Answer: evapotranspiration Topic: Section 3.1 3 The ________ of water is the amount of heat that is required to raise the temperature of water one degree Celsius.. Answer: specific heat
Trang 1Elements of Ecology, 8e (Smith/Smith)
Chapter 3 The Aquatic Environment
3.1 Short Answer Questions
1) The process by which water travels in a sequence from the air to Earth and returns to the atmosphere is referred to as the cycle
Answer: water
hydrologic
Topic: Section 3.1
2) The total amount of evaporating water from the surfaces of the ground and vegetation is called
Answer: evapotranspiration
Topic: Section 3.1
3) The of water is the amount of heat that is required to raise the temperature of water one degree Celsius
Answer: specific heat
Topic: Section 3.2
4) Small animals, such as water striders and water spiders, can run across a pond's surface due to
Answer: surface tension
Topic: Section 3.2
5) is the source of frictional resistance to objects moving through water
Answer: Viscosity
Topic: Section 3.2
6) As sunlight passes through water, only wavelengths are able to penetrate into deeper water
Answer: blue
Topic: Section 3.3
7) The region of the vertical depth profile where the temperature declines most rapidly is called the
Answer: thermocline
Topic: Section 3.4
8) The upper layer of warm, low-density water of an open body of water is called the Answer: epilimnion
Topic: Section 3.4
9) A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called a Answer: solution
Trang 210) The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration is called
Answer: diffusion
Topic: Section 3.6
11) The solubility of oxygen as water warms
Answer: decreases
Topic: Section 3.6
12) In the open ocean, concentrations of oxygen reach a minimum value of 500—1000 m, a region referred to as the oxygen
Answer: minimal zone
Topic: Section 3.6
13) The abundance of hydrogen ions in solution is a measure of
Answer: acidity
Topic: Section 3.7
14) solutions are those that have a higher concentration of OH- (hydroxyl ions) than H+ ions
Answer: Alkaline
Topic: Section 3.7
15) Aquatic organisms are unable to tolerate low pH conditions largely because acidic waters contain high concentrations of
Answer: aluminum
Topic: Section 3.7
16) A region of occurs where deep waters of the ocean move upward to the surface Answer: upwelling
Topic: Section 3.8
17) The physical movements of water caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon are called
Answer: tides
Topic: Section 3.9
18) The area lying between the water lines of high and low tide is referred to as the Answer: intertidal zone
Topic: Section 3.9
19) The place where freshwater streams and rivers meet the sea and mix with saltwater is called a(n)
Answer: estuary
Topic: Section 3.10
Trang 320) An underground layer of permeable, water-bearing substrate is known as a(n) Answer: aquifer
Topic: Ecological Issues: Groundwater Resources
3.2 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) About 75% of the Earth's surface is covered by
A) water
B) bare ground
C) forest
D) grassland
Answer: A
Topic: Introduction to Chapter 3
2) The energy driving the global water cycle is provided by
A) wind
B) tides
C) rotation of the Earth on its axis
D) solar energy
Answer: D
Topic: Section 3.1
3) The evaporation of water from internal surfaces of leaves, stems, and other living parts of a plant is called
A) osmosis
B) transpiration
C) diffusion
D) infiltration
Answer: B
Topic: Section 3.1
4) Most of Earth's water resides in
A) the oceans
B) the polar ice caps and glaciers
C) freshwater lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams
D) groundwater
Answer: A
Topic: Section 3.1
5) The individual atoms of a water molecule are held together by
A) ionic bonds
B) hydrogen bonds
C) covalent bonds
D) weak bonds
Answer: C
Topic: Section 3.2
Trang 46) Water takes longer than air to warm up or cool off because of water's high
A) specific heat
B) viscosity
C) surface tension
D) density
Answer: A
Topic: Section 3.2
7) The density of water is greatest at
A) -4°C
B) 0°C
C) 4°C
D) 100°C
Answer: C
Topic: Section 3.2
8) The streamlined body shape of many aquatic organisms that swim helps reduce frictional resistance caused by water's high
A) buoyancy
B) viscosity
C) surface tension
D) density
Answer: B
Topic: Section 3.2
9) Aquatic organisms generally require less structural support (e.g., skeletons) due to water's high A) specific heat
B) buoyancy
C) surface tension
D) viscosity
Answer: B
Topic: Section 3.2
10) As light enters water, the last wavelengths absorbed are
A) red wavelengths
B) yellow wavelengths
C) green wavelengths
D) blue wavelengths
Answer: D
Topic: Section 3.3
Trang 511) An organism that lives in a deep marine environment may exhibit all the following physical characteristics, except
A) large eyes
B) bioluminescence
C) colorful skin pigmentation
D) streamlined body
Answer: C
Topic: Sections 3.2 and 3.3
12) The upper layer of warm, less dense water is referred to as the
A) thermocline
B) hypolimnion
C) epilimnion
D) benthic zone
Answer: C
Topic: Section 3.4
13) A scientist measures the temperature of a lake at various depths and finds very little variation between temperatures at the surface and at the bottom of the lake The temperature
measurements were most likely taken in a
A) temperate lake during summer
B) temperate lake during winter
C) tropical lake during summer
D) tropical lake during winter
Answer: B
Topic: Section 3.4
14) The depth of a thermocline is directly influenced by all the following factors, except
A) wind speed
B) wave action
C) input of solar radiation
D) influx of water
Answer: D
Topic: Section 3.4
15) In comparison with the epilimnion of a lake, the water of the hypolimnion is
A) warmer
B) less dense
C) cooler
D) more oxygenated
Answer: C
Topic: Sections 3.4 and 3.6
Trang 616) The purest form of water containing the fewest solutes occurs in
A) clouds
B) surface water
C) groundwater
D) precipitation
Answer: A
Topic: Section 3.5
17) Concentrations of solutes are greatest in
A) springs
B) rivers
C) lakes
D) oceans
Answer: D
Topic: Section 3.5
18) The primary ions that contribute to the salinity of ocean waters are
A) calcium and sodium
B) sodium and chloride
C) sodium and carbonate
D) calcium and chloride
Answer: B
Topic: Section 3.5
19) Molecules spontaneously move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a process known as
A) conduction
B) solution
C) evaporation
D) diffusion
Answer: D
Topic: Section 3.6
20) The primary sources of oxygen in a water body are the atmosphere and
A) decomposition
B) evaporation
C) photosynthesis
D) respiration
Answer: C
Topic: Section 3.6
Trang 721) A solution with a pH of 3
A) is more alkaline than a solution with a pH of 2
B) has a higher concentration of OH- than a solution with a pH of 4
C) is neutral
D) is more acidic than a solution with a pH of 3.5
Answer: A
Topic: Section 3.7
22) Aquatic organisms are unable to tolerate low pH conditions mainly because acidic waters contain high concentrations of toxic
A) sodium
B) chlorine
C) aluminum
D) carbon dioxide
Answer: C
Topic: Section 3.7
23) The density of seawater increases when
A) temperature and salinity decrease
B) temperature and salinity increase
C) temperature increases and salinity decreases
D) temperature decreases and salinity increases
Answer: D
Topic: Section 3.8
24) Tides are strongest when the
A) body of water is very large
B) Sun is setting
C) Earth, Moon, and Sun are in line
D) Moon and Sun are at right angles to the Earth
Answer: C
Topic: Section 3.9
25) A tide occurs when the Moon and Sun are at right angles to the Earth
A) low
B) high
C) spring
D) neap
Answer: D
Topic: Section 3.9
Trang 826) Daily and seasonal fluctuations in temperature, salinity, and dissolved gases are most extreme in
A) the intertidal zone
B) sandy beaches
C) the estuary
D) the open ocean
Answer: C
Topic: Sections 3.9 and 3.10
27) Salinity within an estuary is greatest in
A) surface water at high tide
B) surface water at low tide
C) deep water at high tide
D) deep water at low tide
Answer: D
Topic: Section 3.10
28) An aquifer refers to
A) an intermittent spring that flows during only part of the year
B) a layer of water-bearing permeable rock, sand, or gravel
C) any body of freshwater
D) the cool, dense layer of water at the bottom of a body of water
Answer: B
Topic: Ecological Issues: Groundwater Resources
3.3 True/False Questions
1) The rotation of Earth on its axis is the driving force behind the water cycle
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 3.1
2) The turnover rate of water is longer in the ocean than in the atmosphere
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 3.1
3) Individual atoms within water molecules are held together by covalent bonds
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 3.2
4) Temperature fluctuates more in aquatic habitats than in terrestrial habitats
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 3.2
5) The viscosity of water is less than the viscosity of air
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 3.2
Trang 96) Of the visible light spectrum, blue wavelengths penetrate the deepest into water.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 3.3
7) The thermocline is permanent in tropical bodies of water and seasonal in temperate bodies of water
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 3.4
8) In lakes and ponds of temperate latitudes, the upper and bottom layers of water usually turn over as water warms up during spring
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 3.4
9) Saltwater has a higher concentration of solutes than freshwater
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 3.5
10) Cold water contains more oxygen than warm water
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 3.6
11) During summer, the amount of oxygen in the water is greatest at the bottom of ponds and lakes
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 3.6
12) A high pH indicates a very acidic solution
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 3.7
13) Aluminum is toxic to many aquatic species
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 3.7
14) Upwelling occurs in the equatorial waters of the ocean
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 3.8
15) The Sun has a stronger effect than the Moon on tides
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 3.9
16) Tides are highest and lowest during a spring tide, when the Sun and Moon are aligned with the Earth
Answer: TRUE
Trang 1017) Salinity is higher in an estuary than in the ocean.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 3.10
18) Aquifers, like the High Plains Ogallala aquifer, provide a limitless supply of water
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Ecological Issues: Groundwater Resources
3.4 Essay Questions
1) Describe the water or hydrologic cycle and explain how water arrives at various reservoirs where it is stored
Topic: Section 3.1
2) Explain how differences in the viscosity of water and air affect the biology of plants and animals living in aquatic and terrestrial environments
Topic: Section 3.2
3) Describe several adaptations that organisms have developed in response to the minimal light environments in deep water
Topic: Section 3.3
4) Explain how temperature, density, and oxygen concentrations vary with depth in large bodies
of water
Topic: Sections 3.4 and 3.6
5) Explain why water can dissolve more substances than any other liquid Furthermore, explain the importance of this property to life on Earth
Topic: Section 3.5
6) Explain how the pH of an aquatic environment can influence the organisms that live in or around the water body
Topic: Section 3.7
7) Describe the causes of oceanic upwelling
Topic: Section 3.8
8) Explain how tides form and why tidal heights vary over time
Topic: Section 3.9
9) Define an estuary, and describe how gradients in salinity are maintained
Topic: Section 3.10
10) Discuss the importance of the High Plains Ogallala aquifer to agriculture in the United States
Topic: Ecological Issues: Groundwater Resources