Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:13 AM THE ONLINE LIBRARY OF LIBERTY © Liberty Fund, Inc 2005 http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/index.php ADAM SMITH, LECTURES ON JURISPRUDENCE (GLASGOW EDITION OF WORKS, VOL 5) (1762-1766) URL of this E-Book: http://oll.libertyfund.org/EBooks/Smith_0141.06.pdf URL of original HTML file: http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/HTML.php?recordID=0141.06 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Smith is commonly regarded as the first modern economist with the publication in 1776 of The Wealth of Nations He wrote in a wide range of disciplines: moral philosophy, jurisprudence, rhetoric and literature, and the history of science He was one of the leading figures in the Scottish Enlightenment Smith also studied the social forces giving rise to competition, trade, and markets While professor of logic, and later professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow University, he also had the opportunity to travel to France, where he met Franỗois Quesnay and the physiocrats; he had friends in business and the government, and drew broadly on his observations of life as well as careful statistical work summarizing his findings in tabular form He is viewed as the founder of modern economic thought, and his work inspires economists to this day The economic phrase for which he is most famous, the "invisible hand" of economic incentives, was only one of his many contributions to the modern-day teaching of economics ABOUT THE BOOK Smith’s Lectures on Jurisprudence, originally delivered at the University of Glasgow in 1762-1763, present his "theory of the rules by which civil government ought to be directed." The chief purpose of government, according to Smith, is to preserve justice; and "the object of justice is security from injury." The state http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:13 AM of justice is security from injury." The state must protect the individual’s right to his person, property, reputation, and social relations THE EDITION USED Lectures On Jurisprudence, ed R L Meek, D D Raphael and P G Stein, vol V of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1982) Smith, Adam The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1982 Available from Liberty Fund's online catalog The Theory of Moral Sentiments, ed D.D Raphael and A.L Macfie, vol I of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1982) An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Vol I and II, ed R H Campbell and A S Skinner, vol II of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981) Essays on Philosophical Subjects, ed W P D Wightman and J C Bryce, vol III of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1982) Lectures On Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, ed J C Bryce, vol IV of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1985) Lectures On Jurisprudence, ed R L Meek, D D Raphael and P G http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:13 AM L Meek, D D Raphael and P G Stein, vol V of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1982) Correspondence of Adam Smith, ed E C Mossner and I S Ross, vol VI of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1987) Index to the Works of Adam Smith, compiled by K Haakonssen and A S Skinner (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2003) Vol VII of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith COPYRIGHT INFORMATION The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith and the associated volumes are published in hardcover by Oxford University Press The six titles of the Glasgow Edition, but not the associated volumes, are being published in softcover by Liberty Fund The online edition is published by Liberty Fund under license from Oxford University Press © Oxford University Press 1976 All rights reserved No part of this material may be stored transmitted retransmitted lent or reproduced in any form or medium without the permission of Oxford University Press FAIR USE STATEMENT This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes It may not be used in any way for profit http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:13 AM _ TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION ADAM SMITH’S LECTURES AT GLASGOW UNIVERSITY THE TWO REPORTS OF SMITH’S JURISPRUDENCE LECTURES ADAM SMITH’S LECTURE TIMETABLE IN 1762–3 THE COLLATION OF LJ(A) AND LJ(B) NOTES ON THE COLLATION SOME PARTICULAR ASPECTS OF THE REPORT OF 1762–3 THE PRINCIPLES ADOPTED IN THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE TEXTS I NUMBERING OF PAGES II PUNCTUATION III CAPITALIZATION IV STRAIGHTFORWARD OVERWRITINGS AND INTERLINEATIONS V VI VII VIII IX X XI CONTRACTIONS SPELLING ERRORS, OMISSIONS, ETC PARAGRAPHING DELETIONS, REPLACEMENTS, ETC DOUBTFUL READINGS, ILLEGIBLE WORDS, BLANKS IN MS., ETC TREATMENT OF THE VERSO NOTES IN LJ(A) CROSS–REFERENCES ENDNOTES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LECTURES ON JURISPRUDENCE REPORT OF 1762–3 NOTE REPORT OF 1762–3 | FRIDAY DECR 24 1762 OF JURISPRUDENCE ST OF OCCUPATION THURSDAY JAN 1763 MONDAY JAN 10 TH 1763 MONDAY JANUARY 17 TH 1763 | SERVITUDES PLEDGES | EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEDGES PERSONAL RIGHTS FRIDAY JANUARY 21 ST 1763 http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:13 AM DELINQUENCY THURSDAY FEBRY D 1763 | MONDAY FEBRY TH 1763 A MEMBER OF A FAMILY | TUESDAY FEBRUARY 1763 THURSDAY FEBRY 10 TH 1763 FRIDAY FEBRUARY 11 TH 1763 | MONDAY FEBRY 14 TH 1763 TUESDAY FEBRUARY 15 TH 1763 WEDNESDAY FEBRUARY 16 TH 1763 | MONDAY FEBRY 21 ST 1762 | TUESDAY FEBRUARY 22 D 1763 | WEDNESDAY FEBRY 23 D 1763 THURSDAY FEBRUARY 24 TH 1763 MONDAY FEBRY 28 1763 TUESDAY MARCH ST WEDNESDAY MARCH D 1763 THURSDAY MARCH D 1763 [176] FRIDAY MARCH TH 1763.— | MONDAY MARCH TH 1763— TUESDAY MARCH TH 1763 — — WEDNESDAY MARCH TH 1763 THURSDAY MARCH 10 1763 FRIDAY MARCH 11 TH 1763 — | MONDAY MARCH 14 TH 1763 TUESDAY MARCH 15 TH 1763 WEDNESDAY MARCH 16 TH 1763 FRIDAY MARCH 17 1763 | MONDAY MARCH 21 ST 1763 TUESDAY MARCH 22 WEDNESDAY MARCH 23 D 1763 — THURSDAY MARCH 24 1763 | MONDAY MARCH 28 1763— POLICE— TUESDAY MARCH 29 1763 | WEDNESDAY MARCH 30 1763 CONTINUES TO ILLUSTRATE FORMER, ETC.— TUESDAY APRIL TH 1763 — WEDNESDAY APRIL TH 1763 — http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:13 AM | THURSDAY APRIL 1763 FRIDAY APRIL TH 1763 TUESDAY APRIL 12 1763 WEDNESDAY APRIL 13 1763 ENDNOTES LECTURES ON JURISPRUDENCE REPORT DATED 1766 | JURIS PRUDENCE INTRODUCTION PART 1ST OF JUSTICE | OF PUBLIC JURISPRUDENCE | DOMESTIC LAW | PRIVATE LAW OF CONTRACT | JURIS–PRUDENCE PART II OF POLICE | OF ARMS | OF THE LAWS OF NATIONS ENDNOTES APPENDIX INTRODUCTION EARLY DRAFT OF PART OF THE WEALTH OF NATIONS | CHAP OF THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF PUBLIC OPULENCE CONTENTS OF THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS OF THE CULTIVATION BY SLAVES | OF THE CULTIVATION OF THE ANTIENT METAYERS, OR TENANTS BY STEELBOW OF THE CULTIVATION BY FARMERS PROPERLY SO CALLED FIRST FRAGMENT ON THE DIVISION OF LABOUR SECOND FRAGMENT ON THE DIVISION OF LABOUR ENDNOTES _ ADAM SMITH, LECTURES ON JURISPRUDENCE (GLASGOW EDITION OF WORKS, VOL 5) (1762-1766) http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:13 AM ABBREVIATIONS A WORKS INCLUDED IN THE GLASGOW EDITION Corr Correspondence ED ‘Early Draft’ of Part of The Wealth of Nations, Register House, Edinburgh FA, FB Two fragments on the division of labour, Buchan Papers, Glasgow University Library Imitative ‘Of the Nature of that Imitation which takes place in what are called the Imitative Arts’ (in Essays on Arts Philosophical Subjects) LJ(A) Lectures on Jurisprudence: Report of 1762–3, Glasgow University Library LJ(B) Lectures on Jurisprudence: Report dated 1766, Glasgow University Library LRBL Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres Stewart Dugald Stewart, ‘Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith, LL.D.’ (in Essays on Philosophical Subjects) TMS The Theory of Moral Sentiments WN The Wealth of Nations B OTHER WORKS A.P.S Anderson Notes The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland 1124–1707, ed T Thomson and C Innes, 12 vol (1814–75) From John Anderson’s Commonplace Book, vol i, Andersonian Library, University of Strathclyde C Code of Justinian C Th Code of Theodosius Cocceius D Dalrymple Samuelis L B de Cocceii Introductio ad Henrici L B de Cocceii Grotium illustratum, continens dissertationes proemiales XII (1748) Digest of Justinian Sir John Dalrymple, An Essay towards a General History of Feudal Property in Great Britain (1757; 4th edn., 1759) Erskine John Erskine, The Principles of the Law of Scotland (1754) Grotius Hugo Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis libri tres (1625) Hale Sir Matthew Hale, The History of the Pleas of the Crown, vol (1736) Harris Joseph Harris, An Essay upon Money and Coins, Parts I and II (1757–8) Hawkins William Hawkins, A Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown, vol (1716) Heineccius Hume, Essays Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, Antiquitatum Romanarum jurisprudentiam illustrantium Syntagma (1719; 6th edn., 1742) David Hume, Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary, ed T H Green and T H Grose, vol (1875; new edn., 1889) Hume, History, David Hume, The History of England, from Julius Caesar to the accession of Henry VII, I and II vol (1762) http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:14 AM I and II vol (1762) History, III David Hume, The History of England under the House of Tudor, vol (1759) and IV Hutcheson, Francis Hutcheson, A Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy (1747), being English translation of M.P Philosophiae Moralis Institutio Compendiaria (1742) System Francis Hutcheson, A System of Moral Philosophy, vol (1755) Inst Institutes of Justinian Kames, Essays Henry Home, Lord Kames, Essays upon several subjects concerning British Antiquities (1747) Law Tracts Henry Home, Lord Kames, Historical Law–Tracts, vol (1758) Locke, Civil Government M’Douall Mandeville John Locke, Second Treatise, of Civil Government (1690) Andrew M’Douall, Lord Bankton, An Institute of the Laws of Scotland in Civil Rights, vol (1751–3) Bernard Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees, Part I (1714), Part II (1729), ed F B Kaye, vol (1924) Montesquieu C L de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748) Pufendorf Samuel von Pufendorf, De Jure Naturae et Gentium libri octo (1672) Rae John Rae, Life of Adam Smith (1895) Scott William Robert Scott, Adam Smith as Student and Professor (1937) Stair James Dalrymple, Viscount Stair, The Institutions of the Law of Scotland (1681) INTRODUCTION Adam Smith’S Lectures At Glasgow University AD A M SM I T H was elected to the Chair of Logic at Glasgow University on January 1751, and admitted to the office on 16 January He does not appear to have started lecturing at the University, however, until the beginning of the next academic session, in October 1751, when he embarked upon his first—and only—course of lectures to the Logic class In the well–known account of Smith’s lectures at Glasgow which John Millar supplied to Dugald Stewart, this Logic course of 1751–2 is described as follows: In the Professorship of Logic, to which Mr Smith was appointed on his first introduction into this University, he soon saw the necessity of departing widely from the plan that had been followed by his predecessors, and of directing the attention of his pupils to studies of a more interesting and useful nature than the logic and metaphysics of the schools Accordingly, after exhibiting a general view of the powers of the mind, and explaining so much of the ancient logic as was requisite to gratify curiosity with respect to an artificial method of reasoning, which had once occupied the universal attention of the learned, he dedicated all http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:14 AM which had once occupied the universal attention of the learned, he dedicated all the rest of his time to the delivery of a system of rhetoric and belles lettres This ‘system of rhetoric and belles lettres’, we may surmise, was based on the lectures on this subject which Smith had given at Edinburgh before coming to Glasgow, and was probably very similar to the course which he was later to deliver as a supplement to his Moral Philosophy course, and of which a student’s report has come down to us.2 Concerning the content of the preliminary part of the Logic course, however—that in which Smith exhibited ‘a general view of the powers of the mind’ and explained ‘so much of the ancient logic as was requisite’—we know no more than Millar here tells us In the 1751–2 session, Smith not only gave this course to his Logic class but also helped out in the teaching of the Moral Philosophy class Thomas Craigie, the then Professor of Moral Philosophy, had fallen ill, and at a University Meeting held on 11 September 1751 it was agreed that in his absence the teaching of the Moral Philosophy class should be shared out according to the following arrangement: The Professor of Divinity, Mr Rosse, Mr Moor having in presence of the meeting, and Mr Smith by his letter voluntarily agreed to give their assistance in the teaching both the publick and private classe in the following manner viz: the Professor undertakes to teach the Theologia Naturalis, and the first book of Mr Hutchesons Ethicks, and Mr Smith the other two books de Jurisprudentia Naturali et Politicis, and Mr Rosse and Mr Moor to teach the hour allotted for the private classe, the meeting unanimouslie agreed to the said proposals About the actual content of these lectures of Smith’s on ‘natural jurisprudence and politics’4 we know nothing, although we know that according to the testimony of Smith himself a number of the opinions put forward in them had already been the subjects of lectures he had read at Edinburgh in the previous winter, and that they were to continue to be the ‘constant subjects’ of his lectures after 1751–2 In November 1751 Craigie died, and a few months later Smith was translated from his Chair of Logic to the now vacant Chair of Moral Philosophy He was elected on 22 April 1752, and admitted on 29 April His first full course of lectures to the Moral Philosophy class, therefore, was delivered in the 1752–3 session He continued lecturing to the Moral Philosophy class until he left Glasgow, about the middle of January 1764,6 to take up the position of tutor to the young Duke of Buccleuch In order to obtain an over–all view of the content of Smith’s course in Moral Philosophy it is still necessary to go back to the account of it given by John Millar: About a year after his appointment to the Professorship of Logic, Mr Smith was elected to the chair of Moral Philosophy His course of lectures on this subject was divided into four parts The first contained Natural Theology; in which he http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:14 AM was divided into four parts The first contained Natural Theology; in which he considered the proofs of the being and attributes of God, and those principles of the human mind upon which religion is founded The second comprehended Ethics, strictly so called, and consisted chiefly of the doctrines which he afterwards published in his Theory of Moral Sentiments In the third part, he treated at more length of that branch of morality which relates to justice, and which, being susceptible of precise and accurate rules, is for that reason capable of a full and particular explanation Upon this subject he followed the plan that seems to be suggested by Montesquieu; endeavouring to trace the gradual progress of jurisprudence, both public and private, from the rudest to the most refined ages, and to point out the effects of those arts which contribute to subsistence, and to the accumulation of property, in producing correspondent improvements or alterations in law and government This important branch of his labours he also intended to give to the public; but this intention, which is mentioned in the conclusion of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he did not live to fulfil In the last part of his lectures, he examined those political regulations which are founded, not upon the principle of justice, but that of expediency, and which are calculated to increase the riches, the power, and the prosperity of a State Under this view, he considered the political institutions relating to commerce, to finances, to ecclesiastical and military establishments What he delivered on these subjects contained the substance of the work he afterwards published under the title of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.7 So far as it goes, this account would seem to be accurate and perceptive, but there is one point of some importance which it does not make clear What Millar describes in the passage just quoted is the course of lectures given by Smith, in his capacity as Professor of Moral Philosophy, to what was called the ‘public’ class in that subject But Professors of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow also normally gave a supplementary course of lectures, on a different subject, to what was called the ‘private’ class The subjects upon which they lectured in this supplementary course, we are told, were not ‘necessarily connected’ with those of their ‘public’ lectures, but were ‘yet so much connected with the immediate duty of their profession, as to be very useful to those who attended them’ Hutcheson, for example, had employed these additional hours in ‘explaining and illustrating the works of Arrian, Antoninus, and other Greek philosophers’, and Reid was later to appropriate them to ‘a further illustration of those doctrines which he afterwards published in his philosophical essays’ Adam Smith employed them in delivering, once again, a course of lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres A student’s report of Smith’s ‘private’ Rhetoric course, as it was delivered in the 1762–3 session, was discovered in Aberdeen in 1958 by the late Professor John M Lothian,10 and a newly edited transcript of this manuscript will be published in volume iv of the present edition of Smith’s Works and Correspondence http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 10 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM taxes upon industry Of monopolies to That there is in every country what may be called a natural balance of industry, or a disposition in the people to apply to each species of work preisely in proportion to the demand for that work That whatever tends to break this balance tends to hurt national or public opulence; whether it be by giving extraordinary discouragement to some sorts of 33 industry | or extraordinary encouragement to others Of the French kings edict against planting new vineyeards, and of some equally absurd laws of other nations Of bounties either upon the exportation or manufacture of certain goods That they tend to render, indeed, such goods cheaper, the public paying a part of the price, but all others dearer; and upon the whole to enhance the price of commodities Of the bounty upon corn That it has sunk the price of corn, and thereby tends to lower the rents of corn farms That by diminishing the number, t it tends to raise the rent of grass farms, u to raise the price of butcher meat, the price of hay, the expence of keeping horses, and consequently the price of carriage, which must, so far, embarrass the whole inland commerce of the country Chap th Of money, it’s nature, origin, and history, considered first as the measure of value, and secondly as the instrument of commerce Under the first head I have little to say that is very new or particular; except a general history of the coins of France, England, and Scotland; the different changes they have undergone; their causes and effects And except some observations upon what may be called the money prices 34 of commodities That human industry being at all times equally employed to multiply both | silver and commodities, and it being more in human power to multiply commodities than to multiply silver, the quantity of the former should naturally be expected to increase in a much greater proportion than that of the latter, and that consequently the money prices of commodities should at all times be continually sinking That, however, things not exactly correspond to this expectation That in times of great barbarism and ignorance the money prices of such commodities as are in those times to be had are always extremely low, and for what reason That they rise gradually till the society arives at a certain pitch of civility and improvement; and that in its further progress from this improved state to still greater opulence and improvement, those prices sink gradually again That the money prices of commodities have in general been sinking in England for near a century past, and would have sunk much more had they not been artificially kept up by improper taxes and excises, and by some unjust monopolies That the cheapness of commodities in China and the Moguls empire is the necessary effect of the immense opulence of those countries, notwithstanding their great abundance of gold and silver 35 Under the second head, after explaining the use and necessity of a general instrument | of commerce, or medium of exchange, and the way in which the precious metals come naturally to be made use of as such, I endeavour to show mo That as the sole use of money is to circulate commodities, that is, food, cloaths, and the conveniences of lodging, or domestic accomodation, and that as money itself is neither food, http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 627 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM conveniences of lodging, or domestic accomodation, and that as money itself is neither food, cloaths, nor lodging, the larger the proportion which that part of the stock of any nation which is converted into money bears to the whole, the less food, cloaths, and lodging there must be in that nation; which must, therefore, be so much the worse fed, cloathed, and lodged, and consequently so much the poorer and less powerful That money, serving only to circulate commodities, is so much dead stock which produces nothing, and which may very properly be compared to a high road, which, while it helps to circulate the produce of all the grass and corn in the country, and thereby indirectly contributes to the raising of both, produces itself neither grass nor corn That whatever contrivance can enable any nation to circulate the produce of its industry with a smaller quantity of money than would otherwise be necessary, must be extremely advantagious; because the quantity of money saved may be exchanged abroad for 36 commodities, by means | of which a greater number of people can be fed, cloathed, lodged, maintained, and employed, the profit upon whose industry will still further increase the public opulence That banks and bank notes are contrivances of this sort They enable us, as it were, to plough up our high roads, by affording us a sort of communication through the air by which we our business equally well That, therefore, to confine them by monopolies, or any other restraints, except such as are necessary to prevent frauds and abuses, must obstruct the progress of public opulence History of banking, ancient and modern tio That national opulence, or the effect of national opulence, either at home or abroad, neither consists in nor depends upon the quantity of money, or even of gold and silver, that is in the country; and that no sort of preference is due to this species of goods above any other The bad effects of the contrary opinion both in speculation and practice In speculation it has given occasion to the systems of Mun and Gee, of Mandeville who built upon them, and of Mr Hume who endeavoured to refute them In practice it has given occasion 37 mo To the prohibition which takes place in some countries of exporting either coin or | bullion A prohibition which, very happily, is always in a great measure ineffectual; and which, so far as it is effectual, necessarily tends to impoverish the country First, because whatever gold and silver there is in any country, over and above what is sufficient to circulate the produce of its industry, is so much dead stock, which is of no use at all: whereas, if allowed to go abroad, it would naturally be exchanged for what would feed, cloath, maintain, and employ a greater number of people, whose industry would increase real national opulence by multiplying the conveniences and necessaries of life Secondly, because this unnecessary accumulation of gold and silver renders those metals cheap in proportion to other commodities, and consequently raises the money price of every thing This stops all industry, the peasants, manufacturers, and traders of such a country being necessarily undersold, both at home and abroad, by the traders of other countries in which the money prices of things are lower The misery of Spain and Portugal, owing, in part, for many other causes concur, to this prohibition http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 628 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM To the unreasonable restraints imposed upon certain branches of commerce, and to the 38 unreasonable encouragement given to others; | upon pretence that the one drains us of our money, we sending abroad money and getting home only goods which we consume; and that the other enriches us, we sending abroad only goods and getting home hard cash The meanness, vulgarity, and folly of both these conceptions First, that every branch of commerce which one nation can regularly carry on with another is, and necessarily must be, advantagious to both, each exchanging that which it has less need of for that which it has more need of, each giving what is of less value in its own country for what is of more value in the same country; each therefore increasing its own real opulence, and consequently its own power of feeding, cloathing, maintaining, and employing people Secondly, that whatever tends to restrain the liberty of exchanging one thing for another tends to discourage industry, and to obstruct the division of labour which is the foundation of the opulence of society It is allowed that all prohibitions of exportation discourage industry; but a prohibition of importation must have the same effect, since it is the same thing whether you forbid me to exchange my wares at the place where I can exchange them to most advantage, or for the goods for which I can 39 exchange them to most advantage If you prohibit the importation of French | claret, for example, you discourage all that industry of which the produce would have been exchanged for French claret Whether that industry would have been exercised in making a piece of broad cloth, or in bringing gold from the Brazils, is of no consequence to national opulence If that cloth is v more than the home consumption requires, it must go abroad; and if that gold is more than the channel of home circulation requires, or can receive, for these are the same, it must go abroad in the same manner, and be exchanged for something to be consumed at home, and why not for good claret? Thirdly, that the produce of every species of industry which is not either destroyed by some misfortune, or taken from us by an enemy, is, must, and ought to be consumed at home, either in substance or in what it is exchanged for, after one, two, three, or three hundred exchanges: and that this is so far from either taking away or diminishing the national profit upon industry, that it is the very circumstance which renders all industry profitable to the nation; since it is only by means of this home consumption that more people can be maintained and employed, or those maintained and employed before be maintained and employed more agreably, or that the nation can in any respect better its circumstances 40 Fourthly, that no | nation ever was ruined by what is called the ballance of trade being against them, but by the excess of their annual consumption above the annual produce of their industry, which would necessarily ruin them tho’ they had no foreign trade at all Fifthly, that no nation whose industry and opulence are entire can be long in want of money; goods commanding money even more necessarily than money commands goods Sixthly, that all extraordinary encouragement given to any one branch of commerce breaks the natural balance of industry in commerce as well as in manufactures, and, so far, obstructs the progress of opulence Of the British trade to France and Portugal That a free trade to France would tend infinitely more to enrich Great Britain than a free trade to Portugal, because France, on account of its superior opulence having more to give, would take more from us, and exchanging to a much greater value and in a much greater variety of ways, would encourage more industry in Great Britain and give occasion to more subdivisions of labour; and that it is only passion and national prejudice which ever made any body think otherwise The British merchant http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 629 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM national prejudice which ever made any body think otherwise The British merchant 41 tio The notion that national opulence consists in money has given occasion to the | current and pernicious opinion that we can never hurt ourselves by any expence incurred at home; because the money, being all spent among ourselves, does not go out of the country; and that what one loses another gets That the difference with regard to the diminution of public opulence, when a stock of the conveniences and necessaries of life is wasted uselessly at home, and when either these or the money which purchases these is sent abroad to be wasted in the same manner, is extremely inconsiderable Useless sea wars very near as destructive to public opulence as useless land wars to The notion that national opulence consisted in or depended upon money, joined to another false notion that the value put upon the precious metals was a matter of institution and agreement, gave occasion to the famous system of Mr Law That gentleman imagined that by proper measures the inhabitants of a particular country might gradually be induced to affix the idea of a certain value to a certain paper currency, in the same manner as they affix it at present to a certain sum of money, and even to prefer the paper to the money; and that if this was once fairly brought about, the government, which had the issuing of this paper, might 42 excite what industry, raise and pay what | armies, and fit out what fleets they thought proper, without being at any other expence but that of building a paper mill The vanity of both these imaginations, together with the history and analysis of the principal operations of this system South Sea scheme Chap th Concerning the causes of the slow progress of opulence Those causes of two kinds First, natural impediments; and, secondly, oppressive or injudicious government The original poverty and ignorance of mankind the natural impediments to the progress of opulence That it is easier for a nation, in the same manner as for an individual, to raise itself from a moderate degree of wealth to the highest opulence, than to acquire this moderate degree of wealth; money, according to the proverb, begetting money, among nations as among individuals The extreme difficulty of beginning accumulation and the many accidents to which it is exposed The slowness and difficulty with which those things, which now appear the most simple inventions, were originally found out That a nation is not always in a condition to imitate and copy the inventions and improvements of its more wealthy neighbours; the application of these frequently requiring a stock with which it is not furnished The oppressive and injudicious governments to which mankind are almost always subject, but 43 more especially in the rude beginnings of | society, greatly increase those natural impediments, which of themselves are not easily surmounted The oppression and errors of government affect either mo agriculture; or arts and commerce mo The great importance of agriculture and how much the value of its annual produce exceeds that of any other art That the cultivation of land depends upon the proportion which http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 630 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM exceeds that of any other art That the cultivation of land depends upon the proportion which the stock of those who cultivate itw bears to the quantity of land to be cultivated That consequently whatever tends to prevent the accumulation of stock in the hands of the cultivators, or to discourage them from continuing this species of industry after they have accumulated some stock in this manner, must tend to retard the progress of agriculture That the chiefs of an independent nation which settles in any country, either by conquest or otherwise, as soon as the idea of private property in land is introduced never leave any part of the land vacant, but constantly, from that greediness which is natural to man, seize much greater tracts of it to themselves than they have either strength or stock to cultivate From the same greediness and rapacity, beingx unwilling to divide the profites of this land with any freeman, what they cannot or will not cultivate by their own strength they endeavour to cultivate by the strength of slaves, whom they either conquer in war or purchase in some other way, and in whose hands no stock ever can accumulate Of the cultivation by slaves 44 That land can never be cultivated to the best | advantage by slaves, the work which is done by slaves always coming dearer than that which is done by freemen Of the scanty produce and great expence of the slave cultivation among the antient Greeks and Romans Of villenage as it took place among our Saxon and Norman ancestors; of the adscripti glebae in Germany and Poland, and the rustici in Russia, and those who work in the coal and salt works of Scotland That the high cultivation of Barbadoes, and of some other sugar and tobacco colonies, notwithstanding that in them the labour is performed almost entirely by slaves, is owing to this circumstance, that the cultivation of tobacco and sugar is engrossed, the one almost entirely by the English, the other by the English and French, who thus enjoying a sort of monopoly against all the rest of the world, indemnify themselves by the exorbitancy of their profites for their expensive and thriftless method of cultivation The great expence of slave cultivation in the sugar plantations The yet more exorbitant profites of the planter That the planters in the more northern colonies, cultivating chiefly wheat and Indian corn, by which they can expect no such exorbitant returns, find it not for their interest to employ many slaves, and yet Pensilvania, the Jerseys, and some of the provinces of New England are much richer and more populous than Virginia, notwithstanding that tobacco is by its ordinary high price a more profitable cultivation | Of the cultivation of the antient metayers, or tenants by steelbow y That through the whole of that very small corner of the world in which slavery has, by a concurrence of different causes, been abolished, what naturally and almost necessarily came after the cultivation by slaves was that by the antient metayers or tenants by steelbow To http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 631 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM after the cultivation by slaves was that by the antient metayers or tenants by steelbow To these at the commencement of the lease a certain number of cattle were delivered by the lord, to be returned in equal number and goodness at the expiration of it With these cattle the tenant was to cultivate the land, and the lord and he were to divide the produce between them, each chusing a sheaff in his turn when the corn was cut down and set up in sheaffs on the field That land could never be improved to the best advantage by such tenants st , because stock could not, without the greatest difficulty, accumulate in their hands; and dly , because if it did accumulate they would never lay it out in the improvement of the land, since the lord, who laid out nothing, was to divide the profites with them That the greater part of the lands in the western parts of Europe, the only corner of the world in which slavery has ever been abolished, particulary about five sixth parts of the lands in France, are still cultivated by tenants of this kind Of the cultivation by farmers properly so called 46 | That to those metayers or tenants by steelbow succeeded, in some few places, farmers properly so called, or tenants who had a lease of their lands either for life or during a term of years, for a rent certain to be paid at first in kind and afterwards in money That those tenants seem to have been originally metayers, in whose hands, notwithstanding many oppressions, some property had accumulated, and who were thereby enabled to stock their own farms, and consequently to offer a contract of this kind to their lords That such farmers, having some little stock of their own, and not being liable to have their rents immediately raised upon them, might be both able and willing to make some improvements That they still, however, laboured under many inabilities and discouragements That a lease of lands, being a transaction founded upon contract, originally and naturally begot only a personal right in the tenant, which, tho it was good against the lessor and his heirs, was not good against a purchaser That, therefore, if a tenant made any such improvement of his lands as greatly increased their value, he was sure of being turned out z of his lease, either by a real or by a sham purchaser Of the statutes of England and Scotland by which leases were first secured against purchasers, and that this police is almost peculiar to Great Britain Of the many other discouragements which tenants 47 laboured under | Of the disadvantages of a rent paid in kind, and of the difficulties which attended the first introduction of money rents Of leases from year to year, or at will a Of the arbitrary services with which all sorts of tenants were all over Europe long burdened at the will of the landlord Of the laws by which these were restrained or abolished in some countries, of the political reasons of those laws, and how far these services are still due in many countries Of purveyance Of the arbitrary and exorbitant tallages to which tenants of all kinds were liable, and how far these still subsist in many countries Of the taille in France and its effects upon agriculture Of the advantage which agriculture derives in England from the law which gives certain lease holders a right of voting for Members of Parliament, which thereby establishes a mutual dependance between the landlord and the tenant, and makes the former, if he has any regard to his interest in the county, very cautious of attempting to raise his rents, or of demanding any other oppressive exactions of the latter The superior liberty of the English http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 632 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM demanding any other oppressive exactions of the latter The superior liberty of the English above the Scots That the original engrossment of lands by the chiefs of the nations has been perpetuated in Europe by three different causes First, by the obstruction which the antient feudal government 48 gave to the alienation of land, which, notwithstanding the almost | entire extinction of that government, is still every where embarrassed by many unnecessary forms, not requisite in the transference of any other property, how valuable soever Secondly, by entails and other perpetuities Thirdly, by the right of primogeniture The reasons of the rapid progress of opulence in those colonies in which this engrossment of lands has been in some measure prevented, and in which the greater part of lands are cultivated not by farmers but by proprietors Of the British North American colonies Of other discouragements to the cultivation of lands Of tythes Of the prohibition of the exportation of corn according to the antient police of almost every part of Europe That sometime after the full establishment of the power of the Romans, a prohibition of this kind, together with the distributions which were annually made by the government of Sicilian, Egyptian, and African corn at a very low price to the people, and which must have had the same effect to discourage home cultivation as a bounty upon importation, gave occasion to the depopulation of antient Italy, and to the saying of old Cato, ‘Qui cuidam querenti quid maxime prodesset in re familiari? Bene pascere, respondit Quid proximum? Satis bene pascere Quid tertium? Male pascere Quid quartum? Arare.’ Cicero, de off lib d at the end.3 of FIRST FRAGMENT ON THE DIVISION OF LABOUR | who, for an equal quantity of work, would have taken more time and consequently a have required more wages, which must have been charged upon the goods The philosopher, on the other hand, is of use to the porter; not only by being sometimes an occasional customer, like any other man who is not a porter, but in many other respects If the speculations of the philosopher have been turned towards the improvement of the mechanic arts, the benefit of them may evidently descend to the meanest of the people Whoever burns coals has them at a better bargain by means of the inventer of the fire–engine Whoever eats bread receives a much greater advantage of the same kind from the inventers and improvers of wind and water mills Even the speculations of those who neither invent nor improve any thing are not altogether useless They serve, at least, to keep alive and deliver down to posterity the inventions and improvements which have been made before them They explain the grounds and reasons upon which those discoveries were founded and not suffer the quantity of useful science to diminish As it is the power of b exchanging c which d gives occasion to the division of labour, so the extent of this division will always be in proportion to the extent of that power.e Every species of http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 633 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM of this division will always be in proportion to the extent of that power.e Every species of industry will be carried on in a more or less perfect manner, that is, will be more or less accurately subdivided intof the different branches according to g which it is capable of being split, in proportion | to the extent of the market, which is evidently the same thing with the power of exchanging When the market is very small it is altogether impossible that there can be that separation of one employment from another which naturally takes place when it is more extensive In a country village, for example, it is altogether impossible that there should be such a trade as that of a porter All the burdens which, in such a situation, there can be any occasion to carry from one house to another would not give full employment to a man for a week in the year Such ah business can scarce bei perfectly separated from all others in a pretty large market town For the same reason, in all the small villages which are at a great distance from any market town, each family must bake their own bread and brew their own beer, to their own great expence and inconveniency, j by the interruption which is thereby given to their respective employments, and by being obliged, on this account, to maintaink a greater number of servants than would otherwise be necessary In mountainous and desart countries,l such as the greater part of the Highlands of Scotland, we cannot expect to find, in the same manner,m even a smith, n a carpenter, or a mason within less than twenty or thirty miles of another smith, o carpenter, or mason The scattered families who live at ten or fifteen miles distance from the nearest of anyp of those three q artisans, must learn to perform themselves a great number of little pieces of work for which, in more populous countries, they would readily have recourse to one or other of them, r whom they now can afford to send for s only upon very extraordinary occasions t | In a savage tribe of North Americans, who are generally hunters, the greatest number who can subsist easily together seldom exceeds one hundred or u one hundred and fifty persons.v Each village is at so great a distance from every other, and it is so very difficult and dangerous to travel the country, that there is scarce any intercourse between the different w villagesx even of the same nation except what war and mutual defence give occasion to In such a country it is impossible that any one employment should be entirely separated from every other One man, etc: y One man may excel all his companions in some particular piece of dexterity, but it is impossible that he can be wholly employed in it, for want of a market to take off and exchange for other commodities the greater part of the goods which he would, in this case, necessarily produce Hence the poverty which must necessarily take place in such a society In a tribe of Tartars, or wild Arabs, who are generally shepherds, a greater number can live conveniently in one place They not depend upon the precarious accidents of the chace for subsistence, but upon the milk and flesh of their herds and flocks, who graze in the fields adjoining to the village The Hottentots near the Cape of Good–hope are the most barbarous nation of shepherds that is known in the world One of their villages or Kraals, however, is said generally to consist of upwards of five hundred persons A Hord of Tartars frequently consists of five, six, or even ten times that number As among such nations, therefore, tho’ they have scarce any foreign commerce, the home market is somewhatz more extensive, we may expect to find something like the beginning of the division of labour.a Even in each village of Hottentots, therefore, according to Mr Kolben, there are b suchc trades as http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 634 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM in each village of Hottentots, therefore, according to Mr Kolben, there are b suchc trades as those of a smith, a taylor, and even a phisician, and the persons who exercise them, tho’ they | are not entirely, are principally supported by those respective employments, by which too they are greatly distinguished from the rest of their fellow citizens Among the Tartars and Arabs we find the faint commencementsd of a still e greater variety of employments The Hottentots, therefore, may be regarded as a richer nation than the North Americans, and the Tartars and Arabs as f richer than the Hottentots The compleat division of labour, however, is posteriour to the invention even of agriculture By means of agriculture the same quantity of ground g not only produces corn but is made capable of supporting a much greater number of cattle than before A much greater number of people, therefore, may easily subsist in the same place The home market, in consequence,h becomes much more extensive The smith, the mason, the carpenter, the weaver, and the taylor soon find it for their interest not to trouble themselves with cultivating the ground, but to exchange with the farmer the produces of their several employments i for the corn and cattle which they have occasion for The farmer too veryj soon comes to find it equally for his interest not to interrupt his own business with k making cloaths for his family, with building or repairing his own house, with mending or making the different instruments of his trade, or the different parts of his houshold furniture, but to call in the assistance of other workmen for each of those purposes whom he rewards with corn and with cattle.l SECOND FRAGMENT ON THE DIVISION OF LABOUR | or ten men, and sailing from the port of Leith, will frequently in three days, generally in six days, carry two hundred tuns of goods to the same market Eight or ten men, therefore, by the help of water carriage, can transport, in a much shorter time, a greater quantity of goods from Edinburgh to London than sixty six narrow wheeled waggons drawn by three hundred and ninety six horses and attended by a hundred and thirty two men: or than forty broad wheeled waggons drawn by three hundred and twenty horses and attended by eighty men Upon two hundred tuns of goods, therefore, which are carried by the cheapest land carriage from Edinburgh to London there must be charged the maintenance of eighty men for three weeks, both the maintenance and what, tho’ less than the maintenance, is however of very great value, the tear and wear of three hundred and twenty horses as well as of forty waggons Whereas upon two hundred tuns of goods carried between the same markets by water carriages, there is to be charged only the maintenance of eight or ten men for about a fortnight and the tear and wear of a ship of two hundred tuns burden If there was no other communication, therefore, between Edinburgh and London but by land, as no goods could be transported from the one place to the other except such whose price was very high in proportion to their weight, m there could not be the hundredth part of the commerce which is at present carried on between them, nor, in consequence, the hundredth part of the encouragement which they at present mutually give to each other’s industry There could be very littlen commerce of any kind between the distant parts of the world How few goods are so http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 635 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM very littlen commerce of any kind between the distant parts of the world How few goods are so precious as to bear the expence of land carriage between London and Canton in China, | which at present carry on so extensive a commerce with one another and give consequently so much mutual encouragement to each other’s industry? The first improvements, therefore, in arts and industry are always made in those places where the conveniency of water carriage affords the most extensive market to the produce of every sort of o labour In our North American colonies the plantations have constantly followed either the sea coast or the banks of the navigable rivers, and have scarce any where extended themselves to any considerable distance from both What James the sixth of Scotland said of the country of Fife, of which the inland parts were at that time very ill while the sea coast was extremely well cultivated, that it was like a coarse woollen coat edged with gold lace, mightp still be said q of the greater part of our North American colonies r The countries in the world which appear to have been first civilised are those which ly round the coast of the Mediterranean Sea That sea, s by far the greatest inlet that is known in the world, having no tides nor consequently any waves except such as are caused by the wind only, was by the smoothness of its surface as well as by the multitude of its islands and the proximity of its opposite coasts t extremely favourable to the infant navigation of the world, when from the u want of the compass men werev afraid to quit the coast, and from the imperfection of the art of shipbuilding to abandon themselves to the boisterous waves of the ocean Egypt, of all the countries upon the coast of the Mediterranean, seems to have been the first | in which either agriculture or manufactures werew cultivated or improved to any considerable degree.x Upper Egypt scarce extends y itself any where above five or six miles from the Nile; and in lower Egypt that great river, etc: z breaks itself into a great many different canals which with the assistance of a little art afforded, as in Holland at present, a communication by water carriage not only between all the great towns but between all the considerable villages and between almost all the farm houses in the country The greatness and easiness of their inland navigation and commerce, therefore, seem to have been evidently the causes of the early improvement of Egypt.a Agriculture and manufactures too seem to have been of very great antiquity in some of the maritime provinces of China and in the province of Bengal in the East Indies All b these are countries very much of the same nature with Egypt, cut by innumerable canals which afford them an immense inland navigation Endnotes [1 ] Scott, 317–56 [2 ] Ibid., 317–22 [3 ] Ibid., 318 [4 ] It was enclosed by Smith with Letter 40 addressed to Sir Gilbert Elliot, dated 10 Oct 1759 http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 636 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM [5 ] Scott, 57 [6 ] Ibid., 379–85 [7 ] Ibid., 57–9, and see also the captions to the facsimile reproductions on 379–85, each of which begins ‘Very early economic work of Adam Smith, one of the Edinburgh Lectures.’ [8 ] ‘The Development of Adam Smith’s Ideas on the Division of Labour’, Economic Journal, lxxxiii (1973) [a ] Replaces ‘rough’, possibly mis–spelt [b ] ‘exam’ deleted [c ] ‘to provide himself’ deleted [d ] Replaces ‘earned’, possibly mis–spelt [e ] The last twenty–one words are written in the margin [f ] As the MS originally stood, the first twenty words of the next paragraph (‘It is the immense multiplication the division of labour’) followed on immediately after ‘the same degree of goodness.’ These twenty words were deleted, and then rewritten so as to form the opening of a new paragraph [g ] The last sentence is written in the margin [h ] Sic [i ] ‘and’ deleted [j ] The last fifteen words are written in the margin [k ] Replaces ‘plow’ [l ] Replaces ‘but’ [m ] Sic [n ] ‘in them’ deleted [1 ] In TMS II.ii.3.5 Smith writes of ‘the two great purposes of nature, the support of the individual, and the propagation of the species’ [o ] Replaces ‘chooses’ [p ] ‘some of’ deleted http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 637 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM [q ] Replaces ‘procure’, possibly mis–spelt [r ] ‘between them’ deleted [2 ] Cf Hugh Blair, Critical Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian (1763), 17: ‘Throughout Ossian’s poems, we plainly find ourselves in the first of these periods of society; during which, hunting was the chief employment of men, and the principal method of their procuring subsistence.’ [s ] The words ‘a new paragraph’ are written in the margin at this point [t ] ‘of grass farms’ deleted [u ] The last five words replace ‘the rent of such farms’ [v ] Replaces ‘was’ [w ] ‘for their own benefite’ deleted [x ] ‘the’ deleted [y ] The following note is written in the margin at this point: ‘The first of these expressions is French; the second, Scotch This species of lease having been long disused in England, and even in all the tollerably cultivated parts of Scotland I know no English word for it at present.’ [z ] The last two words replace an illegible word [a ] The last nine words are written in the margin [3 ] ‘Who, when asked what was the most profitable aspect of land–owning, replied “Raising cattle well.” “What next?” “Raising cattle adequately.” “What comes third?” “Raising cattle badly.” “What comes fourth?” “Raising crops.” ’ Smith is quoting from memory The actual text of Cicero (De Officiis, II.89) differs slightly in words but not in meaning [a ] ‘would’ deleted [b ] ‘bartering and’ deleted [c ] ‘which one thing for another’ deleted [d ] ‘originally’ deleted [e ] ‘The lar greater the market, the larger the commerce’ deleted [f ] Replaces ‘into according to’ http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 638 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM [g ] The last two words replace ‘into’ [h ] ‘buss’ deleted [i ] ‘there’ deleted [j ] ‘being obliged upon this account, not only frequently’ deleted [k ] ‘on this account’ deleted [l ] ‘in the same manner’ deleted [m ] The last four words replace ‘such as’ [n ] ‘or’ deleted [o ] ‘or another’ deleted [p ] Replaces ‘either’ [q ] Replaces ‘two’ [r ] Replaces ‘those workmen’ [s ] ‘at much trouble and expence’ deleted [t ] ‘It is the same | thing with the mason’ deleted [u ] ‘one hundred and fifty men two hundred’ deleted [v ] ‘They live’ deleted [w ] The last two words replace ‘one’ [x ] ‘and another’ deleted [y ] The words ‘One man, etc:’ and the three sentences which precede them are written in the margin Indicators show that the three sentences are intended to replace the following passage, which has been deleted: ‘In a tribe of [‘savage’ deleted] hunters who perhaps not among them make above a hundred or a hundred and fifty persons and who have no regular commerce or intercourse of any kind with any other tribe, except such as mutual hostility and war may give occasion to, it is scarce possible that any one employment of any kind should be compleatly separated from every other.’ [z ] Replaces ‘a good deal’ http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 639 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM [a ] ‘We find’ deleted [1 ] Peter Kolben (or Kolb), The Present State of the Cape of Good Hope (German edn., 1719; English edn., London, 1731) Smith’s comments on the Hottentots in this section of the fragment were probably derived from p 216 of vol I of the English edn (population of kraals); ch xix passim (the smith and the tailor); and ch xxv passim (the physician) [b ] Replaces ‘is’ [c ] ‘a’ deleted [d ] ‘in the same manner’ deleted [e ] Replaces ‘much’ [f ] Replaces ‘much’ [g ] ‘is made to support far’ deleted [h ] The last two words replace ‘therefore’ [i ] ‘with’ deleted [j ] The last two words replace ‘too’ [k ] Replaces ‘in order to’ [l ] The last thirteen words replace ‘for each of these purposes’ [m ] The last twenty–five words are written in the margin [n ] The last two words replace ‘scarce any’ [o ] ‘industry’ deleted [p ] Replaces ‘is’ [q ] The last two words replace ‘true’ [r ] ‘the most favoured by nature perhaps of any country in the world the countries in the world perhaps the most favoured by nature’ deleted [s ] ‘the gre’ deleted [t ] ‘was’ deleted [u ] The last two words replace ‘men for’ http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 640 of 641 Smith_0141.06 09/15/2005 09:15 AM [v ] The last two words replace ‘were’ and an indecipherable word which is deleted above the line [w ] Replaces ‘seem to have been’ [x ] ‘In lower Egypt the Nile’ deleted [y ] The first few words of this sentence originally read ‘In upper Egypt the country scarce extends’ ‘In’ and ‘the country’ have been deleted, and ‘upper’ emended to ‘Upper’ [z ] This sentence is written in the margin [a ] ‘They seem to have been the only people in the world who never ventured from’, followed by eight or nine indecipherable words, deleted [b ] Replaces ‘both’ http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/EBook.php?recordID=0141.06 Page 641 of 641 ... ‘examination’ on this ‘morning prelection’ from 11 a.m to noon; and in addition, on certain days during a part of the session, a ‘second prelection upon a different subject’ from noon to p.m Smith’s... CULTIVATION BY FARMERS PROPERLY SO CALLED FIRST FRAGMENT ON THE DIVISION OF LABOUR SECOND FRAGMENT ON THE DIVISION OF LABOUR ENDNOTES _ ADAM SMITH, LECTURES ON JURISPRUDENCE. .. 2003) Vol VII of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith COPYRIGHT INFORMATION The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith and the associated volumes