Electricity Demystified Demystified Series Advanced Statistics Demystified Algebra Demystified Anatomy Demystified Astronomy Demystified Biology Demystified Business Statistics Demystified Calculus Demystified Chemistry Demystified College Algebra Demystified Differential Equations Demystified Digital Electronics Demystified Earth Science Demystified Electricity Demystified Electronics Demystified Everyday Math Demystified Geometry Demystified Math Word Problems Demystified Microbiology Demystified Physics Demystified Physiology Demystified Pre-Algebra Demystified Precalculus Demystified Probability Demystified Project Management Demystified Robotics Demystified Statistics Demystified Trigonometry Demystified Electricity Demystified STAN GIBILISCO McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 0-07-146696-7 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-143925-0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069 TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGrawHill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting there from McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise DOI: 10.1036/0071466967 ������������ Want to learn more? 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If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here To Samuel, Tim, and Tony from Uncle Stan This page intentionally left blank For more information about this title, click here CONTENTS Preface xi PART ONE DC ELECTRICITY CHAPTER A Circuit Diagram Sampler Block Diagrams Schematic Diagrams More Diagrams Quiz CHAPTER Charge, Current, Voltage, and Resistance 21 Charge 21 Current 27 Voltage 29 Resistance 32 Quiz 35 CHAPTER Ohm’s Law, Power, and Energy Prefix Multipliers Ohm’s Law Power Energy Quiz 3 13 16 38 38 40 43 46 49 vii CONTENTS viii CHAPTER Simple DC Circuits Series Circuits Parallel Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws Quiz 52 52 58 64 67 CHAPTER Cells and Batteries Electrochemical Power Common Cells and Batteries Photovoltaics Fuel Cells Quiz 71 71 78 81 85 86 Test: Part One 89 PART TWO AC ELECTRICITY 101 CHAPTER Fundamentals of AC How a Wave Alternates The Shape of the Wave The Strength of the Wave How AC Is Produced Quiz 103 103 107 111 116 119 CHAPTER Electricity in the Home Phase Transformers Ohm’s Law, Power, and Energy Lightning Quiz 122 122 128 133 139 141 CHAPTER Power Supplies Rectifiers Filtering and Regulation 145 145 151 318 APPENDIX Symbols Used in Diagrams inductor, iron core, bifilar inductor, iron core, tapped inductor, iron core, variable inductor, powdered-iron core inductor, powdered-iron core, bifilar inductor, powdered-iron core, tapped inductor, powdered-iron core, variable integrated circuit, general jack, coaxial or phono jack, phone, 2-conductor APPENDIX Symbols Used in Diagrams jack, phone, 3-conductor key, telegraph lamp, incandescent lamp, neon male contact, general meter, general microammeter microphone microphone, directional milliammeter NAND gate negative voltage connection NOR gate NOT gate optoisolator 319 APPENDIX Symbols Used in Diagrams 320 OR gate outlet, 2-wire, nonpolarized outlet, 2-wire, polarized outlet, 3-wire outlet, 234-volt plate, electron-tube plug, 2-wire, nonpolarized plug, 2-wire, polarized plug, 3-wire plug, 234-volt plug, coaxial or phono plug, phone, 2-conductor APPENDIX Symbols Used in Diagrams plug, phone, 3-conductor positive voltage connection potentiometer probe, radio-frequency rectifier, gas-filled rectifier, high-vacuum rectifier, semiconductor rectifier, silicon-controlled relay, double-pole, double-throw 321 APPENDIX Symbols Used in Diagrams 322 relay, double-pole, single-throw relay, single-pole, double-throw relay, single-pole, single-throw resistor, fixed resistor, preset resistor, tapped resonator rheostat saturable reactor APPENDIX Symbols Used in Diagrams signal generator solar battery solar cell source, constant-current source, constant-voltage speaker switch, double-pole, double-throw switch, double-pole, rotary switch, double-pole, single-throw 323 APPENDIX Symbols Used in Diagrams 324 switch, momentary-contact switch, silicon-controlled switch, single-pole, double-throw switch, single-pole, rotary switch, single-pole, single-throw terminals, general, balanced terminals, general, unbalanced test point thermocouple transformer, air core transformer, air core, step-down APPENDIX Symbols Used in Diagrams transformer, air core, step-up transformer, air core, tapped primary transformer, air core, tapped secondary transformer, iron core transformer, iron core, step-down transformer, iron core, step-up transformer, iron core, tapped primary transformer, iron core, tapped secondary transformer, powdered-iron core transformer, powdered-iron core, step-down transformer, powdered-iron core, step-up 325 326 APPENDIX Symbols Used in Diagrams transformer, powdered-iron core, tapped primary transformer, powdered-iron core, tapped secondary transistor, bipolar, NPN transistor, bipolar, PNP transistor, field-effect, N-channel transistor, field-effect, P-channel transistor, MOS field-effect, N-channel transistor, MOS field-effect, P-channel transistor, photosensitive, NPN APPENDIX Symbols Used in Diagrams transistor, photosensitive, PNP transistor, photosensitive, field-effect, N-channel transistor, photosensitive, field-effect, P-channel transistor, unijunction triac tube, diode tube, heptode tube, hexode 327 APPENDIX Symbols Used in Diagrams 328 tube, pentode tube, photosensitive tube, tetrode tube, triode unspecified unit or component voltmeter wattmeter waveguide, circular waveguide, flexible waveguide, rectangular waveguide, twisted APPENDIX Symbols Used in Diagrams wires, crossing, connected wires, crossing, not connected 329 Suggested Additional References Crowhurst, N and Gibilisco, S., Mastering Technical Mathematics, 2nd edition (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1999) Dorf, R., Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2nd edition (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997) Gibilisco, S., Electronics Demystified (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2005) Gibilisco, S., Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics, 3rd edition (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2002) Gottlieb, I M., Electric Motors and Control Techniques, 2nd edition (New York, NY: TAB/ McGraw-Hill, 1994) Gussow, M., Basic Electricity (New York, NY: Schaum’s Outlines, McGraw-Hill, 1983) Morrison, R., Electricity: A Self-Teaching Guide (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003) Slone, G R., TAB Electronics Guide to Understanding Electricity and Electronics, 2nd edition (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2000) Van Valkenburg, N., Basic Electricity: Complete Course (Albany, NY: Delmar Learning, 1995) 330 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click here for terms of use INDEX AC, see alternating current AWG, see American Wire Gauge absolute zero, 33, 269–70 access time, 261–2 alkaline cell, 72, 78 alligator clip, 181 alternating current (AC) ampere, 111 definition of, 103 electromagnet, 243–4, 247 energy, 103, 137–8 generator, 116–17 power, 103, 135–7 single-phase, 125 three-phase, 125–6 volt, 111 voltage, 103 watt, 111 wave, 103–115 amateur radio, 234–5 American Wire Gauge (AWG), 165–7 ampere, 28–9, 40–4, 111 ampere-hour, 74 Ampere’s Law, 207 ampere-turn, 211 amplitude average, 112 DC-equivalent, 112 effective, 112 instantaneous, 103–4, 124 of AC wave, 111–15 peak, 111, 113 peak-to-peak, 111–13, 123–5 root-mean-square (rms), 112, 114 Angstroăm, 229 anode, 2245 arcing, 160 armature, 2512 armature coil, 253 atom, 23–4 audio tape recorder, 260 aurora australis, 216 aurora borealis, 216 automatic switching, 157 automotive battery, 72–3, 242 average amplitude, 112 average voltage, 114–15 azimuth, 215 BWG, see Birmingham Wire Gauge banana connector, 181–2 bar magnet, 205 battery automotive, 72–3 common, 78–81 definition of, 71 ideal, 75 lantern, 78–9 lead-acid, 79–80 nickel-cadmium, 80 nickel-metal-hydride, 80 shelf life, 75 transistor, 78 331 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click here for terms of use Index 332 bell ringer, 250–1 wire, 242 Birmingham Wire Gauge (BWG), 165, 170 block diagram, 3–8 branch current, 61 bridge, 148–9 British Standard Wire Gauge (NBS SWG), 165, 168–9 bulb, 9–13 button cell, 79, 80, 81 CD, see compact disc CRT, see cathode-ray tube cable coaxial, 177–80 definition of, 164 double-shielded, 177 hard line, 177 multiconductor, 175–6 parallel, 177–8 ribbon, 175–6 serial, 177–8 unshielded, 176 cables connected, 6–7 not connected, 6–7 splicing of, 178–9 symbol for, capacitor atmospheric, 139 disk ceramic, 158 electrolytic, 151–2, 155 in voltage doubler circuit, 149 carrying capacity, 165, 172 cascade, 152–3 cathode-ray tube (CRT), 224–5, 235–6 oscilloscope, 225–6 cell alkaline, 72, 78 button, 79, 80, 81 common, 78–81 cylindrical cell, 80 dry, 72 flooded, 80 ideal, 75 lead-acid, 71–2, 79–80 lithium cell, 79 mercuric oxide, 79 mercury, 79 nickel-cadmium, 80 nickel-metal-hydride, 80 primary, 72 secondary, 72 shelf life of, 75 silver-oxide, 79 spacecraft, 80 standard, 73 Weston standard, 73 zinc-carbon, 72, 78 center conductor, 177 channel, 140 charge carrier, 28, 203, 216 electric, 21–7 electrostatic, 24 elementary, 25 gradient, 227 negative, 21–2, 24 positive, 21–2, 24 quantity of, 22–3 static electric, 24 units of, 24–5 chassis ground, 146 chopper power supply, 117–18 circuit breaker, 159 clip leads, 181 cloud-to-ground lightning, 139 coaxial cable, 177–80 common batteries, 78–81 common cells, 78–81 commutator, 253 compact disc (CD), 260 compass, magnetic, 215–16, 221–2 complex wave, 109 component DC, 112, 114 of wave, 109 conductor definition of, 27 losses, 129 conductance resistance and, 61 ... Demystified Electricity Demystified STAN GIBILISCO McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2005 by. .. courtesy of Corel Corporation Suggestions for future editions are welcome Stan Gibilisco PART ONE DC Electricity Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click here for terms of use This.. .Electricity Demystified Demystified Series Advanced Statistics Demystified Algebra Demystified Anatomy Demystified