5734 bloggerati, twitterati how blogs and twitter are transforming popular culture

Bloggerati, Twitterati This page intentionally left blank Bloggerati, Twitterati How Blogs and Twitter Are Transforming Popular Culture Mary Cross Copyright 2011 by Mary Cross All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cross, Mary, 1934– â•… Bloggerati, twitterati : how blogs and Twitter are transforming popular culture / Mary Cross â•…â•…â•… p cm â•… Includes bibliographical references and index â•… ISBN 978-0-313-38484-4 (hbk : alk paper) — ISBN 978-0-313-38485-1 (ebook) 1.╇ Internet—Social aspects.â•… 2.╇ Blogs—Social aspects.â•… 3.╇ Twitter.â•… 4.╇ Popular culture â•… I Title â•… HM851.C75â•… 2011 â•… 303.48'33—dc22â•…â•…â•… 2011007447 ISBN: 978-0-313-38484-4 EISBN: 978-0-313-38485-1 15â•… 14â•… 13â•… 12â•… 11â•…â•… 1â•… 2â•… 3â•… 4â•… This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook Visit www.abc-clio.com for details Praeger An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America For digital natives Stetson, Noah, Max, and Annika This page intentionally left blank Contents Timeline of the Internet, Blogs, and Twitter ix ONE: Introduction: Blogs, Twitter, and Popular Culture TWO: Popular Culture in a Digital Age 17 THREE: Got Blog? 37 FOUR: Twitter World 51 FIVE: Are Blogs and Twitter Hijacking Journalism? 67 SIX: Language in a Twittering, Blogging World 85 SEVEN: Issues in the Age of Oversharing 103 EIGHT: Inventing the Digital Self 119 NINE: Bloggerati, Twitterati, and the Transformation of Practically Everything 135 TEN: Welcome to the Revolution 147 Notes 151 Selected Bibliography 177 Index 181 This page intentionally left blank Timeline of the Internet, Blogs, and Twitter 1957 In October, Russia launches Sputnik, the first spaceship to orbit the earth, leaving the United States behind in the technology race 1958 United States organizes Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and subsidiary Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to move ahead on technology projects like interconnecting military computers at the Pentagon 1968–1969 ARPANET network launched, using packet switching and hierarchical routing, which would be basics for the development of the Internet 1971 E-mail developed by Ray Tomlinson, who set the protocol for using “@” in e-mail addresses 1973 First trans-Atlantic connection on ARPANET, to University College of London 1974 Beginning of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) First use of term Internet for single global TCP/IP network 1977 PC modem developed by Dennis Hayes and Dale Heatherington 1979 Usenet launched, an Internet-based discussion system that allowed people to post public messages Multi-User Dungeon (MUD) launches with text-based virtual worlds, role-playing games Selected Bibliography Anderson, Chris The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More New York: Hyperion, 2006 Auletta, Ken Googled: The End of the World as We Know It New York: Penguin Press, 2009 Barlow, Aaron Blogging America: The New Public Sphere Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007 Boehlert, Eric Bloggers on the Bus: How the Internet Changed Politics and the Press New York: Free Press, 2009 Carr, Nicholas The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains New York: W W Norton, 2010 Dehanene, Stanislas Reading in the Brain: The Science and Evolution of a Human Invention New York: Viking, 2009 Funk, Tom Web 2.0 and Beyond: Understanding the New Online Business Models, Trends, and Technologies Westport, CT: Praeger, 2009 Geertz, Clifford The Interpretation of Cultures New York: Basic Books, 1973 Goffman, Erving The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1959 Haraway, Donna J Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature New York: Routledge, 1991 Hebdige, Dick Hiding in the Light: On Images and Things London: Routledge, 1989 Keen, Andrew The Cult of the Amateur: How Today’s Internet Is Killing Our Culture New York: Crown, 2007 178↜ỉ¸€Ì€ Selected Bibliography Kuhn, Thomas S The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 3rd ed Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996 Lanier, Jaron You Are Not a Gadget New York: Alfred A Knopf, 2010 Lasch, Christopher The Culture of Narcissism New York: W W Norton, 1978 Manjoo, Farhad True Enough: Learning to Live in a Post-Fact Society New York: Wiley, 2008 McChesney, Robert W., and John Nichols The Death and Life of American Journalism: The Media Revolution That Will Begin the World Again Philadelphia: Nation Books, 2010 McLuhan, Marshall The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962.McLuhan, Â�Marshall, and Quentin Fiore The Medium Is the Massage New York: Bantam Books, 1967 McLuhan, Marshall, and Quentin Fiore Understanding Media: The Â�Extensions of Man New York: Signet Books, 1964 Negroponte, Nicholas Being Digital New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1995 Palfrey, John, and Urs Gasser Born Digital: Understanding the First Â�Generation of Digital Natives New York: Basic Books, 2008 Penn, Mark, with E Kinney Zalesne Microtrends: The Small Forces Â�Behind Tomorrow’s Big Changes New York: Twelve, 2007 Pogue, David The World According to Twitter New York: Black Dog & Leventhal, 2009 Putnam, Robert D Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000 Rosenberg, Scott Say Everything: How Blogging Began, What It’s Â�Becoming, and Why It Matters New York: Crown, 2009 Siegel, Lee Against the Machine: How the Web Is Reshaping Culture and Commerce—and Why It Matters New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2009 Stone, Biz Who Let the Blogs Out? New York: St Martin’s Griffin, 2004 Taleb, Nassim Nicholas The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Â�Improbable New York: Random House, 2007 Turkle, Sherry Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other New York: Basic Books, 2011 Turkle, Sherry Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995 Wasik, Bill And Then There’s This: How Stories Live and Die in Viral Culture New York: Viking, 2009 Williams, Raymond Culture and Society: 1780–1950 New York: Columbia University Press, 1983 Selected Bibliography╅╅↜179 Williams, Raymond Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society New York: Oxford University Press, 1983 Selected Websites Blogger, http://www.blogger.com Free publishing for blogs, instruction on creating a blog Googleowned eMarketer, http://www.emarketer.com A business information service offering research and trend analysis on digital marketing and media Internet World Stats, http://www.internetstats.com Usage and population statistics Pew Research Center: Pew Internet and American Life Project, http:// www.pewinternet.org “A nonpartisan, nonprofit ‘fact tank’ that provides information on the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world.” Quantcast, http://www.quantcast.com Web analytics service Sysomos, http://www.sysomos.com Business intelligence for social media Technorati, http://www.technorati.com A blog search engine Twitter, http://www.twitter.com Free 140-character messaging zplatform This page intentionally left blank Index AAAA See American Association of Advertising Agencies Aboujaoude, Elias, Impulse Control Â�Disorder Clinic, 127 ACLU See American Civil Liberties Union ADD See Attention deficit disorder Addiction See Internet addiction Advantages of social media, 135↜–↜36 Advertising Age, 52 Against the Machine (Siegel), 11, 37, 131 Agassi, Andre, 74 AI See Artificial intelligence Air Force One, 2, 68 Always On (Baron), 86, 89, 90 Amazon, 15, 26, 27, 74, 97, 98, 103, 106 Ambrose, Stephen, 100, 114 American Association of Advertising Agencies (AAAA), 75 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 106 America Online (AOL), 30, 73, 77, 83 Amish and the Internet, 42 Anderson, Chris, The Long Tail, 27↜–↜28, 33, 81, 134, 143 Anderson, Chris, and Michael Wolff, “The Web Is Dead, Long Live the Internet,” 137 Anderson, Heather, Dooce.com, 65, 87↜–↜88 Anderson, Janna, 132 Anderson, Kurt, Reset, And Then There’s This (Wasik), 3, 33, 45, 136, 144 Aniston, Jennifer, 88 Anonymity online, 25, 32, 109 AOL See America Online Apple, 22, 72 Arnett, Jeffrey Jenson, “emerging adulthood,” 122 ARPANET See Advanced Research Projects Agency Network Artificial intelligence (AI), 8, 135 Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual, 89, 114 AT&T, 118 Attention deficit disorder (ADD), 130 Atlantic, 44, 68, 78, 95, 97, 120, 149 Baby boomers, 21, 22 Bai, Matt, Baidu, 112 Baltimore Sun, 115 Barger, Jorn, 37, 47 Barlow, Aaron, Blogging America, 29, 49, 86 182↜ỉ¸€Ì€ Index Barnes & Noble, 26 Baron, Naomi S., Always On, 86, 89, 90 Basic, 138 BBC See British Broadcasting Corporation Beck, Glenn, 33 Behavior online: Al-Qaeda, 6; cyberbullying, 6, 110↜–↜11, 133; disinhibiting, 109, 133; hate sites, 6; invented identity, 6, 124; narcissism, 122, 126, 130; porn sites, 6; rumor and falsehood, 143; trolls, Being Digital (Negroponte), 5, 138, 139 Beloit College, “Mindset List,” 123 Benjamin, Walter, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, 19 Bennett, Ronni, Time Goes By blog, 40 Berle, Milton, 21 Berners-Lee, Tim, 22, 47 Biden, Joe, 100 Bieber, Justin, 52, 124 Bierbauer, Charles, Dean, College of Mass Communication, University of South Carolina, “backpack journalism,” 76 Bing, 57, 104 Birmingham, Duncan, 46 BlackBerry, 24, 42, 82, 95, 127; India ban, 111; United Arab Emirates ban, 41, 111 The Black Swan (Taleb), 149 Bloggers: bloggers and news, 78; demographics, 11, 37, 38, 39; influence, 43; profits, 46; salaries, 46 Bloggers on the Bus (Boehlert), 79 Blogging America (Barlow), 29, 49, 86 BlogHer study, 44↜–↜45 BlogPulse, 37, 38 Blogs, 37↜–↜50; 22, 25, 28↜–↜30, 32, 85; attractions of blogs, 37, 38; blog readers, 44↜–↜45; blogs and self-publishing, 46; blogs and the news, 67, 79↜–↜80; decline of blogs, 38↜–↜39; kinds of blogs, 41, 42; mommy blogs, 38, 40, 42; top blogs, 4, 43; top blog topics, 38 See also specific blogs Blogspot.com, 39 Bloomberg, Mayor Michael R., 107 Blue Collar Corner blog, 41 Blum, Susan D., 100↜–↜101 Boehlert, Eric, Bloggers on the Bus, 79 Boing Boing, 39 Books in Print, 46 Borders, 26 Born Digital (Palfrey and Gasser), 49, 119, 133 Boroditsy, Lera, 101 Boston Globe, 71 Bowling Alone (Putnam), 20, 23 Boyle, Susan, 43 Bradbury, Ray, Fahrenheit 451, 80 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 45, 60 Broadband access, 12, 25; National Broadband Plan, 12 Brokaw, Tom, 13 BronxZoosCobra, 64 Brooks, David, “The Culture of Exposure,” 81 Brown, Tina, 14↜–↜15, 43, 75, 77↜–↜78; The Daily Beast, 14, 15, 43, 75, 78, 83, 140; and Newsweek, 14, 43, 44 Browne, Raymond, 150 Bush, George W., BuzzFest, 39 Cable News Network (CNN), 80, 124 Camahort, Elisa, BlogHer study, 44↜–↜45 Carey, Jay, 65 Carr, David, 62, 80; “Why Twitter Will Endure,” 65 Carr, Nicholas, 9, 21, 95↜–↜97, 109, 134, “Is Google Making Us Stupid?,” 120, 149; The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains, 95, 120 Carroll, E Jean, Cascio, Janais, “Get Smarter,” 97 Casey, Dylan, 104 CD-Rom, 22 Cedar Rapids Post, 115 Cellphones, 24; in Africa, 13, 136; African-Americans and cellphones, 13, 25; cellphone books in Japan, 95; Hispanics and cellphones, 13, 25; iPhone, 3, 138, 140; International Index╅╅↜183 Telecommunications Union, 24; smartphones, 22, 121 Cellular Telephone Industry Association (CTIA), 25 Center for the Digital Future, University of South Carolina survey of print readership, 56, 73 Chaplin, Charlie, 130 Chen, Adrian, 87 Child, Julia, 98 Chilean earthquake and Twitter, 68 China: Baidu, 112; blocks Google, 94, 95, 112↜–↜13; blocks Twitter, 41, 55, 59, 68; major Internet population, 113; renegotiates Google, 112 Christian Science Monitor, 70↜–↜71 Civil War, 20 Clift, Simon, 27, 38 Clinton, Bill, 7, 22, 74, 82↜–↜83 See also Fowler, Mayhill Clinton, Hillary, 82 Cloud computing, 8, 142 CNN See Cable News Network Coatley, Mark, 44 Colbert, Stephen, 72 Cold War, 21, 22 Comic strips, 20 Computer ownership, 49 Computer programming language, 101↜–↜2; a machine language, 139 Cooper, Anderson, 83 Copyright, 78, 103; Communications Decency Act, 114; copyright vs plagiarism, 113↜–↜14; Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 113; United States Constitution, 113; United States Copyright Act, 113 Coulter, Ann, 33 Couric, Katie, 74 Cox, Ana Marie, Wonkette blog, 47 The Crack-Up (Fitzgerald), 145 Craigslist, 22 Crystal, David, The Gr8 Db8, 92 CTIA See Cellular Telephone Industry Association Cuban, Mark, 115 The Cult of the Amateur (Keen), 50, 130↜–↜31 Culture, 4, 15, 17, 23; American culture, 18; British reaction to, 19; cyberculture, 139↜–↜41; digital culture, 23, 27, 32; high and low culture, 17, 18, 49, 69; pop culture, 17, 18, 19, 143, 150 See also Geertz, Clifford The Culture of Narcissism (Lasch), 126 Cuomo, Andrew, 115 Cyberbullying, 110↜–↜11; Alexis Pilkington, 110; cyberbullying laws, 111; Cyberbullying Research Center study, 110; Megan Meier, 110; motivation for cyberbullying, 111; Phoebe Prince, 110, 111 Cybercrime, 143; hackers, 107, 117 Daily Beast, 14, 15, 43, 75, 78, 83, 140 Daily Kos, 33 Dalai Lama, 51 Dean, Howard, 79 The Death and Life of American Journalism (McChesney and Nichols), 71, 78 Delicious.com, 54 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 127 Diaspora*, 106 Dictionary.com, 108 Digg, 105 Digital divide, 12, 35, 140 Digital immigrants, 35, 121 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 113; violation, 113↜–↜14 See also Copyright Digital natives, 12; demographics, 120↜–↜21; online, 119↜–↜20; reading habits, 119↜–↜20; and television, 119↜–↜20 Disney, Walt, 20 Dooce.com, 65, 87↜–↜88 See also Anderson, Heather Dopamine factor, 127 Dorsey, Jack, 29, 57↜–↜58 Drudge, Matt, 43, 47, 74 The Drudge Report, 33, 43, 74 DSM See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 184↜ỉ¸€Ì€ Index Dunning, James D., Jr., 69 DVD, 73, 122 eBay, 22 E-books, 97, 121; college textbooks, 74; Kindle, 15, 34, 35, 74, 97, 98, 121, 136 Edwards, John, 74 Egypt and Twitter, 2, 15, 59 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 21 Elderbloggers, 40 Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), 105, 107, 108 Elle, Emanuel, Rahm, 45 “Emerging adulthood,” 122 See also Arnett, Jeffrey Jenson Empathy study, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 123 “Enemies of the Internet” list, Reporters Without Borders, 111 Engadget, 39 England and Google, 108 EPIC See Electronic Privacy Information Center Ethnography, 23 European Central Bank, 109 European Union and Google, 108 Everything Bad Is Good for You (Johnson), 97 Facebook, 2, 3, 4, 5, 22, 25, 26, 27, 29, 34, 35, 38, 44, 52, 56, 57, 60, 61, 68, 85, 94, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 117, 118, 120, 121, 124; Facebook Places, 101, 108; Honesty Box, 133; “Like” button, 141; privacy issues, 104, 105 Fahrenheit 451 (Bradbury), 80 FCC See Federal Communication Commission Federal Communication Commission (FCC), 12, 25, 117 Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 105, 107 Fimocuolus blog, 138 Firedoglake, 33 Fishman, Teresa, Center for Academic Integrity, 100 Fitzgerald, Francis Scott, The Crack-Up, 145 Flickr, 61 Forbes, 44 “Forbidden” words for reporters, 92↜–↜93 See Michaels, Randy Formspring.com, 109, 133 Foucault, Michel, 103 Fowler, Mayhill, citizen journalist, 82↜–↜83 France and Google, 108 Freedom Communications, 69 FTC See Federal Trade Commission Funk, Tom, Web 2.0 and Beyond, Future of the Internet IV, Pew Internet and American Life Project study, 132, 148 Gates, Robert M., 82 Gavison, Tavi, 43 Gawker, 40, 45, 87; Adrian Chen, Gawker blogger, 87; Dylan Stableford, “How to Write Like Gawker,” 90 Geertz, Clifford, 23 Geithner, Tim, 41 Gibbs, Robert, 82 Gibson, William, Necromancer, 147 GIIC See Global Information Industry Center Gladwell, Malcolm, The Tipping Point, 131 Global Information Industry Center (GIIC), University of California-San Diego (UCSD), 131, 132 Goffman, Eric, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, 124↜–↜25 Goldman Sachs, 86 Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 100, 114 Google, 5, 8, 9, 19, 22, 34, 55, 60, 117, 126, 129, 136, 148; China blocks Google, 94, 95, 112↜–↜13; France, England, Spain, European Union, and Google, 108; Google bombing, 39; Google Books Project, 15, 97↜–↜98; Google Buzz, 61; Google Earth, 108; Google Government Requests Tool, 112; Google News, 73; Google Orkut, Brazil, 112; Google Real Time Search, 104, 105; Google Street View, 108; South Korea raids Google, 108 Index╅╅↜185 The Gr8 Db8 (Crystal), 92 Greeley, Colorado Tribune, 115 Greenfield, Baroness Susan, Greenspan, Alan, 22 Grigoriadis, Vanessa, “America’s Tweethearts,” Vanity Fair, 52, 53 Ground Zero mosque and community center, 2, 75 Grueskin, William, 133 Haiti and Twitter, 51, 68 Halpern, Justin, Sh*t My Dad Says, 63 Hamlet, 86 Haraway, Donna, “A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and SocialistFeminism in the Late Twentieth Century,” 135 Harper’s, 136↜–↜37, 144 Harper’s Bazaar, 43 Harvard Business Review, 31, 54 Harvard Business School Twitter study, 54 Harvard Medical School and Twitter study, 64 Hate sites, 110; Hal Turner hate site, 114 Hebdige, Dick, Hiding in the Light, 19 Hedges, Chris, 11, 70 Hefner, Hugh, 51 Hegeman, Helene, 100 Herring, Susan, Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic Focus and Cross-Cultural Perspective, 90, 91 Hiding in the Light (Hebdige), 19 Hilton, Perez, 39 Hinduja, Smaeen, 110 Hirschorn, Michael, “End Times,” 68 Hive mind, 25, 69 Holzer, Jenny, 147 Home Depot, 53 Horrocks, Peter, BBC, 60, 83 Hot Air, 39 Howdy Doody, 21 Huffington, Arianna, 30↜–↜31, 42, 43, 74, 77↜–↜78 Huffington Post, 7, 33, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 82↜–↜83; “Off the Bus,” 75; purchased by AOL, 83 Humphrey, Hubert, 100 Hunger for fame, 125; Rex Sorgatz, “The Microfame Game,” 125, 138 IAC See Interactive Corporation I Can Has Cheezeburger?, 39, 68, 98 Identification theft, 117 I Love Lucy, 21 Impulse Control Disorder Clinic, 127 Industrial Revolution, 18 Information amount consumed daily, 23↜–↜24, 132 Interactive Corporation (IAC), 108 International Telecommunications Union, 24 Internet addiction, 127, 128; dopamine factor, 127; NetAddict.com, 128; rehabs, 3, 127↜–↜28; South Korea, 82 Internet demographics, 136 The Interpretation of Cultures (Geertz), 23 Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, empathy study, 123 iPad, 3, 8, 22, 98, 127, 130, 137, 138 iPhone, 3, 138, 140 iPod, 130 Iran and Twitter, 42, 59, 61 iTunes, 27, 115 Jackson, Michael, 19, 22, 59, 129 James, Henry, 27 James, LeBron, Japan earthquake and Twitter, 2, 57, 68 Java, 138 JetBlue airlines, Jimmy Choo, Jobs, Steve, 3, 143 Johnson, Steven, Everything Bad Is Good for You, 97 Journalism, 14↜–↜15, 67↜–↜84; advantages of print and professional journalism, 75; blogs and the news, 67, 79↜–↜80; citizen journalists, 26, 31, 82; decline of print news and its consequences, 68, 69; decline of readership, 71; favored online news sites, 77; Gallup poll: public opinion of newspapers, 73; no gatekeepers, 68↜–↜69; older newspaper 186↜ỉ¸€Ì€ Index readers, 73; social media and journalists, 60, 83; Twitter and the news, 67, 73; United States Senate hearings on “The Future of Journalism,” 1, 67 See also News Journalism curriculum: backpack journalists, 76; Poynter Institute News U, 76 Journolist, 47 Kakutani, Michiko, 137 Keen, Andrew The Cult of the Amateur, 50, 130↜–↜31 Keller, Bill, 70 Kennedy, John F., 21, 81 Kennedy, Robert, 21, 100 Kindle, 15, 34, 35, 74, 94, 97, 98, 121, 136 King, Larry, 124 King, Martin Luther, 21 Kinnock, Neil, 100 Koons, Jeff, 18 Kristof, Nicholas, 13 Kuhn, Thomas, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 7, Kurtz, Justin, SLAPP suit, 116, 134 Kurzweil, Raymond, 8↜–↜9, 148 See also The Singularity Kutcher, Ashton, 29, 54, 124 Lady Gaga, 18, 29, 52, 124 Language Log, 93 Language online, 85↜–↜102; acronyms, 85; bolder language, 86; computer programming language, 101↜–↜2; cyberstyle: blogs, Twitter, 81; grammar police, 92; language and gender, 86↜–↜87, 90↜–↜91; languages of the Internet, 136; mashups, 89; “old” words, 90; Oxford English Dictionary, 85; slang, 89↜–↜90; vulgarity, 86 See also Writing online Lanier, Jaron, You Are Not a Gadget, 9↜–↜10, 131, 137 Lasch, Christopher, The Culture of Narcissism, 126 Lauer, Matt, 86 Layne, Ken, 48, 79 Lehmann, Sune, 64 Lenhart, Amanda, 39 Lennon, John, 22 Lenski, Gerhard, 144 Leveraged Sell-Out.com, 42 Libel online, 114 Library of Congress, 5, 25↜–↜26, 55, 104, 105, 126, 136 Libya and Twitter, 2, 15, 59 Life magazine, 20 Life on the Screen (Turkle), 116, 117, 144 Limbaugh, Rush, 33 Little Green Footballs, 33 Lohan, Lindsay, 19 The Long Tail (Chris Anderson), 27↜–↜28, 33, 81, 134, 143 Lotame Solutions, Inc., 108 Lott, Trent, 79 Love, Courtney, 115 Luce, Henry, 70 Luddites, 12, 35 Lunsford, Andrea, Stanford University Study of Writing, 93↜–↜94 Mac, Macy’s, 53 Madden, Mary, 122 Madonna, 22 Manjoo, Farhad, True Enough: Learning to Live in a Post-Fact Society, 11, 32, 82, 116 Marshall, Josh, 78, 79 See also Talking Points Memo Marx, Karl, 143 Mashable, 39 McChesney, Robert W and John Nichols, the Death and Life of American Journalism, 71, 78 McChrystal, General Stanley, 81 McLuhan, Marshall, 1, 23, 32, 62, 85, 89, 138 McNealy, Scott, 104 Mediabistro.com, 32 Media Matters, 33 Menand, Louis, “Thumbspeak,” 92 Michaels, Randy, 92↜–↜93 Mickey Mouse, 20 Microsoft, 22 Index╅╅↜187 “Mindset List,” Beloit College, 123 “Miracle on the Hudson,” 2, 59, 68 Moglen, Eben, Columbia, 103 MoMA See Museum of Modern Art Monck, Adrian, 87 Moody, Rick, 62, 98 Moore’s Law, 142 MoveOn.org, 33, 105 MTV See Music Television Mumbai and Twitter, 29, 58↜–↜59 Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), 18 Music business, 74 Music Television (MTV), 19, 22 MySpace, 110 Narcissism: Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism, 126; Dr Jean Twenge, The Narcissism Epidemic, 122; University of Illinois privacy study, 122 The Narcissism Epidemic (Twenge), 122 The Nation, 33 National Broadband Plan, 12 National Football League (NFL), 52 National Institute of Mental Health, 122 National Public Radio (NPR), 33 Necromancer (Gibson), 147 Negroponte, Nicholas, Being Digital, 5, 138, 139 Nelson, Ted, 47 Netbrain: Loren Frank, 10; Maryanne Wolf, 96, 120; Nicholas Carr, 9, 95↜–↜97, 129, 149 Netflix, 27 Net neutrality, 117 Netscape, 22 News: blogs and the news, 67, 79↜–↜80; kinds of news, 72; old vs new media, 26, 67; online news readers, 33, 72; television news, 72, 73, 74; Twitter and the news, 67, 73 See also Journalism Newsweek, 14, 43, 44 New Yorker, 43, 65, 92 New York magazine, 125, 138 New York Post, 33 New York Times, 9, 18, 23, 39, 44, 45, 59, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 79, 80, 81, 94, 100, 103, 105, 137; paywall, 72, 77 NFL See National Football League 9/11, World Trade Center, 22, 75 Nook, 98 Northeastern University and Twitter study, 64 North Korea, 82 NPR See National Public Radio Obama, President Barack, 13, 27, 29, 33, 35, 41, 47, 52, 55, 65, 75, 79, 82, 86, 130 Obvious.com, 57 Olberman, Keith, 83 Orenstein, Peggy, “I Tweet, Therefore I Am,” 62↜–↜63 Orwell, George, 1984, 109 Oxford English Dictionary, 85 Packer, George, 65 Page, Larry, 123 Page Rank, 123 Page Six, 45 Palfrey, John and Urs Gasser, Born Digital, 34↜–↜35, 49, 119, 133 Pandora, 105 Park, Robert Ezra, 125 Patchin, Justin W., 110 Pear Analytics, Twitter contents, 65, 129 Penn, Mark, 37, 39 Pentagon blog, 41 People, 74 Pets Who Want to Kill Themselves, 46 Pew Research Center’s Internet and American Life Project, 25, 40, 51↜–↜52, 122, 148; Pew Hispanic Center, 13 Plagiarism, 100, 113↜–↜14; plagiarized fiction, 100, 114 PlayStation, 130 PleaseRobMe, 56, 106 Podoretz, John, New York Post, 79 Polarizing effect of the Internet, 13, 27 PolitiFact.com, Truth-O-Meter, 115 Popular Science, 72 188↜ỉ¸€Ì€ Index Postman, Neil, Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology, 23, 24 Postmodernism and the Internet, 137 Pound, Ezra, 147 Powell, Colin, 13 Predictions about the Internet and digital culture, 141↜–↜42, 148; predictions about earlier technology, 130 Prensky, Marc, 119, 120 The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Goffman), 124↜–↜25 Presidential Records Act, 65 Presley, Elvis, 21 Pritchard, Stephen, 86 Privacy, 5, 25, 26, 49, 103, 104↜–↜6, 108; on Facebook, 104, 105; Scott McNealy, University of California-Berkeley privacy survey, 106; younger generation unconcerned, 9, 34, 120, 141; “zero privacy,” 104, 143 Proust and the Squid: the Story and Science of the Reading Brain (Wolf), 96, 120 The Psychology of the Internet (Wallace), 91 Putnam, Robert, Bowling Alone, 20, 23 Pyra Labs, 47 See also Williams, Evan Quantcast, 121 Quick, William, 28 Quinton, Jeff, 115 Radio, 20, 29 Radio Frequency Identity (RFID), 109 Rather, Dan, 75 Reading scores decline, 94 Really Simple Syndication (RSS), 39, 113, 127 Relationships online: “ambient intimacy,” 137; digital interferes with face-to-face, 3, 80, 131; Pew findings, 128↜–↜29 Reporters Without Borders, “Enemies of the Internet” list, 111 Research in Motion (RIM), 111 Reset (Kurt Anderson), Reviews at Yelp.com, 105, 115, 134 RFID See Radio Frequency Identity Rich, Frank, 1, 67 RIM See Research in Motion RobotWisdomWebLog, 47 Rocky Mountain Post, 70↜–↜71 Roiphe, Katie, “The Language of Fakebook,” 124 Rolling Stone, 69 Rosenberg, Scott, Say Everything, 80; Salon, 139; Slate, 133 RSS See Really Simple Syndication Rubell, Steve, 137 Rumor and falsehood online, 143 Salon, 39, 78, 139 Sandberg, Sheryl, 143 Schmidt, Eric, 104, 141 Schumer, Senator Charles, 106 Saturday Evening Post, 20 Seattle Post Intelligencer, 70↜–↜71 Self-publishing, 46, 98, 140 Sexting, 110 Shakespeare, William, 86, 102 The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains (Nicholas Carr), 95, 120 Shatner, William, 63 Sheen, Charlie, 19 Shirky, Clay, 92, 99 Sh*t My Dad Says (Halpern), 63 Short Messaging System (SMS), 58 Shteyngart, Gary, Super Sad True Love Story, 147 Siegel, Lee, Against the Machine, 11, 37, 131 Silicon Valley, 8, 142, 148 Simon Wiesenthal Center, 110 Sinatra, Nancy, 43 The Singularity, 8↜–↜9 See also Kurzweil, Raymond 60 Minutes, 74 Slate, 39, 47, 80, 133 Slater, Steven, SLAPP See Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation Smith, Liz, 45 SMS See Short Messaging System Index╅╅↜189 Social Media at Work, 64 Sorgatz, Rex, 125, 138 South Korea, Internet addicts, 82; raids Google, 108 Spain and Google, 108 Spears, Britney, 29, 52 Sports Illustrated, 74 Sreenvasan, Sreenath, 64 Stableford, Dylan, “How to Write Like Gawker,” 90 Stewart, Jon, 72 Stewart, Martha, 52↜–↜53 Stone, Biz, 27, 28, 29, 47, 56, 57, 129; Who Let the Blogs Out?, 46, 48 Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP), 115↜–↜16, 134 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn), 7, Sullivan, Andrew, 30, 78 Sullivan, Ed, 21 Surveillance, 55, 103, 108, 109, 143; New York City and London cameras, 107 Sysomos, 11, 53, 54 Taleb, Nassim Nicholas, The Black Swan, 149 Talking Points Memo, 78, 79 See also Marshall, Josh Tannen, Deborah, You Just Don’t Understand, 90 Tasmania broadband, 135 TechCrunch, 39 Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology (Postman), 23, 24 Technorati, 11, 38, 31, 38, 40, 43, 46, 49, 50 Teenagers online, 109, 121 See also Texting Television, 2, 13, 35; reality shows, 29 Texting, 3, 11, 91, 92, 94, 121 Thick description, 23 Think Progress, 39 Thirty Mile Zone (TMZ), 39 Thompson, Clive, 99, 136; “ambient intimacy,” 137 Thurmond, Strom, 79 Time, 6, 33, 43, 70, 72 Time Goes By blog, 40 The Tipping Point (Gladwell), 131 TMZ See Thirty Mile Zone Topix, 73 Tor, 108 Tribes of the Internet, 33; left-wing media, 33; right-wing media, 33 True Enough: Learning to Live in a Post-Fact Society (Manjoo), 11, 32, 82, 116 Tumblr, 39, 44 Turkle, Sherry, 32, 49; Life on the Screen, 116, 117, 144 Turner, Hal, hate site, 114 Twenge, Dr Jean M., The Narcissism Epidemic, 122 Twitter, 51↜–↜65; advantages of Twitter, 52, 85; business use of Twitter, 5, 54, 57; fail whale, 59↜–↜60; how to tweet, 55; how Twitter got started, 57↜–↜58; Japanese earthquake, 57, 68; Mumbai attack, 29, 58↜–↜59; paywall, 56; role in Chilean earthquake, 68; role in politics and protest: Iran elections, 25, Egyptian protests, 2, Libya protests, 2; rumors, fake identities, cloning on Twitter, 64; Twitter apps, 56; Twitter bots, 53; Twitter demographics, 11↜–↜12, 51↜–↜52, 54, 55; Twitter lit, 63; Twitter and the national mood, 64; Twitter and the news, 67, 73; Twitter Places, 56, 106, 107; Twitter policies, 60; Twitter statistics, 4, 31, 32, 51, 53, 64; what people tweet, 65 United Nations, 24 United States Congress, 103, 108; cyberlaws proposed, 110 United States Constitution, 108, 113 United States Copyright Act, 113 United States Post Office, United States Senate hearings on “The Future of Journalism,” 1, 14, 67, 105 University of California-Berkeley privacy survey, 106 University of Illinois research on narcissism, 122 190↜ỉ¸€Ì€ Index Vanity Fair, 43, 52 Verisign Internet Defense, 117 Verizon, 117 Vietnam war, 21 Viswanathan, Kaavya, 100 Vogue, 43 Wallace, Patricia, The Psychology of the Internet, 91 Wall Street Journal, 33, 72, 80, 107, 108, 133 Walmart, 109 Warhol, Andy, 19, 123 Washington Post, 46, 67 Wasik, Bill, And Then There’s This, 3, 33, 45, 136, 144 Web 3.0, 142 Web 2.0 and Beyond (Funk), Website-Monitoring.com, 54 The Weekly Standard, 33 Weigel, David, 47 Welles, Orson, War of Worlds broadcast, 21 White House See Gibbs, Robert; Obama, President Barack White Noise Insanity blog, 76 Whitney Museum of American Art Biennial, 147 Who Let the Blogs Out? (Stone), 46, 48 Wi-Fi, 22 WikiLeaks blog, 79 Wikipedia, 22, 85 Williams, Evan, 29, 47, 57; Pyra Labs, 47 Williams, Raymond, 17 Winchell, Walter, 45, 74 Winer, David, 46 Winfrey, Oprah, 117 Wintour, Anna, 43 Wired, 134, 136 Wolf, Maryanne, Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain, 96, 120 Wolff, Michael, and Chris Anderson, “The Web Is Dead, Long Live the Internet,” 137 Wonkette blog, 47; See also Cox, Ana Marie Woods, Tiger, 22 The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (Benjamin), 19 World Trade Center, 9/11, 22 World War I, 20 World War II, 21 World Wide Web (WWW), 1, 2, 3, 22, 47, 71, 149 See also Berners-Lee, Tim Writing online, 85↜–↜86; Professor Andrea Lunsford, Stanford University Study of Writing, 93↜–↜94; quality of writing, 96; speed and immediacy, 91 Xbox, 7, 130 Yahoo! News, 81 Yahoo! Style Guide, 88↜–↜89 Year 2000 (Y2K), 22 Yeats, William Butler, “The Second Coming,” 149 Yelp.com reviews, 105, 115, 134 You Are Not a Gadget (Lanier), 9↜–↜10, 131, 137 You Just Don’t Understand (Tannen), 90 YouTube, 11, 19, 22, 43, 61, 82, 85, 87, 114, 124, 132 Y2K See Year 2000 Zanick, Daryl, 130 Zogby Interactive, 60 About the Author Mary Cross is professor emerita of English at Fairleigh Dickinson Â�University, where she was chair of the English Department She is the author of Madonna: A Biography (Greenwood, 2007) and the editor of A Century of American Icons (Greenwood, 2002) and Advertising and Culture: Theoretical Perspectives (Praeger, 1996) She has taught at the University of Delaware and at Baruch College at the City University of New York .. .Bloggerati, Twitterati This page intentionally left blank Bloggerati, Twitterati How Blogs and Twitter Are Transforming Popular Culture Mary Cross Copyright 2011... Cross, Mary, 1934– â•… Bloggerati, twitterati : how blogs and Twitter are transforming popular culture / Mary Cross â•…â•…â•… p cm â•… Includes bibliographical references and index â•… ISBN 978-0-313-38484-4... Noah, Max, and Annika This page intentionally left blank Contents Timeline of the Internet, Blogs, and Twitter ix ONE: Introduction: Blogs, Twitter, and Popular Culture TWO: Popular Culture in