Cau tuong thuat viet lai cau tuong thuat

I GIỚI THIỆU Khi thuật lại lời nói người khác, ta nhắc lại nguyên văn Trường hợp gọi lời nói trực tiếp (Direct Speech) viết phải đặt ngoặc kép Ex: Nam said, “I am going to the cinema” Nhưng ta sửa đổi chút lồng vào câu nói Trường hợp gọi lời nói gián tiếp (Indirect speech) Ex: Nam said that he was going to the cinema II QUI TẮC CHUYỂN LỜI NÓI TRỰC TIẾP SANG GIÁN TIẾP Muốn chuyển câu trần thuật từ lời nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp cần phải ý thay đổi sau đây: Đổi thứ đại từ nhân xưng, tính từ đại từ sở hữu cho thích hợp Ex: I am going to repair your bicycle; you can take mine ==> Nam told me that he was going to repair my bicycle and I could take his Nếu nhắc lại lời nói q khứ dùng động từ khứ mệnh đề (He said…; they told…) động từ lời nói gián tiếp phải lùi khứ bước theo quy tắc sau đây: Simple present –> simple past Present progressive –> past progressive Present perfect –> past perfect Simple past –> past perfect Past progressive –> past perfect progressive Simple future –> would + V can/may/must –> could /might/had to Thay đổi tính từ, phó từ hay cụm phó từ nơi chốn, thời gian… cho thích hợp, theo quy tắc thí dụ sau This - that; these - those; here - there; now - then; today - that day; tomorrow - the next day; yesterday - the previous day (the day before) III CÂU HỎI GIÁN TIẾP Khi chuyển câu hỏi sang lời nói gián tiếp phải áp dụng quy tắc chung câu trân thuật, ý thêm điểm sau đây: Động từ mệnh đề để giới thiệu lời nói gián tiếp ask (hoặc enquire, wonder, want to know,…) Từ để nối mệnh đề phụ if want to know, v.v… Từ để nối mệnh đề phụ if whether câu hỏi chung câu hỏi đặc biệt bắt đầu nghi vấn what, why, v.v… dùng lại từ Dạng câu hỏi chuyển thành câu trần thuật khơng dùng trợ động từ do, did, does, câu hỏi gián tiếp Ex: Is that boy your brother? ==> He asked me if (whether) that boy was my brother Can you speak Russian? ==> He asked me if I could speak Russian Will you come tomorrow? ==> He asked if I would come the next day Has Henry worked hard? ==> He enquired whether Henry had worked hard What is your name? ==> He asked me what my name was Where does she live? ==> He enquired where she lived What did the teacher say? ==> He asked what the teacher had said IV CÂU CẦU KHIẾN GIÁN TIẾP Chuyển câu cầu khiến sang lời nói gián tiếp phải theo quy tắc sau: Mệnh đề để giới thiệu phải dùng động từ order, command, tell, ask, request… tân ngữ người lệnh hay yêu cầu Động từ nguyên văn mức mệnh lệch phải đổi sang dạng động từ nguyên thể có to đứng trước Nếu mệnh lệch thể phụ định thêm not trước to + infinitive Ex: Get out! ==> He ordered him (them) to get out Sit down, please ==> She asked me (him) to sit down Don’t leave the door open ==> He asked me not to leave the door open Don’t come here tomorrow ==> He told us not come there the next day V CÂU HỖN HỢP Trường hợp phải chuyển câu hỗn hợp gồm loại câu trần thuật, câu hỏi câu cầu khiến sang lời nói gián tiếp, phải dùng động từ thích hợp để giới thiệu phần Ex: - “I am off to the pictures Where are you going?” ==> He said that he was off to the pictures and wanted to know where I was going - “I have left my watch on your desk Please bring it back to me” ==> He said that he had left his watch on my desk and asked me to bring it back to him CÁC CẤU TRÚC KHÁC say that + a statement ==> agree (đồng ý), refuse (từ chối), offer (đề nghị), promise (hứa), threaten + to V(inf) (dọa) Ex: “All right, I’ll help you” he said ==> he agreed to help me “ Oh, no, I won’t come to your party”, he said ==> he refused to come to my party “I’ll look for the cat for you tomorrow if you like” he said ==> He offered to look after the cat for me the next day if I liked “I’ll visit your parents when I arrive there”, he said ==> he promised to visit my parents when he arrived there “I’ll sell the TV set if you keep on watching it all day”, said the father ==> the father threatened to sell the TV set if he kept on watching it all day say that + a statement ==> accuse …of + V_ing (buộc tội), admit + V_ing (thừa nhận), apologise for + V_ing (xin lỗi), deny + V_ing (từ chối), insist on + V_ing (khăng khăng) Ex: “You stole the jewels” said the inspector ==> the inspector accused her of stealing the jewels “I’ve made the wall dirty” said one student ==> one student admitted making the wall dirty “I’m sorry I’m late” she said ==> She apologized for being late “No, we didn’t enter the garden” said the boy ==> the boy denied entering my garden “Certainly, I’ll buy that car for you”, said he ==> he insisted on buying me that car say to somebody + a statement ==> told somebody + that + clause Ex: “I’ve finished all my homework”, he said to me ==> He told me that he had finished all his homework say + a statement ==> said that + clause Ex: “I’m going to Hanoi tomorrow”, he said ==> he said that he was going to Hanoi the next day statement with command, request, advice, invitation, offer ==> advise, ask, beg, encourage, invite, order, tell, warn, remind… Ex: “you’d better hurry”, he said ==> he advised me to hurry “Post the letter for me, will you?”he said ==> he asked me to post the letter for him “make another try, please”, he said ==> he encouraged me to make another try “Don’t drive too fast”, he said ==> He warned me not to drive too fast “Remember to close the door”, he said ==> he reminded me to close the door “Don’t forget to come at a.m tomorrow”, he said ==> he reminded to come at a.m the next day Questions with “shall I…”==> loại sau: • About future event (Sự kiện tương lai) Ex: “Shall we attend the meeting tomorrow”, she said ==> She asked if they would attend the meeting the next day • Request for instruction or advice (Lời hướng dẫn lời khuyên) Ex: “Shall I read it, mother?” said ==> He asked his mother if he should read it • Offer to something Ex: “Shall we bring you some new books?” she said ==> She offered to bring me some new books • Suggest to something Ex: “Shall we go to the cinema tonight”, he said ==> He suggested going to the cinema that night Questions with “Will you, would you, could you…?” (yêu cầu, đề nghị, mời) ==> offer, invite, order, ask, told Ex: “ Will you come to my party tomorrow?” he said ==> he invited me to come to his party the next day “Could you get ready at 6p.m tonight?” he said ==> He told/asked me to get ready at 6p.m that night “Would you like some cigarettes?” he said ==> He offered me some cigarettes “Will you shut your mouth?” he said ==> he ordered me to shut my mouth 8 Let’s do…==> suggest + V-ing (nếu bao gồm người nói thực hành động) Let’s do…==> suggest + that S should do…(có thể bao gồm khơng bao gồm người nói thực hành động) Ex: “Let’s go to the cinema tonight”, he said ==> He suggested going to the cinema that night (anh ta đi) ==> He suggested that they should go to the cinema that night Yes, let’s do…==> agree No, let’s not do…==> be against the idea Ex: “Let’s eat out tonight” said the mother “Yes, let’s” said the son “No, let’s not” said the father ==> The mother suggested eating out that night and the son agreed but the father was against the idea 10 Chúc tụng : ==> to wish sb st Ex: " good luck" they said to me "thank you" I said ==> they wished me good luck and I thanked them 11 Chúc mừng : ==> to congratulate sb on st/doing st EX "You have passed your exam Congratulations!" ==> he congratulated me on passing my exam 12 Khen : to compliment sb on st hoặcto give sb an exclamation of pleasure Chê ==> to give sb an exclamation of displeasure Ex "Your skirt is very nice!' she said to me ==> she complimented me on my skirt - "Well done!" said my teacher ==> My teacher gave me an exclamation of pleasure 13 Câu cảm thán : Ex "What a nice day! " ==> she exclaimed that it was a nice day  ... at a.m the next day Questions with “shall I…”==> loại sau: • About future event (Sự kiện tương lai) Ex: “Shall we attend the meeting tomorrow”, she said ==> She asked if they would attend the... teacher gave me an exclamation of pleasure 13 Câu cảm thán : Ex "What a nice day! " ==> she exclaimed that it was a nice day