Everything you always wanted to know about restorative justice

D e pa r t m e n t of C u l tu re a n d I de n ti t y, Ros k i ld e U n ive r s i t y Everything you always wanted to know about restorative justice* Explained by Jakob v H Holtermann * BUT WERE AFRAID TO ASK Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Restorative Justice* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) PhD-thesis by Jakob v H Holtermann, M.A Roskilde University, July 29, 2009 Contents1 Prologue Chapter 1: Introductory Remarks Chapter 2: Outlining the Shadow of the Axe – On Restorative Justice and the Use of Trial and Punishment 27 Chapter 3: The Hobgoblin of Little Minds – Restorative Justice and the Law 57 Chapter 4: Caring About “How the World Happens to Be” – Reply to Davis 83 Chapter 5: A “Slice of Cheese” – A Deterrence-based Argument for the International Criminal Court 107 Chapter 6: The End of ‘the End of Impunity’? – The International Criminal Court and the Challenge from Truth Commissions 143 Chapter 7: Philosophical Misconstruals in the Advocacy for Restorative Justice 165 References 207 Index 217 Dansk resumé 221 English abstract 222 A PDF-version of this thesis is available for download and browsing at: http://retsfilosofi.dk/restorative.pdf Prologue Howard Zehr, the “grandfather of the restorative justice movement”, visited Copenhagen in the fall of 2008 One night at the University of Copenhagen by the end of a well-attended lecture, Zehr took stock of the present state of the restorative justice movement He described how, back in the early days when the movement was still struggling to gain foothold, overly enthusiastic advocates had perhaps gone too far in painting a rosy picture of the potential of restorative justice Zehr stressed how things had now changed As restorative justice had increasingly gained influence on actual criminal justice systems around the world, it had also matured considerably Restorative justice was now a responsible and self-critical movement The days of telling only “butterfly stories” of almost miraculous, mutual healing of victim and offender were gone Today, proponents were well aware of the importance of telling also the “bullfrog stories” of restorative justice Stories of the conferences where everything goes wrong and all leave the process being even worse off Around the audience, several of whom were declared supporters of restorative justice, there were grave nods of approval All seemed to be aware indeed of the importance of remaining critical Of not getting carried away in blind support In the two talks I heard Zehr give during his stay, he did not tell one bullfrog story Chapter Introductory Remarks A title should be informative of the contents of the work it designates So looking to the title of this work one might think that I am heading for trouble Indeed, I have even thought so a couple of times myself – for instance, when I first showed it to a colleague who, after some silence, responded dryly: “Well, if you can’t take it seriously yourself…” But, however jaunty and apparently unsuitable for an academic work that actually does propose to be taken seriously, I think there is some sense to made of the title after all And so I might as well spend (parts of) the following introductory remarks belabouring the point and try to explain why I nevertheless find the title both fitting and informative of the contents of the present work Hopefully, this will help guide the reader through the pages to come On the general character and subject of this thesis The first consideration has to with genre This PhD thesis is not a monograph but consists of a collection of articles that have each been produced with a view to publication in scholarly journals.1 As are the well-known premises for such articles, they are each supposed to constitute completed arguments that, while they may refer to and rely to some degree on other works, should ideally constitute self-explanatory and self-contained narratives Accordingly, the present work does not pursue one thesis that unites it, nor does it establish one single conclusion Strictly, this makes for a nominalistic definition: the only thing that holds the articles together besides the binding is the author and the three year (plus) time period during which it was written But this, of course, is not entirely I have therefore not changed the papers substantially for this thesis I have only collected the references into one standardised reference list, unified the reference style and added an index Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Restorative Justice true.2 And the title is supposed to reflect this fact Instead of postulating one uniting hypothesis and urge a classical “reading for the plot”, it is meant to signal that this is a work that covers various aspects of the same overarching subject, viz restorative justice Like the entries in Doctor Reuben’s original3, each article can therefore be read and studied independently of the other Even still, this is obviously not a comprehensive study Since its modern day revival in the 1970s and 1980s, restorative justice has ramified wildly into a massive social movement that encompasses worldwide initiatives involving responses to anything from school bullying over ordinary crime in national jurisdictions to mass violence in the shape of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Some have even suggested a transformative conception of restorative justice as a way of life that obliges us to “abolish the self … and instead understand ourselves as inextricably connected to and identifiable with other beings and the ‘external’ world.” (Johnstone & Van Ness 2007, p 15) An exhaustive treatment of all of these aspects of restorative justice would take more than one man and a few years and the result could hardly be contained in a single volume Trusting, therefore, that the irony of the title carries through, this thesis obviously does not contain everything the reader would like to know about restorative justice I have indeed done some weeding out First and foremost, this thesis is not about restorative justice as a way of life, nor is it about conflict resolution in the schoolyard, at the workplace or elsewhere My focus is on restorative justice as it is used in relation to crime, primarily in the context of domestic jurisdictions (cf chapters 2-4 and 7) but also in the context of international crime (cf chapters and 6) Taking this focus places me in a tradition that counts Nils Christie’s seminal article “Conflicts as Property” (1977) and Howard Zehr’s Changing lenses : a new focus for crime and justice (2005 [orig 1990]) as If so, this thesis would at least also have included an article on the Danish caricature crisis (Holtermann & Nielsen 2006) and a chapter on Alf Ross’ epistemology (Holtermann 2006) from the anthology Alf Ross Kritiske gensyn (Holtermann & Ryberg 2006) David Reuben’s taboo-breaking bestseller Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) was first published in 1969 It was loosely adapted into a comedy film in 1972 by Woody Allen Introductory Remarks important theoretical starting points.4 Proponents in this tradition generally share a widespread scepticism with regard to the traditional criminal justice system and its preferred measures of trial and punishment, and a corresponding enthusiasm for responses to crime that involve, instead, the immediate stakeholders in deliberative processes such as victim-offender mediation, conferences and circles Regardless of the nuances between them, these are all processes “where the parties with a stake in a specific offence resolve collectively how to deal with the aftermath of the offence and its implications for the future.” (Marshall 2003, p 28) Even still, this loose agreement leaves much to be debated in the advocacy for restorative criminal justice In particular, it leaves questions regarding the scope of restorative justice processes; questions that in turn have led to heated definitional debates One starting point for these debates has been the growing awareness that not all crimes lend themselves equally well to deliberative processes between stakeholders However successful the restorative justice movement, there will inevitably be some cases that are unfit for such processes; cases involving, for instance, openly uncooperative, hardened and dangerous offenders This has led so-called purist proponents to stress the procedural element as a sine qua non for criminal justice responses to be genuinely restorative (cf e.g McCold 2000, 2004) Accordingly, such purists stick close to the above words of Marshall as constituting the definition of restorative justice On this interpretation, restorative justice aligns itself closely with the abolitionist view on punishment according to which any use of coercive measures is morally unjustifiable However, other, so-called maximalist proponents assess that a definition strictly in terms of process: … leaves restorative justice advocates with nothing to say regarding the way cases should be dealt with that – for whatever reason – not lend themselves to some form of informal offence resolution process (Dignan 2002, p 175) Even though at least Christie’s article has also been highly influential beyond the criminal justice tradition that is my focus References Camerer, Colin (2003) Behavioral game theory : experiments in strategic interaction N.Y Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press Christensen, Claus Bundgård (2001) På vagt i en lovløs tid Fortid og nutid, 2(June), 91-109 Christie, Nils (1977) Conflicts as Property The British Journal of Criminology, 17(1), 1-15 Christie, Nils (1981) Limits to pain Oslo, Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Universitetsforlaget; Distributed by Columbia University Press Clinton, Bill (2000) Statement by the President, December 31, 2000 Retrieved May 29, 2009, from http://clinton4.nara.gov/library/hot_releases/December_31_2000 html Consedine, Jim (1999) Restorative justice : healing the effects of 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Lyttelton, N.Z.: Ploughshares Crawford, Adam (2002) The state, community and restorative justice: heresy, nostalgia and butterfly collecting In L Walgrave (Ed.), Restorative justice and the law Cullompton: Willan, pp 101-129 Daly, Kathleen (1999) Revisiting the Relationship between Retributive and Restorative Justice, Restorative Justice and Civil Society Conference Australian National University, Canberra, Daly, Kathleen (2002) Restorative justice: the real story Punishment and Society, 4(1), 55-79 Daly, Kathleen (2003) Restorative justice: the real story In G Johnstone (Ed.), A restorative justice reader : texts, sources, context Cullompton, UK ; Portland, Or.: Willan, pp 363-381 Daly, Kathleen (2006) The Limits of Restorative Justice In D Sullivan & L Tifft (Eds.), The Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective London; New York: Routledge, pp 134-145 Daly, Kathleen, & Immarigeon, Russ (1998) The Past, Present, and Future of Restorative Justice: Some Critical Reflections Contemporary Justice Review, 1, 21-45 Davidson, Donald (1980) Essays on actions and events Oxford: Oxford University Press Davis, Michael (2009) Punishment Theory’s Golden Half Century: A Survey of Developments from (about) 1957 to 2007 Journal of Ethics, 13(1 / March), 73-100 Delmas-Marty, Mireille, & Spencer, John R L L B (2002) European criminal procedures Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Descartes, Rene (1996) Meditations on first philosophy : with selections from the Objections and replies (J Cottingham, Trans Rev ed / and a new introduction for this edition by John Cottingham ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 209 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Restorative Justice Dignan, Jim (2002) Restorative Justice and the Law: the case for an integrated, systemic approach In L Walgrave (Ed.), Restorative Justice and the Law Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, pp 168-190 Dignan, Jim (2003) Towards a systemic model of restorative justice In A von Hirsch, J Roberts, A E Bottoms, K Roach & M Schiff (Eds.), Restorative justice and criminal justice : competing or reconcilable paradigms? Oxford; Portland, Or.: Hart, pp 135-156 Dolinko, David (2003) Restorative Justice and the Justification of Punishment Utah Law Review, 2003(1), 319-342 Drumbl, Mark A (2007) Atrocity, punishment, and international law Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Duff, Antony (2001) Punishment, communication, and community Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press Duff, Antony (2002) Restorative punishment and punitive restoration In L Walgrave (Ed.), Restorative Justice and the Law Cullompton: Willan, pp 82-100 Duff, Antony (2003) Restoration and Retribution In A Von Hirsch, J Roberts, A E Bottoms, K Roach & M Schiff (Eds.), Restorative Justice and Criminal Justice : Competing or Reconcilable Paradigms? 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Boston: Beacon Press Ryberg, Jesper (2004) The ethics of proportionate punishment : a critical investigation Dordrecht ; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers Sherman, Lawrence W., & Strang, Heather (2007) Restorative justice : the evidence London: Smith Institute Spencer, John R (2002) Evidence In M Delmas-Marty & J R Spencer (Eds.), European criminal procedures Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 594-640 Staub, Ervin (1989) The roots of evil : the origins of genocide and other group violence Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 214 References Strawson, P F (1987) Skepticism and naturalism : some varieties : the Woodbridge lectures 1983: London : Methuen, 1985 (1987 [printing]) Tallgren, Immi (2002) The Sensibility and Sense of International Criminal Law European Journal of International Law, 13(3), 561-595 Thomas, Aquinas Saint (1964) Summa Theologiæ Latin text and English translation, introductions, notes, appendices and glossaries London: Blackfriars in conjunction with Eyre & Spottiswoode Trolle, Jørgen (1945) Syv Maaneder uden Politi Opl: Kjøbenhavn: Nyt Nordisk Forlag Tutu, Desmond (2005) Tutu urges apartheid prosecutions Retrieved 26 November 2008, 2008, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4534196.stm United Nations (2002) Basic principles on the use of restorative justice programmes in criminal matters(2002), from http://www.un.org/docs/ecosoc/documents/2002/resolutions/er es2002-12.pdf Van Ness, Daniel W (2002) Creating restorative systems In L Walgrave (Ed.), Restorative Justice and the Law Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, pp 130-149 Volokh, Alexander (1997) n Guilty Men University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 146(1), 173-216 von Hirsch, Andrew, Ashworth, Andrew, & Shearing, Clifford (2003) Specifying Aims and Limits for Restorative Justice: A 'Making Amends' Model? 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Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press 216 Index Acorn, A 14;27;104;160 Akhavan, P 131f;135 apology 13;145 Aristotle 62ff;67;80;90;159 Arnold, M 129 Ashworth, A 12;27 Axelrod, R.M 97;117 Bauer, J 193 Bentham, J 52;167 Blackstone’s formulation 43;91;115 Blix, H 133 Bonta, J 44;73 Braithwaite, J 6;10ff;18;19;20;22;24;27ff;44ff;57 ff;61;68ff;98;103;118;151f;160;16 5ff;169ff;178ff;199;201ff Brown, D.E 96f;99;117;120 Browning, C.R 125;129 Brudholm, T 14;24;109;160 bullfrog stories 1;21 Buridan’s Ass 98ff;119;120f butterfly stories 1;103 Camerer, C 97;117 charity, principle of 110;176 Christensen, C B 97;118 Christensen, G.A 24 Christie, N 4f;12;19;32;41;60ff;67f;156;197 Clinton, B 108f;141;147 community 34;45;47;102;122;125;130ff;136; 137;145f;156;157;162;197;198;2 01 compassion 207f conferences, restorative 1;5;14;40;42;45ff;51;73;185;187; 195;203 Consedine, J 103 consequentialism 15;17;20;83ff;89;98;102;104;144; 165ff;180;202 consequentialist 14f;17;19;20;22;83ff;88;89;91;10 2;104;111;114;118;140f;147;165; 167ff;172ff;176;178ff;182;184ff;1 88;190ff;202;203 Crawford, A 197 crime preventionism 74;165;167;173;175f;178ff;183f;2 02;204 Daly, K 11;13f;29;104;165;167f Davidson, D 176 Davis, M 1;16;19;83ff;93ff;111;114;117ff;1 68 Delmas-Marty, M 70 deontology 84;193 Descartes, R 88;113;114 deterrence 15f;19;22;38f;83;93;96;99;107ff;1 16;117;120;122ff;128ff;132ff;143; 147;150;152ff;158f;161ff;167f;17 3f;177;195;200;202;204 Dignan, J 5;28f;34;59;152;166;187 displacement function of punishment 15;109;136;173;195;200 Dolinko, D 20f;23;75;185ff;194 dominion 75;165;169f;173;180ff;188ff;197ff ;202ff 217 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Restorative Justice Dostoyevsky 72f;75;92;116 Drumbl, M.A 110;123;124;125;126;128;131 Duff, A 8;11;29;75;84;125;167 Dugard, J 148;157;162 Dworkin, R 35;45;66f;146;162 Dzur, A.W 9;10 Ellis, A .92;96;102;115ff;122;129f;135;14 0f;195 Emerson, R.W 68;78 fear 20;125;135;139;180f;189ff;195ff; 200;203f forgiveness 9;13;160 Foucault, M 52 freedom as non-domination 165;169f;180;189 Friis Johansen, K 62 Gardner, J .15;109;173 Glaucon 125 Grice H.P 177 Hansen, P.G 25;97;106;117;142 Hare, R.M 193 harm preventionism 165;173;175;179f;182ff;194;203 Hart, H.L.A 57;64f;126f healing .1;13;14;47;103 Henriksen, C.F 46;197 hobgoblin 68;78 Holtermann, J.v.H 4;42;49;55;59;74;77;98;104;110; 117f;135;138;144;152;162;168;1 94f Hughes, L.N 153 International Criminal Court, the 1;16f;107ff;122ff;127f;130ff;137ff ;143ff International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the .131;161 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the 131;135;161 Johnstone, G 4;13;33f;58;61;75;81;145;166;18 Kant, I 62;84;136 Kelsen, H 65 218 Kötz, H 70 liberty 181f;188f;191;192 Lipton, D 87;112 Locke, J .47 Machiavelli, N 8;107 Marshall, S 23 Marshall, T.F 5;23;28;33;58;81;144;151;195 McCloskey, H.J 174 McCold, P 5;11;28;151;166 mediation 5;7;18;29;72;98;118;144;151;159 ;187;195;197ff Mégret, F 110;128 Méndez, J.E 137 Mennecke, M 123 Milgram, S 125 Mill, J S 9;90;98;119 Minow, M 128;130;145 Montesquieu, C.S 180f;190;191;194 Nagin, D 93;99;102;116;120;122;201f Natsios, A 134 OECD 138 offender 1;5;12f;18;20f;23f;28f;31f;35ff;55; 57f;61;69;75ff;86;96;98f;112;118; 120;144;149;150f;154;160;166;1 73ff;185ff;191;195ff;201;203 Pavlich, G.C 12;32;55;61 Peirce, C.S 90;119 perpetrator 42;67;108f;123ff;134ff;143;145;1 48ff;152ff;157;159ff;164 Pettit, P .19;22;74;165f;169ff;178ff;188ff;2 02ff preventionism 19;22;168ff;173ff;179f;182ff;203 punishment 5ff;11;15f;18;20;22ff;27ff;35f;38ff ;44ff;49f;53ff;57f;61;66ff;72ff;81; 83ff;108ff;144;147;152ff;157ff;16 7ff;171ff;179f;184ff;201;203f Rawls, J 91;170;172 Reason, J 108;127;128 repentance 199 Index respect 14;50;51;69;81;100;121;143;146; 148;149;150;156;158;171;180;18 2;184 restorative justice 1;4ff;27ff;57ff;65ff;73ff;97;103f;1 18;143ff;154ff;160ff;173;175f;180 ;182;184ff;194ff;202f restorative sanction 18;29;152;187;204 retributive justice 9ff;32 retributivism 9ff;14ff;20;29;47;76f;83;91;108;1 15;144;147;167f;194 Reuben, D 4;10 revenge 9;196;201 Ring of Gyges 125f Roche, D 9;11;137;143;145ff;158ff;163f;16 Ross, A 4;65f Rotberg, R.I 145 rule of law 20;22f;30;32;34;47;57ff;62;68;78f f;158;186;194 Russell, F 92 Ryberg, J 4;25;46;106;142ff;164;204 Sextus Empiricus 88;113 Sherman, L.W 58;196 Socrates 125 South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (SATRC) 137;145f;152 Spencer, J.R 70;89;91 Staub, E 124;126;129 Strang, H 58;196 straw man fallacy 66;80;169;175;184;202 Strawson, P F 87;113 Swiss cheese model 108;127;141 Tallgren, I 110ff;123;124;128;144;161;164 Thomas Aquinas 63;159 traditional criminal justice 5f;12;15;17ff;22f;28;30;32;53ff;61 ;81;104;145;150;165ff;170;175;1 82;184;194f;202ff;222 trial 5;18;20;23f;27ff;31;35f;39ff;43f;4 9ff;53ff;57;69;74;76ff;91;109;115; 143;147;151;157ff;170;172;187;1 94;204 Trolle, J 92;116 Tutu, D 16;152 Van Ness, D 4;28;34;59;152;166;187 victim 1;5;12f;18;23;29;37;46;49ff;57f;6 1;69;76ff;98;118;144;178;185;18 7;191;195ff;203 victim-offender mediation 98;118 von Hirsch, A 12;99;120;202 Walgrave, L 6;11;15;18f;22;28f;34;59;151f;16 5ff;173;180;182;184;186f;194ff;2 04 Walker, N 93;116 Wilson, J.Q 93;116 Wippman, D 123;130f;133;135;144 Wright, R.W 126 Wringe, B 144 Zedner, L 11;167 Zehr, H 1;4;11;19;32;60ff;67f;80;103;144; 166f;175 219 Dansk resumé1 Emnet for denne ph.d.-afhandling er det filosofiske grundlag for genoprettende ret (restorative justice) forstået, ikke som denne eller hin konkrete strafferetlige proces, men som en samlet teori om forbrydelse og retfærdighed, dvs som en sammenhængende teori der tilbyder generelle retningslinjer for håndteringen af forbrydelsers efterspil i overensstemmelse med et eller flere overordnede mål og/eller principper Afhandlingen undersøger karakteren og holdbarheden af centrale påstande i advokaturet for genoprettende ret, og den præsenterer en række grunde til skepsis – særligt med henblik på den kritik der rettes fra advokaturet mod den traditionelle vestlige retsstatsmodel for strafferetfærdighed, og med henblik på påstanden om at genoprettende ret udgør et nyt strafferetligt paradigme Afhandlingens centrale fokus er på genoprettende ret i forbindelse med ”almindelig” forbrydelse i nationalstatslige jurisdiktioner, men begrebet undersøges også i relation til brugen af sandhedskommissioner efter internationale forbrydelser Indeholdt i denne sidste del er også en diskussion af det filosofiske fundament for den Internationale Straffedomstol En PDF-version af denne afhandling kan downloades på: http://retsfilosofi.dk/restorative.pdf 221 English abstract1 The subject of the present PhD thesis is the philosophical foundations of restorative justice Accordingly, restorative justice is understood not as this or that particular criminal justice process but as a comprehensive theory of criminal justice, i.e as a coherent theory providing overall guidelines for the dealing with crime in accordance with one or more overarching goals and/or principles The thesis investigates the character and soundness of the central claims presented in the advocacy for restorative justice, and it presents some reasons for scepticism, notably with regard to the criticism launched in the advocacy against traditional criminal justice as it is conceived in the western rule of law-model, and with regard to the claim that restorative justice presents a whole new criminal justice paradigm The thesis’ main focus is on restorative justice as it is used in the context of “ordinary” crime in domestic jurisdictions but it also considers restorative justice in relation to the use of truth commissions in the context of international crime Included in this latter aspect is also a discussion of the foundations of the International Criminal Court A PDF-version of this thesis is available for download and browsing at: http://retsfilosofi.dk/restorative.pdf 222 ... comprehensive restorative criminal justice system Advocates of restorative justice have generally provided clear images of 17 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Restorative Justice various... beyond the criminal justice tradition that is my focus Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Restorative Justice These proponents prefer, therefore, to define restorative justice in terms of... nevertheless found it 19 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Restorative Justice necessary to so for two reasons First, in much of the advocacy for restorative justice these are in fact