Chapter Banking and the Management of Financial Institutions 20-1 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Preview • This chapter examines how banks attempt to maximize their profits • Although the discussion that follows focuses primarily on commercial banks, many of the same principles apply to other financial intermediaries as well 1-2 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Learning Objectives • Summarize the features of a bank balance sheet • Apply changes to a bank’s assets and liabilities on a T-account • Identify ways in which banks can manage their assets and liabilities to maximize profit 1-3 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Learning Objectives • List the ways in which banks deal with credit risk • Apply gap and duration analysis and identify interest-rate risk • Examine off-balance sheet activities 1-4 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved The Bank Balance Sheet • Liabilities: – – – – 1-5 Checkable deposits Nontransaction deposits Borrowings Bank capital © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved The Bank Balance Sheet • Assets: – – – – – – 1-6 Reserves Cash items in process of collection Deposits at other banks Securities Loans Other assets © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Table Balance Sheet of All Commercial Banks (items as a percentage of the total, June 2014) 1-7 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Basic Banking • Cash Deposit: First National Bank Assets Vault Cash +$100 First National Bank Liabilities Checkable deposits +$100 Assets Reserves +$100 Liabilities Checkable deposits +$100 • Opening of a checking account leads to an increase in the bank’s reserves equal to the increase in checkable deposits 1-8 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Basic Banking First National Bank Assets Cash items in +$100 process of collection Liabilities Checkable deposits +$100 Check Deposit: When a bank receives additional deposits, it gains an equal amount of reserves; when it loses deposits, it loses an equal amount of reserves First National Bank Assets Reserves 1-9 +$100 Second National Bank Liabilities Checkable deposits © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved +$100 Assets Reserves Liabilities -$100 Checkable deposits -$100 Basic Banking • Making a profit: First National Bank Assets First National Bank Liabilities Required reserves +$10 Checkable deposits Excess reserves +$90 +$100 Assets Liabilities Required reserves +$10 Checkable deposits Loans +$90 +$100 • Asset transformation: selling liabilities with one set of characteristics and using the proceeds to buy assets with a different set of characteristics • The bank borrows short and lends long and make profits from the process of asset transformation 1-10 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Asset Management Three goals: Seek the highest possible returns on loans and securities Reduce risk Have adequate liquidity 1-18 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Asset Management Four Tools: Find borrowers who will pay high interest rates and have low possibility of defaulting Purchase securities with high returns and low risk Lower risk by diversifying Balance need for liquidity against increased returns from less liquid assets 1-19 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Liability Management • Recent phenomenon due to rise of money center banks • Expansion of overnight loan markets and new financial instruments (such as negotiable CDs) • Checkable deposits have decreased in importance as source of bank funds 1-20 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Capital Adequacy Management • Bank capital serves as a cushion to the bad shocks and helps prevent bank failure • The amount of capital affects return for the owners (equity holders) of the bank Regulatory requirement 1-21 â 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Capital Adequacy Management How Bank Capital Helps Prevent Bank Failure: 1-22 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved How the Amount of Bank Capital Affects Returns to Equity Holders In order to know whether a bank is managed well, proper measures of bank profitability are needed Return on Assets: net profit after taxes per dollar of assets net profit after taxes ROA = assets Return on Equity: net profit after taxes per dollar of equity capital ROE = net profit after taxes equity capital Relationship between ROA and ROE is expressed by the Equity Multiplier: the amount of assets per dollar of equity capital Assets Equity Capital net profit after taxes net profit after taxes assets equity capital assets equity capital EM = ROE = ROA EM 1-23 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Capital Adequacy Management • Trade-off between safety and returns to equity holders: – Benefits the owners of a bank by making their investment safe – Costly to owners of a bank because the higher the bank capital, the lower the return on equity – Choice depends on the state of the economy and levels of confidence 1-24 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Application: How a Capital Crunch Caused a Credit Crunch During the Global Financial Crisis • Shortfalls of bank capital led to slower credit growth: – Huge losses for banks from their holdings of securities backed by residential mortgages – Losses reduced bank capital • Banks could not raise much capital on a weak economy, and had to tighten their lending standards and reduce lending 1-25 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Managing Credit Risk • Screening and Monitoring: – Screening – Specialization in lending (e.g to local firms or to firms in a particular industry) – Monitoring and enforcement of restrictive covenants • Long-term customer relationships • Loan commitments • Collateral and compensating balances • Credit rationing 1-26 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Managing Interest-Rate Risk • If a bank has more rate-sensitive liabilities than assets, a rise in interest rates will reduce bank profits and a decline in interest rates will raise bank profits 1-27 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Gap and Duration Analysis • Basic gap analysis: (rate sensitive assets - rate sensitive liabilities) x interest rates = in bank profit • Maturity bucked approach: – Measures the gap for several maturity subintervals • Standardized gap analysis: – Accounts for different degrees of rate sensitivity 1-28 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Gap and Duration Analysis 1-29 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Off-Balance-Sheet Activities • Loan sales (secondary loan participation) • Generation of fee income Examples: – Servicing mortgage-backed securities – Creating SIVs (structured investment vehicles) which can potentially expose banks to risk, as it happened in the global financial crisis 1-30 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Off-Balance-Sheet Activities • Trading activities and risk management techniques: – Financial futures, options for debt instruments, interest rate swaps, transactions in the foreign exchange market and speculation – Principal-agent problem arises 1-31 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved Off-Balance-Sheet Activities • Internal controls to reduce the principalagent problem: – Separation of trading activities and bookkeeping – Limits on exposure – Value-at-risk – Stress testing 1-32 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd All rights reserved ... with one set of characteristics and using the proceeds to buy assets with a different set of characteristics • The bank borrows short and lends long and make profits from the process of asset transformation... Adequacy Management • Trade-off between safety and returns to equity holders: – Benefits the owners of a bank by making their investment safe – Costly to owners of a bank because the higher the bank... Liquidity Management and the Role of Reserves • Securities sale: Assets Reserves Loans Securities Liabilities $9M Deposits $90M Bank Capital $90M $10M $1M – The cost of selling securities is the brokerage