Eleventh Edition Global Edition Criminal Behavior A PsychologicAl APProAch This page intentionally left blank Eleventh Edition Global Edition Criminal Behavior A PsychologicAl APProAch Curt R Bartol, PhD Anne M Bartol, PhD Harlow, England • London • New York • Boston • San Francisco • Toronto • Sydney • Dubai • Singapore • Hong Kong Tokyo • Seoul • Taipei • New Delhi • Cape Town • Sao Paulo • Mexico City • Madrid • Amsterdam • Munich • Paris • Milan Editorial Director: Andrew Gilfillan Senior Acquisitions Editor: Gary Bauer Editorial Assistant: Lynda Cramer Director of Marketing: David Gesell Marketing Manager: Thomas Hayward Product Marketing Manager: Kaylee Carlson Marketing Assistant: Les Roberts Program Manager: Tara Horton Project Manager Team Lead: Bryan Pirrmann Project Manager: Patricia Gutierrez Project Manager, Global Edition: Ruchi Sachdev Senior Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Sandhya Ghoshal Senior Project Editor, Global Edition: Daniel Luiz Project Editor, Global 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Bartol, published by Pearson Education © 2017 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners ISBN 10: 1-292-15771-2 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-15771-9 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 14 13 12 11 10 Typeset in 11/13 Times LT Pro by Integra Printed and bound in Vivar, Malaysia To Shannon For the love, fun, beauty, and sheer joy you bring to our lives COnTEnTS Preface 19 Chapter IntroduCtIon to CrImInal BehavIor 23 Chapter Objectives 23 Theories of Crime 24 Theoretical Perspectives on Human Nature 26 Disciplinary Perspectives in Criminology 28 Sociological Criminology 29 Psychological Criminology 30 ■■Box 1-1: Hate or Bias Crimes 30 Psychiatric Criminology 32 Defining and Measuring Crime 34 Uniform Crime Reporting System 34 ■■Box 1-2: The Problem of Internet-Facilitated Crime Self-Report Studies 41 Victimization Surveys 43 Juvenile Delinquency 45 Recap: Defining Crime and Delinquency Summary and Conclusions 48 Key Concepts 49 • Review Questions 39 46 49 Chapter orIgIns of CrImInal BehavIor: developmental rIsk faCtors 50 Chapter Objectives 50 Cumulative Risk Model 51 Developmental Cascade Model 52 Social Environment Risk Factors 54 Poverty 54 Peer Rejection and Association with Antisocial Peers Preschool Experiences 58 After-School Care 59 Academic Failure 59 Parental and Family Risk Factors 60 Single-Parent Households 60 Parental Styles and Practices 61 Parental Monitoring 64 ■■Box 2-1: Monitoring, Middle School, and Family Relationships Influence of Siblings 66 Parental Psychopathology 66 Psychological Risk Factors 67 Lack of Attachment 67 55 64 Contents Lack of Empathy 68 Cognitive and Language Deficiencies 70 Intelligence and Delinquency 71 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 73 ■■Box 2-2: ADHD: Which Treatment to Use? 74 ADHD and Criminal Behavior 75 Conduct Disorder 76 Oppositional Defiant Disorder 77 Summary and Conclusions 78 Key Concepts 80 • Review Questions 80 Chapter orIgIns of CrImInal BehavIor: BIologICal faCtors 81 Chapter Objectives 81 Genetics and Antisocial Behavior 82 Behavior Genetics 82 Studies of Twins 83 The Twins’ Early Development Study 85 Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development Adoption Studies 86 Molecular Genetics 88 Psychophysiological Factors 88 Temperament 89 Environmental Risk Factors 92 Neurotoxins 92 Lead 93 Cadmium 94 Manganese 95 Mercury (Methlymercury) 95 Protective Properties of Micronutrients 96 Prenatal and Postnatal Malnutrition 97 ■■Box 3-1: Malnutrition in Infants 97 Nicotine, Alcohol, and Drug Exposure 98 Traumatic Brain Injury 100 Brain Development Abnormalities 101 Hormones and Neurotransmitters 102 Neuropsychological Factors 102 Summary and Conclusions 103 Key Concepts 104 • Review Questions 104 Chapter orIgIns of CrImInal BehavIor: learnIng and sItuatIonal faCtors 105 Chapter Objectives 105 Behaviorism 107 Skinner’s Theory of Behavior 108 86 Contents Behaviorism as a Method of Science 108 Behaviorism as a Perspective of Human Nature 109 Skinnerian Concepts 109 Operant Learning and Crime 110 Social Learning 111 Expectancy Theory 112 Imitational Aspects of Social Learning 113 Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory 114 Frustration-Induced Criminality 116 The Socialized and Individual Offender 116 Frustration-Induced Riots 117 Frustration and Crime 118 Situational Instigators and Regulators of Criminal Behavior 118 Authority as an Instigator of Criminal Behavior 119 ■■Box 4-1: National Security Interrogations—Psychology’s Role Deindividuation 123 The Stanford Prison Experiment 125 The BBC Prison Study 126 Deindividuation and Crowd Violence 127 The Bystander Effect 128 ■■Box 4-2: Do Security Cameras Affect Bystander Apathy? 130 Moral Disengagement 131 Summary and Conclusions 132 Key Concepts 133 • Review Questions 134 Chapter human aggressIon and vIolenCe 135 Chapter Objectives 135 Defining Aggression 136 Hostile and Instrumental Aggression 137 ■■Box 5-1: Aggression in Recent High Profile Cases 137 Interpretation by Victim 139 Theoretical Perspectives on Aggression 139 Psychoanalytical/Psychodynamic Viewpoint 140 Ethological Viewpoints 140 Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis 141 Weapons Effect 142 Cognitive-Neoassociation Model 143 Excitation Transfer Theory 143 Displaced Aggression Theory 144 Social Learning Factors in Aggression and Violence 144 Modeling 145 Observation Modeling 146 122 Contents Cognitive Models of Aggression 147 Cognitive Scripts Model 147 Hostile Attribution Model 147 ■■Box 5-2: Dealing With Anger—What Works and for Whom? The General Aggression Model 151 I³ Theory 152 Overt and Covert Acts of Aggression 152 Reactive and Proactive Forms of Aggression Gender Differences in Aggression 154 Effects of Media Violence 155 Copycat Crime or Contagion Effect 158 ■■Box 5-3: Copycat Gamers Summary and Conclusions Key Concepts 150 153 159 161 162 • Review Questions 163 Chapter JuvenIle delInquenCy 164 Chapter Objectives 164 Definitions of Delinquency 165 Legal Definition 165 Social Definition 166 Psychological Definitions 166 Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending 167 Status Offenses 169 The Serious Delinquent 170 Gender Differences in Juvenile Offending 170 Developmental Theories of Delinquency 173 Moffitt’s Developmental Theory 174 ■■Box 6-1: Emerging Adulthood as a Developmental Stage 176 Steinberg’s Dual Systems Model 179 Coercion Developmental Theory 180 Callous-Unemotional Trait Theory 182 Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment of Juvenile Offending 183 Treatment and Rehabilitation Strategies 183 Characteristics of Successful Programs 184 ■■Box 6-2: Gender Responsive Programming 185 Classification of Prevention and Treatment Programs Primary Prevention 189 Selective or Secondary Prevention 190 ■■Box 6-3: The Fast Track Experiment 191 Treatment Approaches 192 Summary and Conclusions 197 Key Concepts 199 • Review Questions 199 187 www.downloadslide.net 652 Author Index Tucker, H S., 297 Turchik, J A., 373 Turkheimer, E., 83 Turner, H., 293, 294, 400, 401 Turrell, S C., 287 Turvey, B E., 314, 315 Tuvblad, C., 86 Twenge, J M., 148 Tzoumakis, S., 381 U Uddo-Crane, M., 254 Uhl-Bien, M., 119 Ullman, A., 303 Ullman, D., 380 Ullman, J B., 66 Ullman, S E., 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 402, 406, 467 Ullrich, S., 204 Umphress, Z R., 89, 223 Underwood, M., 174 Underwood, R C., 302, 303 Usher, B., 69 Ustad, K L., 214 V Vachon, D D., 69, 216 Valentine, J., 158 Van Acker, R., 184 Van As, N M C., 91 van Beijsterveldt, C E M., 85, 86 van Bommel, M., 130 Van Cleemput, K., 475 van der Ende, J., 81, 241 van der Laan, P H., 195 van der Laan, P., 195 Van Goozen, S H M., 102 van Heeringen, K., 320 van Horn, J., 407 Van Hulle, C A., 91 Van Kammen, W B., 59 van Lange, P A M., 130 van Langen, M A M., 69 van Lier, P A C., 56, 174, 185 Van Natta, D., 451 van Prooijen, J., 130 Van Voorhis, P., 51, 171, 179, 215, 455 van Vugt, E S., 69, 216 van Wijk, A., 407 Vandebosch, H., 475 Vandell, D L., 59 VandenBos, G R., 312 Vanderpearl, R H., 243, 259 Vandiver, D M., 403, 407, 417, 418 VanZile-Tamsen, C., 380 Vasquez, E A., 144 Vaughn, M G., 89, 102, 223, 243, 430, 435, 436, 487 Vazsonyi, A T., 59 Veenstra, R., 91 Vega, V., 387 Venables, P H., 89, 225, 226, 228 Veneziano, C., 407, 422 Veneziano, L., 407, 422 Verhaeghe, P., 208 Verhulst, F C., 81, 153, 241 Verlinden, S., 332, 334, 335 Vernberg, E M., 155 Verona, E., 96, 205, 215, 222 Vespa, J., 60 Vetter, H J., 433 Victoroff, J., 345, 349, 353, 354, 357 Viding, E., 85, 96, 220, 223, 233 Vien, A., 220 Vieraitis, L., 440, 442 Viken, R J., 385 Viljoen, J L., 165, 218, 244, 474 Villarreal, S F., 190, 259 Vincent, G M., 219, 220 Vitacco, M J., 205, 213, 248, 249, 265 Vitale, J E., 148, 149, 214, 215, 216 Vitaro, F., 69, 145, 154, 174, 178, 185, 187 Vold, G B., 115 Völlink, T., 475 Vonlaufen, C., 410 Voss, W D., 208 Vossekuil, B., 336 Vuijk, P., 174 W Waaktaar, T., 189, 190 Wachi, T., 484 Wade, M., 52 Wagner, D V., 194, 196 Wagner, E F., 194, 196 Wagner, R V., 363, 365 Waite, D., 412 Wakschlag, L S., 99 Wald, M M., 100 Waldman, I D., 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 91 Walker, J T., 403, 407 Walker, K L., 365 Walker, L E., 289 Walker, L., 254 Walker, S., 490, 496 Wallace, H., 290, 302 Wallace, J F., 222 Wallace, S., 381 Waller, E M., 56 Wallerstein, J S., 41 Walsh, A., 324 Walsh, D A., 155, 436 Walters, G C., 114 Walters, G D., 70, 212, 455 Walters, R H., 118 Walton, J S., 422 Wang, M., 95 Wanner, B., 174 Ward, A K., 481 Ward, J T., 434 Ward, L., 383 Ward, T., 67, 383, 394 Wareham, J., 241 Warling, D., 483 Warren, J I., 215, 246, 247, 248, 391 Wasilchick, J., 434 www.downloadslide.net Author Index 653 Wasserman, G A., 50 Watson, R I., 124 Weathers, F W., 255 Webb, J A., 493, 519 Webster, C D., 266 Wei, E., 54 Weikart D P., 188 Weiler, B L., 230 Weinberger, L E., 262 Weiner, J B., 239 Weingartner, H., 222 Weinraub, M., 58 Weinrott, M R., 394 Weir, J., 216 Weis, J G., 170, 290, 296 Weisbrot, D M., 337 Weisel, D L., 461, 463 Weiss, B., , 94, 96 Weissman, S H., 356, 358 Welch, C., 149, 308 Welchans, S., 45 Wellman, H M., 91 Wentink, N., 317 West, A., 312 Wexler, H K., 493 Whalen, C.K., 75 Whalley, A., 377 Wheatman, S R., 248 Wheaton, E M., 421 Wheeler, R E., 222 Wheeler, R W., 222 Wherry, J N., 406 Whipple, S S., 51 Whitcomb, D., 293t White, J L., 519 White, J W., 291 White, J., 32, 279 White, K B., 384 White, K L., 449 White, T., 254 Whitehead, III, G I., 125 Whiteman, S D., 66 Whitson, M L., 52 Whyte, C., 485 Wicker, T., 477 Widom, C S., 223, 230, 297 Wiederlight, M., 484 Wierson, M., 482 Wiesner, M., 173, 174, 178, 491 Wijkman, M., 403 Wike, T L., 336, 337 Wilcox, D K., 482, 483 Wilczynski, A., 299 Wilgosh, L., 73 Wilkinson, D L., 277 Wilkström, P H., 54 Willemsen, J., 28, 208 Williams, B., 89 Williams, F P., 110, 114, 115 Williams, G., 173, 178 Williams, J E., 375 Williams, J., 473 Williams, K S., 403, 405 Williams, L L., 59 Williams, L M., 378 Williams, M., 89 Williamson, S., 208 Willoughby, T., 155, 158 Wills, G D., 307 Wilson, B., 420, 421 Wilson, D B., 193 Wilson, J K., 254 Wilson, M., 361 Wilson, R J., 410 Windle, M., 173, 178 Wingrove, T., 244 Winsler, A., 93 Winslow, E B., 66, 90 Winsper, C., 90 Winter, C.E., 64 Witkiewitz, K., 76 Wolak, J., 418, 419, 420 Wolf, B C., 322 Wolf, R S., 301 Wolfe, D A., 307 Wolff, K T., 194, 195, 196 Wolke, D., 90 Wong, S C P., 395 Wong, S., 208, 212, 222, 226, 230 Wood, J J., 154 Woodrow, K M., 503 Woodworth, M., 208, 317 Wootton, J., 182, 219 Worling, J R., 266, 381, 412, 422, 423 Wortley, R K., 370, 404, 407, 408 Wright, B R E., 174 Wright, J C., 161 Wright, J D., 82, 277 Wright, J P., 31, 82 Wright, J., 70 Wright, R T., 432, 465, 466 Wright, R., 438, 439, 460, 465 Wurtele, S K., 400 Wyle, J., 41 X Xie, H., 154 Y Yaggi, K E., 66 Yancey, C., 157, 158 Yang, Y., 88, 220, 223 Yasuhara, K., 259 Yates, E., 449 Yeh, M., 178 Yeudall, L T., 222 Yoerger, K., 180, 181 Yolton, K., 93 Yoshikawa, H., 54, 55, 118 Young, A., 69 Young, D S., 380 Young, J L., 284 Young, S., 284 Youngstrom, E., 182 www.downloadslide.net 654 Author Index Youngstrom, J K., 182 Yousfi, S., 216 Youstin, T J., 434 Yuen, C., 387 Yung, B., 55 Z Zahn, M A., 170, 171, 172, 173, 183, 184, 185, 192 Zahn-Waxler, C., 69, 155 Zakireh, B., 392, 393 Zalot, A A., 213 Zapf, P A., 244, 247, 253 Zawacki, T., 377 Zelli, A., 187 Zempolich, K.A., 230 Zgoba, K M., 278 Zhang, D., 172 Zhang, J., 332 Zhang, Q., 75 Zhou, H., 183, 186, 187, 195 Ziegler, T A., 219 Zigler, E., 183, 184 Zillmann, D., 114, 141, 143, 150 Zimbardo, P G., 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133 Zimmer, L., 513, 514, 515, 527 Zimmerman, R A., 297 Zimmermann, P., 27 Zipper, P., 485, 486 Zkireh, B., 387 Zola, I K., 118 Zucker, R A., 66 Zvonkovic, A., 34, 237 www.downloadslide.net Subject Index Note: ‘b’, ‘f’ and ‘t’ refer to boxes, figures and tables A ADAM II see Arrestees Drug Abuse Monitoring Program (ADAM and ADAM II) ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder), 50, 57, 68t, 73–75, 77t crime and, 75–76 treatment, 74b Adjudicative competence, 244 Adolescent-limited (AL) offenders, 175, 177t Adoption studies, 86–88 Advantageous comparison, 364 After-school care (as a risk factor for crime), 59, 65, 67t Aggravated assault, 273 clearance rates (FBI), 38 defined, 36t, 37, 38, 44t, 273 juvenile arrests, 168t percent distribution, 37f, 168f victimization rate, 44t Aggression covert and overt, 152–153, 152t definition, 136–137 gender differences, 154–155 high profile cases, 137b–138b hostile (expressive), 137–139 instrumental, 137–139, 207 mass media and, 155–158 passive-aggressive behaviors, 136–137 reactive and proactive, 153–154 relational, 155 varieties of, 137t victim interpretation definitions, 139 video games influence, 155–158 See also Cognitive models of aggression; Social learning theory, explanations for aggression and violence Aggression/theoretical perspectives, 139–144 cognitive-neoassociation model, 143 displaced aggression theory, 144 ethological viewpoints, 140–141 excitation transfer theory, 143–144 frustration-aggression hypothesis, 141–142 General Aggression Model, 151–152 I³ theory, 152 psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspectives, 140 Alcohol influences, 516–519 crime and delinquency, 518–519, 518t psychological effects, 517–518 usage, 516–517 violence and, 101, 518–519 al-Qaeda, 346–347, 348, 349–350, 351, 353, 356, 357, 358, 360, 367–369, 467 Amnesia, 256–258 limited, 257 Amygdala, 89, 101 violence and, 101 Anger management group treatment or therapy (AMGT), 150b–129b Animal cruelty, 69–70 Antisocial behavior, 50, 167, 181t gender responsive programming, 185b Antisocial personality disorder (APD), 167, 201–202, 241–243 prevalence, 208, 214, 218 Arrestees Drug Abuse Monitoring Program (ADAM and ADAM II), 42–43 Arson, 481 clearance rates (FBI), 38f definition, 36t, 40t, 485 incidence/prevalence, 426t, 481–482 juvenile arrests, 168t percent distribution, 37f, 168f Arsonists (firesetters) adult motives, 483–484 developmental stages, 482–483 gender differences, 484 juvenile motives, 484 repetitive, 483–484 typology of, 485 See also Firesetting; Pyromania Assault defined, 273 simple, 36 victimization rates, 44t See also Aggravated assault Attachment theory, 67 Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder see ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder) Authoritarian parental style, 61–62 Authoritative parental style, 62–63 Authority homicide, 25, 339 Autoeroticism, 315 Autonomic arousal theory of crime, 89 Autonomic nervous system, 224f Availability heuristic, 271 Avoidance learning, 225 B Bales, Robert, 321 Base rates, 312 Bath salts, 502 Battered woman syndrome, 255, 289 Beccaria, Cesare, 25 Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), 314 Behavioral detection officers (BDOs), 313 Behavioral Science Unit (BCU), 314 Behavior genetics, 82–83 Behaviorism, 107–111 as method of science, 108 as perspective of human nature, 109 Bianchi, Kenneth, 256 655 www.downloadslide.net 656 Subject Index Bias-motivated offenses, 35f Biological factors in criminal behavior origins birth complications, 99 brain damage/ impairment, 95, 98 brain development, 101 brain plasticity, 101 genetic influences, 83–84, 85–88, 103–104 hormones and neurotransmitters, 102 neuropsychological factors, 102–103 nicotine/alcohol/drug exposure, 83, 98–100 Biological factors in psychopathy amygdala dysfunction, 223 autonomic functioning, 223–228 central nervous system factors, 221, 221t frontal neuropsychological studies, 222–223 genetic influences, 220 hemisphere asymmetry/deficiency, 221–222 neurophysiological markers, 227 orienting response (OR), 226 peripheral nervous system factors, 224–225 See also Psychopathy Biopsychologists, 91, 103 Bioterrorism, 351 Birth complications, and antisocial behavior, 99 Bishop, Amy, 247 Blue-collar crime, 450 Boosters, 445 Boot camps, for juveniles, 193, 198 Brain development and antisocial behavior, 101 Brain diagram, 89f Brain plasticity, 101 Breivik, Anders, 321, 328, 329 Bullying, 336, 337 Bump key, 431 Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) website, 43 Burglars, 430–437 alcohol/other drug use, 434 characteristics of, 427–428 cognitive processes, 430–431 entry strategies, 431–432 expressive burglar, 434 gender differences, 432 good burglar, 434 motives, 434–435 travel distances, 432 typology of, 435–436, 436t Burglary, 427 clearance rates (FBI), 37f cues and selected targets, 429–430 defined, 36t entry strategies, 431–432 home invasions, 429t, 437 incidence/prevalence, 426t juvenile arrests, 168t near-repeat, 434 occupancy cues, 429 percent distribution, 40f, 168f property disposition, 432–433 psychological impact (on victims), 436–437 repeat, 434 who commits, 428–429 Bystander apathy, 130b C Cadmium levels, and antisocial behavior, 94–95, 96t Callous/unemotional traits (C/U traits), 32 Campus Accountability and Safety Act (CASA), 374 Cannabis see Hallucinogens/psychedelics Carjacking, 438–439 Carter v United States, 251 Caveat paragraph, 250 Child abuse definitions, 293t filicide, 299–300 incidence/prevalence/demographics, 290 infanticide, 298 missing/abducted/runaway/thrownaway children, 295 Munchausen syndrome by proxy, 296–297 neonaticide, 298 prevalence, 290 shaken baby syndrome, 297 types of, 293t Child delinquents, 167 Child molestation, 399, 399t adult male child sex offenders, 409t contact types, 405 extrafamilial, 399 gaining access to children, 404–405 incidence/prevalence, 400–403 intrafamilial/extrafamilial, 399 psychological effects on child victims, 406 sexual contact types, 405 situational and victimization characteristics, 403–404 terminologies, 399t See also Pedophilia; Pedophilia (theories of) Child molesters age factors, 407 attitudes toward victims, 409 characteristics, 406 cognitive functions, 410 degree of fixation, 415t gender, 407 interpersonal and social skills, 409–410 self-control, 410 treatment, 421–423 See also Pedophilia Child-to-parent violence, 303–304 Child sex abuse, 400–402 access to victims, 404–405 sexual contact types, 405 victimization characteristics, 403–404 Child sex offenders, 406–407 age and gender, 407 backgrounds, 408 cognitive distortions, 410 interpersonal and intimacy deficits, 409–410 recidivism, 411–412 risk assessment, 412–413 treatment, 421–422 victim selection, 408 Child temperaments, 90t Clark v Arizona, 249 Classical conditioning, 105–107, 109, 111, 115, 132 Classic mass murder, 327–328 Clearance rate (definition), 38 Clery Act, 374, 375 www.downloadslide.net Subject Index 657 “Club” drugs see Sedative-hypnotic compounds Cocaine, 506, 509 crack, 508–509 crack and crime, 509 crime and, 507–508 physical effects (adverse), 507 psychological effects, 507 usage, 506 See also Stimulants Coercion developmental theory, 180–181, 305 developmental trajectories, 180–181 gender differences, 181 Cognitions, 30–32 Cognitive behavior therapy (sex offenders), 422 Cognitive models of aggression, 147–149 cognitive scripts model, 147 hostile attribution bias, 147–149 Cognitive-neoassociation model, 143 Cognitive processes, 107, 108, 111, 112, 114 Cognitive restructuring (as justifications for terror), 363–364 advantageous comparison, 363–364 euphemistic language, 363–364 moral justification, 364 Cognitive scripts, 147, 430, 465 Columbine High School shooting, 160, 320, 332, 333, 334, 336, 343 Competency to stand trial, 243–246 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, 497 Comprehensive Methamphetamine Act of 1996, 506 Compulsion, 249 Concordance, 84–85 See also Twin studies Conditioning classical/Pavlovian, 105–107, 109, 111, 115, 132 instrumental/operant, 105–106, 130 Conduct disorder, 76–77, 77t, 166, 241–242 Cone v Bell, 254 Confirmation bias, 318 Conformity perspective, 26–27, 28t Contagion effect/ copycat effect, 158–161 Controlled Substances Act (CSA), 497, 499, 516 Controlled substance, 497–498, 497t Copycat gamers, 159b Copycat terrorists, 160–161 Corporate crime, 452–454, 453t, 456–458 Corporate psychopaths, 211b–212b Crime cannabis and, 502–504 definition, 34, 48–49 guns and, 277b hate or bias, 30b-31b political, 451b rate, 37 See also Measurement of crime; Theories of crime Crime reporting see National Incident-based Reporting System (NIBRS); Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program (FBI) Crime scene profiling see Profiling Crimes of intimidation, 460 Crimes of obedience, 119–122 Crime statistics see Measurement of crime Crime Victims’ Rights Act of 2004, 419 Criminal/offender profiling see Profiling Criminal psychopath, 202, 207–210, 215–216, 222, 227, 229–231, 233–234 assessment methods for, 210, 216, 219 offending patterns, 208–219 prevalence, 208 recidivism, 209 treatment of, 217 Criminal responsibility, 246–247, 252t success of insanity defense, 247–248 use of insanity defense, 248–249 See also Defense strategies/uncommon psychiatric diagnosis Criminology, defined, 28 Crossover offending, 404 Cultural devaluation, 362 Culturally motivated terrorists, 352 Cumulative risk model, 52t Cyber attacks, 469t Cyberbullying, 474–476 Cybercrime, 153, 467–470 cyberstalking, 471–474 frequency reported, 468, 469t, 470t heists and intrusions, 468b types, 469t Cyberstalking, 470, 473–474 Cyber theft, 469t Cycle-of-violence hypothesis, 305 D Dangerousness, 263 assessment of, 263–265, 265t Dark figure, 38 Date/acquaintance rape, 373–375 Date-Rape Drug Prohibition Act of 2000, 516 Defense strategies/uncommon psychiatric diagnosis see Unique defenses Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), 33 Dehumanization, 364, 426 Deindividuation, 123–125, 364 and crowd behavior, 118 experiments concerning, 125 Delling v Idaho, 249 Delusional disorders (paranoid disorders), 240 Delusions, 240 Demara, Ferdinand Waldo, Jr, 202–203 Dependent variables, 108 Depressive disorders, 241 Developmental approach, 31–32 Developmental criminology, 28t Developmental cascade model, 52t Developmental (or intellectual) disability, 238 Developmental pathways, 52–53 Developmental risk factors, 68t Developmental theories of delinquency, 167, 173–174 Callous-unemotional trait theory, 182 coercive developmental theory, 180–181 Moffitt’s theory, 174–178 Disciplinary perspectives, 28–34 Differential association theory (DAR), 114–116 Diffusion of responsibility, 364 Discriminative stimuli, 115 Disengagement practices developing motivation for terrorism, 364 dehumanization, 364 deindividuation, 364 www.downloadslide.net 658 Subject Index Displaced aggression theory, 144 Displacement of responsibility, 364, 365 Dispositions/traits, 32 Disruptive behavior disorders (DBD), 77 Dissociated state, 255 Dissociative identity disorder (DID) (also known as multiple personality disorder), 256–257 District of Columbia v Heller, 143, 277b Dizygotic (DZ) twins, 83 Domestic violence see Family violence Drug abuse violations, 36t, 168f Drug courts, 490, 494 Drug-Induced Rape Prevention and Punishment Act of 1996, 516 Drugs (illicit), 480–492, 494t, 495t arrests, 494–495, 494t categories of, 497–498 controlled substance classifications, 497t “gateway” drugs, 519 grades, 491t research findings, 492–496 tolerance and dependence, 498–499 See also Alcohol influences; Hallucinogens/psychedelics; Juvenile drug use; Narcotics; Stimulants; Tripartite, conceptual model/drug-related crime DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), 238–239 Dual systems model of adolescent risk taking, 179 Durham Rule, 251 Durham v United States, 251 Dusky v United States, 243 Duty to protect, 264 Duty to warn, 264 Dynamic cascade model, 52t, 283–284 Dyssocial psychopaths, 201 E Ecstasy (MDMA), 509–510 Eldercide, 302 Elderly abuse, 300–302, 301t Elonis v United States, 470, 473 Embezzlement, 36t, 469t Emerging adulthood, 176b–177b Emotional paradox, 222 Employee theft, 455–456 Enmeshed parental style, 63–64, 79 Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, 84–85 Environmental risk factors and criminal behavior, 92–100 Equivocal death analysis, 319–320 Erotomania stalking, 472 Euphemistic language, 364 Excitation transfer theory, 143–144 Executive function, 102–103, 223 Experimental substance use, 519–520 Expressive-object pattern of firesetters, 485 Expressive-person pattern of firesetters, 485 Expressive sexual aggression, 380–381 Extinction, 110, 110t F Factor of psychopathy, 212 Factor of psychopathy, 212 False confessions, 261 Family violence, 172, 290–291 cessation of, 307–308 characteristics of abusers, 289–290 definitions, 290–291 effects on children, 307–308 prevalence, 291 victims, 291–292 See also Child abuse; Elderly abuse; Intimate partner abuse and violence (IPV) Fast Track Project, 191b–192b Female juvenile sex offenders, 424 Female sex offenders, 417–418 Fence (burglary), 433 Fentanyl, 513 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), 92, 99 Filicide, 299–300 mental disorders and, 299–300 Finger v State, 251 Firesetting, 485, 486t See also Arson Fish, Albert, 414 Forcible rape, 36, 371–373 defined, 26, 372b demographics, 374–375 incidence, 375 juvenile arrests, 168t percent distribution, 40f, 168f Forgery, 36t Foucha v Louisiana, 249 Fratricide, 302 Fraternal twins, 83–84 Fraud, 36t, 168f, 439, 473t Frustration, 118 Frustration-aggression hypothesis, 141–142 Frustration-induced criminality, 116–118 socialized and individual offenders, 116 Fundamental attribution error, 118, 120 G Galvanic skin response (GSR), 225 Gambling, 36t General Aggression Model (GAM), 151–152 General altercation homicide, 279–280 General strain theory, 27, 28t General theory of crime, 27, 28t Genetics and crime, 82, 85, 87–88, 93 Girls Study Group (GSC), 171, 183, 197 Global attacks, 348f, 349f Global risk recognition failure, 378 Graham v Florida, 218 Groth child molester typology, 416–417 exploitative offender, 413 immature/fixated offender, 413 regressed offender, 413 sadistic offender, 414 Groth rapist typology, 393–394 anger rapist, 393–394 power rapist, 393–394 sadistic rapist, 394 Guilty but mentally ill (GBMI), 252–253 www.downloadslide.net Subject Index 659 H Hallucinations, 240 Hallucinogens/psychedelics, 498, 499–500, 520 marijuana and crime, 502–503 marijuana preparation, 500–501 marijuana usage, 503–504 PCP and crime, 504 phencyclidine, 504 salvia, 502 synthetic cathinones, 502 synthetic marijuana, 501 Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914, 506 Hasan, Nidal, 347, 360 Hate crimes, 30b–31b Hate Crime Statistics Act and amendments, 30b percent distribution, 35f statistics on, 30b–31b victims, 31 Hebephilia, 399 Hemisphere asymmetry, 221–222 Heroin, 510–71 and crime, 512 Heuristics, 271 Hierarchy rule, 38–39 Hillside Strangler, 256 Hinckley, John, 246–247, 249, 251, 257 Holmes, James, 235–236, 248 Homegrown Violent Extremists (HVEs), 346 Home invasions, 437 Homicide and aggravated assault, 270t, 271–272, 273 circumstances, 275 criminal homicide, 272–273 definitions, 271–272 felony commission type, 280–281 gender, 274–275, 282b general altercation, 277–280 incidence, 270f psychological effects of, 278–279 statistics/prevalence, 269–270 typologies, 278–279 See also Family violence; Multiple murder; Serial murderers Homicide demographics, 273–277 age factors, 275 gender, 274–274 race/ethnic origin, 274 school, 335t socioeconomic class, 275 victim-offender relationship, 273, 285, 290, 291–292, 296, 300–301, 304f Hostage-taking offenses, 476–481 barricade situations, 478 categories of, 476–477 guidelines for negotiations, 478t guidelines for victims, 476–477 instrumental and expressive, 476 strategies/negotiation guidelines, 478–479 succumbers, 480 survivors, 480 See also London syndrome; Stockholm syndrome Hostile attribution bias, 147–149, 279 Hostile or expressive aggression, 137–139 Human trafficking, 421t I I³ theory, 152 Iatrogenic influences, 256–257 Identical twins, 83–84 Identity theft, 439–442, 440b, 441t Imitational learning, 113 Incest, 405 Incompetency to stand trial, 243–246 Independent variables, 108 Index crimes, 35 Indiana v Edwards, 244 Individual offender, 116 Infanticide, 298 Infant victims, 292f Insanity defense Brawner/ALI rule, 249, 251–252, 267t caveat paragraph, 250 Durham rule, 249, 251, 252t guilty but mentally ill (GBMI), 252–253 Insanity Defense Reform Act, 251, 252t M’Naghten rule, 249, 250, 251, 252t, 267 right and wrong test, 250, 258 See also Criminal responsibility; Unique defenses Insanity Defense Act of 1984, 247, 251, 252t Insanity Defense Reform Act (1984), 251, 252 Instrumental aggression, 137–139 Instrumental learning, 105–106 Instrumental-person pattern of firesetters, 485 Instrumental sexual aggression, 380 Instrumental violence see Proactive aggression Intelligence adult offenders and, 73 delinquency and, 71–72, 78–79 ethnicity and, 72 sex offenders and, 413 Internet-facilitated crime, 39b Internet facilitated sex offending, 418–420 legal issues, 418 offender characteristics, 418–419 victim characteristics, 420 Intimate partner abuse and violence (IPV), 45, 284–285, 285t, 307–308 abuser characteristics, 289–290 among older adults, 286 in Hispanics, 286–287 law enforcement families, 288–289 military families, 288–289 nonheterosexual, 287–288 psychological and demographic characteristics of abusers, 289–290 same-sex domestic violence (SSDV), 287 International Classification of Disease (ICD), 33 Investigative psychology, 311–312 See also Profiling Involuntary manslaughter see Manslaughter, negligent Irrationality, 249 Ivins, Bruce, 351 www.downloadslide.net 660 Subject Index J Jack the Ripper, 314, 321 Jackson v Indiana, 245 Jail, and intellectually disabled inmates, 73 Jesperson, Keith Hunter, 322, 325 Just world hypothesis, 25 Juvenile delinquency, 45–46 arrest rate, 168f child delinquents, 167–169 definitions, legal, 170 definitions, psychological, 170 definitions, social, 170 gender differences, 170–173 juvenile offending scope/type, 167–170, 169t serious offending, 27, 171, 182, 197 treatment of, 230–231 Juvenile drug use, 490–492, 492t extent of, 490–492 gender differences in use, 493 source of, 492–493 Juvenile murderers, 282–284 demographics/psychological characteristics, 282–284 female, 282b, 283 prevalence, 283 serial, 327 treatment of, 284 Juvenile prevention/treatment programs characteristics of successful programs, 184–187 classification of, 187–197 See also Treatment strategies Juvenile psychopathy, 216–220 ethical considerations, 218–219 identification of, 216–218 measures, 219–220 traits in juvenile delinquents, 218 treatment approaches, 217 Juvenile sex offenders, 421–424 recidivism, 411–412 treatment, 421–423 K King, Rodney, 117 Kleptomania, 448–449 L Language impairment (and crime), 70 Larceny-theft, 438–439 carjacking, 438–439 clearance rates (FBI), 38f defined, 36t incidence/prevalence, 426t juvenile arrests, 168t percent distribution, 37f, 184f, 443f Lax parental style, 63–64, 62t Lead levels, and antisocial behavior, 93–94, 96t Leakage (school shootings), 335 Learned helplessness, 353 Learning disabilities, and juvenile delinquency, 73 Learning perspective, 27–28, 28t Left-wing extremist group, 350 Life-course-persistent (LCP) offenders, 174–175, 177t treatment of, 193, 197 Limbic system, 101 Lombroso, Cesare, 26 London syndrome, 480 Lone wolf terrorists, 358–359, 361t Loughner, Jared, 235, 236, 240, 245 Love obsession stalking, 472 M Malnutrition in infants, 97b–98b, 122b–123b Major depressive disorder, 241 Manganese levels, and antisocial behavior, 95, 96t Manslaughter, 272–273, 292f negligent, 272–273, 292f nonnegligent, 272, 273–274, 291, 292f Manson, Charles, 331 MAOA-L (monamine oxidase A low activity) gene, 88 MAOA (monoamine oxidase A) gene, 88, 103 Marathon bombing, 359b Marijuana see Hallucinogens/psychedelics Marital rape, 373 Markers, for psychopathology, 220 Massachusetts Treatment Classification systems for sexual assault see MTC (Massachusetts Treatment Center) classification system of rapist Mass murders, 327–328 classic, 327–328 family mass murders, 327–328 typologies, 330–331 Matricide, 302 McVeigh, Timothy, 347, 362, 366, 368 Measurement of crime, 34 drug abuse self-report studies, 42–43 National Incident-Based Reporting System, 39–40 self-report studies, 41–43 victimization surveys, 43–45 See also Self-report (SR) studies, Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program (FBI); Victimization surveys Megan Meier Cyberbullying Act, 475 Mental disorder crime, 242b definition, 238 and violence, 258–262 See also Antisocial personality disorder (APD); Delusional disorders (paranoid disorders); DSM(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders); Postpartum depression (and filicide); Depressive disorders; Schizophrenic disorders Mental disorder (individuals with) dangerousness, 263 diagnosis of inmates, 261–262, 262t police involvement, 261 risk assessments of, 263 Mental illness (definition), 238 Mental retardation, 238 See also Developmental (or intellectual) disability Mercury levels, and antisocial behavior, 95, 96t Miller v Alabama, 218 Miller v State, 255 M’Naghten (court case), 250 M’Naghten Rule, 249, 250, 251, 252t, 267 Modeling, 113–116 observation modeling, 146–147 types of, 145–146 www.downloadslide.net Subject Index 661 Models, 113, 132 Moffitt’s developmental theory, 174–179 adolescent-limited (AL) offenders, 175 gender differences, 178–179 life-course-persistent (LCP) offenders, 174–175 Molecular genetics, 82, 88, 103 MO (modus operandi), 323 Monitoring the Future (MTF);20 Monozygotic (MZ) twins, 83 Moral development, 365–368 stages, 366t, 366–368 Moral agency, 131 Moral disengagement, 131–132 Moral justification, 364 Motor vehicle theft, 438 clearance rates (FBI), 38f incidence/prevalence, 426t juvenile arrests, 168t percent distribution, 37f, 168f MSBP see Child abuse, Munchausen syndrome by proxy MST (multi-systematic therapy) treatment approach for juvenile offenders, 194–196 MTC:CM3 (Massachusetts Treatment Center: Child Molester), 413–416 flow chart, 415t See also Pedophile characteristics MTC (Massachusetts Treatment Center) classification system of rapist, 388–390 compensatory rapists, 388–389 displaced aggression rapists, 388, 389, 391 exploitative rapists, 389 flow chart of primary motivations, 391t impulsive/exploitative rapists, 389 opportunistic types, 391 pervasive anger type, 391 sexual gratification type, 389, 391 sexually aggressive/sadistic rapists, 389, 391t vindictive, 391t, 397 Multiassaultive families, 304–305 Multiple Iterative Classification Tree (ICT), 260–261 Multiple murder, 320–321 definitions, 321–322 See also Mass murders, family mass murders; Investigative psychology; Mass murders; School violence; Serial murderers; Workplace violence Multiple personality disorder (MPD) see Dissociative identity disorder (DID) (also known as multiple personality disorder) Murder clearance rates (FBI), 38f defined, 272 juvenile arrests, 168t organized and disorganized, 316t percent distribution, 37f, 168f relationships and, 304f victim’s gender, 276t See also Homicide; Multiple murder; Serial murderers OxyContin®, 513–514 OxyContin® and crime, 514 semisynthetic, 510 synthetic, 510 Vicodin®, 514 See also Heroin National Crime Survey (NCS), 43 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), 43, 290 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), 42 National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, runaway, and Thrownaway Children (NISMART), 295 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), 34, 40t, 402, 403, 406 National Juvenile Online Victimization Study, 419 Negative reinforcement, 110, 110t Neglecting parental style, 61–63 Negligent manslaughter, 272 Neighborhood monitoring, 65 Neonaticide, 298–299 Neurophysiological factors, 102 Neurotransmitters, 102 Neutralization techniques, 442, 445–446, 454, 458 NGRI (not guilty by reason of insanity), 235–236, 241, 245–249, 251, 252t, 254, 256, 267 See also Criminal responsibility Nonconformist perspective, 27–28, 28t Nonnegligent manslaughter, 272 Nonshared environments, 83–84 Northern Illinois University mass murder, 328 Nuclear/biological/chemical (NBC) terrorism, 351 N Paranoid disorders see Delusional disorders (paranoid disorders) Paraphilia, 399t, 400 Parasympathetic nervous system, 221, 224f Narcotics, 510–520 fentanyl, 513 natural, 510 O Obedience to authority see Crimes of obedience Observational learning, 113, 132 See also Social learning theory Occupation crime, 450–452 individual occupational crime, 450t, 451, 452, 455–457, justification/neutralizations, 454 organizational, 450, 450t prevalence/ incidence, 452 professional, 450, 450t state-authority, 450, 450t, 451 Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), 43 Oklahoma City bombing, 347, 362 Online crime, 470t Online sex offenders, 420 Operant conditioning, 105, 109–112, 110t, 114–115, 132 Opiate narcotics, 498 Opportunistic type rapists, 391, 391t Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), 77, 77t, 80 Organized/disorganized/mixed crime scenes, 315–317, 316t OxyContin®, 514 P www.downloadslide.net 662 Subject Index Parental and family risk factors, 51, 60–66, 62t attachment, lack of, 67–68 enmeshed/lax parental styles, 63–64 parental monitoring, 64b–65b parental practices, 61 parental psychopathology, 66 parental styles, 61–64 sibling influence, 66 single-parent households, 60–61 Paroline v U.S., 419 Parricide, 302, 303 Part I crimes (violent and property), 37 Part II crimes, 35 Passive-aggressive behaviors, 136–137 Patricide, 302, 303 Pavlovian conditioning, 105, 107 PCL see Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) Pedophile, 398, 399t pedophile characteristics aggressive/sadistic pedophile, 414 comparisons to rapists, 407, 409t exploitative pedophile, 413, 416 fixated (immature) pedophile, 413 interpersonal offender, 415 narcissistic offender, 414, 415 recidivism, 421–422 regressed pedophile, 413 self-control, 409t, 410 symbolic sadistic offender, 416 See also Groth child molester typology; MTC:CM3 (Massachusetts Treatment Center: Child Molester) Pedophilia, 398, 399t, 400 See also Child molestation Pedophilia (theories of), 410 Peer relations, 55–58 gang influences on rejected youth, 57–58 gender and peer rejection (and antisocial behavior), 57–58 predisposition for peer rejection, 55–57 reasons for peer rejection, 55–57 as a social risk factor, 278 Permissive parental style, 61–63 Personation/signature, 314–315, 342 Pervasive anger rapists, 391, 391t Phishing/spoofing spam, 469 Political crimes, 451b Pornography, 385–387 definition, 386 and sexual assaults, 385–387 Positive reinforcement, 110, 110t Postpartum depression (and filicide), 299 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 236, 253–255 prevalence, 254 Poverty, as a social risk factor, 54–55, 60, 68t, 79 Power rape, 393–394 Preschool influences (on antisocial behavior), 58–59 Prescription medications, 511b Primary (or universal) prevention for juveniles, 188, 189–190 resilience (development of), 189–190 strategies of, 189 Primary psychopath, 201 See also Psychopathy Proactive aggression, 153–154 Profiling, 312–319 actuarial, 312 clinical, 312 crime scene, 312, 314–319 equivocal death analysis/psychological autopsy, 319–320 geographical, 313–314 psychological, 312–313 psychological autopsy, 319–320 racial, 313 reconstructive psychological evaluation, 319–320 suspect-based, 313 Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN), 42 Property crime, 425–427 clearance rates (FBI), 38f definition, 36t juvenile arrests, 168t statistics, 426t stolen and recovered, 433t See also Burglary; Fraud; Identity theft; Larceny-theft; Occupation crime; Shoplifting Megan Meier Cyberbullying Prevention Act of 2009, 475 Prostitution, juvenile arrests, 168f Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act, 2020, 321 Protective factors (against the development of antisocial behavior), 51–54 Psychiatric criminology, 32–34 contemporary, 33 Psychoactive drugs, 497 Psychoanalytical/psychodynamic theories, 33–34 Psychodynamic (or hydraulic) model, 140 Psychological autopsy, 319–320 Psychological criminology, 29t, 30, 47 Psychologically motivated terrorists, 352 Psychological risk factors, 51, 67t ADHD, 50, 57, 68t, 73–75, 76 cognitive and language deficiencies, 70–71 conduct disorder, 76–77, 76–77 disruptive behavior disorders (DBD), 77 empathy, lack of, 68–69 intelligence and delinquency, 71–72, 79 oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), 77, 80 Psychological signature, 318 Psychometric approach/psychometric intelligence (PI), 71 Psychopathy in adolescence, 217b alcohol and, 206 autonomic functioning, 223–228 behaviors, 203–205, 204t core factors, 211–214, 214t definition, 201–202 developmental factors, 229–230 dyssocial, 201 frontal lobe functioning, 222–223, 228 gender differences, 214–215 genetic factors, 220, 229 hemispheric asymmetry and, 222 intelligence level, 204, 205, 206 lack of remorse, 206 measures of, 209–212 www.downloadslide.net Subject Index 663 mental disorders and, 205 neuropsychological factors, 220–229 primary, 201 principal traits, 206–207 racial/ethnic differences, 215–216 recidivism, 209 secondary, 201 semantic aphasia, 207 stimulation needs, 207 suicide and, 205–206 treatment of, 217b See also Biological factors in psychopathy; Criminal psychopath; Juvenile psychopathy Psychopathy Checklist (PCL), 209, 210 Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version, 210, 220 Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version, 210, 219 Psychopathy Screening Device (PSD), 219 Psychophysiological factors, 88–89 Public order crimes, 168t Punishment, 110, 110t Pyromania, 489, 491–492 Q Quest for Significance theory, 354 R Rader, Dennis (BTK killer), 321 Radical environmental groups, 351 Rape attitudes toward, 384 clearance rates (FBI), 38f date (acquaintance) rape, 373–385, 383t definitions, 36t, 371–373 forcible rape, 36, 372 impact on victims, 376 incidence and prevalence, 375–376 marital, 373 myths, 384–385 rape by fraud, 373 Rohypnol and, 521–522 statutory rape, 36, 372 stranger rape, 383t victim injuries, 377–378 victimization rate, 44t victim resistance, 377–378 victims, 373–374 See also Groth child molester typology; MTC (Massachusetts Treatment Center) classification system of rapist; Sexual assault vulnerability factors Rape by fraud, 373 Rape myths, 384–385 Rape offender characteristics, 378–380 age, 381 attitudes and beliefs, 384–387 classifications, 387 cognitive-perceptual distortions, 385 offending history, 381–382 pornography, influence of, 385–387 Rationally motivated terrorists, 352 Reactive aggression, 153–154 Reactive depression, 353 Recidivism, 209 Reconstructive psychological evaluation, 319–320 Reductionism, 109 Reinforcement, 110 negative, 110 nonsocial, 115 positive, 110 social, 115 Relapse prevention (RP) (sex offenders), 423 Relative deprivation, 426 Residential treatment, of juveniles, 192–194 Response, 107 conditioned, 107 Ridgway, Gary (Green River Killer), 322, 325 Right-wing terrorists, 350 Right and wrong test, 250 Risk assessment, 263–266, 266t, 268 Risk taking, 103 Risky shift, 356 Ritualized aggression, 140 weapons used, 142–143 Robbers motives/cultural influences, 465–466 professional vs amateurs, 462–464, 463t Robbery, 460–461 amateurs and professionals, 462–464 armored company, 462t bank robbery, 461, 462t, 463t clearance rates (FBI), 38f commercial robbery, 464, 467 convenience stores, 464 credit unions, 441 defined, 36t fast-food restaurants, 464 group offenders, 466–467 juvenile arrests, 168t locations, 461f modus operandi, 462t motives and cultural influences, 465–466 mutual savings banks, 462t percent distribution, 37f, 168f savings and loans associations, 462t statistics, 462t street robbery, 464–465 strong-arm, 460 victimization rate, 44t victims, how robbers treat them, 463–464, 466–467 Roper v Simmons, 218 S Sadistic rapists, 389, 391, 392, 393–394 Salvia, 502 Same-sex domestic violence, 287–288 Schizophrenic disorders, 240, 246, 259, 260, 267, 268 School failure, and crime, 50, 60, 68t, 71, 79 School-shooter copycats 160 School violence, 332–337 adult perpetrators, 335–336 bullying, 336–337 campus sexual assault, 374b common characteristics of school shooters, 336–337 Sandy Hook Elementary school tragedy, 334b shootings, 333–335, 330t www.downloadslide.net 664 Subject Index Secondary psychopath, 201 Sedative-hypnotic compounds, 498–522 benzodiazepines, 498 “club” drugs, 514 GHB (gamma hydroxbutyrate), 515–516 ketamine, 515 Rohypnol, 514, 516 Selective/secondary prevention, 190–191 Self-regulation/self-control, 75, 91–92, 279, 410 Self-report (SR) studies, 45, 41–43 drug-abuse surveys, 42–43 victimization, 43–45 Self-serving biases, 119 Sell v United States, 245 Semantic aphasia, 207 September, 11, 2001, 35, 345, 346, 347–350, 352, 358, 360, 362, 365, 368 impact of, 349–350, 365 Serial murder, 322–323 Serial murderers, 322–324 backgrounds, 325–326 cognitive processing, 327 ethnic/racial characteristics, 324 female, 326–327 juveniles, 327 locations preferred, 327 psychological motives, 325 victim selection, 326–327 Serious mental illness (SMI), 236–237 Serotonin (and violence), 102 Sex crimes, 372t Sex offender legislation, 374b Sex offenses, 36t, 168f, 371 definitions, 371 incidence, 371–373 three-path model of development, 392f See also Child molesters; Child molestation; Sexual assault vulnerability factors Sex trafficking, 420–421 Sexual abuse, juvenile corrections, 401b–402b Sexual aggressive/sadistic rapists, 388, 389, 391, 394 Sexual assault vulnerability factors, 378–380 age, 378, 401f alcohol, 379 relationship, 379 risk taking behaviors, 379–380 victimization factors, 379 Sexual burglary, 390b Shaken baby syndrome, 297 Shared environments, 83–84 Shepard, Matthew see Hate crimes; Matthew Shepard Act Shoplifters, 443–448 age, 444, 445–446 boosters/snitches, 446 gender differences, 447, 448 motives, 446 types, 447 See also Kleptomania Shoplifting, 442–444 methods, 447–448 by proxy, 447 Siblicide, 302–303 Sibling-to-sibling violence, 302–303 Signature/personation, 314–315, 342 Simple obsession stalking, 472, 473, 487 Situational factors in criminal behavior, 105–133 Situationism (also known as situationalism), 109 Skin conductance response, 225 Smoking during pregnancy and antisocial behavior, 93–94, 99, 104 Snitches, 448 Social control theory, 27–28, 28t Socialized offender, 116 Social learning theory, 27–28, 28t, 105–106, 110–116, 131–132 differential association reinforcement, 27–28, 28t expectancy theory, 112–113 explanations for aggression and violence, 144 imitational learning, 113 modeling, 145–147 observational learning/modeling, 113, 132 types of models, 145–146 Social risk factors, 51–52, 67t after-school care, 59, 65, 67t peer rejection/antisocial peers, 55–56 poverty, 54–55, 60, 67t, 79 preschool experiences, 58–59 school failure, 50, 60, 68t, 71, 79 Sociological criminology, 29–30 Sororicide, 302 Special interest extremists, 351 Specific risk failure, 380 Spousal abuse see Intimate partner abuse and violence (IPV) Spree murders, 328 Staging, 315 Stalking, 471–472 categories, 472–473 Stanford prison study, 125–127 State v Bianchi, 256 State v Felde, 255 State v Milligan, 256 State v Rodrigues, 256 Status offenses, 45–46, 169–170, 28t, 169, 172 and gender, 172 Statutory rape, 372 Stereotypical child abductions, 295–296 Stimulants, 504–510 amphetamines, 504–505 cocaine, 506 crack cocaine, 508–509 and crime, 507–508 ecstasy (MDMA), 509–510 methamphetamine, 505 other, 505–506 physical effects, 507–508 psychological effect, 507 See also Cocaine Stimulus, 107 conditioned, 107 unconditioned, 107 Stockholm syndrome, 482 Stolen property, 36t, 168f www.downloadslide.net Subject Index 665 Strain theory, 27, 28t Street culture, 470 Strong respect for authority, 363 Structured Professional Judgment (SPJ), 265, 268 Substance abuse during pregnancy, 99 and violence, 519–520 Suicidality, 205–206 Summary reporting system (SRS), 35 Supplementary Homicide report, 35 Sympathetic nervous system, 221, 224f Synthetic cathinones, 502 Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012, 502 Synthetic Marijuana, 501 T Tarasoff v Regents of the University of California, 263–265 Techniques of neutralization, 442, 445–446, 454, 458 Temperament, 89–92, 103 Territoriality, 33 Terrorism cognitive perspective on motives/justifications, 363–364 definitions, 347–350 disengagement practices, 364 fail-safe procedures, 356 followers and leaders, 352–353 group classifications, 350–352 homicides by methods, 348f leaders, 352–353 left-wing extremists, 350 methods used, 348f moral development of, 365–367, 366t process of radicalization, 356–357 psychosocial context of, 362–363 right-wing, 350 typology, 352 who joins, 352–354 Terror management theory (TMT), 355 Tertiary prevention, 188 Theories of crime, 26–28 classical, 26 deterrence, 26 positivist, 26 Theory, 24–26 definitions, 24, 139–140 scientific, 25 verification, 25 Thompson v Oklahoma, 218 Three-path model of sexual assault, 392f Tibbals v Carter, 244 Traits, 32 Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 31, 100–101 Trayvon Martin case, 137b–138b Treatment strategies, 192–199, 421–423 adult sexual offenders, 422–423 cognitive behavior therapy, 422–423 juvenile sex offenders, 187–188 nontraditional/community treatment, 194–196 relapse prevention, 422 residential treatment, 193–194 Tripartite conceptual model/drug-related crime, 496–497 Twins’ Early Development Study (TEDS), 85 Twin studies, 83 concordance, 84–85 recent research, 84, 85–88 shared/nonshared environments, 83–84 Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development (TCHAD), 86 Typology, 278 U Unabomber, 361 Undoing, 315 Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program (FBI), 34–39 Unique defenses, 253–258 amnesia, 256, 257–258 battered woman syndrome, 255 dissociated state, 255 dissociation, 255–256 dissociative identity disorder, 256–257 multiple personality disorder, 256 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 236, 253–255 United States v Krutschewski, 254 United States v Weston, 246 U.S v Williams, 419 USS Iowa, 320 V Vandalism, 36t, 168f Variable, 108 dependent, 108 independent, 108 Vengeance stalking, 477 Vicodin®, 514 Victimization rates (all crimes), 44t age differences, 44t, 292f gender differences, 44t racial differences, 44t Victimological perspective, 323 Victimology, 119 Victims of pedophile offenses age, 407 gender, 407 Internet, 418 prevalence, 400–402 psychological effects on children and youth, 406 types of sexual contact, 405 Video games and violence, 155–158 Vindictive rapist, 391 Violence percent distribution, 270f risk factors, 265–266 weapons used, 275–276 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA, 2016), 374 Violent crime, 106, 111, 128 clearance rates (FBI), 38f definition, 36t juvenile arrests, 168t statistics, 270f www.downloadslide.net 666 Subject Index Virginia Tech University mass murder, 320, 328, 329, 332 Volitional prong, 252 W Warrior gene, 88 Weapons effect, 142–143, 276 Weapons (used in violence), 168f, 275–277 juvenile weapons possession, 277b Weston, Russell, 246 White-collar crime, 449–450 See also Occupation crime; Corporate crime; Employee theft Workplace violence, 337–342 examples/classification of offenders, 338–342 statistics, 339t vs workplace aggression, 337 workplace offenders (profiles of), 341t, 342 Y Yates, Andrea, 236, 241, 246, 247, 249, 300 Yates, Robert Lee, 325 Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI), 219 ... Edition Global Edition Criminal Behavior A PsychologicAl APProAch This page intentionally left blank Eleventh Edition Global Edition Criminal Behavior A PsychologicAl APProAch Curt R Bartol, PhD Anne... Marketing Manager: Thomas Hayward Product Marketing Manager: Kaylee Carlson Marketing Assistant: Les Roberts Program Manager: Tara Horton Project Manager Team Lead: Bryan Pirrmann Project Manager: Patricia... and his assistants Holly and Tara; Project Manager Susan Hannahs; Valerie Iglar-Mobley; Patricia Gutierrez; Marketing Coordinator Elizabeth Mackenzie Lamb; and editorial assistant Lynda Cramer Philip Alexander