Eco cities a planning guide

Eco-Cities A Planning Guide Edited by Zhifeng Yang Eco-Cities A Planning Guide Applied Ecology and Environmental Management A SERIES Series Editor Sven E Jørgensen Copenhagen University, Denmark Eco-Cities: A Planning Guide Zhifeng Yang Introduction to Systems Ecology Sven E Jørgensen Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health, Second Edition Sven E Jørgensen, Fu-Liu Xu, and Robert Costanza Surface Modeling: High Accuracy and High Speed Methods Tian-Xiang Yue Handbook of Ecological Models Used in Ecosystem and Environmental Management Sven E Jørgensen ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION Eco-Cities A Planning Guide Edited by Zhifeng Yang Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 20120823 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-8323-5 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments ix Editor .xi Contributors xiii Section I Theoretical Bases Chapter Eco-City Planning Theories and Thoughts Meirong Su, Linyu Xu, Bin Chen, and Zhifeng Yang Chapter Integrated Urban Ecosystem Assessments 15 Meirong Su, Zhifeng Yang, Linyu Xu, Gengyuan Liu, Sergio Ulgiati, Yan Zhang, and Sven Erik Jørgensen Chapter Planning of Ecological Spatial Systems 105 Guangjin Tian and Lixiao Zhang Chapter Planning of Industry System 121 Jiansu Mao Chapter Planning of Sustainable Energy and Air Pollution Prevention 161 Gengyuan Liu and Linyu Xu Chapter Urban Water Environment Quality Improvement Plan 177 Yanwei Zhao and Zhifeng Yang Chapter Eco-Habitat and Eco-Cultural System Planning 195 Yan Zhang and Meirong Su Chapter Urban Ecological Planning Regulation 227 Bin Chen, Lixiao Zhang, and Zhifeng Yang v vi Contents Section II Case Studies Chapter Eco-City Guangzhou Plan 241 Linyu Xu and Zhifeng Yang Chapter 10 Eco-City Xiamen Plan 275 Linyu Xu, Zhifeng Yang, and Yanwei Zhao Chapter 11 Eco-City Baotou Plan 335 Yan Zhang, Yanwei Zhao, Meirong Su, Jiansu Mao, Gengyuan Liu, and Zhifeng Yang Chapter 12 Eco-City Wuyishan Plan 375 Lixiao Zhang, Linyu Xu, Yan Zhang, Meirong Su, and Zhifeng Yang Chapter 13 Eco-City Wanzhou Plan 435 Yanwei Zhao, Linyu Xu, Meirong Su, Gengyuan Liu, and Zhifeng Yang Chapter 14 Eco-City Jingdezhen Plan 463 Yan Zhang, Lixiao Zhang, Yanwei Zhao, Meirong Su, Gengyuan Liu, and Zhifeng Yang Chapter 15 Assessment of Sustainability for a City by Application of a Work Energy Balance and a Carbon Cycling Model 539 Sven Erik Jørgensen and Michela Marchi Preface Cities are undergoing vast changes in the galloping process of industrialization, urbanization, and globalization, which have brought mounting environmental problems, including climate change, acid rain, water shortage, pollution, hazardous waste, smog, ozone depletion, loss of biodiversity, and desertification that pose severe challenges to sustainable development of our human life Such changes provide environmental considerations that assume greater importance to the urban planning processes of an increasing number of governments around the world Researchers and urban planners of urban systems are increasingly concerned about whether urban areas are capable of adapting to these drastic biological, geophysical, and social changes A widespread paradigm shift in response to the changes urban areas face is a move toward sustainability, which can be defined based on two standards: (1) the ability to improve the quality of human life while living within the capacity of ecosystem support; and (2) the ability to meet contemporary needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs Both definitions invoke three equal facets: social equity, economic viability, and environmental functionality Eco-cities planning knowledge is crucial to advancing sustainability, and sustainability places eco-cities planning knowledge in the context of integrated socio-ecological dynamics The emerging paradigm of sustainability in eco-cities planning worldwide is signaled by policies enacted by specific cities, counties, regions, and states In this book, Eco-Cities: A Planning Guide, the sustainability paradigm is reflected in sustainability plans aimed at adapting to changing environmental, social, and economic conditions in the cities we study Such eco-cities plans themselves have become part of the changing local and regional context, and like climate change, economic globalization, regional and international migration, and other large forcing functions, they must be taken into account in understanding eco-city plans Eco-Cities: A Planning Guide will provide an overview of urban ecosystem structure, function, change, and how to successfully accomplish eco-city planning in the face of government requirements It will add a new dimension to the understanding and application of the concept of urban sustainability, based on hypotheses about the social and biogeophysical processes in several cities, such as Guangzhou, Baotou, etc which can help adapt to the local sustainability policies and effects of climate change The research in this book employs methods such as experimentation, comparison, long-term measurement, and modeling Hypothetical models of feedback between social and biogeophysical processes linked through ecosystem services of ecological flow quality and quantity and storage identify variables and spatial patterns to be measured The feedback models also support eco-cities’ development of future scenarios Three theories new to socioeconomic models—the locational choices made by households and firms, an urban version of the stream continuum concept, and an application of metacommunity theory to the fragmented urban biota—suggest new urban planning questions and stimulate integrated modeling vii viii Preface The urban planning modeling draws on existing social, vegetation, ecohydrological, and ecosystem service modules but is refined and operated for enhanced crossdisciplinary integration and ­prediction Eco-Cities: A Planning Guide enhances an understanding of eco-cities and eco-landscape as integrated, spatially extensive, complex adaptive systems and offers a sampling of planning practice common in this field Desertification controlled regions from 2006-2010 Desertification controlled regions from 2011-2015 Desertification controlled regions from 2016-2020 Water and soil erosion regions from 2006-2010 Water and soil erosion regions from 2011-2015 Water and soil erosion regions from 2016-2020 FIGURE 11.16  Ecological restoration and management projects in Baotou City Beijing Wuyishan FIGURE 12.1  Location map of Wuyishan City Jiangxi Province Langu Township Guangze County Yangzhuang Township Chong’an Wutun Township Subdistrict Pucheng County Wuyishan City Xinfeng Subdistrict Wuyi Subdistrict Shangmei Township Xingcun Township Wufu Township Xingtian Township Jianyang City Most sensitive point Insensitive Less sensitive Km Sensitive More sensitive FIGURE 12.2  Ecological environmental sensitivity evaluation map of Wuyishan City Jiangxi Province Langu Township Chong’an Subdistrict Guangze County Yangzhuang Township Wutun Township Pucheng County Wuyishan City Xinfeng Subdistrict Wuyi Subdistrict Shangmei Township Xingcun Township Wufu Township Xingtian Township Jianyang City Exploitation-prohibited zone [100] Exploitation-limited zone [200] Exploitation-optimized zone [300] Km Key exploitation zone [400] FIGURE 12.3  First-grade ecological functional zoning map of Wuyishan City Jiangxi Province Langu Township Chong’an Subdistrict Guangze County Wutun Township Yangzhuang Township Pucheng County Wuyishan City Xinfeng Subdistrict Wuyi Subdistrict Shangmei Township Xingcun Township Wufu Township Xingtian Township Jianyang City Km World heritage conservation zone Dongxi reservoir conservation zone Forest ecosystem conservation zone Xixi water conservation zone Dongxi water conservation zone Zone of Shangmei Township Zone of Wufu Township Zone of Chong’an Township Urban core zone in Wuyishan City Tourist resort zone Eco-industrial zone Eco-agricultural zone FIGURE 12.4  Ecological functional regulating district map of Wuyishan City Jiangxi Province Population source Langu Township County Wuyishan City Key spot rid or Shangmei Township Xingcun Township or corrid dary Secon or Wufu Township Co rri ary Xingtian Township r corrid ndary Prim Population source Seco on be lt Co r source Pucheng Population source or Population Chong’an Subdistrict Popula ti or rid or yc ar im Pr Yangzhuang Township Secondary County ry c orrid Wutun Township source Guangze nda Population belt Seco on lati u Pop Key spot cor r ary rri ond co Sec r ido r on Sec y dar Key spot Jianyang City Population point Population source km FIGURE 12.5  Landscape pattern in Wuyishan City 6% 5% 2% 7% 80% Industry Agriculture Urban domestic water Other Rural domestic water FIGURE 12.8  Water consumption situation of Wuyishan City in 2004 FIGURE 12.10  Zoning map of water resource in Wuyishan City FIGURE 13.1  First-level ecological function zoning of Wanzhou FIGURE 13.2  Second-level ecological function zoning of Wanzhou FIGURE 13.3  Wanzhou butterfly-pattern landscape ecological network system 3.05% 2.97% 2.78% 4.83% 7.88% Arable land Forest Waters Transportation 78.48% Settlements and villages Others FIGURE 14.1  The percentage of various types of land utilization in Jingdezhen N 12 18 24 Km Sensitive point Insensitive Less insensitive Sensitive Most sensitive FIGURE 14.2  Ecological sensitivity evaluation map of Jingdezhen N 12 18 24 Km 100 200 300 200 400 Prohibited regions Limited regions Optimized regions Key regions FIGURE 14.3  Map of ecological functional regions in Jingdezhen N 03 06 12 101 18 Km 102 103 104 201 203 301 202 Soil conversation area and species reserves Drinking water source reserves and species reserves Drinking water source protection and soil conservation areas Key nature reserves Ecological reserves in the middle and lower reaches of East River Central mountain areas and ecological reserves Ecological reserves in the middle and lower reaches of West River 302 204 401 Ecological restoration mining and tourism areas 402 Southeastern agro-ecological reserves 205 Urban ecological restoration areas Plain agro-ecological restoration areas Eco-agricultural areas Eco-industrial parks FIGURE 14.4  Map of ecological regulatory zones in Jingdezhen N 035 14 21 Km Ten sources Key nodes Two axes Two bonds (a) (b) FIGURE 14.6  Map of ecological network (a) Main landscape framework construction, and (b) The point-connection network construction N Guanyinge ecological groups Lianhuatang ecological groups Maple Hill ecological groups Songjia Mount ecological groups 00.51 Km FIGURE 14.7  The ecological network of Jingdezhen City District Forestry and tea production area Fuliang County Gaolingyaoli tourist area Fuliang ancient town tourist area Ceramic industrial park Expo area of ceramic history and culture Urban areas High-tech industrial park Hongyan tourist park Leping industrial park Leping City Vegetables and aquaculture production areas Sites Town Scenic area Industrial park Center of agricultural district FIGURE 14.8  The current industrial layout of Jingdezhen City 100% 80% 60% Excellent 40% Slight pollution Good 20% 0% 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 6.60% 10.71% 6.30% 7.95% 15.62% 92.89% 85.71% 93.42% 92.05% 84.38% 0.51% 3.57% 0.27% 0.00% 0.00% FIGURE 14.11  The proportion of air quality levels in Jingdezhen from 2002 to 2008 1.18% 1.47% Primary industry 43.95% Secondary industry 53.39% Tertiary industry Ecological water FIGURE 14.12  Structure of production water in Jingdezhen in 2007 FIGURE 15.1  Solar panel used for heating The district heating station is shown in the background FIGURE 15.2  Wind mills off-shore, Samsø Wind mills on land have also been erected on Samsø FIGURE 15.3  Storage of straw applied for district heating FIGURE 15.4  The Samsø Energy Academy building, Strandengen 1, Ballen, Samsø Ecosystems B Cropland Orchards Humans Forest A 22 Transport Industrial activities 23 24 18 Electricity 19 25 Crops Crops 10 12 26 Heating 11 27 29 28 21 Grassland Wastes 30 20 C 13 14 14 Livestock 31 17 16 32 15 33 FIGURE 15.6  General conceptual diagram of the carbon cycle model of Siena Province: boxes denote a summary of the state variables (indicated by different ­numbers), arrows between boxes denote the processes, and arrows entering or leaving the system denote the forcing functions City Humans Consumption of materials Local production of electricity Transport Heating Imported electricity from national grid Industrial activities Waste management Parks Cuptake by trees Public parks Green areas Recreation areas Soil respiration and human control Gardens Private gardens Emissions CO2–C and CH4–C Soil respiration and human control Lawns Town vegetation Cuptake by vegetation FIGURE 15.7  Submodels and landscape elements of a carbon cycle model of a city The arrows indicate the general forcing functions involved in the urban processes EnvironmEntal SciEncE “ an essential guidebook to a powerful new way of understanding the relationships between humans and nature in the context of our modern urban ecosystems Providing a comprehensive theoretical basis, several case studies, and the explanation of very innovative methodologies for integrated urban ecosystem assessment, this book will become a key reference for students, scientists, professionals, and policy makers interested in planning and managing sustainable cities.” —Pier Paolo Franzese, Parthenope University of Naples, Italy “ a needed contribution in combining concepts of ecology and urbanism and in moving sustainable development from theory to practice.” —Brian D Fath, Towson University, Maryland, USA “What fascinates me most are the detailed Chinese eco-city cases and specific eco-city planning processes Anyone interested in the ‘how and why’ of Chinese eco-city planning history and processes would well to use this book as a starting point.” —Guoqian Chen, College of Engineering, Peking University, China As cities undergo vast changes due to industrialization, urbanization, and globalization, environmental considerations assume a growing importance in the urban planning processes of an increasing number of governments around the world An overview of urban ecosystem structure, function, and change, Eco-Cities: A Planning Guide addresses how to successfully accomplish eco-city planning that meets government requirements It treats eco-cities and eco-landscapes as integrated, spatially extensive, complex adaptive systems, adding a new dimension to the understanding and application of the concept of urban sustainability Emphasizing a holistic approach, this work lays a solid foundation for engagement between urban planners, researchers, educators, policy makers, and citizens striving to adapt to changing environmental, social, and economic conditions K13919 ISBN: 978-1-4398-8322-8 90000 781439 883228 ... unemployment rate Urbanization rate Per capita house building area of urban residents Per capita road area Popularization rate of gas in built area Popularization rate of biogas digester in rural area Eco- environment... 1.2 Planning Indicators of an Eco- City Planning Value Classification Economy Indicator Per capita GDP Annual per capita net income of peasant Annual per capita disposable income of urban residents... enhanced crossdisciplinary integration and ­prediction Eco- Cities: A Planning Guide enhances an understanding of eco- cities and eco- landscape as integrated, spatially extensive, complex adaptive