Earle the american way; a geographical history of crisis and recovery (2003)

ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC Published in the United States of America by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowmanlittlcfield.com PO Box 317, Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright © 2003 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Earle, Carville The American way : a geographical history of crisis and recovery / Carville, Earle p cm Includes bibliographical references and index 9780742599215 United States—Historical geography United States—Politics and government Political culture—United States—History United States—Economic conditions Crisis management—United States—History United States—Territorial expansion Regionaiism—United States—History I Title E179.5.E36 2003 911’.73—dc21 2002013413 Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 Table of Contents Title Page Copyright Page Table of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgments Introduction PART I - THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS CHAPTER - Space, Time, and the American Way CHAPTER - The Periodic Structuring of the American Past CHAPTER - The Dynamics of Policy Regimes CHAPTER - Policy Regimes and Geographical Reconstructions CHAPTER - Regulatory Regimes and the Geographies of Producer and Consumer Revolutions CHAPTER - Spatial Enlargements in American Power PART II - COLONIAL FOUNDATIONS CHAPTER - Backing into Empire CHAPTER - “We are all English That is one good fact.” CHAPTER - Lockean Geographies CHAPTER 10 - Imperial Geographies PART III - NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIES CHAPTER 11 - Out with the Old, in with the New CHAPTER 12 - Space/Time References Index About the Author Table of Figures Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 6.1A 6.1B 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7A 6.7B 6.8 6.9 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13A 6.13B 6.14 6.15A 6.15B 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 7.1 7.2A 7.2B 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7A 7.7B 7.8 7.9 8.1A 8.1B 8.2 8.3A 8.3B 8.4 8.5A 8.5B 8.6 8.7 9.1A 9.1B 9.2A 9.2B 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8A Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 9.8B 9.9A 9.9B 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15A 9.15B 10.1 10.2A 10.2B 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 11.1 11.2 11.3 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8A 12.8B 12.9 12.10A 12.10B 12.11 12.12 12.13A 12.13B 12.14A ———— 1998 WTO Annual Report 1998: International Trade Statistics, vol Geneva: Author ———— 1999 WTO Annual Report 1999: International Trade Statistics, vol Geneva: Author Wrigley, E A., and R S Schofield 1981 The Population History of England, 1541-1871 Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press Wyly, Elvin K 1999 “Continuity and Change in the Restless Urban Landscape.” Economic Geography 75: 309-38 Yamakawa, Ryuichi 1992 “Territoriality and Extraterritoriality: Coverage of Fair Employment Laws after EEOC v ARAMCO.” North Carolina Journal of International Law 17: 71-119 Yapa, Lakshman 1977 “Green Revolution: A Diffusion Model.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 67: 350-59 ————— 1982 “Innovation Bias, Appropriate Technology, and Basic Goods.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 17: 32-44 Yarbrough, Beth V., and Robert M Yarbrough 1994 “Regionalism and Layered Governance: The Choice of Trade Institutions.” Jonmal of International Affairs 48: 95-117 Young, James P 1996 Reconsidering American Liberalism: The Troubled Odyssey of the Liberal Idea Boulder, Colo.: Westview Zevin, Robert 1972 “An Interpretation of American Imperialism.” Journal of Economic History 32: 316-60 Zuckert, Michael P 1994 Natural Rights and the New Republicanism Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press Index “acceleration of history,” activism, legal Adams, Herbert Baxter Adams, John Quincy admiralty jurisdiction African Americans: economic situation; mobility of; segregation of Age of Empire; consumer revolutions during; economy; inequality in; neomercantilism; parliamentary activism; religious revitalizations; relocation in See also American Revolution; neorepublican geographies Age of Reform Agnew, John agrarian innovation diffusion agriculture: land use; rice farming See also slavery; tobacco production Alien Tort Statute of 1789, ambivalence, in policy regimes American Board of Cormmissioners of the Customs American Confederation American Indians American Manufacturing Belt American Revolution; antecedents of; capitalist independence after; debts after; effects of; journey from ideological doctrine to ambivalence; land distribution after; military geography of; and scalar enlargements in American state American Whig Party See Whig Party, American anti-chain store legislation Anti-Federalists Arnold, Thurman Articles of Confederation Atlee, Clement auto-air-amenity epoch Bacon, Nathaniel Bank of Augusta v Earle Baptists “bargain shoppers,” Battle of Saratoga Beard, Charles Bensel, Richard Berry, Brian J L Bhagwati, Jagdish Birchfield, Maurice blacks: economic situation; mobility of; segregation of Board of Trade Borchert, John R Boston, Massachusetts: during colonization period; economy; objection to British authority; trade brand loyalty Braudel, Fernand Breen, Timothy Brothers Industries Brown, John Brown v Board of Education Buchanan, James Buchanan, Patrick Bush, President George H W Bush administration: multilateral diplomatic strategies; and North American Free Trade Agreement Bushman, Richard Byrd, William Calhoun, John Calvert, Cecilius capitalism: “capitalist geography,” and Kondratieff wave of commodity prices; market economy and social continuity Carey, Henry Carolina, colonization of Catholics, and colonization Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Handbook of International Economic Statistics central-place theory chain stores, litigation against Charles I, Charles II, Charles Town, Carolina Chesapeake region: cheap land policy; climate of; colonization of; development of towns; economic regions; endearment of land; immigration to; inequality in income and wealth; reforms in colonial marketing systems; regional diversification; slavery in; tobacco production; wheat production See also Virginia Christaller, Walter Christaller’s k-value Christian idealism CIA See Central Intelligence Agency cities and city systems; areas of extreme poverty; auto-air-amenity epoch; decentralization of industry; edge cities; industrial “suburbs,” iron-horse epoch; and labor markets; population during National State; post offices, number of; racial residential segregation; sail-wagon epoch; and schools; spatial expansion within; stability of urban system; stages in evolution of; steel-rail epoch; transportation systems; and urban poverty See also telecommunications epoch citizenry, republican view toward civil rights legislation: extraterritorial application of; and scalar enlargements in American state civil society, viability of American Civil War: American; English Clay, Henry climatic theory, effect on English colonization Clinton administration: litigation aimed at foreign states; multilateral diplomatic strategies “coastwise trade,” Coercive Act Cold War internationalism colonial era; mercantilism See also Age of Empire; salutary neglect colonial marketing systems colonization of America; and Carolina; colonial boundaries, 1600-1682,; colonial charters; diseases encountered; effect of climatic theory on; ethnocultural pluralism; geopolitical decentralization; Indians, relationship with; nlonopoly colonization of private franchises; population distribution; religious toleration; reluctant imperium; transport and mercantile services See also New England; Virginia commerce clause, of Constitution commodity prices Compromise of 1850, Compromise of 1877, concentration, spatial See spatial concentration Confederation conflict phase Congress, in National State Connecticut, economy of Conservative Centrism consolidation, spatial See spatial consolidation Constitution, U.S.: agents behind; Article 10 of; commerce clause; conditions shaping; consolidation of ideologies; on federal legislation; Fourteenth Amendment; fusing of liberal and republican policies within; ideologies and geosophies influencing; on power of federal government; ratification of; and separation of power; Sixteenth Amendment; and social continuity; and spatial expansion Constitutional Unionists consumer revolutions; in middle of 1700s and 1800s, in 1970s and 1980s, in 1990s, in Age of Empire; in age of Jacksonian democracy; and “bargain shoppers,” and British fiscal policy; demand for more specialized products; in Gilded Age; during New Deal liberalism; alternations with producer revolutions; difference from producer revolutions continuity: social; spatial Cooley v Board of Wardens Cornwallis, Charles Earl corporations: effect of enlargement in National State; and national rail system; overseas, law suits against; during post-Fordism corporatist period Correlates of War Project cost-of-living index cost shifting Craven, Wesley Frank Crawford, William creative destruction creativity phase credit crisis, social and economic; association with policy regimes; in England; factors determining how policy regimes deal with; liberal view of; Marxist view of; republican view of crisis-and-recovery, repertoire of See also institutionalized routines Cromwell, Oliver Cromwellian republicanism; Cromwell’s role; under duress; English Civil War leading to; equality and expansion in Virginia; fading of; nationalism and empire; and opportunities for betterment in America crossover counties Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act Currency Act of 1764, customs officials, colonial cyclical pairing Dale, Thomas D’Amato-Kennedy Act David, Paul A dear-land policy decarbonization decline phase dematerialization democracies, alternation between republics and Democratic Party: in National State; origins of; in Sectional State; in Transnational State See also Jacksonians demographic concentration See spatial concentration demographic consolidation See spatial consolidation demographic dispersion See spatial dispersion Department of War deregulation diffusion phase digital economy; areas of extreme poverty; and crossover counties; edge cities; and the Internet; IT and FIRE sectors; and labor markets; racial residential segregation; and schools; and stability of urban system; and suburbanization diplomatic strategies diseases, during early colonization dispersion, spatial; before 1776, between 1790 and 1990, during national era; secular trends in cycles of dissent phase diversification, regional dollar-yen exchange rate domestic distribution of resources domestic policies; British antecedents of; republican and liberal positions on See also egalitarianism; elitism Douglas, Stephen downsizing Drake, Francis Dred Scott case Dutch, problems with England Easterlin, Richard economic and social crisis; association with policy regimes; in England; factors determining how policy regimes deal with; liberal view of; Marxist view of; republican view of economic nationalism economy: during 1680s, after American Revolution; agricultural land use within market economies; capitalist market economy; Civil War expenses; costs of big government; distribution of resources; golden age of colonial economy; industrialization of; Keynesian economics; labor costs; during Reagan administration; regional; revolutions in production; role of in historical periods: role of policy regimes in; and viability of American civil society See also consumer revolutions; digital economy; industrialization; manufacturing; production; regional diversification; regional specialization; regional stability; regional volatility; telecommunications epoch; trade Eddis, William edge cities EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Office) EEOC v Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO) egalitarianism; association with economic crisis; association with war; and consumer and producer revolutions; England’s, under Cromwell; free-trade (FTM) regimes; and geographic reconstructions; and New Deal liberalism; reaction to crisis; and regional economy; regional geographies of egalitarian regimes; and regional specialization, interdependence, and trade; during Revolutionary era; and spatial expansion See also consumer revolutions; republicanism elections, in National State elite protectionist/nationalist (PE) regimes; and civil rights movement; and spatial expansion elitism: association with economic crisis; and consumer and producer revolutions; domestic; entrepreneurial; fusion with nationalism; and geographic reconstructions; and regional economy; regional geographies of elite regimes; during Revolutionary era; and revolutions in production See also liberalism; producer-services sector Elizabeth, Queen Emigrant Aid Society Empire, Age of See Age of Empire employment programs, in National State endearment of land England: alternation between republican and liberal ideologies; and British fiscal policy; economy of (circa 1575); geographic reconstructions; origins of liberalism and republicanism in; phase of social and economic crisis; population of, 1541-1701; privateering (piracy); problems with Dutch; and roots of American geography; Stuart dynasty in; tobacco exports to; trade issues; voyages to North America (1577-1610); Whig political power in See also colonization of America; Cromwellian republicanism English Civil War enlargements in American state; before 1776, causes of; within cities; colonial era; and Constitution; in England, under Cromwell; and frontier expansion; Madison’s view of; and model of republic-as-organism; and neorepublican geographies; overview; regional rates of; secular trends in the cycles of; and viability of American civil society; in Virginia See also National State; Sectional State; Transnational State entrepreneurial elitism Equal Employment Opportunity Office (EEOC) equality of opportunity, in Virginia equal protection clauses, of Fourteenth Amendment ethnocultural pluralism ethnoreligious toleration European Union (EU) evangelical Protestantism exchange rate agreements expansion, spatial See spatial expansion exports and imports: after American Revolution; and British fiscal policy; for early colonies; in England; by G-7 summit powers; globalization of; during golden age of colonial economy; between Great Britain and colonies, 1713-1774,; under Jacksonian democracy; and liberalism; and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); and Plaza Agreement; during Reagan administration; republican and liberal positions on; and salutary neglect; in seventeenth century See also West Indian trade “extended republic,” external conflicts See foreign policies externalization extraterritoriality fanning: land use; rice See also slavery; tobacco production federal government: expansion of jurisdictions of; powers during Sectional State federalism Federalist Papers Federalists; Hamiltouian; role of in creation of Constitution; synthesis of elite nationalism federal legislation Federal Register Federal Reserve Board federal-state expenditures: in National State; in Sectional State Field, Stephen J finance industry First Democracy First Republic Fischer, David H “footloose” firms Ford, Henry Ford, Timothy Fordism foreign policies; British antecedents of; of England; liberal; nationalist; republican; of Sectional State; of Transnational State Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act foreign trade See trade Fourteenth Amendment Fox, Edward Franco-American alliance Frankel, Jeffrey Franklin, Ben free trade: under New Deal liberalism; republican and liberal positions on free-trade (FTM) regimes Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) freight transport regulation Fremont, John Friedman, Milton frontier expansion; during national era; neorepublican geographies FTAA (Free Trade Area of the Americans) FTM (free-trade) regimes Furley, Benjamin G-7 summit powers GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) geographic reconstructions; spatial dimensions of See also consolidation, spatial; dispersion, spatial; expansion, spatial; policy regimes; regional diversification; regional specialization; regional stability; regional volatility geopolitical decentralization George II, George III, German immigrants Gerry, Elbridge ghettos Gilbert, Humphrey Gilded Age globalization: of free trade; and Reagan administration; Seattle protests over; uniflcation with internationalism Glorious Revolution Goldstein, Joshua S Goldwater, Barry “Good Neighbor” policy Gottmann, Jean Greene, Nathanael Hakluyt, Richard Hamilton, Alexander: on averting “feudal anarchy” of medieval Europe; on cheap labor; and Constitution; on liberty versus equality; on model of American industrialization; on national strength and stability Hamiltonian Federalists Hancock, John Handbook of International Eronomic Statistics (CIA) Hansen, Niles Harper’s Ferry Arsenal Harrington, James Harris, P M G Harvey, William head rights system Heath, Robert Helms-Burton Act Henretta, James Hill, Christopher Hilliard, Sam B historical periods; affinity with policy regimes; early nationalist period; Gilded Age and Progressive Era; mercantilism; middle period; role of American society in; role of economy in; role of policy regimes in; salutary neglect See also Age of Empire; Civil War; New Deal liberalism; Reagan Revolution historical periods, phases of; conflict phase; creativity phase; crisis phase; decline phase; diffusion phase; dissent phase history, “acceleration” of Holt, Michael Hoover’s coefficient of localization housing ownership and investment HTML (hypertext markup language) pages Huguenots Hyde, Henry hypertext markup language (HTML) pages ICC (international criminal court) idealism, Christian immigration: during National State; “new,” and liberalism imports and exports See exports and imports income tax Indians, American See American Indians industrialization, model of American See also production industrial location industrial revolution inequality: in age of empire; and distribution of resources; effect of slavery on; during Revolutionary era inflation, during Reagan administration information technology See telecommunications epoch innovation diffusion institutionalized routines See also consumer revolutions; producer revolutions; periodic structure of American past; spatial expansion institutional repertoire institutions, and social continuity insurance industry interest rates, in United States internal improvements, under Sectional State international criminal court (ICC) internationalism International Trade Organization (ITO) Internet Interstate Commerce Commission Interstate Highway System investments, federal guarantees on Iran-Libya Sanctions Act Irish, treatment of by Cromwell iron-horse epoch isolationism ITO (International Trade Organization) Jackson, Andrew Jackson, Jesse Jacksonians; and cities; consumer revolutions during age of; in Sectional State; support for internal improvements; and urban geography James II, Jefferson, Thomas: on economic specialization; and nationalism and equal opportunity; views on power of federal government Jeffersonians Jensen, Merrill Johnson, Lyndon Jones, Alice Hanson jurisdiction, admiralty Kammen, Michael Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, Keynesian economics Kim, Sukkoo King Charles I, King Charles II, Kissinger, Henry Knights of Labor Kondratieff, Nikolai Kondratieff wave of commodity prices Kyoto agreement labor: costs of; and industrial location; scarcity of; and suburbanization; in telecommunications epoch; wage See also slavery land: dear-land policy; restructuring of land markets; rotation of; in Sectional State Lattimore Laud, William law, as instrument of social and cultural change Lecompton Constitution legal activism legislation: anti-chain store; civil rights; federal; foreign policy legislation; juridical extensions of American sovereignty Lennon, Alex liberalism: colonial marketing systems; in Constitution; and demographic dispersion; and domestic distribution of resources; domestic elitism principle; domestic policies; eclipse of; and economic crisis; English origins of; ethnoreligious toleration; in first two periods of American history; foreign policies; fusion with republicanism and innovation; manifestations of self-interest; and model of republicas-organism; from philosophy to ideology; reaction to crisis; and regional economy; restructuring of land markets; during Revolutionary era; and revolutions in production; settlement consolidation; similarities with/differences from republicanism; and slavery; and spatial consolidation; and spatial dispersion; and trade; values of; and wage labor See also elitism; New Deal liberalism; producer revolutions; producer-services sector; regional stability; spatial consolidation; spatial dispersion Libertad (Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity) Act litigation, aimed at foreign states local governments, in National State location theory of production Locke， John; on Board of Trade; role in laying foundations of liberalism; on spatial consolidation Lockridge, Kenneth longevity of America society “long wave” of commodity prices Machiavelli, Niccolò Madison, James: and Constitution; on expansion; on national strength and stability; on power of federal government manufacturing: in 1990s, brand loyalty; concentration of manufactures; cost shifting; downsizing of corporations; in industrial “suburbs,” labor costs; location theory of; mass; model of American industrialization; networked production; outsourcing; during Reagan administration; revolutions in production; specialization/diversification in; subcontracting; transport regulation See also industrialization market economies marketing systems Marx, Karl Marxism Maryland, colonization of Mason, George Massachusetts: coastal trade; development of towns in; economy Massachusetts Bay Company mass egalitarianism See egalitarianism McCusker mechanization of household Meinig, Donald mercantile services, for early colonies mercantilism Mexican War Mexico, loan from United States middle period military spending, in Sectional State Missouri Compromise Molasses Act of 1733, monopolies, litigation against Monroe, James Monroe Doctrine Moran index Morgan, J P Morrill Act of 1862, “motionless geography,” “motionless history,” Mrydal, Gunner multilateral diplomatic strategies multilateral institutions multinational companies Nader, Ralph NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) national era; effects of American Revolution; Gilded Age; and Jacksonian democracy, consumer revolutions during; national-scale spatial changes; pendular geographies; regional geographies of elite and egalitarian regimes; spatial concentration See also cities and city systems nationalism: economic; fusion with elitism nationalist foreign policy National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) National State; beginning of; elections during : employment programs; equity and income redistribution; extension of Bill of Rights; extension of Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clauses; federal-state expenditures; first phase of; foreign policy; immigration during; income tax; Interstate Commerce Commission; local governments; and New Deal; origins of; overview; party systems; political reforms; population of cities; redistributive polity; and “Reed’s rules,” regulatory policies; regulatory rules; risk reduction programs; second phase of; state governments in Native Americans Navigation Acts Nazi victims, law suits in favor of neomercantilism neomercantilist revival; consumer revolutions during; economy; inequality in; and neomercantilism; parliamentary activism; religious revitalizations; relocation in See also American Revolution; neorepublican geographies neorepublican geographies; consuming geographies, converging regions; frontier expansion and demographic concentration; regional volatility, equality, and sectional conflict networked production “new” immigration New Deal liberalism; antitrust litigation during; consumer revolution during; demographic concentration during; employment programs; federal-state expenditures; genesis of policy regimes; and National State; republican ideologies within; and urban geography new economy New England: county formation in; domestic difficulties; early settlements in; land issues; longevity of colonists; moderating pace of population growth and frontier expansion; origins of migrants to; Puritan faith in; settlements in, 1650-1700, ; trials of republicanism New Jersey, favorable conditions for corporations in newly industrializing countries (NICs), sites for labor-intensive firms Newton, Isaac New York, trade to and from NICs (newly industrializing countries), sites for labor-intensive firms NLRB (National Labor Relations Board) nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) non-tariff trade barriers (NTBs) North, Douglass C North, Frederick North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Northwest Ordinance of 1787, NRA (National Recovery Administration) NTBs (non-tariff trade barriers) Oglethorpe, James Ordinance of 1784, organic state orinocco production outsourcing overseas sites for labor-intensive firms panregionalism parliamentary activism party systems: in National State; in Sectional State PE (elite protectionist/nationalist) regimes See elite protectionist/nationalist (PE) regimes Penn, William Percy, George periodic structure of American past See also historical periods Perot, Ross phase of economic and social crisis See crisis, social and economic piracy Pitt, William planters, wealthy Plaza Agreement Plessy v Ferguson policy regimes; Age of Empire regime; alternation between republic and democracies; association with economic crisis; association with war; and changes in society; and changing geography of American cities; colonial; constraints; and “creative destruction,” egalitarian free-trade (FTM); factors determining how to deal with crisis; and geographical reconstructions; geographical reconstructions from; mercantilist; moderation and ambivalence in; and regional economic geographies; during Revolutionary era; role of in historical periods; salutary neglect; and social geography See also consumer revolutions; elite protectionist/ nationalist (PE) regimes; producer revolutions population dispersion See spatial concentration; spatial consolidation post-Fordism post offices power, enlargements in American See expansion, spatial pragmatism Pred, Allan Presbyterians price inflation, during Reagan administration prices, commodity privateering Proclamation of 1763, producer revolutions: alternations with consumer revolutions; difference from consumer revolutions; and policy regimes producer-services sector production: in 1990s, 94; agricultural land use, within market economies; brand loyalty; concentration of manufactures; cost shifting; downsizing of corporations; in industrial “suburbs,” 372-74; labor costs; location theory of; mass; model of American industrialization; networked; outsourcing; during Reagan administration; revolutions in; specialization/ diversification in manufacturing; subcontracting; transport regulation See also industrialization Progressive Era property, and liberalism protectionism See nationalism protestant sects Puritans Putney Debates of 1647, Queen Elizabeth quitrents racial equality railroad: effect on cities; transport regulation Raleigh, Walter rationalists Ratzel, Friedrich RCAs (residential community associations) Reagan Revolution; deregulation during; foreign policy legislation; multilateral diplomatic strategies; probusiness policies; production during; regional volatility since; trade during; trade policies real estate industry redistributive polity of National State reductions in force (RIFs) Reed, Thomas “Reed’s rules,” regimes, policy See policy regimes regional diplomatic strategies regional diversification regional economy regional specialization; during Gilded Age; and industrial development; during national era; and West Indian trade regional stability; after 1776, 74-78; during national era regional strategies regional volatility; before 1776, 67; after 1776, 74-78; in egalitarian regimes; during national era; neorepublican geographies regulatory regime(s) See policy regimes religious revitalizations; and Baptists; and evangelical Protestantism; and Presbyterians; and rationalists religious toleration relocations, in Age of Empire reluctant imperium rents on property repertoire, institutional repertoire of crisis-and-recovery See also institutionalized routines republicanism: and citizenry; and domestic distribution of resources; domestic policies; English origins of; in first two periods of American history; foreign policies; fusion with liberalism; geography of expansion; model of republic-as-organism; reaction to crisis; and regional diversification; and regional economy; during Revolutionary era; similarities with/differences from liberalism; and spatial expansion; and trade; values of See also consumer revolutions; Cromwellian republicanism; egalitarianism; nationalism; protectionism; regional volatility; spatial concentration; spatial expansion Republican Party: in England; Jeffersonian; in National State; in Sectional State; in Transnational State republican restoration; economy; parliamentary activism; religious revitalizations See also neorepublican geographies residential community associations (RCAs) resources, domestic distribution of revitalizations, religious See religious revitalizations Revolution, American See American Revolution revolutions: consumer; in production Ricardo, David rice farming RIFs (reductions in force) risk reduction programs Roanoke Island, North Carolina Robinson Crusoe’s island Roman Catholics, and colonization of America Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt administration: antitrust litigation during; consumer revolution during; demographic concentration during; employment programs; federal-state expenditures; genesis of policy regimes; and National State; republican ideologies within; and urban geography sail-wagon epoch salutary neglect Sandel, Michael Sauer, Carl scalar enlargements in American state; before 1776, 60-64; causes of; within cities; colonial era; and Constitution; in England, under Cromwell; and frontier expansion; Madison’s view of; and model of republic-as-organism; neorepublican geographies; overview of; regional rates of; secular trends in the cycles of; and viability of American civil society; in Virginia See also National State; Sectional State; Transnational State Scheffer, David J Schumpeter, Joseph Scotland, tobacco exports to Seattle (Washington) protests over globalization secession Second Continental Congress Sectional State; compromises in; elections during; federal legislation during; federal powers; federal-state expenditures; foreign policy; land distribution; location of power; military spending; party systems in; role of state politicians and state legislatures in; sectional conflict and compromise; shift in power from states to federal government; slavery; Southern secession; support for internal improvements segregation of blacks and whites Senate, in National State servants: in early colonies; number of in comparison to slaves; value of slaves over settlement expansion Shirley, William Single European Act Single European Market Sixteenth Amendment slavery; advantages to planters; and liberalism; numbers of slaves; and Sectional State; use in land rotation system Smith, Adam Smith, John Smith Corona social continuity social and economic crisis See crisis, social and economic Socialist Party society, role of in historical periods Solar, Peter Southern secession Spanish ships, piracy of spatial concentration; before 1776, ; between 1790 and 1990, concentration of manufactures; of industry; and model of republic-asorganism; during national era; neorepublican geographies; secular trends in cycles of spatial consolidation; before 1776, and early liberalism; secular trends in cycles of spatial continuity spatial expansion; before 1776, causes of; within cities; colonial era; and Constitution; in England, under Cromwell; frontier expansion; Madison’s view of; and model of republic-as-organism; neorepublican geographies; overview; regional rates of; secular trends in the cycles of; and viability of American civil society; in Virginia See also National State; Sectional State; Transnational State specialization, regional See regional specialization stability, regional See regional stability Stamp Act of 1765, state consumer expenditures state governments, in National State steel-rail epoch Steinberg, Richard H Stone, Lawrence strategies, regional Stuart dynasty: in colonies, religious toleration of; in English Civil War; restoration of subcontracting suburbanization Suffolk Resolves Sugar Act of 1764, summit powers Swift v Tyson Tariff of 1816, tax on income Taylor, Frederick telecommunications epoch; areas of extreme poverty; and crossover counties; edge cities; Internet; IT and FIRE sectors; and labor markets; racial residential segregation, 402-4; and schools; stability of urban system; suburbanization terrorism Third Republic Thunen, Johann von time See periodic structure of American past tobacco production; and land rotation; in Virginia Toleration Act of 1689, Townshend Acts trade: after American Revolution; and British fiscal policy; for early colonies; in England; by G-7 summit powers; globalization of; during golden age of colonial economy; between Great Britain and colonies, 1713-1774,; under Jacksonian democracy; and liberalism; and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); and Plaza Agreement; during Reagan administration; republican and liberal positions on; and salutary neglect; in seventeenth century See also West Indian trade “transatlantic revolution in consumer tastes,” Transnational State; beginning of; Cold War internationalism; deregulation during; foreign policy; governmental restraint; and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); overview; panregionahsm; party systems in; and “peace dividend,” 154, 156; polyvocality of; punitive litigation aimed at foreign states; sustained enlargement of power and jurisdiction of 158-59; trade transportation: regulation of; services for early colonies; urban systems Treaty of Paris trickle-down economics Truman administration Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America Turner, Frederick Jackson two-party politics, and social continuity UCC (Uniform Commercial Code) Underwood Tariff Act Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) unilateral diplomatic strategies United States: Bureau of Labor Statistics; Free Trade Agreement (FTB) with Canada; Interstate Highway System United States vs Griwaud urban decentralization U.S Constitution See Constitution, U.S Van Buren, Martin Vandcrbilt Journal of Transnational Law Vatter viability of American civil society Virginia: colonization of; contrast with early New England; county formation in; development of towns; equality and expansion in; origins of migrants to; population growth and frontier expansion; relocation in; retailing establishments in; settlement area, 1650, 1675, and 1700, slavery in Virginia Company of London volatility, regional See regional volatility Walpole, Robert war, association with policy regimes war crimes issues Wamtz, William Washington Quarterly (journal) Watson v Tarpley Weber, Alfred Weberian location theory Webster, Daniel welfare program Wertenbaker, Thomas Westbrook “Western design,” Cromwell’s West Indian trade; challenges of; interdependence and path toward regional specialization; overview of Whig Party, American; 1780s to 1790s, and consumer revolutions; in England; party control of House and Senate; and salutary neglect; in Sectional State White, John whites, segregation from blacks Williamson, Jeffrey Wills, Garry Wilson, Charles Wilson, Woodrow World Trade Organization (WTO) World Wide Web “Yankee Leviathan,” yen-dollar exchange rate Zuckert, Michael About the Author Carville Earle is Carl O Sauer Professor of Geography at Louisiana State University, past editor of the Annals of the Association of American Geographers (1994-1996), and formerly chair of the Department of Geography at Miami University and the Department of Geography and Anthropology at Louisiana State University He served on the editorial boards of the Annals of the Association of American Geographers, the Journal of Cultural Geography, and Historical Geography, on the executive board of the Social Science History Association, and as chair of the Historical Geography Specialty Group of the AAG and the Historical Geography Network of the SSHA He was Charles Warren Fellow at Harvard University, distinguished visitor in the Department of Geography at Cambridge University, and designated as Distinguished Scholar in Historical Geography by the Historical Geography Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers Professor Earle is the author of The Evolution of a Tidewater Settlement System (1975), The Pursuit of Liberty (1984), and Geography-ical Inquiry and American Historical Problems (1992), and the co-editor of Concepts in Human Geography (1996) He has published fifty or so articles in scholarly journals and books on the historical geography of the United States from the colonial period to the twentieth century on topics including colonization, rural and urban settlement, agriculture, frontier expansion and regional development, and the geography of labor and industrial relations ... with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 and NAFTA and the creation of the Transnational State Part II describes in four chapters the colonial foundations of the American Way, circa 1560s1780s... Constitution and the creation of the Sectional State; in the 1860s and 1870s with the passage of the Thirteenth through the Fifteenth Amendments and the creation of the National State; and in the 1980s and. .. separate occasions, Americans have enlarged the geographical jurisdictions of the federal government, expanded the domains of American power, and redefined the nature of the state First came the