no longer + V… Ex : They no longer work in this office S + modal verb + no longer + V(bare) Ex : They could no longer wait for him S + has / have / had + no longer + V(3/ ed) Ex: I had no longer seen such a sight II Front position : No longer + BE + S … Ex : No longer is she at school No longer + / does / did + S + V (bare)… Ex :No longer does he work in this office No longer + modal verb + S + V (bare) … Ex: No longer could they wait for him No longer + has / have / had + S + V (3 / ed) … Ex : No longer had I seen such a sight *INVERSION : ĐẢO NGỮ ĐẢO NGỮ DÙNG ĐỂ NHẤN MẠNH, HÌNH THỨC ĐẢO NGỮ GIỐNG NHƯ CÁCH ĐẶT CÂU HỎI I Đảo ngữ có trạng từ dứng đầu câu OFTEN, SELDOM, RARELY, HARDLY , SCARELY HARDLY EVER, SCARELY EVER, NEVER, NOT ONLY, NEVER BEFORE, NOWHERE , NO , NOT…,+ V + S Ex : She seldom goes to school on foot Seldom does she go to school on foot NOT UNTIL/ NOT TILL+ S + V … V + S (mãi cho đến…) NOT ONLY + V + S … BUT ALSO Ex: They not only cleaned the house but they also prepared the meal Not only …………… IN / UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCE(S) + V + S ON NO ACCOUNT ( trường hợp nào… không) BY NO MEANS (với bất lý nào… không) Ex: In no circumstance should you land him any money II Đảo ngữ có ONLY … ONLY + when/ after/ then/ later… + V + S… Ex: I realized him only when he called my name Only when … ONLY + CỤM GIỚI TỪ + V + S… Ex : You will be able to pass the exam only by learning hard Only by… III.So + adj / adv Such + (a / an) adj + noun SO + ADJ/ ADV + V + S THAT… Ex : She was so confused that she left there early So confused was she that she left there early Ex : The man was so tired that he couldn’t work more So … SUCH +(BE) + NOUN PHRASE + THAT Ex: It was such a hot day that we decided to go out Such … IV Đảo ngữ no sooner…than , hardly … when, scarely … when NO SOONER + HAD + S + V3 / ED THAN + S + V2/ ED Hardly + HAD + S + V3 / ED + when + S + V2/ ED Scarely + HAD + S + V3 / ED + when + S + V2/ ED Ex : I had no sooner entered the room than the phone rang No sooner … V Here, there, first , last + verb + subject Ex : The bus comes here Here comes the bus Ex: Here is your pen Ex: There is a letter for you on the table Note : Nếu chủ ngữ đại từ đảo ngữ khơng xảy Ex: Here you are / There you are VI Much , many , few, little , no (not) + noun Ex : We spent much money Much money did we spend VII Đảo ngữ có trạng từ nơi chốn Particle đứng đầu câu Trong trường hợp không mượn trợ động từ Ex: Under the tree slept a boy Ex: Out ran the girl VIII Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện Dùng should (đk 1) were (đk2) had (đk3) Ex: If I had known you was sick, I would have visited you Had … Ex : If we hear any further news, we will phone you immediately Should … IX Đảo ngữ có SO (CŨNG VẬY) , / NEITHER/ NOR ( CŨNG KHÔNG) đầu câu Ex: I am a student He is, too = so is he Ex: He didn’t go to the concert Mary didn’t either= neither did mary X Predicative adjective + (be) + subject Ex : The boy is handsome Handsome is the boy PRACTICE CHOOSE THE BEST OPTION _ received law degrees as today A Never so many women have B Never have so many women C The women have never D Women who have ever Seldom far from home years ago A people traveled B did people travel C travelled people D did people travelled My father no longer smokes cigarettes No longer A my father smoke cigarettes B does my father smoke cigarettes C does my father smokes cigarettes D my father smokes cigarettes No sooner had he arrived home _ he was called out again A when B and C but D than Not a word since the exam started A she wrote B she had written C had she written D she has written No sooner _the comer than the wheel came off A the van turned B did the van turn C the van had turn D had the van turned Not until 1890s right to vote in many countries A did women have B women had C women have had D were women had Never before has so many people in the United States been interested in soccer On the battle field _ A the tanks did lie B the tanks lay C did the tanks lie D lay the tanks 10 Never before such a beautiful waterfall A have I seen B I have seen C that I have seen D I see LESSON 22: TAG QUESTIONS Examples : Mr Brown works here, doesn’t he? + DÙNG Pronoun (he thay Mr Brown) + DÙNG to be (is, are …) HOẶC ĐỘNG TỪ THƯỜNG THEO PHẦN CHÍNH + LN Ở DẠNG PHỦ ĐỊNH (doesn’t he thay does not he) + PHẦN CHÍNH XÁC ĐỊNH , PHẦN ĐI PHỦ ĐỊNH ( TRONG TRƯỜNG HỢP PHẦN CHINH CÓ TỪ MANG NGHĨA PHỦ ĐỊNH NHƯ Never, no, none, no one, nobody, neither, seldom, hardly, scarcely, nothing, THÌ PHẦN ĐI XÁC ĐỊNH) + something, nothing anything – DÙNG it, everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, nobody , none, these , those- DÙNG they + I am late, aren’t I? + I am not late, am I? + Let’s go, shall we ? + Request ; HÃY (+) will you? ĐỪNG (-) will you ? LESSON 23 PHRASAL VERBS (CỤM ĐỘNG TỪ) - apply to sb for sth: nộp đơn xin - ask sb for sth: hỏi xin ai/ yêu cầu - call back: gợi lại, nhớ lại - call up : gọi điện - catch up ( with) :đñuổi kịp, bắt kịp - come up : xảy ra, phát sinh - cool off: nguội lạnh đi, giảm ( nhiệt tình) - discuss sth with sb = have a discussion about sth: thảo luận - drop in: ghé thăm - explain sth to sb: giải thích - fall behind: bị tụt đằng sau - fill in : điền vào mẫu đơn - fill up: lấp đầy, nhét đầy, điền vào - find out: discover information - get along (with): have a good relation ship with - get in / on : enter a car/ taxi .bước lên - get off: leave a bus/ train bước xuống - get over : recover : bình phục - get through (with): kết thúc - get up: thức dậy - give back: trả lại - give in: nhượng bộ, chịu thua - give up: stop doing / having sth: ngưng, từ bỏ - glance at sb/ sth: take a quick look at: liếc nhìn - go away: đđi khỏi - go by : trôi qua ( time )- go off: nổ = explode ( bomb ), bắn ( gun), gõ ( clock ) ,bị hư (sữa, thức ăn , máy móc) - go on: continue : tiếp tục - go out: stop burning/ shining: tắt - grown up: become an adult - hold up : làm trở ngại - hurry up: làm nhanh, gấp - invite sb to/ for sth: mời - jot down = note down : ghi tóm tắt - keep on = continue : tiếp tục - keep up : giữ vững trì, tiếp tục - laugh at sb/ sth: cười, trêu chọc, chế nhạo - leave somewhere for .: rời - leave out : omit bỏ - lie down: nằm xuống( để nghỉ ngơi) - listen to sb/ sth: lắng nghe - look after = take care of = to care for : chăm sóc, trông nom - look out (for): be careful - look sth up: tra cứu - make up : invent a story:bịa - make up of : chiếm , tạo thành - make use of : sử dụng - pay back: trả lại - pick up : nhặt, dọn - point at/ to sb/ sth: - put away: đặt chổ khác - put back: đặt trở lại - put off = call of : postpone - put on: dress yourself in sth: mặc vào - run into = come across : tình cờ gặp - search sb/ sth for sb/ sth: tìm kiếm - speak to/ with sb about/ of sb/ sth: nói với -speak up : nói to lên - sit down: ngồi xuống - take after: resemble: trông giống - take off : cất caùnh, cởi - talk to / with sb about/ of sb/ sth: nói, bảo, thảo luận - throw sth at sb/ sth: ném, chọi vào - throw away: discard : vứt, ném - throw sth to sb: chuyền - try out : test : thử nghiệm - turn down: giảm, không chấp nhận - turn off: switch off : tắt (đèn, quạt ), shut off - turn on: switch on: mở (đèn, quạt ) - turn round: quay lại - turn up : mở lớn, đñến - wash up: wash the dishes: rửa cheùn - watch out (for): be careful - write to sb: viết thư gởi LESSON 24: PREPOSITIONS Prepositions For time ( THỜI GIAN ) At At o’clock , at p.m , at night , at Christmas , at once ,at last , at the moment = at present , at weekends In In + NĂM / THÁNG / MÙA/ BUỔI In 1980 , in June , in Spring/ summer / autunm / winter ,in the morning / afternoon / evening Note : at night On On + NGÁY TRONG TUẦN ( on Monday , …On Sunday ) On + NGÀY THÁNG (on June 10th) For place ( NƠI CHỐN ) At the end of , ( arrive ) at the airport, at home , at the theatre , at school , at the top / bottom , at the beginning , at the shop , , station … In (Ở TRONG ) : in the dinning room , in the desk , in the box In + THÀNH PHỐ, ĐẤT NƯỚC , in London , in Vietnam, in the South, , in the east , in the north … On : Ở TRÊN ( on the table , on the floor , on TV/ radio , on the beach , on foot (ĐI BỘ ) A Prepositions + Noun 1.in time ( for sth / to sth ) = early enough for sth / to sth : đủ thời gian on time = punctual , not late : by the time : trước on business = go on business : làm kinh doanh In business = be a businessman : doanh nhân at the end of sth = at the last point of sth ( phần cuối ) In the end = at last , finally ( cuối ) between : ( A and B ) among = nhiều đối tượng ( từ trở lên) across the bridge / the street /… : ngang qua opposite : đối diện B Be + Adj + Preposition be involved in : liên quan ( be ) keen on : = (be) fond of= (be) interested in be helpful / useful / harmful to be occupied … with : b roän = be busy be disappointed with : thất vọng be tired from : mệt 7.be bored with = fed up with = be tired of : chán be absorbed in: say mê 9.be fond of 11.be crowded with 12.be afraid of 13.S-người + be good at # S-vật + be good for 14.be different from 15.be successful in 16.at the age of 17.be famous for : tiếng 18.be nice / polite / rude / … to 19 be obliged to-Vo : buộc phải làm 20 be concerned with : quan tâm 21 be supposed to – Vo : giả sử 22 be available for : sẳn cho C Verb + Preposition is spoken / used / known as to regard … as : coi belong to = have ( whose ) provide sb with : sth/ provide sth for sb : cung cấp to appy …… for : xin việc to protect / prevent … from : bảo vệ, ngăn to account for : chòu trách nhiệm depend on = be up to : lệ thuộc 9.die of : chết (an illness / hunger ) 10.die for : chết cho , hy sinh ( one’s country ) 11.believe in sb = trust sb : tin tưởng 12.get married to sb 13.warn sb about / against sth : canh cao 14.apologize ( to sb ) for V-ing 15.accuse sb of sth ; buộc tội 16.blame sb for : khiển trách 17.congratulate sb on sth : chúc mừng 18.introduce / explain to sb 19.object to : phản đối 20 participate in = take part in 22 response to : phan ung 23 confide in : tam su 24 confide in : tam su 25 share with : chia se 26 complment on : khen ngoi 27 consist of : bao gom, gom co 28 be divided into : duoc chia 30 be based on : dua tren 31 concentrate on : tap trung D Verb + Noun + prepositions : catch sight of : thấy, gặp lose touch with : liên lạc keep pace with : theo kịp take notice of : lưu ý in danger of on behalf of : nhân danh, đại diện MỤC LỤC: LESSON 1: MẪU CÂU GIAO TIẾP TRANG LESSON 2: USUAL SENTENCE PATTERNS TRANG LESSON : SUMMARY OF TENSES IN ENGLISH TRANG 13 LESSON 4: ACTIVE SENTENCE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE TRANG24 LESSON : TRANG 26 TO VERB – VERB -ING LESSON : SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT TRANG 29 LESSON : IF CLAUSE- CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TRANG 31 LESSON 8: WISH CLAUSE TRANG 33 LESSON : REPORTED SPEECH TRANG 34 LESSON 10: RELATIVE CLAUSES TRANG 38 LESSON 11: CLEFT SENTENCES - CÂU CHẺ TRANG 41 LESSON 12: COMPARISON TRANG 43 LESSON 13 ADJECTIVES - ADVERBS TRANG 50 LESSON 14: ADVERBIAL CLAUSES TRANG 54 LESSON 15: CONJUNCTIONS TRANG 57 LESSON 16 : NOUNS TRANG 58 LESSON 17: ARTICLES TRANG 60 LESSON 21: INVERSION TRANG 67 LESSON 22: TAG QUESTIONS TRANG 70 LESSON 23 PHRASAL VERBS TRANG 70 LESSON 24: TRANG 73 PREPOSITIONS ... (do) CÁC MẪU CÂU CÁM ƠN: Trả lời - You're welcome - That's all right - Not at all - It's my pleasure - Thank you - Thank you very much - Thanks a lot - Thanks a lot for CÁC MẪU CÂU hỏi lại nghe... like to go to the party? ( mời bạn dự tiệc) CÁC MẪU CÂU CẢNH BÁO : Don't move! Mind you head! Watch out! Look out! Be careful! Take care! CÁC MẪU CÂU CHUNG : Showing interest Uh-huh! Right! Really?... - Pardon? ( chữ thông dụng em cần nhớ) - Please say that again - Could you repeat that? CÁC MẪU CÂU MỜI: a) Mời ăn uống: - Would you like + ăn/uống Ví dụ: Would you like a cup of tea? ( mời bạn