Introduction to statistics and data analysis 3e by peck devore

Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition Roxy Peck, Chris Olsen, Jay Devore Acquisitions Editor: Carolyn Crockett Development Editor: Danielle Derbenti Assistant Editor: Beth Gershman Editorial Assistant: Ashley Summers Technology Project Manager: Colin Blake Marketing Manager: Joe Rogove Marketing Assistant: Jennifer Liang Marketing Communications Manager: Jessica Perry Project Manager, Editorial Production: Jennifer Risden Creative Director: Rob Hugel Art Director: Vernon Boes Print Buyer: Karen Hunt Permissions Editor: Isabel Alves Production Service: Newgen–Austin Text Designer: Stuart Paterson Photo Researcher: Gretchen Miller Copy Editor: Nancy Dickson Illustrator: Jade Myers; Newgen–India Cover Designer: Stuart Paterson Cover Image: Paul Chesley/Getty Images Cover Printer: Courier Corporation/Kendallville Compositor: Newgen–India Printer: Courier Corporation/Kendallville © 2008, 2005 Duxbury, an imprint of Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part of The Thomson Corporation Thomson, the Star logo, and Brooks/Cole are trademarks used herein under license Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—without the written permission of the publisher Printed in the United States of America 11 10 09 08 07 ExamView ® and ExamView Pro ® are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc Windows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation used herein under license Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc Used herein under license Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933904 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-11873-2 ISBN-10: 0-495-11873-7 For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com ■ To my nephews, Jesse and Luke Smidt, who bet I wouldn’t put their names in this book R P ■ To my wife, Sally, and my daughter, Anna C O ■ To Carol, Allie, and Teri J D ■ About the Authors ROXY PECK is Associate Dean of the College of Science and Mathematics and Professor of Statistics at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Roxy has been on the faculty at Cal Poly since 1979, serving for six years as Chair of the Statistics Department before becoming Associate Dean She received an M.S in Mathematics and a Ph.D in Applied Statistics from the University of California, Riverside Roxy is nationally known in the area of statistics education, and in 2003 she received the American Statistical Association’s Founder’s Award, recognizing her contributions to K–12 and undergraduate statistics education She is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and an elected member of the International Statistics Institute Roxy has recently completed five years as the Chief Reader for the Advanced Placement Statistics Exam and currently chairs the American Statistical Association’s Joint Committee with the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics on Curriculum in Statistics and Probability for Grades K–12 In addition to her texts in introductory statistics, Roxy is also co-editor of Statistical Case Studies: A Collaboration Between Academe and Industry and a member of the editorial board for Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown, 4th edition Outside the classroom and the office, Roxy likes to travel and spends her spare time reading mystery novels She also collects Navajo rugs and heads to New Mexico whenever she can find the time CHRIS OLSEN has taught statistics at George Washington High School in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, for over 25 years Chris is a past member of the Advanced Placement Statistics Test Development Committee and the author of the Teacher’s Guide for Advanced Placement Statistics He has been a table leader at the AP Statistics reading for years and since the summer of 1996 has been a consultant to the College Board Chris leads workshops and institutes for AP Statistics teachers in the United States and internationally Chris was the Iowa recipient of the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science and Mathematics Teaching in 1986 He was a regional winner of the IBM Com- puter Teacher of the Year award in 1988 and received the Siemens Award for Advanced Placement in mathematics in 1999 Chris is a frequent contributor to the AP Statistics Electronic Discussion Group and has reviewed materials for The Mathematics Teacher, the AP Central web site, The American Statistician, and the Journal of the American Statistical Association He currently writes a column for Stats magazine Chris graduated from Iowa State University with a major in mathematics and, while acquiring graduate degrees at the University of Iowa, concentrated on statistics, computer programming, psychometrics, and test development Currently, he divides his duties between teaching and evaluation; in addition to teaching, he is the assessment facilitator for the Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Community Schools In his spare time he enjoys reading and hiking He and his wife have a daughter, Anna, who is a graduate student in Civil Engineering at Cal Tech JAY DEVORE earned his undergraduate degree in Engineering Science from the University of California at Berkeley, spent a year at the University of Sheffield in England, and finished his Ph.D in statistics at Stanford University He previously taught at the University of Florida and at Oberlin College and has had visiting appointments at Stanford, Harvard, the University of Washington, and New York University From 1998 to 2006, Jay served as Chair of the Statistics Department at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo The Statistics Department at Cal Poly has an international reputation for activities in statistics education In addition to this book, Jay has written several widely used engineering statistics texts and is currently working on a book in applied mathematical statistics He is the recipient of a distinguished teaching award from Cal Poly and is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association In his spare time, he enjoys reading, cooking and eating good food, tennis, and travel to faraway places He is especially proud of his wife, Carol, a retired elementary school teacher, his daughter Allison, who works for the Center for Women and Excellence in Boston, and his daughter Teri, who is finishing a graduate program in education at NYU Contents The Role of Statistics and the Data Analysis Process 1.1 Three Reasons to Study Statistics 1.2 The Nature and Role of Variability 1.3 Statistics and the Data Analysis Process 1.4 Types of Data and Some Simple Graphical Displays 12 Activity 1.1 Head Sizes: Understanding Variability 22 Activity 1.2 Estimating Sizes 23 Activity 1.3 A Meaningful Paragraph 24 Collecting Data Sensibly 27 2.1 Statistical Studies: Observation and Experimentation 27 2.2 Sampling 32 2.3 Simple Comparative Experiments 42 2.4 More on Experimental Design 51 2.5 More on Observational Studies: Designing Surveys (Optional) 56 2.6 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 61 Activity 2.1 Designing a Sampling Plan 63 Activity 2.2 An Experiment to Test for the Stroop Effect 64 Activity 2.3 McDonald’s and the Next 100 Billion Burgers 64 Activity 2.4 Video Games and Pain Management 65 Graphing Calculator Explorations 69 Graphical Methods for Describing Data 75 3.1 Displaying Categorical Data: Comparative Bar Charts and Pie Charts 76 3.2 Displaying Numerical Data: Stem-and-Leaf Displays 87 vii viii ■ Contents 3.3 Displaying Numerical Data: Frequency Distributions and Histograms 97 3.4 Displaying Bivariate Numerical Data 117 3.5 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 127 Activity 3.1 Locating States 134 Activity 3.2 Bean Counters! 134 Graphing Calculator Explorations 141 Numerical Methods for Describing Data 147 4.1 Describing the Center of a Data Set 148 4.2 Describing Variability in a Data Set 159 4.3 Summarizing a Data Set: Boxplots 169 4.4 Interpreting Center and Variability: Chebyshev’s Rule, the Empirical Rule, and z Scores 176 4.5 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 186 Activity 4.1 Collecting and Summarizing Numerical Data 190 Activity 4.2 Airline Passenger Weights 190 Activity 4.3 Boxplot Shapes 190 Graphing Calculator Explorations 195 Summarizing Bivariate Data 199 5.1 Correlation 200 5.2 Linear Regression: Fitting a Line to Bivariate Data 210 5.3 Assessing the Fit of a Line 221 5.4 Nonlinear Relationships and Transformations 238 5.5 Logistic Regression (Optional) 255 5.6 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 264 Activity 5.1 Exploring Correlation and Regression 267 Activity 5.2 Age and Flexibility 268 Graphing Calculator Explorations 272 Probability 279 6.1 Chance Experiments and Events 279 6.2 Definition of Probability 288 ■ Contents ix 6.3 Basic Properties of Probability 295 6.4 Conditional Probability 302 6.5 Independence 313 6.6 Some General Probability Rules 323 6.7 Estimating Probabilities Empirically Using Simulation 335 Activity 6.1 Kisses 347 Activity 6.2 A Crisis for European Sports Fans? 347 Activity 6.3 The “Hot Hand” in Basketball 347 Graphing Calculator Explorations 351 Random Variables and Probability Distributions 357 7.1 Random Variables 358 7.2 Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables 361 7.3 Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables 367 7.4 Mean and Standard Deviation of a Random Variable 372 7.5 Binomial and Geometric Distributions 386 7.6 Normal Distributions 397 7.7 Checking for Normality and Normalizing Transformations 414 7.8 Using the Normal Distribution to Approximate a Discrete Distribution 425 Activity 7.1 Rotten Eggs? 429 Graphing Calculator Explorations 434 Sampling Variability and Sampling Distributions 445 8.1 Statistics and Sampling Variability 446 8.2 The Sampling Distribution of a Sample Mean 450 8.3 The Sampling Distribution of a Sample Proportion 461 Activity 8.1 Do Students Who Take the SATs Multiple Times Have an Advantage in College Admissions? 468 Graphing Calculator Explorations 471 Estimation Using a Single Sample 475 9.1 Point Estimation 476 9.2 Large-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion 482 9.3 Confidence Interval for a Population Mean 495 820 Appendix A ■ Statistical Tables t curve Area to the right of t t Table Tail Areas for t Curves (Continued ) df 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 500 461 422 384 348 313 500 461 422 384 347 312 500 461 422 384 347 312 500 461 422 384 347 312 500 461 422 384 347 312 500 461 422 384 347 312 500 461 422 384 347 311 500 461 422 384 347 311 500 461 422 384 347 311 500 461 422 383 347 311 500 461 422 383 346 311 500 461 422 383 346 311 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 279 248 219 192 168 279 247 218 191 167 279 247 218 191 167 278 247 218 191 166 278 247 217 190 166 278 246 217 190 165 278 246 217 190 165 278 246 217 189 165 278 246 216 189 164 277 246 216 189 164 277 245 216 189 164 277 245 216 189 164 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 146 126 108 092 079 144 124 107 091 077 144 124 107 091 077 144 124 106 090 077 143 123 105 090 076 143 123 105 089 075 143 122 105 089 075 142 122 104 089 075 142 122 104 088 074 142 121 104 088 074 141 121 103 087 074 141 121 103 087 073 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 067 056 048 040 033 065 055 046 038 032 065 055 046 038 032 065 054 045 038 031 064 054 045 037 031 064 053 044 037 030 063 053 044 036 030 063 052 043 036 030 062 052 043 036 029 062 052 043 035 029 062 051 042 035 029 061 051 042 035 028 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 028 023 019 016 013 027 022 018 015 012 027 022 018 015 012 026 021 018 014 012 025 021 017 014 011 025 021 017 014 011 025 020 016 013 011 024 020 016 013 011 024 020 016 013 010 024 019 016 013 010 023 019 015 012 010 023 019 015 012 010 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 011 009 008 006 005 010 008 007 005 004 010 008 007 005 004 010 008 006 005 004 009 008 006 005 004 009 007 006 005 004 009 007 006 005 004 009 007 006 004 004 008 007 005 004 003 008 007 005 004 003 008 006 005 004 003 008 006 005 004 003 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 004 003 003 002 002 004 003 002 002 002 004 003 002 002 002 003 003 002 002 001 003 003 002 002 001 003 002 002 002 001 003 002 002 002 001 003 002 002 001 001 003 002 002 001 001 003 002 002 001 001 003 002 002 001 001 002 002 001 001 001 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 002 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 000 001 001 001 001 000 001 001 001 000 000 001 001 001 000 000 001 001 001 000 000 001 001 000 000 000 001 001 000 000 000 001 001 000 000 000 t Table t curve ■ Tail Areas for t Curves 821 Area to the right of t t Table Tail Areas for t Curves (Continued ) df 25 26 27 28 29 30 35 40 60 120 ؕ(‫ ؍‬z ) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 500 461 422 383 346 311 500 461 422 383 346 311 500 461 421 383 346 311 500 461 421 383 346 310 500 461 421 383 346 310 500 461 421 383 346 310 500 460 421 383 346 310 500 460 421 383 346 310 500 460 421 383 345 309 500 460 421 382 345 309 500 460 421 382 345 309 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 277 245 216 188 163 277 245 215 188 163 277 245 215 188 163 277 245 215 188 163 277 245 215 188 163 277 245 215 188 163 276 244 215 187 162 276 244 214 187 162 275 243 213 186 161 275 243 213 185 160 274 242 212 184 159 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 141 121 103 087 073 141 120 103 087 073 141 120 102 086 073 140 120 102 086 072 140 120 102 086 072 140 120 102 086 072 139 119 101 085 071 139 119 101 085 071 138 117 099 083 069 137 116 098 082 068 136 115 097 081 067 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 061 051 042 035 028 061 051 042 034 028 061 050 042 034 028 060 050 041 034 028 060 050 041 034 027 060 050 041 034 027 059 049 040 033 027 059 048 040 032 026 057 047 038 031 025 056 046 037 030 024 055 045 036 029 023 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 023 019 015 012 010 023 018 015 012 010 023 018 015 012 009 022 018 015 012 009 022 018 014 012 009 022 018 014 011 009 022 017 014 011 009 021 017 013 011 008 020 016 012 010 008 019 015 012 009 007 018 014 011 008 006 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 008 006 005 004 003 008 006 005 004 003 007 006 005 004 003 007 006 005 004 003 007 006 005 004 003 007 006 004 003 003 007 005 004 003 002 007 005 004 003 002 006 004 003 003 002 005 004 003 002 002 005 003 003 002 001 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 002 002 001 001 001 002 002 001 001 001 002 002 001 001 001 002 002 001 001 001 002 002 001 001 001 002 002 001 001 001 002 001 001 001 001 002 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 000 001 001 001 000 000 001 001 000 000 000 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 001 001 000 000 000 001 001 000 000 000 001 000 000 000 000 001 000 000 000 000 001 000 000 000 000 001 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 t 822 Appendix A ■ Statistical Tables Table Curves of b ϭ P(Type II Error) for t Tests β β 1.0 99 1.0 α = 05, one-tailed 74 49 39 29 19 14 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 d β 49 19 14 99 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 d β 1.0 1.0 α = 01, one-tailed 39 49 74 α = 01, two-tailed df = df = 6 49 39 29 19 4 74 99 0 29 39 74 df = 2 0 α = 05, two-tailed df = 0.4 29 14 19 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 d 0 99 0.4 0.8 14 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 d Table ■ Values That Capture Specified Upper-Tail F Curve Areas 823 F curve Area Value Table Values That Capture Specified Upper-Tail F Curve Areas df1 df2 Area 10 10 05 01 39.86 161.40 4052.00 49.50 199.50 5000.00 53.59 215.70 5403.00 55.83 224.60 5625.00 57.24 230.20 5764.00 58.20 234.00 5859.00 58.91 236.80 5928.00 59.44 238.90 5981.00 59.86 240.50 6022.00 60.19 241.90 6056.00 10 05 01 001 8.53 18.51 98.50 998.50 9.00 19.00 99.00 999.00 9.16 19.16 99.17 999.20 9.24 19.25 99.25 999.20 9.29 19.30 99.30 999.30 9.33 19.33 99.33 999.30 9.35 19.35 99.36 999.40 9.37 19.37 99.37 999.40 9.38 19.38 99.39 999.40 9.39 19.40 99.40 999.40 10 05 01 001 5.54 10.13 34.12 167.00 5.46 9.55 30.82 148.50 5.39 9.28 29.46 141.10 5.34 9.12 28.71 137.10 5.31 9.01 28.24 134.60 5.28 8.94 27.91 132.80 5.27 8.89 27.67 131.60 5.25 8.85 27.49 130.60 5.24 8.81 27.35 129.90 5.23 8.79 27.23 129.20 10 05 01 001 4.54 7.71 21.20 74.14 4.32 6.94 18.00 61.25 4.19 6.59 16.69 56.18 4.11 6.39 15.98 53.44 4.05 6.26 15.52 51.71 4.01 6.16 15.21 50.53 3.98 6.09 14.98 49.66 3.95 6.04 14.80 49.00 3.94 6.00 14.66 48.47 3.92 5.96 14.55 48.05 10 05 01 001 4.06 6.61 16.26 47.18 3.78 5.79 13.27 37.12 3.62 5.41 12.06 33.20 3.52 5.19 11.39 31.09 3.45 5.05 10.97 29.75 3.40 4.95 10.67 28.83 3.37 4.88 10.46 28.16 3.34 4.82 10.29 27.65 3.32 4.77 10.16 27.24 3.30 4.74 10.05 26.92 10 05 01 001 3.78 5.99 13.75 35.51 3.46 5.14 10.92 27.00 3.29 4.76 9.78 23.70 3.18 4.53 9.15 21.92 3.11 4.39 8.75 20.80 3.05 4.28 8.47 20.03 3.01 4.21 8.26 19.46 2.98 4.15 8.10 19.03 2.96 4.10 7.98 18.69 2.94 4.06 7.87 18.41 10 05 01 001 3.59 5.59 12.25 29.25 3.26 4.74 9.55 21.69 3.07 4.35 8.45 18.77 2.96 4.12 7.85 17.20 2.88 3.97 7.46 16.21 2.83 3.87 7.19 15.52 2.78 3.79 6.99 15.02 2.75 3.73 6.84 14.63 2.72 3.68 6.72 14.33 2.70 3.64 6.62 14.08 10 05 01 001 3.46 5.32 11.26 25.41 3.11 4.46 8.65 18.49 2.92 4.07 7.59 15.83 2.81 3.84 7.01 14.39 2.73 3.69 6.63 13.48 2.67 3.58 6.37 12.86 2.62 3.50 6.18 12.40 2.59 3.44 6.03 12.05 2.56 3.39 5.91 11.77 2.54 3.35 5.81 11.54 10 05 01 001 3.36 5.12 10.56 22.86 3.01 4.26 8.02 16.39 2.81 3.86 6.99 13.90 2.69 3.63 6.42 12.56 2.61 3.48 6.06 11.71 2.55 3.37 5.80 11.13 2.51 3.29 5.61 10.70 2.47 3.23 5.47 10.37 2.44 3.18 5.35 10.11 2.42 3.14 5.26 9.89 (Continued) 824 Appendix A ■ Statistical Tables Table Values That Capture Specified Upper-Tail F Curve Areas (Continued ) df1 df2 Area 10 10 10 05 01 001 3.29 4.96 10.04 21.04 2.92 4.10 7.56 14.91 2.73 3.71 6.55 12.55 2.61 3.48 5.99 11.28 2.52 3.33 5.64 10.48 2.46 3.22 5.39 9.93 2.41 3.14 5.20 9.52 2.38 3.07 5.06 9.20 2.35 3.02 4.94 8.96 2.32 2.98 4.85 8.75 11 10 05 01 001 3.23 4.84 9.65 19.69 2.86 3.98 7.21 13.81 2.66 3.59 6.22 11.56 2.54 3.36 5.67 10.35 2.45 3.20 5.32 9.58 2.39 3.09 5.07 9.05 2.34 3.01 4.89 8.66 2.30 2.95 4.74 8.35 2.27 2.90 4.63 8.12 2.25 2.85 4.54 7.92 12 10 05 01 001 3.18 4.75 9.33 18.64 2.81 3.89 6.93 12.97 2.61 3.49 5.95 10.80 2.48 3.26 5.41 9.63 2.39 3.11 5.06 8.89 2.33 3.00 4.82 8.38 2.28 2.91 4.64 8.00 2.24 2.85 4.50 7.71 2.21 2.80 4.39 7.48 2.19 2.75 4.30 7.29 13 10 05 01 001 3.14 4.67 9.07 17.82 2.76 3.81 6.70 12.31 2.56 3.41 5.74 10.21 2.43 3.18 5.21 9.07 2.35 3.03 4.86 8.35 2.28 2.92 4.62 7.86 2.23 2.83 4.44 7.49 2.20 2.77 4.30 7.21 2.16 2.71 4.19 6.98 2.14 2.67 4.10 6.80 14 10 05 01 001 3.10 4.60 8.86 17.14 2.73 3.74 6.51 11.78 2.52 3.34 5.56 9.73 2.39 3.11 5.04 8.62 2.31 2.96 4.69 7.92 2.24 2.85 4.46 7.44 2.19 2.76 4.28 7.08 2.15 2.70 4.14 6.80 2.12 2.65 4.03 6.58 2.10 2.60 3.94 6.40 15 10 05 01 001 3.07 4.54 8.68 16.59 2.70 3.68 6.36 11.34 2.49 3.29 5.42 9.34 2.36 3.06 4.89 8.25 2.27 2.90 4.56 7.57 2.21 2.79 4.32 7.09 2.16 2.71 4.14 6.74 2.12 2.64 4.00 6.47 2.09 2.59 3.89 6.26 2.06 2.54 3.80 6.08 16 10 05 01 001 3.05 4.49 8.53 16.12 2.67 3.63 6.23 10.97 2.46 3.24 5.29 9.01 2.33 3.01 4.77 7.94 2.24 2.85 4.44 7.27 2.18 2.74 4.20 6.80 2.13 2.66 4.03 6.46 2.09 2.59 3.89 6.19 2.06 2.54 3.78 5.98 2.03 2.49 3.69 5.81 17 10 05 01 001 3.03 4.45 8.40 15.72 2.64 3.59 6.11 10.66 2.44 3.20 5.18 8.73 2.31 2.96 4.67 7.68 2.22 2.81 4.34 7.02 2.15 2.70 4.10 6.56 2.10 2.61 3.93 6.22 2.06 2.55 3.79 5.96 2.03 2.49 3.68 5.75 2.00 2.45 3.59 5.58 18 10 05 01 001 3.01 4.41 8.29 15.38 2.62 3.55 6.01 10.39 2.42 3.16 5.09 8.49 2.29 2.93 4.58 7.46 2.20 2.77 4.25 6.81 2.13 2.66 4.01 6.35 2.08 2.58 3.84 6.02 2.04 2.51 3.71 5.76 2.00 2.46 3.60 5.56 1.98 2.41 3.51 5.39 19 10 05 01 001 2.99 4.38 8.18 15.08 2.61 3.52 5.93 10.16 2.40 3.13 5.01 8.28 2.27 2.90 4.50 7.27 2.18 2.74 4.17 6.62 2.11 2.63 3.94 6.18 2.06 2.54 3.77 5.85 2.02 2.48 3.63 5.59 1.98 2.42 3.52 5.39 1.96 2.38 3.43 5.22 Table ■ Values That Capture Specified Upper-Tail F Curve Areas 825 Table Values That Capture Specified Upper-Tail F Curve Areas (Continued ) df1 df2 Area 10 20 10 05 01 001 2.97 4.35 8.10 14.82 2.59 3.49 5.85 9.95 2.38 3.10 4.94 8.10 2.25 2.87 4.43 7.10 2.16 2.71 4.10 6.46 2.09 2.60 3.87 6.02 2.04 2.51 3.70 5.69 2.00 2.45 3.56 5.44 1.96 2.39 3.46 5.24 1.94 2.35 3.37 5.08 21 10 05 01 001 2.96 4.32 8.02 14.59 2.57 3.47 5.78 9.77 2.36 3.07 4.87 7.94 2.23 2.84 4.37 6.95 2.14 2.68 4.04 6.32 2.08 2.57 3.81 5.88 2.02 2.49 3.64 5.56 1.98 2.42 3.51 5.31 1.95 2.37 3.40 5.11 1.92 2.32 3.31 4.95 22 10 05 01 001 2.95 4.30 7.95 14.38 2.56 3.44 5.72 9.61 2.35 3.05 4.82 7.80 2.22 2.82 4.31 6.81 2.13 2.66 3.99 6.19 2.06 2.55 3.76 5.76 2.01 2.46 3.59 5.44 1.97 2.40 3.45 5.19 1.93 2.34 3.35 4.99 1.90 2.30 3.26 4.83 23 10 05 01 001 2.94 4.28 7.88 14.20 2.55 3.42 5.66 9.47 2.34 3.03 4.76 7.67 2.21 2.80 4.26 6.70 2.11 2.64 3.94 6.08 2.05 2.53 3.71 5.65 1.99 2.44 3.54 5.33 1.95 2.37 3.41 5.09 1.92 2.32 3.30 4.89 1.89 2.27 3.21 4.73 24 10 05 01 001 2.93 4.26 7.82 14.03 2.54 3.40 5.61 9.34 2.33 3.01 4.72 7.55 2.19 2.78 4.22 6.59 2.10 2.62 3.90 5.98 2.04 2.51 3.67 5.55 1.98 2.42 3.50 5.23 1.94 2.36 3.36 4.99 1.91 2.30 3.26 4.80 1.88 2.25 3.17 4.64 25 10 05 01 001 2.92 4.24 7.77 13.88 2.53 3.39 5.57 9.22 2.32 2.99 4.68 7.45 2.18 2.76 4.18 6.49 2.09 2.60 3.85 5.89 2.02 2.49 3.63 5.46 1.97 2.40 3.46 5.15 1.93 2.34 3.32 4.91 1.89 2.28 3.22 4.71 1.87 2.24 3.13 4.56 26 10 05 01 001 2.91 4.23 7.72 13.74 2.52 3.37 5.53 9.12 2.31 2.98 4.64 7.36 2.17 2.74 4.14 6.41 2.08 2.59 3.82 5.80 2.01 2.47 3.59 5.38 1.96 2.39 3.42 5.07 1.92 2.32 3.29 4.83 1.88 2.27 3.18 4.64 1.86 2.22 3.09 4.48 27 10 05 01 001 2.90 4.21 7.68 13.61 2.51 3.35 5.49 9.02 2.30 2.96 4.60 7.27 2.17 2.73 4.11 6.33 2.07 2.57 3.78 5.73 2.00 2.46 3.56 5.31 1.95 2.37 3.39 5.00 1.91 2.31 3.26 4.76 1.87 2.25 3.15 4.57 1.85 2.20 3.06 4.41 28 10 05 01 001 2.89 4.20 7.64 13.50 2.50 3.34 5.45 8.93 2.29 2.95 4.57 7.19 2.16 2.71 4.07 6.25 2.06 2.56 3.75 5.66 2.00 2.45 3.53 5.24 1.94 2.36 3.36 4.93 1.90 2.29 3.23 4.69 1.87 2.24 3.12 4.50 1.84 2.19 3.03 4.35 29 10 05 01 001 2.89 4.18 7.60 13.39 2.50 3.33 5.42 8.85 2.28 2.93 4.54 7.12 2.15 2.70 4.04 6.19 2.06 2.55 3.73 5.59 1.99 2.43 3.50 5.18 1.93 2.35 3.33 4.87 1.89 2.28 3.20 4.64 1.86 2.22 3.09 4.45 1.83 2.18 3.00 4.29 (Continued) 826 Appendix A ■ Statistical Tables Table Values That Capture Specified Upper-Tail F Curve Areas (Continued ) df1 df2 Area 10 30 10 05 01 001 2.88 4.17 7.56 13.29 2.49 3.32 5.39 8.77 2.28 2.92 4.51 7.05 2.14 2.69 4.02 6.12 2.05 2.53 3.70 5.53 1.98 2.42 3.47 5.12 1.93 2.33 3.30 4.82 1.88 2.27 3.17 4.58 1.85 2.21 3.07 4.39 1.82 2.16 2.98 4.24 40 10 05 01 001 2.84 4.08 7.31 12.61 2.44 3.23 5.18 8.25 2.23 2.84 4.31 6.59 2.09 2.61 3.83 5.70 2.00 2.45 3.51 5.13 1.93 2.34 3.29 4.73 1.87 2.25 3.12 4.44 1.83 2.18 2.99 4.21 1.79 2.12 2.89 4.02 1.76 2.08 2.80 3.87 60 10 05 01 001 2.79 4.00 7.08 11.97 2.39 3.15 4.98 7.77 2.18 2.76 4.13 6.17 2.04 2.53 3.65 5.31 1.95 2.37 3.34 4.76 1.87 2.25 3.12 4.37 1.82 2.17 2.95 4.09 1.77 2.10 2.82 3.86 1.74 2.04 2.72 3.69 1.71 1.99 2.63 3.54 90 10 05 01 001 2.76 3.95 6.93 11.57 2.36 3.10 4.85 7.47 2.15 2.71 4.01 5.91 2.01 2.47 3.53 5.06 1.91 2.32 3.23 4.53 1.84 2.20 3.01 4.15 1.78 2.11 2.84 3.87 1.74 2.04 2.72 3.65 1.70 1.99 2.61 3.48 1.67 1.94 2.52 3.34 120 10 05 01 001 2.75 3.92 6.85 11.38 2.35 3.07 4.79 7.32 2.13 2.68 3.95 5.78 1.99 2.45 3.48 4.95 1.90 2.29 3.17 4.42 1.82 2.18 2.96 4.04 1.77 2.09 2.79 3.77 1.72 2.02 2.66 3.55 1.68 1.96 2.56 3.38 1.65 1.91 2.47 3.24 240 10 05 01 001 2.73 3.88 6.74 11.10 2.32 3.03 4.69 7.11 2.10 2.64 3.86 5.60 1.97 2.41 3.40 4.78 1.87 2.25 3.09 4.25 1.80 2.14 2.88 3.89 1.74 2.04 2.71 3.62 1.70 1.98 2.59 3.41 1.65 1.92 2.48 3.24 1.63 1.87 2.40 3.09 ؕ 10 05 01 001 2.71 3.84 6.63 10.83 2.30 3.00 4.61 6.91 2.08 2.60 3.78 5.42 1.94 2.37 3.32 4.62 1.85 2.21 3.02 4.10 1.77 2.10 2.80 3.74 1.72 2.01 2.64 3.47 1.67 1.94 2.51 3.27 1.63 1.88 2.41 3.10 1.60 1.83 2.32 2.96 Table ■ Critical Values of q for the Studentized Range Distribution 827 Table Critical Values of q for the Studentized Range Distribution Confidence level 10 95% 99% 4.60 6.98 5.22 7.80 5.67 8.42 6.03 8.91 6.33 9.32 6.58 9.67 6.80 9.97 06.99 10.24 95% 99% 4.34 6.33 4.90 7.03 5.30 7.56 5.63 7.97 5.90 8.32 6.12 8.61 6.32 8.87 06.49 09.10 95% 99% 4.16 5.92 4.68 6.54 5.06 7.01 5.36 7.37 5.61 7.68 5.82 7.94 6.00 8.17 06.16 08.37 95% 99% 4.04 5.64 4.53 6.20 4.89 6.62 5.17 6.96 5.40 7.24 5.60 7.47 5.77 7.68 05.92 07.86 95% 99% 3.95 5.43 4.41 5.96 4.76 6.35 5.02 6.66 5.24 6.91 5.43 7.13 5.59 7.33 05.74 07.49 10 95% 99% 3.88 5.27 4.33 5.77 4.65 6.14 4.91 6.43 5.12 6.67 5.30 6.87 5.46 7.05 05.60 07.21 11 95% 99% 3.82 5.15 4.26 5.62 4.57 5.97 4.82 6.25 5.03 6.48 5.20 6.67 5.35 6.84 05.49 06.99 12 95% 99% 3.77 5.05 4.20 5.50 4.51 5.84 4.75 6.10 4.95 6.32 5.12 6.51 5.27 6.67 05.39 06.81 13 95% 99% 3.73 4.96 4.15 5.40 4.45 5.73 4.69 5.98 4.88 6.19 5.05 6.37 5.19 6.53 05.32 06.67 14 95% 99% 3.70 4.89 4.11 5.32 4.41 5.63 4.64 5.88 4.83 6.08 4.99 6.26 5.13 6.41 05.25 16.54 15 95% 99% 3.67 4.84 4.08 5.25 4.37 5.56 4.59 5.80 4.78 5.99 4.94 6.16 5.08 6.31 05.20 06.44 16 95% 99% 3.65 4.79 4.05 5.19 4.33 5.49 4.56 5.72 4.74 5.92 4.90 6.08 5.03 6.22 05.15 06.35 17 95% 99% 3.63 4.74 4.02 5.14 4.30 5.43 4.52 5.66 4.70 5.85 4.86 6.01 4.99 6.15 05.11 06.27 18 95% 99% 3.61 4.70 4.00 5.09 4.28 5.38 4.49 5.60 4.67 5.79 4.82 5.94 4.96 6.08 05.07 06.20 19 95% 99% 3.59 4.67 3.98 5.05 4.25 5.33 4.47 5.55 4.65 5.73 4.79 5.89 4.92 6.02 05.04 06.14 20 95% 99% 3.58 4.64 3.96 5.02 4.23 5.29 4.45 5.51 4.62 5.69 4.77 5.84 4.90 5.97 05.01 06.09 24 95% 99% 3.53 4.55 3.90 4.91 4.17 5.17 4.37 5.37 4.54 5.54 4.68 5.69 4.81 5.81 04.92 05.92 30 95% 99% 3.49 4.45 3.85 4.80 4.10 5.05 4.30 5.24 4.46 5.40 4.60 5.54 4.72 5.65 04.82 05.76 40 95% 99% 3.44 4.37 3.79 4.70 4.04 4.93 4.23 5.11 4.39 5.26 4.52 5.39 4.63 5.50 04.73 05.60 60 95% 99% 3.40 4.28 3.74 4.59 3.98 4.82 4.16 4.99 4.31 5.13 4.44 5.25 4.55 5.36 04.65 05.45 120 95% 99% 3.36 4.20 3.68 4.50 3.92 4.71 4.10 4.87 4.24 5.01 4.36 5.12 4.47 5.21 04.56 05.30 ؕ 95% 99% 3.31 4.12 3.63 4.40 3.86 4.60 4.03 4.76 4.17 4.88 4.29 4.99 4.39 5.08 04.47 05.16 Error df Number of populations, treatments, or levels being compared (Continued) 828 Appendix A ■ Statistical Tables Table Upper-Tail Areas for Chi-Square Distributions Right-tail area df ‫ ؍‬1 df ‫ ؍‬2 df ‫ ؍‬3 df ‫ ؍‬4 df ‫ ؍‬5 b0.100 0.100 0.095 0.090 0.085 0.080 0.075 0.070 0.065 0.060 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.040 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.001 a0.001 Ͻ 2.70 2.70 2.78 2.87 2.96 3.06 3.17 3.28 3.40 3.53 3.68 3.84 4.01 4.21 4.44 4.70 5.02 5.41 5.91 6.63 7.87 10.82 Ͼ10.82 Ͻ 4.60 4.60 4.70 4.81 4.93 5.05 5.18 5.31 5.46 5.62 5.80 5.99 6.20 6.43 6.70 7.01 7.37 7.82 8.39 9.21 10.59 13.81 Ͼ13.81 Ͻ 6.25 6.25 6.36 6.49 6.62 6.75 6.90 7.06 7.22 7.40 7.60 7.81 8.04 8.31 8.60 8.94 9.34 9.83 10.46 11.34 12.83 16.26 Ͼ16.26 Ͻ 7.77 7.77 7.90 8.04 8.18 8.33 8.49 8.66 8.84 9.04 9.25 9.48 9.74 10.02 10.34 10.71 11.14 11.66 12.33 13.27 14.86 18.46 Ͼ18.46 Ͻ 9.23 9.23 9.37 9.52 9.67 9.83 10.00 10.19 10.38 10.59 10.82 11.07 11.34 11.64 11.98 12.37 12.83 13.38 14.09 15.08 16.74 20.51 Ͼ20.51 Right-tail area df ‫ ؍‬6 df ‫ ؍‬7 df ‫ ؍‬8 df ‫ ؍‬9 df ‫ ؍‬10 b0.100 0.100 0.095 0.090 0.085 0.080 0.075 0.070 0.065 0.060 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.040 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.001 a0.001 Ͻ10.64 10.64 10.79 10.94 11.11 11.28 11.46 11.65 11.86 12.08 12.33 12.59 12.87 13.19 13.55 13.96 14.44 15.03 15.77 16.81 18.54 22.45 Ͼ22.45 Ͻ12.01 12.01 12.17 12.33 12.50 12.69 12.88 13.08 13.30 13.53 13.79 14.06 14.36 14.70 15.07 15.50 16.01 16.62 17.39 18.47 20.27 24.32 Ͼ24.32 Ͻ13.36 13.36 13.52 13.69 13.87 14.06 14.26 14.48 14.71 14.95 15.22 15.50 15.82 16.17 16.56 17.01 17.53 18.16 18.97 20.09 21.95 26.12 Ͼ26.12 Ͻ14.68 14.68 14.85 15.03 15.22 15.42 15.63 15.85 16.09 16.34 16.62 16.91 17.24 17.60 18.01 18.47 19.02 19.67 20.51 21.66 23.58 27.87 Ͼ27.87 Ͻ15.98 15.98 16.16 16.35 16.54 16.75 16.97 17.20 17.44 17.71 17.99 18.30 18.64 19.02 19.44 19.92 20.48 21.16 22.02 23.20 25.18 29.58 Ͼ29.58 Table ■ Upper-Tail Areas for Chi-Sqare Distributions 829 Table Upper-Tail Areas for Chi-Square Distributions (Continued ) Right-tail area df ‫ ؍‬11 df ‫ ؍‬12 df ‫ ؍‬13 df ‫ ؍‬14 df ‫ ؍‬15 b0.100 0.100 0.095 0.090 0.085 0.080 0.075 0.070 0.065 0.060 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.040 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.001 a0.001 Ͻ17.27 17.27 17.45 17.65 17.85 18.06 18.29 18.53 18.78 19.06 19.35 19.67 20.02 20.41 20.84 21.34 21.92 22.61 23.50 24.72 26.75 31.26 Ͼ31.26 Ͻ18.54 18.54 18.74 18.93 19.14 19.36 19.60 19.84 20.11 20.39 20.69 21.02 21.38 21.78 22.23 22.74 23.33 24.05 24.96 26.21 28.29 32.90 Ͼ32.90 Ͻ19.81 19.81 20.00 20.21 20.42 20.65 20.89 21.15 21.42 21.71 22.02 22.36 22.73 23.14 23.60 24.12 24.73 25.47 26.40 27.68 29.81 34.52 Ͼ34.52 Ͻ21.06 21.06 21.26 21.47 21.69 21.93 22.17 22.44 22.71 23.01 23.33 23.68 24.06 24.48 24.95 25.49 26.11 26.87 27.82 29.14 31.31 36.12 Ͼ36.12 Ͻ22.30 22.30 22.51 22.73 22.95 23.19 23.45 23.72 24.00 24.31 24.63 24.99 25.38 25.81 26.29 26.84 27.48 28.25 29.23 30.57 32.80 37.69 Ͼ37.69 Right-tail area df ‫ ؍‬16 df ‫ ؍‬17 df ‫ ؍‬18 df ‫ ؍‬19 df ‫ ؍‬20 b0.100 0.100 0.095 0.090 0.085 0.080 0.075 0.070 0.065 0.060 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.040 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.001 a0.001 Ͻ23.54 23.54 23.75 23.97 24.21 24.45 24.71 24.99 25.28 25.59 25.93 26.29 26.69 27.13 27.62 28.19 28.84 29.63 30.62 32.00 34.26 39.25 Ͼ39.25 Ͻ24.77 24.76 24.98 25.21 25.45 25.70 25.97 26.25 26.55 26.87 27.21 27.58 27.99 28.44 28.94 29.52 30.19 30.99 32.01 33.40 35.71 40.78 Ͼ40.78 Ͻ25.98 25.98 26.21 26.44 26.68 26.94 27.21 27.50 27.81 28.13 28.48 28.86 29.28 29.74 30.25 30.84 31.52 32.34 33.38 34.80 37.15 42.31 Ͼ42.31 Ͻ27.20 27.20 27.43 27.66 27.91 28.18 28.45 28.75 29.06 29.39 29.75 30.14 30.56 31.03 31.56 32.15 32.85 33.68 34.74 36.19 38.58 43.81 Ͼ43.81 Ͻ28.41 28.41 28.64 28.88 29.14 29.40 29.69 29.99 30.30 30.64 31.01 31.41 31.84 32.32 32.85 33.46 34.16 35.01 36.09 37.56 39.99 45.31 Ͼ45.31 830 Appendix A ■ Statistical Tables Table Binomial Probabilities n‫؍‬5 P x 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.9 0.95 774 203 022 001 000 000 590 329 072 009 000 000 328 409 205 051 007 000 237 396 263 088 015 001 168 360 309 132 029 002 078 259 346 230 077 010 031 157 312 312 157 031 010 077 230 346 259 078 002 029 132 309 360 168 001 015 088 263 396 237 000 007 051 205 409 328 000 000 009 072 329 590 000 000 001 022 203 774 n ‫ ؍‬10 P x 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.9 0.95 10 599 315 075 010 001 000 000 000 000 000 000 349 387 194 057 011 001 000 000 000 000 000 107 268 302 201 088 026 006 001 000 000 000 056 188 282 250 146 058 016 003 000 000 000 028 121 233 267 200 103 037 009 001 000 000 006 040 121 215 251 201 111 042 011 002 000 001 010 044 117 205 246 205 117 044 010 001 000 002 011 042 111 201 251 215 121 040 006 000 000 001 009 037 103 200 267 233 121 028 000 000 000 003 016 058 146 250 282 188 056 000 000 000 001 006 026 088 201 302 268 107 000 000 000 000 000 001 011 057 194 387 349 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 010 075 315 599 Table ■ Binomial Probabilities 831 Table Binomial Probabilities (Continued ) n ‫ ؍‬15 P x 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.9 0.95 10 11 12 13 14 15 463 366 135 031 004 001 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 206 343 267 128 043 011 002 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 035 132 231 250 188 103 043 014 003 001 000 000 000 000 000 000 013 067 156 225 225 166 091 040 013 003 001 000 000 000 000 000 005 030 092 170 218 207 147 081 035 011 003 001 000 000 000 000 000 005 022 064 126 196 207 177 118 061 025 007 002 000 000 000 000 000 004 014 041 092 153 196 196 153 092 041 014 004 000 000 000 000 000 002 007 025 061 118 177 207 196 126 064 022 005 000 000 000 000 000 001 003 011 035 081 147 207 218 170 092 030 005 000 000 000 000 000 001 003 013 040 091 166 225 225 156 067 013 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 003 014 043 103 188 250 231 132 035 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 011 043 128 267 343 206 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 004 031 135 366 463 n ‫ ؍‬20 P x 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.9 0.95 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 358 377 189 060 013 002 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 122 270 285 190 090 032 009 002 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 012 058 137 205 218 175 109 055 022 007 002 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 003 021 067 134 190 202 169 112 061 027 010 003 001 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 007 028 072 130 179 192 164 114 065 031 012 004 001 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 003 012 035 075 124 166 180 160 117 071 035 015 005 001 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 005 015 037 074 120 160 176 160 120 074 037 015 005 001 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 005 015 035 071 117 160 180 166 124 075 035 012 003 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 004 012 031 065 114 164 192 179 130 072 028 007 001 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 003 010 027 061 112 169 202 190 134 067 021 003 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 007 022 055 109 175 218 205 137 058 012 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 009 032 090 190 285 270 122 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 013 060 189 377 358 832 Appendix A ■ Statistical Tables Table Binomial Probabilities (Continued ) n ‫ ؍‬25 P x 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.9 0.95 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 277 365 231 093 027 006 001 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 072 199 266 227 138 065 024 007 002 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 004 023 071 136 187 196 163 111 062 030 011 004 002 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 006 025 064 118 164 183 166 124 078 042 019 007 002 001 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 007 024 057 103 148 171 165 134 091 054 027 011 004 002 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 007 020 045 080 120 151 161 146 114 076 044 021 009 003 001 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 005 015 032 061 097 133 155 155 133 097 061 032 015 005 002 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 003 009 021 044 076 114 146 161 151 120 080 045 020 007 002 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 004 011 027 054 091 134 165 171 148 103 057 024 007 002 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 002 007 019 042 078 124 166 183 164 118 064 025 006 001 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 004 011 030 062 111 163 196 187 136 071 023 004 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 007 024 065 138 227 266 199 072 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 006 027 093 231 365 277 Appendix B References Chapter Hock, Roger R Forty Studies That Changed Psychology: Exploration into the History of Psychological Research New York: Prentice-Hall, 1995 Moore, David Statistics: Concepts and Controversies, 6th ed New York: W H Freeman, 2006 (A nice, informal survey of statistical concepts and reasoning.) Peck, Roxy, ed Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown, 4th ed Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press, 2006 (Short, nontechnical articles by a number of well-known statisticians and users of statistics on the application of statistics in various disciplines and subject areas.) Utts, Jessica Seeing Through Statistics, 3rd ed Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press, 2005 (A nice introduction to the fundamental ideas of statistical reasoning.) Chapter Cobb, George Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Experiments New York: Springer-Verlag, 1998 (An interesting and thorough introduction to the design of experiments.) Freedman, David, Robert Pisani, and Roger Purves Statistics, 3rd ed New York: W W Norton, 1997 (The first two chapters contain some interesting examples of both well-designed and poorly designed experimental studies.) Lohr, Sharon Sampling Design and Analysis Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press, 1996 (A nice discussion of sampling and sources of bias at an accessible level.) Moore, David Statistics: Concepts and Controversies, 6th ed New York: W H Freeman, 2001 (Contains an excellent chapter on the advantages and pitfalls of experimentation and another chapter in a similar vein on sample surveys and polls.) Scheaffer, Richard L., William Mendenhall, and Lyman Ott Elementary Survey Sampling, 5th ed Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press, 1996 (An accessible yet thorough treatment of the subject.) Sudman, Seymour, and Norman Bradburn Asking Questions: A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1982 (A good discussion of the art of questionnaire design.) Chapter Chambers, John, William Cleveland, Beat Kleiner, and Paul Tukey Graphical Methods for Data Analysis Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1983 (This is an excellent survey of methods, illustrated with numerous interesting examples.) Cleveland, William The Elements of Graphing Data, 2nd ed Summit, NJ: Hobart Press, 1994 (An informal and informative introduction to various aspects of graphical analysis.) Freedman, David, Robert Pisani, and Roger Purves Statistics, 3rd ed New York: W W Norton, 1997 (An excellent, informal introduction to concepts, with some insightful cautionary examples concerning misuses of statistical methods.) Moore, David Statistics: Concepts and Controversies, 6th ed New York: W H Freeman, 2006 (A nonmathematical yet highly entertaining introduction to our discipline Two thumbs up!) Chapter Chambers, John, William Cleveland, Beat Kleiner, and Paul Tukey Graphical Methods for Data Analysis Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1983 (This is an excellent survey of methods, illustrated with numerous interesting examples.) Cleveland, William The Elements of Graphing Data, 2nd ed Summit, NJ: Hobart Press, 1994 (An informal and informative introduction to various aspects of graphical analysis.) Freedman, David, Robert Pisani, and Roger Purves Statistics, 3rd ed New York: W W Norton, 1997 (An excellent, informal introduction to concepts, with some insightful cautionary examples concerning misuses of statistical methods.) Moore, David Statistics: Concepts and Controversies, 6th ed New York: W H Freeman, 2006 (A nonmathematical yet highly entertaining introduction to our discipline Two thumbs up!) 833 834 Appendix B ■ References Chapter Chapter 12 Neter, John, William Wasserman, and Michael Kutner Applied Linear Statistical Models, 4th ed New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996 (The first half of this book gives a comprehensive treatment of regression analysis without overindulging in mathematical development; a highly recommended reference.) Agresti, Alan, and B Finlay Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, 3rd ed Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1997 (This book includes a good discussion of measures of association for two-way frequency tables.) Everitt, B S The Analysis of Contingency Tables New York: Halsted Press, 1977 (A compact but informative survey of methods for analyzing categorical data.) Mosteller, Frederick, and Robert Rourke Sturdy Statistics Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1973 (Contains several readable chapters on the varied uses of the chi-square statistic.) Chapter Devore, Jay L Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences, 7th ed Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, 2007 (The treatment of probability in this source is more comprehensive and at a somewhat higher mathematical level than ours is in this textbook.) Mosteller, Frederick, Robert Rourke, and George Thomas Probability with Statistical Applications Reading, MA: AddisonWesley, 1970 (A good introduction to probability at a modest mathematical level.) Chapter 13 Neter, John, William Wasserman, and Michael Kutner Applied Linear Statistical Models, 4th ed New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996 (The first half of this book gives a comprehensive treatment of regression analysis without overindulging in mathematical development; a highly recommended reference.) Chapter Freedman, David, Robert Pisani, Roger Purves Statistics, 3rd ed New York: W W Norton, 1997 (This book gives an excellent informal discussion of sampling distributions.) Chapter Devore, Jay L Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences, 7th ed Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, 2007 (This book gives a somewhat general introduction to confidence intervals.) Freedman, David, Robert Pisani, and Roger Purves, Statistics, 3rd ed New York: W W Norton, 1997 (This book contains an informal discussion of confidence intervals.) Chapter 10 The books by Freedman et al and Moore listed in previous chapter references are excellent sources Their orientation is primarily conceptual, with a minimum of mathematical development, and both sources offer many valuable insights Chapter 11 Devore, Jay Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences, 7th ed Belmont, Calif.: Duxbury Press, 2007 (Contains a somewhat more comprehensive treatment of the inferential material presented in this and the two previous chapters, although the notation is a bit more mathematical than that of the present textbook.) Chapter 14 Additional reference is listed at the end of Chapter Kerlinger, Fred N., and Elazar J Pedhazur, Multiple Regression in Behavioral Research Austin, Texas: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1973 (A readable introduction to multiple regression.) Chapter 15 Miller, Rupert Beyond ANOVA: The Basics of Applied Statistics New York: Wiley, 1986 (This book contains a wealth of information concerning violations of basic assumptions and alternative methods of analysis.) Winer, G J., D R Brown, and K M Michels, Statistical Principles in Experimental Design, 3rd edition Boston: McGrawHill, 1991 (This book contains extended discussion of ANOVA with many examples worked out in great detail.) Chapter 16 Conover, W J Practical Nonparametric Statistics, 3rd ed New York: Wiley, 1999 (An accessible presentation of distribution-free methods.) Daniel, Wayne Applied Nonparametric Statistics, 2nd ed Boston: PWS-Kent, 1990 (An elementary presentation of distribution-free methods, including the rank-sum test discussed in Section 16.1.) Mosteller, Frederick, and Richard Rourke Sturdy Statistics Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1973 (A readable, intuitive development of distribution-free methods, including those based on ranks.) .. .Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic... manuscript And, as always, we thank our families, friends, and colleagues for their continued support Roxy Peck Chris Olsen Jay Devore Peck, Olsen, Devore s Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, ... States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition Roxy Peck, Chris Olsen, Jay Devore Acquisitions Editor: Carolyn Crockett Development Editor: Danielle Derbenti Assistant Editor: