U.S $35.00 Canada $49.00 Have you ever wondered how the water in your faucet gets there? Where your garbage goes? What all the pipes underneath city streets do? For those who have ever stopped mid-crosswalk, looked around at a rapidly moving metropolis, and asked themselves "How does it all work?," THE WORKS is required reading ALL CITIES, BIG AND S M A L L , rely on a vast array of interconnected systems to take care of their citizens' most basic needs: keeping water bubbling through the pipes, traffic moving on the streets, power flowing to businesses a n d homes Largely invisible and almost always taken for granted, these are the basic building blocks of urban life But how exactly these systems w o r k ? Using New York City—among the biggest and most complex of world cities—as its point of reference, The Works: Anatomy of a City answers that question Deftly interweaving text and graphics, it sheds light on the technologies that power the metropolis: how a billion gallons of water each day get to city homes and businesses? Who coordinates traffic lights to keep traffic moving on roads? How flowers get to your corner store from Holland or bananas from Ecuador? Where does waste go w h e n you flush your toilet? What happens w h e n a subway car stalls? It also describes the people w h o lie behind these technologies—the pilot w h o brings a ship through the Narrows, the sandhogs w h o are digging Water Tunnel No under Manhattan, the maintenance engineer w h o ensures the Holland Tunnel doesn't leak Scattered throughout are fascinating facts and anecdotes: did you know that the George Washington Bridge was originally designed to be clad i n concrete, but its skeleton was so attractive that the Port Authority decided to leave it "naked"? Or that city sewage used to be sent by train to a field i n western Texas but is now routinely turned into pellets that ( c o n t i n u e d on b a c k flap) 1105 (continued /rom / r o n t /lap) fertilize orange groves in Florida? That the more than a billion gallons of water New Yorkers use each day are gravity fed, meaning they will naturally rise to the sixth floor of any building without needing a pump? Or that retired subway cars travel by barge to the mid-Atlantic, where they are dumped overboard to form natural reefs for fish? Unique in the breadth and depth of its information, here is "the city that never sleeps" operating 24/7 The Works is the ultimate guide to the w a y things work in the modern city Kate A s c h e r received her M.Sc and Ph.D in government from the London School of Economics and her B.A in political science from Brown University Kate formerly held positions at the Port Authority of New York and New J e r s e y and in corporate finance overseas before taking up her current position as executive vice president of the New York City Economic Development Corporation The Penguin Press A member of Penguin Group ( U S A ) Inc 375 Hudson Street, New York, N Y 0 www.penguin.com ISBN 1-59420-071-8 THE W O R K S A N A T O M Y OF Kate Ascher Researched by Wendy Marech Designed by Alexander Isley Inc The Penguin Press New York 2005 THE PENGUIN PRESS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R oRL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Books Australia Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi - no 017, India Penguin Group (NZ), Cnr Airborne and Rosedale Roads, Albany, Auckland 1310, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R oRL, England First published in 2005 by The Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc 10 Copyright © Portfolio Projects, 2005 All rights reserved Illustration credits appear on pages 218 and 219 CIP data availbale ISBN 1-59420-071-8 Printed in Singapore Set in FF Eureka and Square 721 Designed by Alexander Isley Inc Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrightable materials Your support of the author's rights is appreciated To Rebecca and Nathaniel live in the world's largest cities—places like London, Sao Paulo, Shanghai, and New York—and hundreds of millions more commute to them each day Wave upon wave of vehicles course through their streets, while thousands of tons of cargo move in and out of their freight terminals Less visibly, millions of gallons of clean water flow silently The Works Acknowledgments Acknowledgments There are many people who have contributed facts or information to this book, but only a handful responsible for what sets it apart from so many others Having struggled for more than a year with book designers who couldn't fully grasp the idea of interweaving graphics and text, the partnership with Alexander Isley and his team has been more than serendipitous—it has been an honor and a pleasure Their professionalism and enthusiasm over the past few months could not have been greater, and the book reflects both Among Alex's worthy crew, one name stands out above the others: George Kokkinidis On the back of a one-day course with Edward Tufte, the dean of information graphics, George was able to conceptualize each and every section of this book— in ways that bordered on the spectacular His ability to digest my conceptual vision for this book and translate it into a series of more than a hundred distinct and compelling spreads, while managing a far-flung team of graphic artists, has been an inspiration to us all What George has been to graphics, Wendy Marech has been to text—providing first-class research support over a period of two years Although the research process may at times have been fun for her, it has been anything but easy For all the people who cooperated in providing information or who took her on behind-the-scenes facility tours, there have been an equal number who refused to take her calls or answer her questions Without her persistence and commitment—and there are very few cases Kelly, Don Lotz, Louis Menno, Ken Philmus, in which it did not pay off—there would Joe Sardo, Joe Seebode, and Ken Spahn have been no book to write Myriad organizations and individuals Many other individuals contributed their expertise, including Ken Stigner of provided information along the way The Vollmer Associates, Bruce Lieberman of Department of Environmental Protection; the New York £r Atlantic Railroad, Sal the Department of Information Catucci of American Stevedoring, Captain Technology and Telecommunications; the W W Sherwood of the Sandy Hook Department of Sanitation; the Department Pilots Association, Matthew D'Arrigo of of Transportation; the Department of Hunts Point Cooperative Market, John City Planning and the Economic Development Arrowsmith and Rich Wolf of ABC, Creighton Corporation—all of the City of New York— Pritzlaff of Seagrave, Tom Peitz of provided ongoing assistance Among FedEx, Ron Fridman of Duncan Parking others, thanks are due to Marty Bellew, Meters, Peter Scorziello of Synagro, Mike Bellew, Tanessa Cabe, Agostino Cangemi, Ellen Neises of Field Operations, Sam Alice Cheng, Tom Cocola, Ed Corbett, Schwartz of Sam Schwartz Engineering, Walter Czwartacky, Rocco DiRico, Anthony Tom Schulze, Ted Olcott, David Lazecko, Etergineoso, Magdi Farag, Renzo Ferrari, Jim Larsen, and the staff of the New-York Salome Freud, Andrew Genn, Doug Greeley, Historical Society Robert Kuhl, Venetia Lannon, Peter To those who helped get this idea out McKeon, Jeff Manzer, Ralph Mondella, of the starting block—Silvio da Silva, Sloan Michael Mucci, David Nati, Henry Perahia, Harris at I CM, and above all Ann Godoff Gil Quiniones, Bruce Regal, Andrew at Penguin Press—I am most grateful I am Salkin, Jack Schmidt, Girish Shelat, Tom thankful, too, to those at Penguin who Simpson, Gerard Soffian, Harry Szarpanski, helped bring it over the finish line in what and John Tipaldo I consider record time, in particular Liza Other public agencies, including the Port Darnton But the largest debt of all is Authority of New York and New Jersey, owed to those who patiently watched the the New York State Department of marathon itself from the dining room Transportation; the U.S Coast Guard, the sidelines—to my daughter Rebecca, who MTA; the U.S Army Corps of Engineers, loves to write, and to my son Ned, who the United States Postal Service, and is passionate about how things work For Transcom also proved tremendously helpful your good-natured acceptance of yet In particular, I am grateful for input another adult activity in our busy home, I provided by Bob Beard, Mike Bednarz, can say only the biggest of thank-yous— Amrah Cardoso, Jamie Cohen, Doug Currey, and hope that one day you get as much Bob Durando, Matthew Edelman, Bob pleasure in reading The Works as I have had Glantzberg, Lt Michael Keane, Victoria Cross in writing it The Works C o n t r i b u t i n g A r t i s t s I a m also i n d e b t e d t o Image C r e d i t s Pages 2, 44 (right), 68, 86, 116, 124, a n u m b e r of s u p e r b i l l u s t r a t o r s a n d p h o t o g r a p h e r s 136, 153 (two i m a g e s ) : Collection of T h e New-York w h o a r e r e s p o n s i b l e for t h e a r t t h a t i n m a n y H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y ( n e g a t i v e n o 42616, n e g a t i v e n o w a y s f o r m s t h e b a c k b o n e of t h i s b o o k T h e y s t r u g g l e d 77578d, n e g a t i v e n o 72507, n e g a t i v e n o 50756, mightily to meet our ambitious deadlines a n d n e g a t i v e n o 77582d, n e g a t i v e n o 77577d, n e g a t i v e ultimately performed well beyond our admittedly n o 50739, a c c e s s i o n n o X.47, n o 74563) high expectations (left): T r a n s c o m (bottom), 10, 20 ( e v o l u t i o n of a s t r e e t sign), 47 ( m a p ) : A a r o n A s h l e y 6, 9, 12, 18, 78, 84, 96, 0 , , , N e w York City D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , Division 1 , 1 , , , , , , , 6 , 167, 172, 173,175, of Traffic P l a n n i n g , 2005 P e r m i s s i o n g r a n t e d b y 175, 178, 193, 196 t h e N e w York City D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n M i c h a e l F o r n a l s k i 23, 39, 40, 52, 55, 66, 70, 84, , , 15 (bottom): © 1998, 2001, F u n d for t h e City of N e w York 126,127,138,147,177,180,187,190,197 22 (top): C o u r t e s y of t h e N e w York City D e p a r t m e n t Roger G a r b o w 1 , 14, 36, 49, 183 of Design a n d C o n s t r u c t i o n , i l l u s t r a t i o n b y Charles H y p e r a k t Design G r o u p 24, 47, 71, 76, 87, 88, 89, 93, 98, Hearn, Jr , , 109, i n , 1 , 1 , , , 143, 147, 148, 154, 158, 22 (bottom): Courtesy of t h e N e w York City D e p a r t m e n t 165, 168, 169, 171, 174, 177, 179, 183, 186, 188, 191, 194, 203 of Design a n d C o n s t r u c t i o n J i m Kopp 12, 18, 30, 54, 58, 62, 67, 77, 83, 96, 102, 104, 24 USDA Forest Service N o r t h e a s t e r n Research S t a t i o n 106, 114, 128, 129, 137, 159, 163, 164, 176, 186, 199, 201, 203 a n d N o r t h e a s t e r n A r e a S t a t e a n d P r i v a t e Forestry J a s o n Lee 5, 7, 9, 19, 20, 41, 43, 50, 64, 72, 73, 74, 85, (Available f r o m Open Accessible Space I n f o r m a t i o n 88, 95, , , , 140, 143, 149, 189, 202 S y s t e m (OASIS), w w w o a s i s n y c n e t ) M g m t Design 3, 5, 8, , 20, 27, 28, 29, , 37, 38, 42, 26 (two), 44 (left): Science, I n d u s t r y & Business Library, 45, 59, 69, 72, 78, 81, 82, 95, 99, 133, 134, 147 148, 155 T h e N e w York Public Library, Astor, Lenox a n d Tilden 161, 162, 181, 182, 198, 201 Foundations A r t h u r M o u n t 19, 21, 25, 32, 155 49 ( s c r e e n s h o t ) , 54 (bottom), 77 (right): Courtesy of t h e R a n d y O'Rourke , , , , , 201, 209 P o r t A u t h o r i t y of N e w York a n d N e w Jersey S e y m o u r S c h a c h t e r 14, 32,161 49 (bottom): The N a t i o n a l City Company, d r a w i n g by Chris S c h a p p e r t , , 23, , , , , Cass Gilbert, 1926 M a r k S c h r o e d e r 144, 145 53 (right): Courtesy of t h e MTA Bridges a n d T u n n e l s M a r t y S m i t h 23, 33, 34, 60, 61, 74, 119, 200 Special A r c h i v e Steve S t a n k i e w i c z , , 16, 17, 22, 42, 46, 48, 79, , 60 (bottom): N e w York Regional Railroad, J e r s e y City, 112, 1 , 121, 129, 132, 156, 165, 167, 192 N e w Jersey 63 (right): J o s e p h A Tischner 145 (top): Courtesy of P a n a s o n i c Broadcasting 67 P h o t o g r a p h b y P r e s t o n S J o h n s o n , collection of 147 (left): N e w York City D e p a r t m e n t of I n f o r m a t i o n W a y n e D Hills Technology a n d T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s 71 P h o t o g r a p h b y A McGovern 152 F i f t h A v e n u e , l o o k i n g s o u t h f r o m 42nd S t r e e t , 72 (screen s h o t ) : Courtesy of t h e U n i t e d States Coast c 1880 M u s e u m of t h e City of N e w York Guard Activities, New York 164 (bottom): Local U n i o n #147 L.I.U.N.A 75 (screen s h o t ) : © Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co 169 (right), 179 (bottom): R e p r o d u c e d w i t h 79 (left), 98 (bottom left): N e w York City Economic p e r m i s s i o n of t h e N e w York City D e p a r t m e n t of Development Corporation Environmental Protection 80 Cradle of Aviation M u s e u m , G a r d e n City, N e w York 170 P h o t o g r a p h b y C S m i t h & K Stigner, Vollmer 92 (left): Edison u n d e r g r o u n d system i n 1883, M u s e u m Associates LLP of t h e City of New York; (right): Edison's l a r g e d y n a m o - 185 P i c t u r e C o l l e c t i o n , T h e B r a n c h L i b r a r i e s , e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t o r , 1881, M u s e u m of t h e City of T h e N e w York P u b l i c Library, Astor, L e n o x a n d New York Tilden Foundations 98 (top): E n t e r g y C o r p o r a t i o n 191 (top): W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t of N e w York, LLC 98 (bottom right), 113 (right): KeySpan C o r p o r a t i o n 192 (bottom): Field O p e r a t i o n s 99 (right): Used b y p e r m i s s i o n of t h e N e w York 195 Hugo N e u C o r p o r a t i o n I n d e p e n d e n t System Operator 207 Design b y NJ T r a n s i t / S y s t r a C o n s u l t i n g , I n c 106 (bottom left): T h e Blizzard of 1888, N e w S t r e e t 210 © 2004 V e r d a n t Power, LLC looking t o w a r d Wall Street Photograph: Brown Brothers 213 Lower M a n h a t t a n D e v e l o p m e n t Corp M u s e u m of t h e City of N e w York 215 C o u r t e s y of t h e N e w York City D e p a r t m e n t 110 S t r e e t l a m p , s t a n d a r d t y p e M u s e u m of t h e City of S a n i t a t i o n Greely a n d H a n s e n , LLC a n d of New York Dattner Architects m (bottom): E n e r g y I n f o r m a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , Office of Oil & Gas 118 (right): Courtesy of Con Edison 125 (bottom): Courtesy of t h e E m p i r e City S u b w a y Company, L i m i t e d 133 ( p h o t o g r a p h ) : K i m b e r l e e H e w i t t 142 P h o t o g r a p h y Collection, M i r i a m a n d I r a D W a l l a c h Division of A r t , P r i n t s a n d P h o t o g r a p h s , T h e N e w York Public Library, Astor, Lenox a n d Tilden F o u n d a t i o n s The Works A A t r a i n 27, 29, 30 e x p a n s i o n j o i n t s 50 sewage s y s t e m i n 170, 174 AA t r a i n 27 AT&T 124-25, 127 first 44 s t e a m p l a n t s i n 119 ABC TV 144, 149 automated vacuum-assisted l o n g e s t 46 s u b w a y s y s t e m i n 27 m a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r of w a t e r s y s t e m i n 164, 214 c o l l e c t i o n (AVAC) 199 a c c i d e n t s , t r a f f i c 4-5, a u t o m o b i l e c a r r i e r s 73, 77 ACS 190-91 50-51 B r o o k l y n B a t t e r y T u n n e l 45, 52-53 m a p of 47 B r o o k l y n Bridge 44, 45, 46, 48 n u m b e r of 92 B m o s t f r e q u e n t l y o p e n e d 47 B r o o k l y n N a v y Yard 119 w a t t a g e u s e d b y 95 b a n a n a s , d i s t r i b u t i o n of 87 m o v a b l e 46-47 B r o o k l y n T e r m i n a l M a r k e t 86, 88 B a n k of t h e M a n h a t t a n n u m b e r of 46 B r o o k l y n U n i o n Gas 113 o l d e s t 44 Brooklyn Wholesale Meat Market air conditioners aircraft 84 Air E x p r e s s I n t e r n a t i o n a l air freight 83 80-85 Air T r a i n 207 C o m p a n y 153 86, 88 B a n k St 13 o p e r a t i o n of 49 barges p a i n t i n g of 51 B R T l i n e 27 B t r a i n 27, 29, 30 a i r w a v e s 142-49, 212-13 g a r b a g e 192 p e d e s t r i a n 19 Albany, N e w York 104 power p e d e s t r i a n access to 46 B u i l d i n g s , D e p a r t m e n t of 18 A l e x a n d e r H a m i l t o n Bridge 45 s l u d g e 179 r a i l r o a d - o w n e d 46, 47, 209 b u l k e r s 73 98 t y p e s of 46-47 Allis C h a l m e r s C o r p o r a t i o n 98 B a r n e g a t s h i p p i n g l a n e 70 a l u m i n u m 168 b a s k e t s , l i t t e r 186 b r o a d b a n d 213 A m b i e n t 213 B a t t e r y P a r k 12 broadcasting A m b r o s e C h a n n e l 69, 74 B a y o n n e Bridge 44, 48, 209 f u t u r e of 212-13 American Broadcasting Bay Ridge, B r o o k l y n 72 r a d i o 148-49 C o r p o r a t i o n See ABC TV B e a c h , Alfred 26 Burr, A a r o n 153 bus(es) b u l b s 10 h i g h w a y l a n e s for 54 B u s i n e s s I m p r o v e m e n t Districts (BIDs) 186 s a t e l l i t e 145, 147 Business I n t e g r i t y Commission 198 Bell A t l a n t i c 125 B r o a d St 170 Bell o p e r a t i n g c o m p a n i e s 125 B r o a d w a t e r T e c h n o l o g i e s 211 B u t t e r m i l k C h a n n e l 182 Bell T e l e p h o n e 124 B r o a d w a y Bridge 45 b u t t o n s , traffic l i g h t Amfels S h i p y a r d 177 Berlin Airlift Bronx, t h e A m t r a k 44, 207 b i c y c l e l a n e s 10 cable t e l e v i s i o n i n 147 c Big Allis 98 g a r b a g e r e m o v a l i n 191 cables A m e r i c a n P n e u m a t i c Service C o m p a n y 136 A m e r i c a n Ref-Fuel AM t r a n s m i s s i o n 190-91 148, 149 80 A n a c o s t i a a n d Pacific R a i l r o a d 63 b i o m a s s e n e r g y 100 m a r k e t s i n 86, 88, 89 c o a x i a l 146 A n c h o r a g e C h a n n e l 74 b i o s o l i d s See s l u d g e p a y p h o n e s i n 132 e l e c t r i c a l 92, 106-7 a n t i q u e s 82 b l a c k o u t s 38, 108-9, 182 p o w e r p l a n t s i n 98 B l i z z a r d of 1888 106, 124, 185 r a i l f r e i g h t i n 62 cable t e l e v i s i o n 146-47 appliances 94-95 aqueducts 156-57 t e l e p h o n e 128-29 BMT l i n e 27, , 32 s u b w a y s y s t e m i n 27 Cablevision 146, 147 a q u i f e r r e c o v e r y s y s t e m 214 Bombardier w a t e r s y s t e m i n 215 Cable & W i r e l e s s 127 A r k a n s a s , r e c y c l i n g i n 180 B o n d St 13 B r o n x T e r m i n a l M a r k e t 67, 86, 88 A r m y Corps of E n g i n e e r s 74, 182 B o s t o n Post Road 136 B r o o k l y n 53 a r t , i m p o r t a n d e x p o r t of 82 boxes A r t h u r Kill 74 call 49 a s b e s t o s 119 A s h o k a n R e s e r v o i r 153, 156, 168 a s p h a l t 12 34 cable t e l e v i s i o n i n 147 California w i n d p o w e r 211 z i p codes 140 m a r i t i m e t r a d e i n 68, 72 call b o x e s 49 fire a l a r m 135 m a r k e t s i n 86, 88 calls, t e l e p h o n e 126, 129, 130-31 r e l a y 49 p a y p h o n e s i n 132 cameras B r a z i l , m a r i t i m e t r a d e w i t h 76 p o w e r p l a n t s i n 98 b r i d g e ( s ) 44-51 See also specific r a i l f r e i g h t i n 60 bridges b r i d g e 49 traffic l i g h t 8-9 Canada b u s i e s t 45 n a t u r a l gas from c a m e r a s o n 49 911 access 134 d e f i n i t i o n of 46 no 221 C a n a d i a n Pacific 59 f u t u r e of s e r v i c e 212 c o m p o s t i n g 197 D C a n a r s i e B r o o k l y n 86 l o w f r e q u e n c i e s for 142 c o m p r e s s o r s , g a s 112 d e a d l e t t e r office 139 computers d e - i c i n g b r i d g e s 51 C a n n o n s v i l l e Reservoir 168 m a r k e t for 130 carfloats 6o, 208 n u m b e r of u n i t s 92 n u m b e r of 92 D e l a w a r e A q u e d u c t 156-57, 162-63 cargo p a t h of call 130-31 w a t t a g e u s e d b y 94 D e l a w a r e County, N e w York a i r 82 s u b s c r i b e r s , n u m b e r of 124 c o n c r e t e , 18, 51 !54.155 m a r i t i m e 68, 76-77 C e n t r a l P a r k 152, 192 c o n d u c t o r , s u b w a y 32, 38 D e l a w a r e R i v e r 155 r a i l , i n t e r m o d a l 61-67 C h a n i n B u i l d i n g 140 Con E d i s o n 12, 22, 92, 93, 98, D e l a w a r e w a t e r s y s t e m 154-55, cargo s h i p s See vessels, cargo Chase M a n h a t t a n 153 99,107, 108, n o , 113, 115, 116, c a r r i e r h o t e l s 127 Chelsea p u m p i n g s t a t i o n 161 118-19, , 211, 213 156-57, 159, 162-63, 165, 215 d e m o l i t i o n d e b r i s 198 Carroll St Bridge 45 Chicago, I l l i n o i s 135, 143 c a r r o t s , t r a n s p o r t of 66-67 c h i c a n e s 10 e l e c t r i c i t y c o n s u m e r s 93 Protection, Department c a r s See a u t o m o b i l e s ; r a i l c a r s C h i n a 76 e n v i r o n m e n t a l l a w s u i t s b y 182 of (DEP) cars, subway Connecticut c h l o r i n e 168 C o n r a i l 58 b r e a k d o w n s of 40 C h r i s t m a s t r e e s 188, 197 c o n s t r u c t i o n 198 cabs 39 C h r y s l e r B u i l d i n g 140 containers DEP See E n v i r o n m e n t a l Design a n d C o n s t r u c t i o n D e p a r t m e n t of 22 Devon, E n g l a n d 210 d i s s e c t i o n of 34-35 C i n c i n n a t i , Ohio 213 a i r 80-81, 84 graffitiproof 35 City H a l l 26, 31 m a r i t i m e 68, 76-79 i n s p e c t i o n of 42 City I s l a n d 149 c o n t a i n e r s h i p s 72, 73 d i s a b l e d access, i n s u b w a y 35 dishwashers d i a m o n d s , i m p o r t a t i o n of 82 d i e s e l e m i s s i o n s 186 City W a t e r T u n n e l No 158 c o p p e r cable 128 City W a t e r T u n n e l No 158, 161 Corcraft b a s k e t s 186 w a t e r u s e d b y 167 n e w 34 City W a t e r T u n n e l No 158 Cormorant 177 w a t t a g e u s e d b y 95 n u m b e r of 26, 28 c l e a n fill 198 c r a n e s , c o n t a i n e r 79 r e d b i r d 34 c l e a r c h a n n e l f r e q u e n c i e s 149 g a n t r y 79 d i v e r t e r s , traffic 10 clocks 94 r a i l - m o u n t e d 79 DOT See T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , coal s h i p - t o - s h o r e 79 m a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r of 34 42 r e t i r e d 35 signage 35 s t a t u s p a n e l 39 no Coast G u a r d , U.S 46, 72 D i s n e y W o r l d 199 D e p a r t m e n t of (DOT) s t i c k 79 D o u g l a s t o n , Q u e e n s 159 s t o p p i n g m e c h a n i s m s 36 c o a x i a l cable 146 Cross-Harbor T u n n e l s u p p o r t 43 c o b b l e s t o n e s 12-13 c r o s s w a l k s , r a i s e d 10 d r o u g h t s 214 v a c u u m 43 c o b r a s t r e e t l i g h t s 22 C r o t o n Falls R e s e r v o i r 168 d r y c l e a n e r s 117 c a t c h b a s i n s 176 Collect P o n d 152 C r o t o n R i v e r 152 D t r a i n 27, 29, 30 Catskill A q u e d u c t 156-57 c o m b i n e d s e w e r o v e r f l o w 174-77 C r o t o n w a t e r s y s t e m 152-55, 159, Catskills, e l e c t r i c i t y g r i d 104 c o m m e r c i a l gas Catskill w a t e r s y s t e m 12, 153-55, c o m m e r c i a l w a s t e 184, 185, 190, 156-57, 159, 165, 215 no 191, 198 208 168, 214, 215 CSX R a i l r o a d 58, 59, 62, 66, 191, 209 d r e d g e r s 73, 74-75 E E a s t e r n I n t e r c o n n e c t i o n 102 East R i v e r 182, 184, 210 c a u s t i c soda 168 C o m m i s s i o n e r s ' P l a n of 1811 C t r a i n 27, 29, 30 East River S t a t i o n 118-19 cave-ins, s t r e e t 14 c o m m u n i c a t i o n s See also specific cultural institutions, electric E d i s o n , T h o m a s 92, 106 CBS TV 143, 144, 149 forms of communications c o n s u m p t i o n b y 95 cellar d o o r s , s t r e e t 18 e m e r g e n c y 134-35 c u r b s , 18 cell p h o n e ( s ) f u t u r e of 212-13 c u r r e n t , e l e c t r i c a l 97 e n h a n c e d 911 134 m a n h o l e s for 125, 129 C o m m u n i c a t i o n s Act of 1934 142 C o m m u n i t y E n e r g y 100 811 T e n t h Ave 127 e l e c t r i c i t y 92-109 b l a c k o u t s 38, 108-9, 182 c o n s u m p t i o n of 93-95 d e l i v e r y of 92 d i s t r i b u t i o n of 102-7 g e n e r a t i o n of 95-98 The Works Index f l o o d i n g , s u b w a y 42 r e c y c l i n g 194-96 m e t e r i n g 105 D e p a r t m e n t of (DEP) 44, 161, Florida Power a n d Light Energy 211 r e s i d e n t i a l 184-97 N e w York S t a t e g r i d 98-99 167, 169, 171, 176-77, 180, 182, 214 f l u o r i d e 168 a f t e r s p e c i a l e v e n t s 189 f l u s h t r u c k s 106 t o n n a g e 184 g r i d s 102 p e a k c o n s u m p t i o n 94, 99 Environmental Protection, E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection Agency (EPA) 215 p o w e r p l a n t s 96-98 r e s e r v e m a r g i n 99 street lighting consumption 22, 95 for s u b w a y s y s t e m 38 e q u i p m e n t h u t , t e l e p h o n e 128 food w a s t e 197 g a r b a g e b a r g e s 192 Erie C a n a l 68 F o r m s a n d S u r f a c e s b a s k e t s 186 g a r b a g e t r a i n 191 e s c a l a t o r s , s u b w a y 28 F o r t W a d s w o r t h 72 gas See c o m m e r c i a l gas; n a t u r a l gas Essex R e s o u r c e R e c o v e r y F a c i l i t y t r a i n 27, 29, 206 gaslight Fox TV 149 gas m a i n s 114-15 E t r a i n 27, 29, 30 F r a n k l i n St 152 gas m e t e r s 115 E u r o p e , w i n d p o w e r i n 211 F r e e d o m Tower 212, 213 e x c l u s i v e b u s l a n e 54 f r e i g h t e r s (cargo a i r c r a f t ) e x p r e s s c a r r i e r s See i n t e g r a t e d f r e i g h t t r a i n s See r a i l f r e i g h t GE B u i l d i n g 141 F r e s h Kills g e n e r a t o r , e l e c t r i c a l , first 92 190, 191 u n d e r g r o u n d w i r i n g for 106-7 w h o l e s a l e m a r k e t for 99 E l e c t r i c R e l i a b i l i t y C o u n c i l of Texas 102 e l e v a t o r s , s u b w a y 28 t r a n s f e r s t a t i o n s 190, 215 FM t r a n s m i s s i o n 148-49 air carriers E l m h u r s t , Q u e e n s 113 no gas p l a n t s n o 84 g a t e w a y t r e a t m e n t s , traffic 10 e m e r g e n c y b r a k e s , s u b w a y 40-41 E x p r e s s r a i l 59 C h r i s t m a s t r e e r e c y c l i n g 188 g e o m e m b r a n e 193 emergency(ies) e x p r e s s s u b w a y s e r v i c e 29, 38 c o n t a i n e r i z a t i o n f a c i l i t y 209 George W a s h i n g t o n Bridge 44-45, E-ZPass 45 l a n d f i l l 185, 190, 192-93, 197 s u b w a y codes 40 telephone communications 134-35 Emergency Medical Service (EMS) 134-35 46, 48-49 f r u i t 87 g e o t h e r m a l e n e r g y 101 F FSM East River A s s o c a t e s 118 G e r m a n y 76 FAA See F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n F t r a i n 27, 29, 30 Global Crossing 127 A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (FAA) fuel cells 100-101 Global E n e r g y 12 E m p i r e City S u b w a y C o m p a n y 125 f a r m e r s ' m a r k e t s 86 F u l t o n F i s h M a r k e t 88-89 Global M a r i n e T e r m i n a l 69 E m p i r e S t a t e B u i l d i n g 95, 116, 117, f a u c e t s 167 F u l t o n St 86 g o n d o l a c a r s 60 141, 149, 213 Empire State Development C o r p o r a t i o n 140 employees b r i d g e s 49 p o s t a l 138 s a n i t a t i o n 184 G o v e r n o r s I s l a n d 69, 78, 184 FDR Drive 16-17 Federal Aviation A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (FAA) 113 Federal Communications C o m m i s s i o n (FCC) 142-43, 149 Federal Energy Regulatory C o m m i s s i o n 112 G o w a n u s Bridge 46 G G a n s e v o o r t M e a t M a r k e t 86, 88 G o w a n u s Canal 98, 182 g a n t r y c r a n e s 79 g r a f f i t i 35 garbage a n d garbage removal g r a n i t e 13 c o l l e c t i o n r o u t e s 188 G r a v e s e n d , B r o o k l y n 72 c o m m e r c i a l 184, 185, 190,191, 198 g r a v i t y 159, 172 s u b w a y 26, 32, 38 FedEx 81, 83, 85 c o m p o s t i n g 197 G r e a t L a w n 152 311 s y s t e m 133 ferries c o n t a i n e r i z a t i o n of 214, 215 G r e e n County, N e w York 154 t u n n e l s 55 EMS See E m e r g e n c y M e d i c a l S e r v i c e (EMS) energy See also specific forms of energy alternative sources, c o n s u m p t i o n of 100-101 c a r g o 60 d e s t i n a t i o n s for 191 G r e e n e St 13 p a s s e n g e r 72 e q u i p m e n t for 186-87 Green Heron 177 f e r t i l i z e r 180-81, 197 e x p o r t a t i o n of 190-91 G r e e n p o i n t , B r o o k l y n 113 F i f t h Ave 12 m a p s 190-91, 194 G r e e n v i l l e Yards 60, 208 f i l t r a t i o n 169 marine transfer stations Grid P l a n 2-3 fire a l a r m b o x e s 135 190, 215 Grimes/Todt Hill, S t a t e n Island 159 Fire D e p a r t m e n t , 134-35 o c e a n d u m p i n g 184, 194 G r i m m w a y 66 E n t e r g y C o r p o r a t i o n 98 firefighting p u b l i c v e r s u s p r i v a t e 198 g r o u n d w a t e r 161, 169 Environmental Conservation, fish 182-83 GTE 125, 127 t r a i n 27, 29, 206 G t r a i n 29 flat y a r d s 62 Gulf of Mexico, n a t u r a l gas from n o r e n e w a b l e 210 D e p a r t m e n t of (DEC) 174, 182 159, 160, 200 floatables 176 223 K M H a c k e n s a c k River 69 c o m p o s t i n g i n 197 K a w a s a k i 34 M c A l l i s t e r T o w i n g 73 h a i r d r y e r s 94 r e c y c l i n g i n 194 Kensico R e s e r v o i r 156, 164, 168 M c L e a n , M a l c o l m 78 H a l m a r Cargo C e n t e r 83 solid w a s t e t r e a t m e n t i n K e y S p a n 98, i n , 211 M a c o m b s D a m Bridge 45 Kill v a n Kull 69, 71, 74, 209 M a d i s o n Ave Bridge 45 H u n t s P o i n t m a r k e t s 67, 86, 87, 89 King's Bridge 44 M a d i s o n W i n d Project 100 h a r b o r p i l o t s 70-71 h y d r a n t s , fire 159, 160, 200 K o r e a n A i r l i n e s 83 m a i l a n d m a i l s y s t e m 136-41 H a r l e m River Yards 190, 191, 215 h y d r o c a r b o n g a s e s See n a t u r a l gas Hartsfield A t l a n t a I n t e r n a t i o n a l h y d r o e l e c t r i c p o w e r 100, 1 , 104 L b o x e s 138 H y d r o - Q u é b e c 103 L a G u a r d i a , F i o r e l l o 53 d i s t r i b u t i o n of 138-39 h y d r o t u r b i n e s 210 L a G u a r d i a A i r p o r t 83 p n e u m a t i c 136-37 H e l m s l e y B u i l d i n g 140 lamps s o r t i n g 138-39 H e n r y H u d s o n Bridge 45 l a n d f i l l s 185, 190, 192-93, 197 Hunts Point H 179, 180 H a m m e r f e s t , N o r w a y 210 Hanover Square 206 A i r p o r t 80, 81 Hell Gate Bridge 44, 62 a u t o m a t i o n i n 138-39, 140 94 u n d e l i v e r a b l e 139 Manhattan Ibis 177 l a w n s p r i n k l e r s 167 H e r o d o t u s 140 IESI 190-91 l e a c h a t e 193 b r i d g e s a n d t u n n e l s i n t o 45 Highbridge Illegal D u m p i n g Task Force 201 l e a v e s , r e c y c l i n g 188, 197 cable t e l e v i s i o n i n 147 H i g h Line 58 i m p o r t s a n d e x p o r t s 82, 87 L i b e r t y St 160 earliest streets H i l l v i e w R e s e r v o i r 154, 156, 158, i n c i n e r a t o r s 184, 185, 191 libraries, electricity g a r b a g e r e m o v a l i n 190 H e r a l d S q u a r e 30 44 161, 164, 168 I n d e p e n d e n t Electricity Market (HARS) 74 H o b o k e n , N e w J e r s e y 68 H o m e l a n d Security, D e p a r t m e n t of 72 Grid P l a n m a r i t i m e t r a d e i n 68 I n d i a 76 l i q u e f i e d n a t u r a l gas 210, 211 p a y p h o n e s i n 132 Indianapolis International l i t t e r b a s k e t s 186 pneumatic tube network, Lloyd A q u i f e r 214 A i r p o r t 81 H o l l a n d T u n n e l 44, 45, 52-53, 54, 60, 164 c o n s u m p t i o n b y 95 L i n c o l n T u n n e l 45, 52-53, 54, 55 O p e r a t o r of O n t a r i o 103 H i s t o r i c A r e a R e m e d i a t i o n Site m a p of 137 I n d i a n P o i n t 98 l o b s t e r s 82 s e w a g e s y s t e m i n 179 IND l i n e 27, , 32, 206 local s u b w a y s e r v i c e 29, 38 s t e a m p l a n t s i n 119 Information Technology a n d L o n d o n s u b w a y s y s t e m 28 s u b w a y s y s t e m i n 27 Long I s l a n d traffic v o l u m e , i n - a n d H o n e y b e e 120 Telecommunications, h o o d s , sewage s y s t e m 176 D e p a r t m e n t of (DoITT) , r a i l f r e i g h t for 60, 62-63 h o p p e r c a r s 60 146, 212 w i n d p o w e r o n 210 outbound 45 w a t e r s y s t e m i n 164 h o r s e m a n u r e 184-85 i n t e g r a t e d a i r c a r r i e r s 81, 83, 85 Long I s l a n d City 194 M a n h a t t a n B r i d g e 45 h o s p i t a l s 117 i n t e r s e c t i o n s , s t r e e t 6-7, 10 Long Island Power A u t h o r i t y 38, 211 M a n h a t t a n C o m p a n y , t h e 152 H o u s i n g A u t h o r i t y , N e w York I r o q u o i s Gas i n Long I s l a n d R a i l r o a d 63 m a n h o l e c o v e r s 12-13, 14, 172 I r o q u o i s p i p e l i n e 211 Long I s l a n d S o u n d 182, 210, 211 manholes City 95, 188 H o w l a n d Hook M a r i n e T e r m i n a l 69,78 IRT l i n e 26-27, - I t a l y 76 Long I s l a n d S o u n d k e e p e r 182 Los A n g e l e s , C a l i f o r n i a 143 Los A n g e l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l H u d s o n River 69, 157, 161, 179, 182 c o m m u n i c a t i o n s services 125, 129 e l e c t r i c a l , 106-7 s e w e r 172 A i r p o r t 81 H u d s o n River S t a t i o n 118 J H u d s o n s h i p p i n g l a n e 70 J a m a i c a Bay 182 Louisville I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t 81 Hugo N e u 194 J a m e s F a r l e y Post Office 140 Lower East Side 23 m a n u f a c t u r i n g , p o r t f a c i l i t i e s 77 h u m m o c k s 15 J a p a n Air Lines 83 Lower M a n h a t t a n D e v e l o p m e n t maps h u m p y a r d s 62, 64-65, 67 J e r o m e P a r k R e s e r v o i r 156, 168 J e r s e y City 68, 194 Corporation L t r a i n 27, 29 207 s t e a m 116 b l a c k o u t of 2003, 109 b r i d g e s 47 JFK A i r p o r t 80-81, 83, 206, 207 e l e c t r i c i t y g r i d 102-5 J P M o r g a n 153 gas p a t h w a y s J t r a i n 27, 29, 46 JFK A i r p o r t c a r g o f a c i l i t i e s in m a i l s y s t e m 137, 141 83 m a p of 69 M e t Life B u i l d i n g 140 p a t h w a y s , m a p of M e t r o C a r d 33 r e g u l a t i o n of i n d u s t r y 112 p n e u m a t i c m a i l n e t w o r k 137 M e t r o - N o r t h 67 r e p a i r a n d m a i n t e n a n c e of power plants M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m of A r t m a r i t i m e t r a d e 76 N e w York H a r b o r 69 98 s o u r c e s of 87 M e t r o p o l i t a n Television Alliance r a d i o s t a t i o n l o c a t i o n s 148 r a i l f r e i g h t t e r m i n a l s 59 Metropolitan Transportation s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m 190-91, 194 A u t h o r i t y (MTA) 44, 95, , s e w a g e s y s t e m 175, 179 206, 207 s t e a m s t a t i o n s 118 M i a m i I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t 81 traffic i n 72-73 O p e r a t o r 99, 103 N e w York O r g a n i c F e r t i l i z e r s t o r a g e a r e a s for 112-13 C o m p a n y 180 NBC TV 142, 143, 144, 149 213 sewage overflow i n t o 174 N e w York I n d e p e n d e n t S y s t e m s y s t e m 120 s o u r c e s of n o , 112 116, 117 produce, international in N e w York P o w e r A u t h o r i t y 22, n e c k d o w n s 10 38, 104 N e v e r s i n k R e s e r v o i r 168 N e w a r k , N e w J e r s e y 190 N e w York Public L i b r a r y 152 Newark International Airport N e w York S t a t e alternative energy 80, 81, 83, 85 street network M i c h i g a n , e l e c t r i c a l c o n s u m e r s 93 s t r e e t s m o o t h n e s s 15 m i c r o w a v e d i s h e s 145 N e w C r o t o n A q u e d u c t 156-57 s u b w a y s y s t e m 27, , 37 microwaves, wattage N e w E n g l a n d , e l e c t r i c i t y i n 103 e l e c t r i c a l g r i d 98-99 New Jersey e n e r g y m a r k e t 103 traffic s y s t e m 8, 9, 72 w a t e r s y s t e m , 154, 158, 165, 168, 169 z i p codes 141 c o n s u m e d b y 95 M i l f o r d , C o n n e c t i c u t 211 e n e r g y m a r k e t 103 m i l k t r a i n s 67 l a n d f i l l s i n 190, 191 M i n n e a p o l i s , d e a d l e t t e r office 139 l a w s u i t s b y 155, 185 m i l k f r o m 67 n a t u r a l gas c o n s u m p t i o n i n i n N e w York S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t of M a r c y e l e c t r i c a l s u b s t a t i o n 104 M o r a n T o w i n g C o r p o r a t i o n 73 m a r i t i m e t r a d e i n 62, 68-69 m a r i n e t r a n s f e r s t a t i o n s 190, 215 Morgan Processing a n d passenger rail t u n n e l from m a r i t i m e f r e i g h t 68-79 D i s t r i b u t i o n C e n t e r 136 c o n s u m p t i o n i n 100 Transportation 44 N e w York S t e a m C o m p a n y 116 N e w York S u s q u e h a n n a a n d 206, 207 W e s t e r n R a i l r o a d 59 M o s c o w s u b w a y s y s t e m 28 r e c y c l i n g i n 194 i n t e r n a t i o n a l r o u t e s , m a p of 76 Moses, R o b e r t 53 solid w a s t e t r e a t m e n t i n 180 s h i p p i n g l a n e s 70 M o s h o l u Golf Course 215 New Jersey Transit m o t o r m a n , s u b w a y 38 N e w J e r s e y T u r n p i k e 54 New York Times, The 92 N e w York W a t e r Q u a l i t y S u r v e y c o n t a i n e r s 68, 76-79 m a r k e t s 86-89 See also s p e c i e N e w York T e l e p h o n e C o m p a n y 124, 127 207 M o t o r V e h i c l e s , D e p a r t m e n t of n e w s 144-45 M a r y l a n d , e l e c t r i c i t y i n 103 M t r a i n 27, 29, 46 n e w s t r u c k s 145 M a s p e t h , Q u e e n s 149, 186 m u n i c i p a l offices, e l e c t r i c i t y N e w Year's Eve 189 911 s y s t e m , 3 , 134-35 N e w York & A t l a n t i c R a i l w a y t r a i n 27, 29, 30 markets M a s p e t h H o l d e r s 113 c o n s u m p t i o n b y 95 183 N i p p o n Cargo Air Lines 83 59, 61, 63 m e a t m a r k e t s 86, 88, 89 munimeters m e d i a n s 10 M u r r a y Hill R e s e r v o i r 152 N e w York C o n t a i n e r T e r m i n a l M e r c e r St 13 N N e w York C r o s s - H a r b o r R a i l r o a d m e t a l 194, 195 N a n t u c k e t s h i p p i n g l a n e 70 meters National Broadcasting Company 23 e l e c t r i c a l 105 p a r k i n g 23 w a t e r 167 methane no N e w York Gas C o m p a n y b o t t o m of 70 c u r r e n t s 71 44,140 Norfolk S o u t h e r n R a i l r o a d 58, 59, 62 59, 60 N e w York H a r b o r See NBC TV National Historic Landmarks gas 115 n i t r o g e n t a n k s 129 68-69, 78-79» 87, 209 M e m p h i s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t 81 n i t r o g e n 182 no N o r t h e a s t e r n U.S e n e r g y m a r k e t 103 z i p codes 140 N o r t h River T r e a t m e n t P l a n t 178, 179 N a t i o n a l O c e a n S e r v i c e 71 d e p t h of 69, 71 n a t u r a l gas d r e d g i n g of 74-75 N o r t h w e s t A i r l i n e Cargo 83 e n t e r i n g 70-71 NRG E n e r g y 98 d e l i v e r y of 110-15 floatables 176 N t r a i n 27, 29, 30 l e a k d e t e c t i o n 115 m a i n t e n a n c e of 74-75 c o m p o s i t i o n of no l i q u e f i e d 210, 211 o d o r a n t for 115 225 paving Oak I s l a n d 62 Oakland International Airport 80, 81 Port Newark/Elizabeth Marine b r i d g e s 51 T e r m i n a l 62, 68-69, 76-77, 209 s t r e e t s 12-13 pay phones p o r t ( s ) , 68, 76-77 See also specific 132-33 ports R r a d a r d e t e c t o r s 49 r a d i a t o r s , c l a n g i n g 121 radio Oak P o i n t Yard 62, 67 PBS 149 o c e a n d u m p i n g 170, 171, 179, P e a r l St 92, 152 142 (USPS) See also m a i l a n d f r e q u e n c i e s 72 p e d e s t r i a n ( s ) 3, 6-7 mail system s t a t i o n s 143 184-85, 194 Postal S e r v i c e , U n i t e d S t a t e s , b r o a d c a s t i n g 148-49 O'Hare I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t 81 b r i d g e access for 46 p o t h o l e s 14-15 Ohio, landfills i n 190 b r i d g e s 19 p o w e r b a r g e s 98 oil 104, 106 d e a t h s of n p o w e r l i n e s 102-5, 213 railcars 60-61 r a i l f r e i g h t 58-67 R a d i o C o r p o r a t i o n of A m e r i c a (RCA) 142, 143 Old Croton A q u e d u c t 156 r a m p s 18 p o w e r p l a n t s 96-98, 108-9 on-dock r a i l facilities 77 refuges 10 p r i m a r y f e e d e r s , 104 c a r g o 61-67 t r a i n 27, 29, 30 traffic 19 p r o d u c e 66, 82, 86-87 classification y a r d s for 62-65, 67 130th St M i l k y a r d 67 P e n n S t a t i o n 30 P r o d u c e E x c h a n g e 136 f u t u r e of 208, 209 140 West St 127 Pennsylvania Providence & Worcester o n - d o c k f a c i l i t i e s 77 145th St Bridge 45 c o m p o s t i n g i n 180 o p t i c a l fiber 128, 146 electricity i n 103 o r a n g e j u i c e 76, 77 l a n d f i l l s i n 190, 191 O r i e n t Overseas Line 79 Pennsylvania Station R a i l r o a d 59 Public Broadcasting Service See PBS p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n 4, 26, 95 t e r m i n a l s 59 transcontinental 66-67 R a n d a l l s I s l a n d 188, 197 R a s h i d , K a r i m 12 Osprey 183 Redevelopment Corporation See also specific types of R a v e n s w o o d , Q u e e n s 98 o v e n s , w a t t a g e c o n s u m e d b y 95 140 transportation R a v e n s w o o d S t a t i o n 118 o v e r n i g h t c a r r i e r s See i n t e g r a t e d air carriers Owls Head t r e a t m e n t p l a n t 179 P e p a c t o n R e s e r v o i r 168 P u b l i c W o r k s , D e p a r t m e n t of 13 p e r f u m e , i m p o r t a t i o n of 82 p u m p i n g s t a t i o n s , w a t e r 159, 161 P e r r y St 13 P u t n a m C o u n t y 154, 155 r e c y c l i n g 188, 194-96 See also Q r e d b i r d s u b w a y c a r s 34 QB t r a i n 27 Red Hook, B r o o k l y n 53 Q t r a i n 27, 29, 30 Red Hook C o n t a i n e r T e r m i n a l Philadelphia, Pennsylvania P 136, 143 p a i n t i n g b r i d g e s 51 p h o s p h o r i c a c i d 168 pigg g Park Avenue Plaza 140 p i l o t s , h a r b o r 70-71 Québec 104 parking p i p e l i n e s , g a s n o - i i , 112-13 Queens t n e p i p e 115 A m e r i c a (RCA) specific items p a p e r 194, 196, 198 i n RCA See R a d i o C o r p o r a t i o n of 68-69, 78 r e d - l i g h t e n f o r c e m e n t 8-9 a l t e r n a t e side of t h e s t r e e t 23 Piping Plover 177 a i r c a r g o c o m p a n i e s i n 81 r e e f e r s 73 m e t e r s 23 p l a n e s See a i r c r a f t AM t r a n s m i t t e r s i n 149 r e f r i g e r a t e d c a r s 60, 66 signs 20-21 p l u g uglies 160 cable t e l e v i s i o n i n 147 refrigerators, wattage P a r k s , D e p a r t m e n t of 44, 132, 188 pneumatic tubes Passaic River 69 Police D e p a r t m e n t 189 p o w e r p l a n t s i n 98 p a s s e n g e r b o a t s 72 p o n d i n g 14 s e w a g e s y s t e m i n 174 R e l i a n t 98 passengers, subway population s t e a m p l a n t s i n 119 r e m o t e c o n t r o l s 94 s u b w a y s y s t e m i n 27 r e s e r v o i r s 155, 162 See also n u m b e r of 26, 28 p e r c a r p e r h o u r 29 p a v e m e n t s e n s o r s 49 136-37 P o r t A u t h o r i t y of N e w York a n d N e w J e r s e y 4, 44, 49, 55, 76, 78-79, 80, 95, 161, 207, 209 p a y p h o n e s i n 132 w a t e r s y s t e m i n 164, 214 Q u e e n s b o r o Bridge 45, 48 P o r t J e r s e y C h a n n e l 74 Q u e e n s B o u l e v a r d 6, n P o r t J e r s e y R a i l r o a d 59 Q u e e n s M i d t o w n T u n n e l 45, 52-53 Qwest 127 c o n s u m e d b y 95 r e l a y b o x e s 138 specific reservoirs Rhode Island, electrical c o n s u m e r s 93 The Works index l o w e s t 30 R i c h m o n d T u n n e l 158, 161, 164 S e c a u c u s , N e w J e r s e y 207 60th St S t a t i o n 118 R i k e r s I s l a n d 197 s e c o n d a r y f e e d e r s 103 60 H u d s o n S t r e e t 127 n u m b e r of 28, 30 R i v e r b a n k S t a t e P a r k 179 S e c o n d A v e n u e S u b w a y 206 s k i m m i n g vessels 177 S t a t u e of L i b e r t y 69 s t e a m a n d s t e a m s y s t e m 116-21 RJ t r a i n 27 s e e d s l u d g e 178 s l u d g e 171, 178, 180-81 r o a d w a y s See s t r e e t ( s ) S e l k i r k Yard 62, 66, 208 s l u d g e b a r g e s 179 c o n s u m p t i o n of 116 robots, pipe inspection a n d s e p t i c t a n k s 173 s n o o p e r t r u c k s 50 d i s t r i b u t i o n of 118-19 t r a i n 27, 29 s n o w m e l t e r s 203 e x p l o s i o n s 121 R o c k a w a y t r e a t m e n t p l a n t 179 74th St S t a t i o n 118 snow removal l e a k s 120 Rockefeller C e n t e r 117, 141, 143 s e w a g e a n d s e w a g e s y s t e m 170-83 repair 120,163 202-3 Snowy Egret 177 s t a t i o n s 118-19 R o n d o u t R e s e r v o i r 156, 168 b r e a k d o w n s 182 s o l a r p o w e r 0 , 101 w a t e r u s e d b y 116 Roosevelt, F r a n k l i n 53 c a t c h b a s i n s 176 Solid W a s t e 190-91 s t e a m m a i n s 119 Roosevelt I s l a n d 199 c o l l e c t i o n 172-73 South Brooklyn Marine Terminal s t e r e o s , e l e c t r i c i t y u s e d b y 94 R o s e t o n , N e w York 162 c o m b i n e d sewer overflow Roseville Yard 66 174-77 R o u t e 136 d e w a t e r i n g 171 Royal D u t c h S h e l l 211 m a n a g i n g effluent R t r a i n 27, 29, 30 m a p s 175, 179 rush hour p u m p i n g s t a t i o n s 178 l e n g t h of i n t h e s u b w a y 29, 38 traffic s i g n a l s d u r i n g 182-83 s t o r m - w a t e r t r e a t m e n t 170, 172-73, 174 t r e a t m e n t a n d processing t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s 170-71, St V i n c e n t ' s H o s p i t a l 117 s a l t d o m e s 203 s a l t s p r e a d e r s 203 178-79, 182 s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s 170-71, s t o r m w a t e r 170, 172-73, 174 S o u t h St 68 S t r e e t C l e a n i n g , D e p a r t m e n t of S o u t h St S e a p o r t 88 airwaves 185, 194 s t r e e t l i g h t s 22, n o s t r e e t ( s ) 2-23 s p e e d h u m p s 10 c l e a n i n g of 23, 200 speed limit color 10 speed(s) defects i n 14-15 s u b w a y 32, 38 e l e c t r i c a l w i r i n g of 106-7 traffic h a r d w a r e for 15 split p h a s i n g h i g h w a y c o m p o s i t i o n of 2, S p r i n g f i e l d G a r d e n s , Q u e e n s 81 i n t e r s e c t i o n s of See S t a p l e t o n 72 178-79, 182 stick c r a n e s 79 S o u t h B r o o k l y n R a i l w a y 59 s p e c t r u m , e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c See 178-81, 182 S 194,195 Staten Island intersections, street l i g h t s See s t r e e t l i g h t s s a n d h o g s 164 S e w a r d P a r k h o u s i n g 117 S a n d y Hook, N e w J e r s e y 74 s e w e r p i p e s 12-13, cable t e l e v i s i o n o n 146 m a p s 3, 8, S a n d y Hook Pilots 70-71 s h a v e r s 94 E-ZPass c e n t e r o n 45 m a r k i n g s , r e p a i r 14 s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l 192 s h i p p i n g See m a r i t i m e f r e i g h t m a n h o l e c o v e r s 12 m e d i a n s 10 S a n i t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t of 184, s h i p p i n g l a n e s 70 m a r i t i m e t r a d e o n 68, 72, 78-79 m i l e s of s h i p s See v e s s e l s , c a r g o p a y p h o n e s o n 132 n a r r o w i n g of 10 S a n i t a t i o n Police 201 s h o w e r s 167 p o w e r p l a n t s o n 98 o p e n c u t s 14 s a t e l l i t e b r o a d c a s t i n g 145, 147 s i d e w a l k s , 18 r a i l w a y s y s t e m o n 28 p a v i n g m a t e r i a l s 12-13 s a t e l l i t e t o w e r s 37 S i e r r a B l a n c a , Texas 171 r e c y c l i n g o n 194 r e p a i r of 14-17 S c h o h a i r i e County, N e w York 154 signals w a t e r s y s t e m o n 158, 161, 164 186, 202, 209, 214 schools e l e c t r i c i t y c o n s u m p t i o n b y 95 g a r b a g e c o l l e c t i o n f r o m 188 r s u b w a y 36-37 S t a t e n I s l a n d R a i l r o a d 208, 209 traffic 6-7 stations, subway signs a n d signage signs 20-21 s m o o t h n e s s of 15 s y s t e m i z a t i o n of a b a n d o n e d 31 t e x t u r e 10 seafood, i m p o r t a n d e x p o r t of 82 s t r e e t 20-21 e n t e r i n g 32-33 t h r u streets program S e a g r a m B u i l d i n g 140 s u b w a y c a r 35 h i g h e s t 30 t y p e s of S i l v e r L a k e , S t a t e n I s l a n d 161 u n d e r n e a t h t h e 12-13 t r a i n 27, 29, 206 w i d t h of 60th St M i l k y a r d 67 street sweepers 200 s u b s t a t i o n s , e l e c t r i c a l 103, 104-5 S u b w a y s Control C e n t e r 40 s u b w a y s y s t e m 26-43 T 375 P e a r l St 127 speeds tall buildings T h r o g s Neck Bridge 4, 45 violations a i r t r a n s m i s s i o n a n d 146 t h r u streets program w a t e r s u p p l y for 166 tide(s) a n n o u n c e m e n t s i n 33 t a n k s h i p s 72, 73 breakdowns telephone(s) and telephone 40-41 Car M a i n t e n a n c e D e p a r t m e n t 42 s y s t e m 124-35 train(s) f r e i g h t See r a i l f r e i g h t g a t e s 175 g a r b a g e 191 m o n i t o r i n g 71 to t h e p l a n e p o w e r 210 subway, r e r o u t i n g 41 207 c a r s See c a r s , s u b w a y call b o x e s disabled, access for 35 calls See calls, t e l e p h o n e N e w Year's Eve i n 189 Transcom e l e v a t e d l i n e s 28 c a r r i e r h o t e l s 127 s u b w a y s t a t i o n 30-31 Transcontinental pipeline e m p l o y e e s of 26, 32, 38 emergency communications e x p r e s s service 29, 38 49 Times S q u a r e infrastructure first s u b w a y 26 125, 127, 128-29 local v e r s u s l o n g d i s t a n c e flooding of 42 124-25 f u t u r e of 206-7 Time W a r n e r Telecom 127 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t of t o k e n s , s u b w a y 32 JFK A i r p o r t l i n k pay phones Tokyo r e p a i r s a n d m a i n t e n a n c e 129 i n s u b w a y s 132 toll c o l l e c t o r s m a p s 27, 31, 37 s w i t c h i n g s t a t i o n s 127 track, subway n u m b e r i n g of 27 u n d e r g r o u n d cables 128-29 cleaning o t h e r s y s t e m s c o m p a r e d t o 28 underground infrastructure c u r v e d 33 88 subway system express 125, 128-29 (DOT) 4, 6, 14, 18, 22, 45, 46, 50 28 49 43 95 t r a v e l i n g s l u g 121 t r e e s 24-25, 188, 197 T-Rex 75 T r i b o r o u g h B r i d g e 45 Triborough Bridge a n d T u n n e l A u t h o r i t y 4, 53 29 g a p fillers 33 television transportation, electricity consumption m a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r 42-43 subway 30 fish e x c h a n g e l o n g e s t l i n e 28 p a s s e n g e r s See p a s s e n g e r s , t o i l e t s 167, 170 n u m b e r of 125 132-33 I Q T r a n s i t A u t h o r i t y 27, 32, 59 h o u r s of o p e r a t i o n 28-29 p e n e t r a t i o n of 132 t r a n s f o r m e r s , e l e c t r i c a l 97, , 104-5, token booths 207 in t o a s t e r s , w a t t a g e u s e d b y 95 N n codes 133-34 local service 29, 38 4-5 t r a n s f e r s t a t i o n s , g a r b a g e 190, 215 cable t e l e v i s i o n 146, 147 134-35 fare i n c r e a s e s 32 T r a n s C a n a d a 211 t r u c k i n g 58, 62, 6 , , 208 t u g b o a t s 72, 73 p h o n e s i n 132 cable 146-47 g a u g e 29 Tully 190-91 p o w e r for 38 p e n e t r a t i o n of 143 i n t e r l o c k i n g s 37 t u n n e l - b o r i n g m a c h i n e s 164 sets 92, 94 local 29 t u n n e l ( s ) 44-45, 52-55 See also t r a n s m i s s i o n s 213 m i l e s of 28 p r i v a t e l i n e s 26-27 p u m p r o o m s 42 r a i l y a r d s 42 s a t e l l i t e t o w e r s 37 Second A v e n u e S u b w a y T r a d e W a s t e C o m m i s s i o n 198 T e n n e s s e e Gas i n , 112 tests, subway motor m a n 206 38-39 Texas E a s t e r n p i p e l i n e 112 specific tunnels b o r i n g m a c h i n e s 164 t r a f f i c , h a r b o r 72-73 cross-harbor freight traffic, r o a d w a y m a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r 55 208 signals 36-37 T h i r d Ave Bridge 45 a c c i d e n t s 4-5, new passenger rail speeds i n 32, 38 30 Rockefeller C e n t e r 141 a m o u n t e n t e r i n g city ventilation buildings s t a t i o n s See s t a t i o n s , s u b w a y 30 Rockefeller Plaza 143 c a l m i n g m e a s u r e s 10-11 w a t e r 158, 164-65 t r a c k See t r a c k , s u b w a y S u l l i v a n County, N e w York 154, 155 Sunkist 66 207 54 33 T h o m a s St 127 c a m e r a s 6, 8-9 turnstiles T h o m a s P h i f e r a n d P a r t n e r s 22 f u t u r e of 26th W a r d t r e a t m e n t p l a n t 179 train M a n h a t t a n in- a n d o u t b o u n d 27, 29, 30 311 s y s t e m 133 volume 206 45 S u n s e t Park, B r o o k l y n 194-95 m a p s 8, 9, 72 s w i t c h i n g s t a t i o n s 127 r e g i o n a l 4, signals 6-7 30 t r a i n 27, 29, 30 The Works u V i c t o r S t a n l e y b a s k e t s 186 s a m p l i n g s i t e s 169 W o o l w o r t h B u i l d i n g 140, 141 U l s t e r County, N e w York 154, 155 Viele, E g b e r t L u d o v i c u s 153 s t e a m s y s t e m , u s e i n 116 W o o s t e r St 13 U n i o n Pacific violations, motorist s t o r a g e 161 W o r l d F i n a n c i a l C e n t e r 140, 141 U n i t e d N a t i o n s 116, 117 V i r g i n i a , l a n d f i l l s i n 190, 191 t o w e r s 166 U.S Lines 78 Visy P a p e r Mill 194, 196 treatment U n i v e r s i t y H e i g h t s Bridge 45 v o l t a g e 97, , 104, 105 w a t e r m a i n s 159, 162-63 UPN 149 V t r a i n 29 w a t e r s h e d s 155 66 W o r l d Trade C e n t e r 141, 149, 213 168-69 WQEW 149 W t r a i n 27, 29 W a t e r s i d e S t a t i o n 118 U p p e r East River 182 UPS 81, 83, 85 w W a t e r T u n n e l No 164-65 Y o n k e r s , N e w York 156 u p s t a t e N e w York See N e w York W a l l a b o u t M a r k e t 86 w a t e r w a y s See also speci/ic waterways Yorkville R e s e r v o i r 152 Wards Island t r e a t m e n t plant State USPS See Postal S e r v i c e , U n i t e d g a r b a g e d u m p i n g i n 184 178, 179 S t a t e s (USPS) sewage d u m p i n g a n d runoff w a r e h o u s i n g 77, 80-81 I u t i l i t i e s 12-13, 5- See also specific 171, 174-77- 179 W a r i n g , George 185, 194 utilities vacuum cleaners, electricity c l e a n l i n e s s of 182-83 W a r P r o d u c t i o n Board 98 w a t t s 94-95 97 w a s h i n g m a c h i n e s 167 w a v e l e n g t h s 142 W a s h i n g t o n Bridge 45 Waverley, V i r g i n i a 191 W a s h i n g t o n H e i g h t s 159 w a v e s 71 W a s h i n g t o n M a r k e t 86 WCBS 149 v a l v e c h a m b e r s 164, 165 W a s h i n g t o n St 86 W e e h a w k e n , N e w J e r s e y 67 V a n C o r t l a n d t P a r k Valve W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t 190-91, 215 WEPN 149 W a s t e Service NY 190-91 West B r a n c h R e s e r v o i r 161 w a s t e s h e d s 190 W e s t c h e s t e r C o u n t y 93, n o , u s e d b y 95 C h a m b e r 164, 165 variable message sign sensors 49 154,156 v a u l t l i g h t s 18 w a s t e w a t e r 170 v a u l t s , s i d e w a l k 18 w a t e r a n d w a t e r s y s t e m 152-69 VCRs 94 Council I n t e r c o n n e c t i o n 102 a q u e d u c t s 156-57 vehicles, s a n i t a t i o n 186-87, 0 > °3 Western Systems Coordinating a q u i f e r r e c o v e r y s y s t e m 214 West Side H i g h w a y c a p a c i t y , s t o r a g e 154 WFAN 149 V e r d a n t P o w e r 210 c o n s e r v a t i o n m e a s u r e s 167 W h e e l a b r a t o r T e c h n o l o g i e s 180 V e r i z o n 125, 127, 129 c o n s u m p t i o n 167 W h i t e s t o n e Bridge 4, 45 V e r r a z a n o N a r r o w s Bridge 4, 44, f i l t r a t i o n 214, 215 w i l d l i f e 182-83 f u t u r e p r o j e c t s 214, 215 W i l l i a m s b u r g Bridge 45, 46, 48 g r o u n d w a t e r 161, 169 W i l l i a m St 160 ventilation buildings 54 45, 46, 48, 70 V e s e y S t 86 l e a k s 162-63 Willis Ave Bridge 45 c r a n e s o n 79 l o c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n 158 w i n d p o w e r 0 , 101, 210, 211 h a r b o r e n t r y of 70-71 m a p s 153, 154, 158, 165, 168, 169 WISOR r o b o t 120 t y p e s of 73 m e t e r s 167 w o o d 166 v o l u m e of 72 p e o p l e d i s p l a c e d b y 153, 154, 155 Woods Hole O c é a n o g r a p h i e vessels, cargo 209 I n s t i t u t e 163 v e s s e l s , s k i m m i n g 177 p r e s s u r e 159 Vessel Traffic Service 72 p u m p i n g s y s t e m s 159, 161, 166 r e g u l a t o r s 159 repair and maintenance r e s e r v o i r s 155 162-63 zip codes 140-41 Zone I m p r o v e m e n t P l a n 140 Z t r a i n 29, 46 ... familiar to a broad spectrum of readers, and to approach them in a way that readers will easily grasp The pages that follow are full of both facts and This information explanations is generally... important move in and out of its ports and terminals component parts In either case, the each day—by rail, truck, sea, and air And as graphic explanations and illustrations that one of the world's... with the birth of Transcom, the "United Nations of transportation." An organization made up of 18 member agencies, Transcom monitors roadways in the tristate area and shares information on active