THIS IS A BORZOI BOOK PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A KNOPF Copyright © 2012 by Geoffrey C Ward All rights reserved Published in the United States by Alfred A Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto www.aaknopf.com Knopf, Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ward, Geoffrey C A disposition to be rich : how a small-town pastor’s son ruined an American president, brought on a Wall Street crash, and made himself the best-hated man in the United States / by Geoffrey C Ward.—1st ed p cm “This is a Borzoi book”—T.p verso eISBN: 978-0-307-95944-7 Ward, Ferdinand De Wilton, 1851–1925 Capitalists and financiers—United States—Biography Swindlers and swindling—United States—Biography Financial crises—United States—History—19th century Ponzi schemes—New York (State)—New York—History—19th century Grant, Ulysses S (Ulysses Simpson), 1822–1885—Friends and associates Children of clergy—New York (State)—Biography Ward, F De W (Ferdinand De Wilton), 1812–1891 Rochester (N.Y.)—Biography 10 New York (N.Y.)—Biography I Title CT275.W2752W37 2012 974.7′03092—dc23 [B] 2011035140 Jacket image: The Wall Street Hell-Gate by F Graetz from Puck magazine, May 14, 1884 Courtesy of the author Jacket design by Carol Devine Carson v3.1 A cartoonist for Puck assessed the chaos Ferdinand Ward had caused on Wall Street eight days after his fraudulent brokerage collapsed; in the foreground, Ward’s ruined partner, General Ulysses S Grant, clings to a spar from the Marine National Bank, the financial institution that went down with the firm For my grandfather, Clarence Ward, my father, F Champion Ward—and for my brother, Andrew, who might have made a better story out of this material but was kind enough not to try Family is what counts Everything else is a side-show —F CHAMPION WARD If you cannot get rid of the family skeleton, you may as well make it dance —GEORGE BERNARD SHAW CONTENTS Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Epigraph Prologue PART ONE THE PURITAN ONE The Higher Calling TWO THREE Labouring In Hope Chastened and Sanctified PART TWO ONE OF THE WORST BOYS FOUR A Contest for Principle & Truth FIVE SIX The Triumph of the Monster, “War” Suspected of Evil PART THREE THE YOUNG NAPOLEON OF FINANCE SEVEN The Avaricious Spirit EIGHT NINE TEN ELEVEN The Bonanza Man The Imaginary Business Tears of Grateful Joy The End Has Come PART FOUR THE BEST-HATED MAN IN THE UNITED STATES TWELVE A Magnificent and Audacious Swindle THIRTEEN A Verdict at Last FOURTEEN FIFTEEN The Model Prisoner All That Loved Me Are in Heaven PART FIVE THE LOVING FATHER SIXTEEN Driven to Desperation SEVENTEEN The Kidnapping Epilogue Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Photographic Credits A Note About the Author Illustrations Other Books by This Author Prologue O n the afternoon of August 8, 1885, the streets of Manhattan were given over to grief Ulysses S Grant had died ve days earlier, after an agonizing fourteenmonth struggle, rst against nancial ruin and then against throat cancer whose every hideous detail had been reported in the newspapers Nearly a quarter of a million people had shu ed past the ex-president’s bier at City Hall Now, his co n was to be borne north along Broadway to a specially prepared vault in Riverside Park at 122nd Street No event—not even the funeral procession of Abraham Lincoln along the same street a little more than twenty years earlier—had drawn such crowds to the city The two-year-old Brooklyn Bridge was closed to vehicles that morning so that Brooklynites could pour across the East River to join their fellow mourners in Manhattan Passengers occupied each seat and stood in every aisle aboard the trains arriving at Grand Central and Pennsylvania stations; so many extra cars had been added to accommodate them that most trains had to be hauled by two locomotives Ferries from New Jersey and Staten Island were packed, too, and the new elevated railway brought in some 600,000 more people from the city’s outer regions One onlooker wrote that the entire length of Broadway—shops, o ces, hotels, theaters, apartment buildings—was “one sweep of black,” and even the tenement dwellers crowded along the side streets their windows with tiny ags and strips of inky ribbon The vast black and silver hearse was drawn by twenty-four black-draped horses, each accompanied by a black groom dressed in black, and it was followed by a glittering military escort under the command of General Win eld Scott Hancock Sixty thousand armed men took part in the slow-moving procession, which took ve hours to pass “Broadway moved like a river into which many tributaries poured,” a spectator remembered “There was one living mass choking the thoroughfare from where the dead lay in state to the grim gates at Riverside opened to receive him.”1 Somewhere in that living mass stood a slender, alarmingly pale man wearing smoked glasses so that no one would recognize him The disguise was probably a good idea Until his arrest the previous spring, Ferdinand Ward had been Grant’s business partner and apparently so skilled that older nanciers had hailed him as the “Young Napoleon of Finance.” But now, many held him directly responsible for the late general’s impoverishment—and even, indirectly, for his death As Ward himself later wrote, with the strange blend of pride and self-pity he always displayed when alluding to his crimes, he had made himself by the age of thirty-three “the best-hated man in the United States.”2 He had no right to be on the street that day, in fact; he had bribed his way out of the Ludlow Street Jail, where he was awaiting the trial for grand larceny that would soon send him to Sing Sing In this, as in nearly everything else in his long life, he seems simply to have assumed that rules made for others need never apply to him Ferdinand Ward was my great-grandfather I can’t remember when I rst began to hear stories about him Nor can I remember who rst mentioned him to me It may have been my late father, who had met his grandfather just once while still a small child, and who remembered him only dimly, as an apparently amiable, impossibly thin old man with a drooping white moustache, rocking on the front porch of a frame house on Staten Island To a landlocked Ohio boy like my father, the ferry ride across New York Harbor from the Battery had been more memorable than the aged stranger Perhaps it was my grandfather, Clarence Ward, who rst spoke of his father to me Though he was brought up by maternal relatives and had spent little time in Ferdinand’s company, Clarence’s bright blue eyes, even in his eighties, still mirrored fear and pain at the mention of his father’s name Little wonder: Ferdinand had hired a man to kidnap my grandfather when he was just ten years old, ooded him with blackmailing letters as a young man, threatened to see to it that he lost his rst job, and, nally, took him to court—all to get his hands on the small legacy left to his son by his own late wife In any case, by the time I was twelve or thirteen, I knew at least the outlines of Ferdinand’s story: pious parents, a Presbyterian minister and his wife, both former missionaries to India; an apparently tranquil boyhood in the lovely village of Geneseo, New York; a move to New York at twenty-one, followed by marriage to a wealthy young woman from Brooklyn Heights, and a swift rise on Wall Street that culminated in the 1880 formation of the rm of Grant & Ward, to include both the former president of the United States and James D Fish, the president of a large Wall Street nancial institution, the Marine National Bank Four years of ush times followed: summer homes, blooded horses, purebred dogs, jewels from Ti any, European artworks, lavish generosity to family and friends, the birth of a son Then, disaster: the collapse of rst the Marine Bank, then the rm of Grant & Ward, and panic on Wall Street—all of it blamed on Ferdinand Ward There was Ward’s arrest and that of James Fish, and later two sensational trials that demonstrated that both men had deliberately set out to defraud investors, followed by seven years in prison during which Ferdinand’s wife and both his parents died Released in 1892, he devoted most of the thirty-three years left to him to harassing the son he barely knew while continuing to hatch schemes by which one person or another was to provide him with money on which to live, funds to which he always seems to have assumed he was somehow entitled He never changed, never apologized, never explained I wanted to know more Books didn’t add much They all focused, understandably enough, on Grant’s tragedy: Ferdinand Ward appeared only as a stock villain, insinuating himself onstage just long enough to ruin the ex-president and his family, then disappearing behind prison walls But I couldn’t help wondering how he had duped so many men who, as he himself liked to say, were old enough to be his father What accounted for what his mother once called his fatal “disposition to be rich”?3 How could he have been perpetually unrepentant, uninterested in anyone’s troubles but his own, persuaded always that he, and not any of those whose money he misappropriated, was the aggrieved party? My grandfather didn’t much like to talk about his father, but I kept after him with a In 1878, Dr John H Brinton commissioned his friend Thomas Eakins to paint portraits of himself (top) and his wife, Ferd’s older sister, Sarah Ward Brinton (middle) Six years later, in the spring of 1884, Ferd’s sister-in-law, Emma Jane Ward, began sitting for Eakins, too Then, Grant & Ward collapsed, her brother-in-law was arrested, and she was never able to return to the artist’s studio The painting remains unfinished (illustration credit 17) Angry depositors and anxious onlookers crowd Wall Street as rumors spread that the Marine National Bank and the firm of Grant & Ward have simultaneously crashed, May 6, 1884 The collapse of his firm ruined Ulysses S Grant; throat cancer would kill him Every detail of his illness, including visits by his doctors (above), was reported in the press Just weeks before the general died on July 23, 1885, he and his family appeared on the porch of their borrowed cottage at Mount McGregor, New York (below) Ferd’s gullible partner, Ulysses Grant, Jr.—known as “Buck”—sits at the left, just below his mother, Julia Dent Grant His sister, Nellie Grant-Sartoris, wears the light dress; his brothers Fred and Jesse are to the general’s right The New York crowds that lined Broadway to watch Grant’s funeral on August 8, 1885 (below) dwarfed those that grieved for Abraham Lincoln twenty years earlier Ferd was somewhere in the throng, having bribed his guards at the Ludlow Street Jail so that he could watch his partner’s coffin pass by His trial for grand larceny began some six weeks later In this courtroom scene from Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper (above), Ferd’s flamboyant attorney, W Bourke Cockran, questions a prospective juror while Will Ward whispers into his brother’s ear (illustration credit 21) The public clamored to see Ferd punished: the comic artist Frederick Opper published the cartoon (at top) while Ward was still on trial After his conviction, Leslie’s staff artists followed him to Sing Sing, where one picked him out of a line of convicts depositing their spoons after dinner (middle), and another caught him trying to cross the prison courtyard without being recognized (bottom) Ferd’s crimes and imprisonment bewildered his parents, shown here in their later years Rev Ward wears his Civil War chaplain’s uniform on the day he was called upon to preside over a memorial service for U S Grant, the commander his son had ruined The horse and carriage (below) was a gift from Ferd that his creditors allowed them to keep; Will, home on a brief visit, holds the reins Ella Ward, shamed by her husband’s crimes and harassed by his relentless demands for money, aged rapidly while he was in prison When this photograph (bottom) was made shortly before her death in 1890, she was not yet thirty-eight Her son, Clarence (above), was just five then, and had no memory of his father Clarence Ward at eleven (below) and the handsome Federal-style home in Thompson, Connecticut, where he lived with his uncle and aunt, Fred and Nellie Green After his father tried to kidnap him, he had orders to run to the barn at the left and hide whenever a strange carriage came up the street (illustration credit 28) (illustration credit 29) Despite Ferd’s crimes, the townspeople of Geneseo continued to treat him as one of their own In 1895, he took part in a minstrel show meant to raise funds for the Livingston County Historical Society—he’s the small man with the large adam’s-apple seated third from the right in the second row A decade later, he would be forced to flee his hometown after he was caught stealing money from seventeen citizens, including several of his fellow minstrels (illustration credit 30–31) Ferd Ward in 1911 (above), about the time he finally ran out of schemes for seizing his son’s assets, and his son, Clarence (below), reveling in his own children, Frederick Champion Ward and Helen Ward, on the lawn of their home in New Brunswick, New Jersey, that same year (illustration credit 32) ALSO BY GEOFFREY C WARD Treasures of the Maharajahs Before the Trumpet: Young Franklin Roosevelt, 1882–1905 A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of FDR The Civil War: An Illustrated History (with Ric and Ken Burns) American Originals: The Private Worlds of Some Singular Men and Women Tiger-Wallahs: Encounters with the Men Who Tried to Save the Greatest of the Great Cats (with Diane Raines Ward) Baseball: An Illustrated History (with Ken Burns) Closest Companion: The Unknown Story of the Intimate Friendship between Franklin Roosevelt and Margaret Suckley The West: An Illustrated History The Year of the Tiger (with Michael Nichols) Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony (with Ken Burns) Jazz: A History of America’s Music (with Ken Burns) Mark Twain (with Dayton Duncan and Ken Burns) Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson The War: An Intimate Portrait of America, 1941–1945 (with Ken Burns) ... Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ward, Geoffrey C A disposition to be rich : how a small- town pastor’s son ruined an American president, brought on a Wall Street crash, and made himself the best-hated man in... Street all of it blamed on Ferdinand Ward There was Ward s arrest and that of James Fish, and later two sensational trials that demonstrated that both men had deliberately set out to defraud investors,... family’s many enterprises a Elizabeth Ward alone moved away to marry; her husband, Daniel Hand, was a Connecticut-born businessman who made himself enormously wealthy as a merchant in Atlanta After