Business finance ch 19 multinational financial management

CHAPTER 19 Multinational Financial Management    Multinational vs domestic financial management Exchange rates and trading in foreign exchange International money and capital markets 19-1 What is a multinational corporation?   A corporation that operates in two or more countries Decision making within the corporation may be centralized in the home country, or may be decentralized across the countries the corporation does business in 19-2 Why firms expand into other countries? To seek new markets To seek raw materials To seek new technology To seek production efficiency To avoid political and regulatory hurdles To diversify 19-3 What factors distinguish multinational financial management from domestic financial management? Different currency denominations Economic and legal ramifications Language differences Cultural differences Role of governments Political risk 19-4 Consider the following exchange rates US $ to buy unit Japanese yen 0.009 Australian dollar 0.650  Are these currency prices direct or indirect quotations?  Since they are prices of foreign currencies expressed in dollars, they are direct quotations 19-5 What is an indirect quotation?   The number of units of a foreign currency needed to purchase one U.S dollar, or the reciprocal of a direct quotation Are you more likely to observe direct or indirect quotations?   Most exchange rates are stated in terms of an indirect quotation Except the British pound, which is usually in terms of a direct quotation 19-6 Calculate the indirect quotations for yen and Australian dollar # of units of foreign currency per US $ Japanese yen 111.11 Australian dollar 1.5385  Simply find the inverse of the direct quotations 19-7 What is a cross rate?   The exchange rate between any two currencies Cross rates are actually calculated on the basis of various currencies relative to the U.S dollar Cross rate between Australian dollar and the Japanese yen   Cross rate = (Yen / US Dollar) x (US Dollar / = 111.11 x 0.650 = 72.22 Yen / A Dollar The inverse of this cross rate yields: 0.0138 A Dollars / Yen A Dollar) 19-8 Orange juice project: Setting the appropriate price  A firm can produce a liter of orange juice and ship it to Japan for $1.75 per unit If the firm wants a 50% markup on the project, what should the juice sell for in Japan? Price = (1.75)(1.50)(111.11) = 291.66 yen 19-9 Orange juice project: Determining profitability  The product will cost 250 yen to produce and ship to Australia, where it can be sold for Australian dollars What is the U.S dollar profit on the sale?    Cost in A dollars = 250 yen (0.0138) = 3.45 A dollars A dollar profit = – 3.45 = 2.55 A dollars U.S dollar profit = 2.55 / 1.5385 = $1.66 19-10 What problems may arise when a firm operates in a country whose currency is not convertible?   It becomes very difficult for multinational companies to conduct business because there is no easy way to take profits out of the country Often, firms will barter for goods to export to their home countries 19-15 What is difference between spot rates and forward rates?   Spot rates are the rates to buy currency for immediate delivery Forward rates are the rates to buy currency at some agreed-upon date in the future 19-16 When is the forward rate at a premium to the spot rate? If the U.S dollar buys fewer units of a    foreign currency in the forward than in the spot market, the foreign currency is selling at a premium In the opposite situation, the foreign currency is selling at a discount The primary determinant of the spot/forward rate relationship is relative interest rates 19-17 What is interest rate parity?  Interest rate parity holds that investors should expect to earn the same return in all countries after adjusting for risk ft + kh = e0 + kf ft = t - periodforwardexchangerate e0 = today's spotexchangerate kh = periodicinterestratein homecountry kf = periodicinterestratein foreigncountry 19-18 Evaluating interest rate parity  Suppose one yen buys $0.0095 in the 30-day forward exchange market and kNOM for a 30-day risk-free security in Japan and in the U.S is 4%  ft = 0.0095  kh = 4% / 12 = 0.333%  kf = 4% / 12 = 0.333% 19-19 Does interest rate parity hold? 0.0095 1.0033 = e0 1.0033 0.0095 =1 e0  Therefore, for interest rate parity to hold, e0 must equal $0.0095, but we were given earlier that e0 = $0.0090 19-20 Which security offers the highest return?  The Japanese security     Convert $1,000 to yen in the spot market $1,000 x 111.111 = 111,111 yen Invest 111,111 yen in 30-day Japanese security In 30 days receive 111,111 yen x 1.00333 = 111,481 yen Agree today to exchange 111,481 yen 30 days from now at forward rate, 111,481/105.2632 = $1,059.07 30-day return = $59.07/$1,000 = 5.907%, nominal annual return = 12 x 5.907% = 70.88% 19-21 What is purchasing power parity (PPP)?  Purchasing power parity implies that the level of exchange rates adjusts so that identical goods cost the same amount in different countries Ph = Pf(e0) -ORe0 = Ph/Pf 19-22 If grapefruit juice costs $2.00 per liter in the U.S and PPP holds, what is the price of grapefruit juice in Australia? e0 = Ph/Pf $0.6500= $2.00/Pf Pf = $2.00/$0.6500 = 3.0769 Australian dollars 19-23 What impact does relative inflation have on interest rates and exchange rates?   Lower inflation leads to lower interest rates, so borrowing in low-interest countries may appear attractive to multinational firms However, currencies in low-inflation countries tend to appreciate against those in high-inflation rate countries, so the effective interest cost increases over the life of the loan 19-24 International money and capital markets  Eurodollar markets   a source of dollars outside the U.S International bonds Foreign bonds – sold by foreign borrower, but denominated in the currency of the country of issue  Eurobonds – sold in country other than the one in whose currency the bonds are denominated  19-25 To what extent average capital structures vary across different countries?   Previous studies suggested that average capital structures vary among the large industrial countries However, a recent study, which controlled for differences in accounting practices, suggests that capital structures are more similar across different countries than previously thought 19-26 Impact of multinational operations  Cash management  Distances are greater  Access to more markets for loans and for temporary investments  Cash is often denominated in different currencies 19-27 Impact of multinational operations  Capital budgeting decisions  Foreign operations are taxed locally, and then funds repatriated may be subject to U.S taxes  Foreign projects are subject to political risk  Funds repatriated must be converted to U.S dollars, so exchange rate risk must be taken into account 19-28 Impact of multinational operations  Credit management    Credit is more important, because commerce to lesser-developed countries often relies on credit Credit for future payment may be subject to exchange rate risk Inventory management   Inventory decisions can be more complex, especially when inventory can be stored in locations in different countries Some factors to consider are shipping times, carrying costs, taxes, import duties, and exchange rates 19-29 ... avoid political and regulatory hurdles To diversify 19- 3 What factors distinguish multinational financial management from domestic financial management? Different currency denominations Economic... 1.5385 = $1.66 19- 10 What is exchange rate risk?    The risk that the value of a cash flow in one currency translated to another currency will decline due to a change in exchange rates For... repatriated must be converted to U.S dollars, so exchange rate risk must be taken into account 19- 28 Impact of multinational operations  Credit management    Credit is more important, because