Large scale adsorption and chromatography, volumes 1 2 (1986)

Large-Scale Adsorption and Chromatography Volume I Author Phillip C Wankat, Ph.D Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana CRC Press, Inc Boca Raton, Florida Large-Scale Adsorption and Chromatography Volume II Author Phillip C Wankat, Ph.D Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana CRC Press, Inc Boca Raton, Florida Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wankat, Phillip C , 1944Large-scale adsorption and chromatography Includes bibliographies and indexes Chromatographic analysis Adsorption I Title QD79.C4W36 1986 543'.089 ISBN 0-8493-5597-4 (v 1) ISBN 0-8493-5598-2 (v 2) 86-13668 This book represents information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Every reasonable effort has been made to give reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use All rights reserved This book, or any parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written consent from the publisher Direct all inquiries to CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida, 33431 © 1986 by CRC Press, Inc International Standard Book Number 0-8493-5597-4 (Volume I) International Standard Book Number 0-8493-5598-2 (Volume II) Library of Congress Card Number 86-13668 Printed in the United States PREFACE My major goal in writing this book has been to present a unified, up-to-date development of operating methods used for large-scale adsorption and chromatography I have attempted to gather together the operating methods which have been used or studied for large-scale applications These methods have been classified and compared The main unifying principle has been to use the same theory, the solute movement or local equilibrium theory, to present all of the methods Mass transfer and dispersion effects are included with the nonlinear mass transfer zone (MTZ) and the linear chromatographic models More complex theories are referenced, but are not discussed in detail since they often serve to obscure the reasons for a separation instead of enlightening Liberal use has been made of published experimental results to explain the operating methods Most of the theory has been placed in Chapter I recommend that the reader study Sections II and IV A and IV.B carefully since the other chapters rely very heavily on these sections The rest of Chapter can be read when you feel motivated The remaining chapters are all essentially independent of each other, and the reader can skip to any section of interest Considerable cross-referencing of sections is used to guide the reader to other sections of interest I have attempted to present a complete review of the open literature, but have not attempted a thorough review of the patent literature Many commercial methods have been published in unconventional sources such as company brochures Since these may be the only or at least the most thorough source, I have referenced many such reports Company addresses are presented so that interested readers may follow up on these references Naturally, company brochures are often not completely unbiased The incorporation of new references ceased in mid-May 1985 I apologize for any important references which may have been inadvertently left out Several places throughout the text I have collected ideas and made suggestions for ways to reduce capital and/or operating expenses for different separation problems Since each separation problem is unique, these suggestions cannot be universally valid; however, I believe they will be useful in the majority of cases I have also looked into my cloudy crystal ball and tried to predict future trends; years from now some of these predictions should be good for a laugh Much of this book was written while I was on sabbatical I wish to thank Purdue University for the opportunity to take this sabbatical, and Laboratoire des Sciences du Genie Chimique, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Industries Chimiques (LSGC-ENSIC) for their hospitality The support of NSF and CNRS through the U.S./France Scientific Exchange Program is gratefully acknowledged Dr Daniel Tondeur, Dr Georges Grevillot, and Dr John Dodds at LSGC-ENSIC were extremely helpful in the development of this book My graduate level class on separation processes at Purdue University served as guinea pigs and went through the first completed draft of the book They were extremely helpful in polishing the book and in finding additional references The members of this class were Lisa Brannon, Judy Chung, Wayne Curtis, Gene Durrence, Vance Flosenzier, Rod Geldart, Ron Harland, WeiYih Huang, Al Hummel, Jay Lee, Waihung Lo, Bob Neuman, Scott Rudge, Shirish Sanke, Jeff Straight, Sung-Sup Suh, Narasimhan Sundaram, Bart Waters, Hyung Suk Woo, and Qiming Yu Many other researchers have been helpful with various aspects of this book, often in ways they are totally unaware of A partial listing includes Dr Philip Barker, Dr Brian Bidlingmeyer, Dr Donald Broughton, Dr Armand deRosset, Dr George Keller, Dr C Judson King, Dr Douglas Levan, Dr Buck Rogers, Dr William Schowalter, and Dr Norman Sweed The typing and help with figures of Connie Marsh and Carolyn Blue were invaluable and is deeply appreciated Finally, I would like to thank my parents and particularly my wife, Dot, for their support when my energy and enthusiasm plummeted THE AUTHOR Phillip C Wankat is a Professor of Chemical Engineering aat Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind Dr Wankat received his B.S.Ch.E from Purdue University in 1966 and his Ph.D degree in Chemical Engineering from Princeton University in 1970 He became an Assistant Professor at Purdue University in 1970, an Associate Professor in 1974, and a Professor in 1978 Prof Wankat spent sabbatical years at the University of CaliforniaBerkeley and at LSGC, ENSIC, Nancy, France His research interests have been in the area of separation processes with an emphasis on operating methods for adsorption and large-scale chromatography He has published over 70 technical articles, and has presented numerous seminars and papers at meetings He was Chairman of the Gordon Research Conference on Separation and Purification in 1983 He is on the editorial board of Separation Science He is active in the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the American Chemical Society, and the American Society for Engineering Education He has consulted with several companies on various separation problems Prof Wankat is very interested in good teaching and counseling He earned an M.S.Ed, in Counseling from Purdue University in 1982 He has won several teaching and counseling awards, including the American Society for Engineering Education George Westinghouse Award in 1984 Contents Preface vi The Author vii Introduction 1.1 Physical Picture and Simple Theories for Adsorption and Chromatography 1.7 I Introduction 1.7 II Physical Picture 1.7 III Equilibrium Isotherms 1.9 IV Movement of Solute and Energy Waves in the Column 1.16 V Formal Mathematical Development of Solute Movement Theory 1.35 VI Zone Spreading Effects for Linear Systems 1.39 VII Simple Design Procedures for Nonlinear Systems 1.50 VIII Summary 1.54 Packed Bed Adsorption Operations 1.55 I Introduction 1.55 II Operation of Packed Beds 1.55 III Adsorption of Gases with Thermal Regeneration 1.69 IV Adsorption of Liquids with Thermal Regeneration 1.81 V Gas and Liquid Adsorption with Desorbent Regeneration 1.84 VI The Future of Packed Bed Operations 1.89 Cyclic Operations: Pressure Swing Adsorption, Parametric Pumping, and Cycling Zone Adsorption 1.91 I Introduction 1.91 II Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) and Vacuum Swing Adsorption (VSA) 1.91 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation ix x Contents III Parametric Pumping 1.106 IV Cycling Zone Adsorption (CZA) and Chromatothermography 1.122 V Theories for Cyclic Separations 1.131 VI The Future for Cyclic Separations 1.131 Large-Scale Chromatographic Separations 2.1 I Introduction 2.1 II Basic Operating Method 2.1 III General Design Considerations 2.7 IV Operating Methods 2.14 V Liquid Chromatography 2.20 VI Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) 2.27 VII Gas Chromatography Systems 2.30 VIII On-Off Chromatography: Biospecific Affinity and Ionexchange Chromatography 2.34 IX The Future of Large-Scale Chromatography 2.39 Countercurrent Systems: Moving Beds and Simulated Moving Beds 2.41 I Introduction 2.41 II Continuous Flow of Solids 2.41 III Intermittent Solids Flow 2.65 IV Moving Equipment Systems 2.76 V Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) 2.78 VI The Future for Continuous Countercurrent Systems 2.92 Hybrid Chromatographic Processes: Column Switching and Moving Ports 2.95 I Introduction 2.95 II Column Switching Methods 2.95 III Moving Feed Chromatography 2.100 IV Moving Port Chromatography 2.104 V Two-Way Chromatography 2.109 VI Simulated Co-Current Operation 2.111 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Contents VII The Future for Column Switching and Moving Port Methods xi 2.112 Two-Dimensional and Centrifugal Operating Methods 2.115 I Introduction 2.115 II Two-Dimensional Adsorption and Chromatography 2.115 III Centrifugal Chromatography and Adsorption – the Chromatofuge 2.126 Appendix: Nomenclature 2.131 References 2.137 Absolom, D R to Lyman, W J 2.137 Macnair, R N and Arons, G N to Zweig, G and Sherma, J., Eds 2.159 Index I.1 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Chapter INTRODUCTION The purpose of this book is to provide a unified picture of the large number of adsorption and chromatographic operating methods used for separation The macroscopic aspects of the processes differ, but on a microscopic scale all of these separation methods are based on different velocities of movement of solutes The solute velocities in turn depend upon the phenomena of flow through a porous media, sorption equilibria, diffusion, mass transfer, and sorption/desorption kinetics Since I not read books serially from cover to cover, but instead skip to those sections I am most interested in, this book has been written for this type of selective reading Except for Chapter 2, the chapters are essentially independent so that the reader can start anywhere All of the chapters rely heavily on the local equilibrium or solute movement theory Thus, a review of Chapter (Sections III.A and B, plus possibly Section IV) would be helpful before reading other parts of the book The remainder of Chapter can be picked up as needed We will first look (in Chapter 2) at a physical picture of solute movement in a packed column For most systems the separation can be predicted by combining the average rate of solute movement and zone spreading effects The average rate of solute movement will be derived for both linear and nonlinear isotherms This average solute wave velocity depends upon the bed porosity, solvent velocity, and equilibrium conditions, and is essentially the fraction of time the solute is in the mobile phase times the fluid velocity The solute velocity is easily calculated and easy to use to explain the macroscopic aspects of different operating methods Nonlinear adsorption, thermal waves, changing gas velocities, and coupled systems will all be studied The spreading of the solute zones depends on diffusion, mass transfer rates, and sorption/desorption kinetics The amount of zone spreading is easily determined from theories for systems with linear isotherms From these theories one obtains the familiar rule that zone spreading is proportional to the square root of the distance traveled For nonlinear systems which form constant patterns, the mass transfer zone (MTZ) approach will be developed The pictures of solute movement and of zone spreading will be combined to explain the operating methods in Chapters to Where necessary, the results from more detailed theories will be used to explain experimental results Chapters to describe different operating methods and use the theories from Chapter to explain these methods The division of different separation methods into chapters is somewhat arbitrary Essentially, Chapters to cover fixed-bed systems while Chapters to cover moving or simulated moving beds These six chapters are all independent and can be read in any order, although they are crossreferenced The development of mathematical theories is mainly restricted to Chapter and, to a lesser extent, Chapter The adsorption of a single solute with simple cycles is discussed in Chapter The basic type of operating cycle used is shown in Figure 1-1 The adsorption of solute occurs for some period and then the solute is desorbed either with a hot fluid or a desorbent This is a batch process with a large number of possible variations The method has been applied for cleaning up gas streams using a hot gas for desorption, for solvent recovery from a gas stream using activated carbon and steam desorption, for liquid cleanup using either a hot liquid or a desorbent for the desorption step, and for waste water treatment systems General considerations are covered in Section II of Chapter and specific separations are covered in the rest of the chapter Section II.D in Chapter 3, on the effect of particle size, will probably be of interest to all readers Many of the common commercial adsorption processes are briefly reviewed in this chapter Product Feed Hot Fluid or Desorbent Concentrated Solute FIGURE 1-1 Basic cycle for adsorption of a single solute (A) Adsorption step (B) Desorption Product Waste F FIGURE 1-2 Basic pressure swing adsorption apparatus Chapter covers cyclic operations which are somewhat more complex than those shown in Figure 1-1 Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) first adsorbs solute from a gas stream at elevated pressure and then desorbs the solute using a purge at much lower pressure A very simple system is shown schematically in Figure 1-2 Since the volume of gas expands when depressurized, a larger volume but fewer moles of gas can be used for the purge step Every few minutes the columns change functions For liquid systems, parametric pumping and cycling zone adsorption are based on the shift in the equilibrium isotherm when a thermodynamic variable such as temperature is changed Although this change in concentration is often small, a large separation can be built up by utilizing many shifts A variety of cycles will be explored for both gas and liquid systems The separation or fractionatioti of more than one solute by large-scale chromatography is the subject of Chapter The basic method and typical results are illustrated in Figure 1-3 Solvent or carrier gas is continuously fed into a packed column and a pulse of feed is injected intermittently Since different solutes travel at different velocities, they exit the column at I.16 Index terms Links Linear chromatography, see Chromatography Linear dispersion model Linear isotherm 2.102 1.9 solute movement with 1.17 sorption effect 1.29 thermal wave, effect of 1.26 Linear systems applications of theories 1.21 1.25 2.34 1.49 1.53 zone spreading effects for, see also Zone spreading Linear theory of chromatography 1.39 2.3 Liquid adsorption systems, simulated moving bed fractionation 2.85 Liquid chromatography (LC) 2.1 2.20 axial compression 2.21 2.23 radial compression 2.21 Liquid-liquid chromatography overflooding 2.2 2.77 2.25 2.14 Liquids adsorption with desorbent regeneration 1.84 1.86 adsorption with thermal regeneration, see also Thermal regeneration 1.81 Liquid systems 1.12 Loading ratio correlation (LRC) 1.12 Local equilibrium model 1.35 1.113 1.116 Local equilibrium theory 1.32 1.53 1.72 parametric pumping 1.109 1.119 1.93 1.95 1.48 1.51 pressure swing adsorption 1.131 LUB, see Length of unused bed approach M Macromolecules Magnetically stabilized countercurrent moving beds 2.122 Magnetically stabilized fluidized beds 2.63 Magnetically stabilized moving beds 2.51 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.17 Index terms Links Magnetic resin 2.55 Magnetic solids 2.56 Mass balance 1.35 Mass separating agent 1.38 2.4 Mass transfer resistance 1.46 1.60 Mass transfer zone (MTZ) approach 1.1 1.84 1.7 2.20 1.22 2.50 1.72 2.67 2.41 2.56 2.78 1.11 1.96 1.61 1.106 1.69 2.85 1.81 2.58 2.86 2.45 2.56 2.60 2.72 nonlinear systems 1.50 pressure swing adsorption 1.95 Mercury 1.70 Merry-go-round system 1.62 Migration 1.82 2.80 2.1 Migrational chromatography, particle diameter effects Mixing cell models 2.10 1.131 cycling zone adsorption 1.117 parametric pumping 1.115 Modeling 1.53 Molecular gate 1.102 Molecular sieve isotherm 1.10 Molecular sieves 1.8 1.85 cycling zone adsorption 1.126 pressure swing adsorption 1.99 regeneration 1.72 Molecular sieve zeolites Monolayer coverage Monovalent ion exchange Moving beds 2.25 1.9 1.15 2.41 2.113 dense, for single solute recovery 2.50 ion exchange 2.71 magnetically stabilized 2.51 Moving bed systems, see Moving beds Moving belt systems 2.76 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.18 Index terms Moving equipment systems Links 2.76 Moving feed chromatography 2.100 2.113 Moving port chromatography 2.104 2.121 future for 2.112 simulated moving beds compared 2.108 Moving withdrawal chromatography 2.98 2.105 2.126 2.109 2.113 MTZ, see Mass transfer zone (MTZ) approach Multicomponent cycling zone adsorption 1.128 Multicomponent Freundlich-Langmuir isotherms 1.84 Multidimensional chromatography 2.95 Multilayer adsorption 1.11 Multilayer isotherms 1.13 N N2 1.101 1.103 1.133 2.131 Nitrogen, see N2 Nomenclature Nonisothermal theories 1.72 Nonlinear isotherm 1.21 pressure swing adsorption 1.95 solute movement with 1.17 sorption effect 1.30 Nonlinear systems 1.49 design 1.50 Novobiocin 2.56 NOx 1.63 Nuclear industry 2.25 1.29 1.48 1.69 O Odor control On-off chromatography particle diameter effects Open systems 1.69 2.1 2.16 2.18 2.12 1.112 1.117 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 2.34 I.19 Index terms Links Operating methods elution chromatography 2.14 large-scale chromatography 2.14 Operation, large-scale chromatography 2.13 Overflooding 2.14 Oxygen purification 1.98 Oxygen recovery 2.32 1.100 1.103 1.55 2.72 P Packed beds activated carbon 1.56 adsorption methods 1.55 breakthrough 1.57 canister systems 1.55 desorbent regeneration, see also Desorbent regeneration 1.84 desorption cycles 1.56 desorption methods 1.55 fluid flow step 2.68 future of operations of 1.89 increasing fractional use of 1.59 intensification 1.64 layered 1.61 nonregenerative design 1.55 operation of 1.55 particle diameter 1.64 regeneration 1.55 1.60 solute movement theory 1.57 1.59 sweetening-on step 1.56 1.62 thermal regeneration gas adsorption with 1.69 liquid adsorption with 1.81 two-layer procedure Packing 1.61 2.8 Packing material Packing procedures 2.11 2.24 2.13 2.8 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 2.35 I.20 Index terms Paper chromatography Paraffins Links 2.118 1.85 1.100 Parametric pumping (PP) 1.91 2.125 1.94 adsorptive-distillation 1.116 1.120 biochemical affinity systems 1.121 commercial use of, see also Sirotherm process 1.121 continuous operation 1.112 cyclic separation models 1.115 direct mode 1.106 electrochemical 1.120 equilibrium staged model 1.116 extensions 1.118 intermediate heat exchangers 1.111 ion exchange 1.119 isoelectric point 1.119 local equilibrium model 1.116 applications 1.106 1.131 1.117 1.113 1.116 1.113 local equilibrium theory 1.109 1.119 mixing cell model 1.115 modifications 1.118 open systems 1.112 1.117 recuperative mode 1.110 1.116 1.119 1.121 reservoir 1.107 1.109 1.113 1.117 reverse separations 1.110 1.119 semicontinuous operation 1.112 1.117 Sirotherm process, see Sirotherm process size exclusion 1.119 solute movement theory 1.107 1.112 STOP-GO theory 1.110 1.116 traveling wave mode 1.110 two-adsorbent system 1.114 1.120 1.60 1.64 Particle diameter Particle size 1.1 Partition chromatography supports 1.9 Peclet number 1.117 2.10 1.43 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 2.76 I.21 Index terms Links Permeability 1.64 Pharmaceuticals 1.88 Phenol 1.63 Physical picture 1.86 1.7 Pipe reactors 2.55 Plasma 2.35 Plasma proteins 2.37 Plate height 1.39 Plate theories, see also Staged theory 1.39 Poisson distribution 1.40 Polyacrylamide gels 2.28 Polymers 2.30 Polymeric resin 1.86 1.88 1.7 1.27 Porosity changes in 1.45 1.64 1.31 PP, see Parametric pumping Preparative-scale systems 2.20 2.24 2.30 Pressure drop 1.60 1.62 1.64 1.67 1.74 1.91 1.131 1.102 Pressure equalization, pressure swing adsorption Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) 1.97 1.99 1.2 2.111 1.67 2.126 1.70 1.97 1.115 activated carbon 1.98 basic method 1.91 blowdown 1.93 building blocks for cycles 1.96 bulk separation cycles 1.98 rapid 1.101 slow 1.98 carbon sieve 1.98 cell model 1.114 complementary 1.105 costs 1.100 cyclic separation models 1.114 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.22 Index terms Links Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) (Continued) delay 1.98 dessicant 1.98 drying 1.91 feed 1.97 fractionation cycles guard bed 1.101 1.98 1.104 1.98 intensification 1.101 local equilibrium model applications 1.113 local equilibrium theory 1.93 mass transfer zone 1.95 molecular gate 1.95 1.102 nonlinear isotherms 1.95 oxygen purification 1.98 pressure equalization 1.97 1.99 purge 1.94 1.97 purification 1.98 repressurization 1.93 1.97 1.99 Skarstrom-type system 1.91 1.99 1.115 1.59 1.64 1.97 2.16 2.95 2.98 Programming 2.16 2.33 2.98 2.106 Proportional pattern 1.19 1.53 Proteins 1.51 1.119 2.29 2.35 staged model 1.115 two-adsorbent system 1.105 vacuum regeneration 1.97 zeolite molecular sieves 1.99 Productivity 1.101 PSA, see Pressure swing adsorption Pulsed beds 2.68 Pulsed moving beds 1.82 Purge 1.94 Purge gas stripping 1.85 Purification 1.98 Purification section 1.97 2.3 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1.103 2.128 I.23 Index terms Links R Radial compression 2.10 Rapid cycle systems 1.101 fractionation 1.106 Rare earths 2.35 Recovery ratio 2.15 Recuperative mode parametric pumping Sirotherm process 2.21 1.110 1.116 1.119 2.25 1.121 Recycle 2.6 2.111 2.14 Reflux 1.106 1.118 Reflux ratios 1.112 Regeneration 1.60 1.62 co-flow 1.57 1.59 1.70 counter-flow 1.57 1.62 1.70 methods 1.56 molecular sieves 1.72 packed beds 1.55 2.32 thermal, see Thermal regeneration Regenerated rotating annulus system 2.122 Regenerated two-dimensional separators 2.122 Relative retention 1.49 Repressurization 1.93 pressure swing adsorption Reservoir Resin-in-pulp Reversal temperature 1.97 1.99 1.107 1.109 2.55 2.72 1.117 1.126 Reverse-phase packing 1.61 Reversed-phase packings 2.24 Reverse separations 1.110 Rotating annulus 2.125 design 1.113 1.119 2.118 Rotating column 2.77 Rotating methods 1.3 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 2.96 I.24 Index terms Links S Safety 1.75 SEC, see Size-exclusion chromatography Selectivity 1.49 2.7 2.18 2.31 2.34 1.31 2.12 1.35 2.17 1.49 2.35 2.106 Semicontinuous systems 1.112 Semifluidized beds 1.83 Shanks system 2.78 Shock wave 1.20 1.78 2.37 particle diameter 1.65 regeneration 1.57 sorption effect 1.30 superloading 1.63 Silica 2.37 Silica contamination 2.24 Silica gel 1.61 1.70 1.72 1.81 1.124 2.1 2.24 2.46 2.68 2.78 2.95 2.106 Simulated moving beds (SMB) 2.41 2.113 2.81 gas systems 2.89 liquid adsorption systems 2.85 size exclusion chromatography 2.88 solute movement theory 2.82 thermally regenerated 2.90 single solute Simulated moving bed (SMB) systems 2.89 1.9 2.111 moving port chromatography compared 1.28 2.3 1.109 Simulated co-current operation fractionation 1.117 2.108 2.79 1.3 Single porosity model 1.38 Single solute recovery 2.41 dense moving bed systems for 2.50 fluidized beds 2.43 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.25 Index terms Links Single solute recovery (Continued) multistaged 2.44 single 2.43 slurry adsorption 2.57 staged systems 2.55 Single solute simulated moving beds Sirotherm process 2.79 1.112 1.118 1.121 2.76 1.31 2.1 2.27 2.77 2.109 2.119 2.127 1.99 1.115 cycling zone adsorption 1.121 ion exchange 1.121 recuperative mode parametric pumping 1.121 Size exclusion media 1.9 packings 1.9 parametric pumping Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) 1.119 advantage 2.27 columns 2.21 disadvantage 2.28 media 2.28 particle diameter effects 2.12 recycle 2.16 simulated moving bed fractionation 2.88 Skarstrom-type pressure swing adsorption system 1.91 Slow cycle systems fractionation SO2 1.98 1.106 1.69 Sodium chloride 1.120 Solute concentration, thermal wave, effect of 1.24 Solute movement 1.1 linear isotherms 1.17 nonlinear isotherms 1.17 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 2.102 I.26 Index terms Links Solute movement theory, see also Solute movement 1.16 2.6 2.105 1.43 2.17 2.129 co-flow and counter-flow regeneration 1.57 1.59 combination with zone spreading 1.49 continuous moving bed systems 2.41 cycling zone adsorption 1.123 traveling wave mode 1.124 formal mathematical development 1.112 parametric pumping 1.107 simulated moving beds 2.80 solvent recovery with activated carbon 1.78 Solute waves regeneration Solute wave velocity traveling wave cycling zone adsorption 1.1 2.122 2.126 1.117 2.82 1.18 1.57 1.59 1.17 1.38 1.71 1.124 1.1 Solvent 2.3 2.6 2.7 filtering 2.13 recycle 2.17 Solvent desorption 1.77 Solvent movement theory 2.88 Solvent recovery 1.59 2.44 activated carbon 1.69 1.73 Solvent regeneration 1.84 Sorbents 1.131 2.100 1.16 Solute zones chromatographic requirements 1.86 2.65 1.35 open systems Solute velocities 1.53 2.37 2.7 automation 2.14 Sorption effect 1.27 nonlinear isotherms 1.30 shock wave 1.30 Spacecraft 1.61 Staged fluidized bed during fluid flow step 2.72 1.86 2.50 2.113 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.27 Index terms Staged model simulated moving beds Links 2.102 2.105 2.119 2.125 1.45 1.72 1.131 2.88 Staged model for chromatography, see Staged theory Staged theory 1.40 continuous chromatography 2.65 fluidized beds 2.46 parametric pumping 1.116 pressure swing adsorption 1.115 traveling wave mode cycling zone adsorption 1.125 Steam desorption 1.74 1.80 Steam regeneration 1.79 1.86 Steric exclusion Stirred tanks 1.7 1.82 STOP-GO algorithm 2.105 STOP-GO theory 1.110 1.116 1.131 Streptomycin 2.56 Sugar industry 2.26 Supercritical chromatography 2.33 Supercritical fluids 2.33 Supercritical fluid desorption 1.87 Supercritical fluid regeneration 1.84 Superloading 1.63 1.72 1.86 1.88 Superposition 1.43 1.45 1.49 2.102 Suspended solids 1.68 Sweetened on 2.68 Sweetening 1.56 1.69 T Tamping 2.9 Temperature changes 1.31 Thermal desorption 1.65 Temperature programming 2.16 Thermally regenerated simulated moving beds 2.90 1.68 2.92 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.28 Index terms Links Thermal regeneration activated carbon 1.81 water treatment 1.82 adsorption of gases 1.69 adsorption of liquids 1.81 alternatives 1.76 1.84 drying 1.69 1.81 energy reduction 1.71 solvent recovery with activated carbon 1.69 sweetening 1.69 trace contaminant removal 1.69 Thermal shock wave 1.78 Thermal wheel 2.122 Thermal wave 2.122 linear isotherms, effect on 1.26 regeneration 1.57 solute, effect on 1.24 Thermal wave velocity traveling wave cycling zone adsorption 1.73 1.23 2.124 1.35 1.39 1.71 1.114 1.117 1.124 1.130 1.105 1.114 1.120 1.124 Thomas solution 1.65 Trace contaminant removal 1.69 Trapping, see Focusing Traveling wave mode cycling zone adsorption Two-adsorbent system Two components, resolution by linear chromatography Two-dimensional chromatography 1.110 1.48 2.115 annular column 2.115 applications 2.118 basic scheme 2.115 future of 2.126 one-dimensional systems by analogy to 2.115 regenerated separators 2.122 Two-dimensional methods Two-feed adsorption concept 1.3 1.5 1.63 1.86 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1.79 I.29 Index terms Links Two-layer procedure 1.61 Two porosity model 1.35 1.39 2.106 2.109 Two-way chromatography U Unfavorable isotherm 1.11 layered beds 1.61 sorption effect 1.30 Vacuum desorption 1.76 Vacuum regeneration 1.97 Vacuum swing adsorption (VSA), see also Pressure swing adsorption 1.91 V building blocks for cycles 1.96 bulk separation cycles 1.98 fractionation 1.96 1.104 Valentin temperature 2.31 Van Deemter equation 1.39 1.46 1.50 2.28 Velocity changes Vermiculute 1.27 2.128 Vibration 2.9 VSA, see Vacuum swing adsorption W Wall effect 1.67 2.10 Wastewater treatment 2.55 2.68 Waste water treatment, activated carbon 1.62 1.82 Water softening 1.62 2.66 Water treatment 2.51 Water treatment with activated carbon 1.82 Wave velocity 1.28 Wet-air oxidation 1.24 Whey 2.28 2.81 2.128 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1.65 2.10 I.30 Index terms Links X Xylene 2.97 2.113 p-Xylene 2.86 2.112 Z Zeolite pressure swing adsorption 1.8 1.11 1.85 1.96 1.61 1.69 1.81 1.99 Zeolite molecular sieves, see Zeolite Zeolites, see Molecular sieve zeolites Zigzag channel 2.52 Zone spreading 1.1 1.7 1.17 1.19 1.31 1.65 2.18 2.100 1.80 2.35 2.113 2.4 2.37 2.11 2.96 2.15 2.98 combination with solute movement theory 1.49 height of theoretical plate 1.45 linear systems 1.39 plate theories 1.39 rate theories 1.39 staged theory 1.41 two components, resolution of 1.48 1.42 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation ... exchangers, 18 ' 20 2 - 549 - 10 16 - 10 17 - 10 76 size exclusion media, 549 - 82 710 7 611 09 activated carbon, 616 -7 92 -10 16 -10 17 silica ger, "2- 616 -10 16 -10 17 activated alumina, 11 2 - 438 - 6i6 ' 10 i6 - 10 17... packings, 827 - 93 010 7 611 26 and molecular sieves 10 5 - 11 2 - 16 8 - 616 ' 645 ' 865 - 10 17 An extremely complete annotated bibliography of adsorption up to 19 53 was compiled by Dietz.3 21 - 322 III E... ratio a YA1 y2/x2 = yA y2/q2 = Mi p2/q2 (2 .10 ) is a constant, Equations 2- 9 and 2 -10 can be used for predictions; y{ and X1 are the mole fractions in the gas and solid phase, respectively; al2 is