Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis Manfred M Fischer • Arthur Getis Editors Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis Software Tools, Methods and Applications Editors Professor Manfred M Fischer Vienna University of Economics and Business Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience Nordbergstraße 15/4/A 1090 Vienna Austria manfred.fischer@wu.ac.at Professor Arthur Getis San Diego State University Department of Geography 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182-4493 USA arthur.getis@sdsu.edu ISBN 978-3-642-03646-0 e-ISBN 978-3-642-03647-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-03647-7 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009940922 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface The Handbook is written for academics, researchers, practitioners and advanced graduate students It has been designed to be read by those new or starting out in the field of spatial analysis as well as by those who are already familiar with the field The chapters have been written in such a way that readers who are new to the field will gain important overview and insight At the same time, those readers who are already practitioners in the field will gain through the advanced and/or updated tools and new materials and state-of-the-art developments included This volume provides an accounting of the diversity of current and emergent approaches, not available elsewhere despite the many excellent journals and textbooks that exist Most of the chapters are original, some few are reprints from the Journal of Geographical Systems, Geographical Analysis, The Review of Regional Studies and Letters of Spatial and Resource Sciences We let our contributors develop, from their particular perspective and insights, their own strategies for mapping the part of terrain for which they were responsible As the chapters were submitted, we became the first consumers of the project we had initiated We gained from depth, breadth and distinctiveness of our contributors’ insights and, in particular, the presence of links between them The chapters were rigorously refereed blindly by the contributors to this volume Referee reports were sent to each author and changes made accordingly We supervised this process to guarantee that authors received reviews that would be useful for finalizing their chapters The soundness of the comments and ideas have contributed immensely to the quality of the Handbook Fortunately, we were dealing with truly exemplary scholars, the most distinguished and sophisticated representatives of the fields of inquiry We thank the contributors for their diligence, not only in providing extremely thoughtful and useful contributions, but also in meeting all deadlines in a timely manner and in following stringent editorial guidelines Moreover, we acknowledge the generous support provided by the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience, Vienna University of Economics and Business Thomas Seyffertitz greatly assisted in keeping the project well organized Last but not at least, we have benefitted greatly from the editorial assistance he and Ingrid Divis provided Their expertise in handling several word processing systems, formatting, and indexing, together with their care and attention to detail, helped immeasurably August 2009 Manfred M Fischer, Vienna Arthur Getis, San Diego Contents Preface v Introduction Manfred M Fischer and Arthur Getis PART A A.1 GI Software Tools Spatial Statistics in ArcGIS Lauren M Scott and Mark V Janikas A.1.1 Introduction A.1.2 Measuring geographic distributions A.1.3 Analyzing patterns A.1.4 Mapping clusters A.1.5 Modeling spatial relationships A.1.6 Custom tool development A.1.7 Concluding remarks References A.2 27 28 30 33 35 38 39 40 Spatial Statistics in SAS Melissa J Rura and Daniel A Griffith A.2.1 Introduction A.2.2 Spatial statistics and SAS A.2.3 SAS spatial analysis built-ins A.2.4 SAS implementation examples A.2.5 Concluding remarks References A.3 43 43 44 45 51 51 Spatial Econometric Functions in R Roger S Bivand A.3.1 Introduction A.3.2 Spatial models and spatial statistics A.3.3 Classes and methods in modelling using R A.3.4 Issues in prediction in spatial econometrics A.3.5 Boston housing values case A.3.6 Concluding remarks References 53 55 57 60 65 68 69 viii A.4 Contents GeoDa: An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis Luc Anselin, Ibnu Syabri and Youngihn Kho A.4.1 Introduction A.4.2 Design and functionality A.4.3 Mapping and geovisualization A.4.4 Multivariate EDA A.4.5 Spatial autocorrelation analysis A.4.6 Spatial regression A.4.7 Future directions References A.5 73 76 78 80 82 84 86 87 STARS: Space-Time Analysis of Regional Systems Sergio J Rey and Mark V Janikas A.5.1 Introduction A.5.2 Motivation A.5.3 Components and design A.5.4 Illustrations A.5.5 Concluding remarks References A.6 91 92 92 98 109 111 Space-Time Intelligence System Software for the Analysis of Complex Systems Geoffrey M Jacquez A.6.1 Introduction A.6.2 An approach to the analysis of complex systems A.6.3 Visualization A.6.4 Exploratory space-time analysis A.6.5 Analysis and modeling A.6.6 Concluding remarks References A.7 113 115 116 117 119 122 123 Geostatistical Software Pierre Goovaerts A.7.1 Introduction A.7.2 Open source code versus black-box software A.7.3 Main functionalities A.7.4 Affordability and user-friendliness A.7.5 Concluding remarks References A.8 125 127 128 131 132 133 GeoSurveillance: GIS-based Exploratory Spatial Analysis Tools for Monitoring Spatial Patterns and Clusters Gyoungju Lee, Ikuho Yamada and Peter Rogerson A.8.1 A.8.2 Introduction Structure of GeoSurveillance 135 137 Contents A.8.3 Methodological overview A.8.4 Illustration of GeoSurveillance A.8.5 Concluding remarks References A.9 ix 138 142 148 149 Web-based Analytical Tools for the Exploration of Spatial Data Luc Anselin, Yong Wook Kim and Ibnu Syabri A.9.1 Introduction A.9.2 Methods A.9.3 Architecture A.9.4 Illustrations A.9.5 Concluding remarks References 151 152 158 163 170 171 A.10 PySAL: A Python Library of Spatial Analytical Methods Sergio J Rey and Luc Anselin A.10.1 Introduction A.10.2 Design and components A.10.3 Empirical illustrations A.10.4 Concluding remarks References PART B B.1 175 177 180 191 191 Spatial Statistics and Geostatistics The Nature of Georeferenced Data Robert P Haining B.1.1 Introduction B.1.2 From geographical reality to the spatial data matrix B.1.3 Properties of spatial data in the spatial data matrix B.1.4 Implications of spatial data properties for data analysis B.1.5 Concluding remarks References B.2 197 199 204 208 214 214 Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis Roger S Bivand B.2.1 Introduction B.2.2 Plotting and exploratory data analysis B.2.3 Geovisualization B.2.4 Exploring point patterns and geostatistics B.2.5 Exploring areal data B.2.6 Concluding remarks References 219 220 224 229 236 249 250 .. .Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis Manfred M Fischer • Arthur Getis Editors Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis Software Tools, Methods and Applications Editors Professor Manfred... capable of manipulating tessellations of area patterns The same is true of networks of lines Two of the most promising areas of spatial statistical analysis are the creation of defensible spatial. .. and notes on software, the editors of this Handbook placed software tools first Some of the very best innovative techniques for spatial analysis come from the wide variety of software packages