ALSO BY NEIL SHEEHAN A Bright Shining Lie The Arnheiter Affair After the War Was Over For Susan—who else? For Maria and Catherine For Will And for my grandson, Nicholas Sheehan Bruno FOREWORD W hen the Space Age is mentioned, most people think of Sputnik, the launching into orbit of the rst man- made satellite by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, or the race between Russia and the United States to land men on the moon Sputnik was a psychological thunderclap It set o a paroxysm of fear that the Soviet Union had gained a commanding technological lead over the United States The moon landing by Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin on July 20, 1969, was its reverse: a spectacular feat of American technology with little in the way of practical bene ts This book is concerned with a quite di erent space race This other race initiated America’s exploration and exploitation of space and was for the highest stakes—preventing the Soviet Union from acquiring an overwhelming nuclear superiority that could tempt Soviet leaders into international blackmail and adventurism with calamitous results for human civilization Its outcome thus directly affected the security of the United States and the non-Communist nations of Europe, as well as the preservation of the fragile equilibrium between the two superpowers during the Cold War The story of this other race, of the man who led it, an Air Force o cer named Bernard Schriever, of those who labored with him, of the times in which they grew up and came of age and the challenges and obstacles they had to overcome, forms the narrative of this book CONTENTS FOREWORD PROLOGUE: A RITE OF SUCCESSION BOOK I BECOMING AN AMERICAN ELLIS ISLAND AND A TRAGEDY IN TEXAS A BENEFACTOR AND THE HOUSE ON THE TWELFTH GREEN THE VIRTUES OF GOLF WHITE SILK SCARVES AND OPEN COCKPITS ENTERING THE BROTHERHOOD A FIASCO AND REFORM STAYING THE COURSE A FORK IN THE ROAD “LET’S DIVE-BOMB THE BASTARDS” 10 THE TEST OF WAR BOOK II INHERITING A DIFFERENT WORLD 11 ATOMIC DIPLOMACY 12 SPIES INSIDE THE BARBED WIRE 13 “THE BALANCE HAS BEEN DESTROYED” 14 THE STATE THAT WAS STALIN 15 A CONFRONTATION AND A MISREADING 16 CONTAINING THE MENACE 17 NEITHER RAIN, NOR SNOW, NOR SLEET, NOR FOG 18 STALIN GETS HIS BOMB 19 THE CONSEQUENCES OF DELUSION 20 GOOD INTENTIONS GONE AWRY BOOK III THE PERILS OF AN APPRENTICESHIP 21 HAP ARNOLD’S LEGACY 22 GETTING ORGANIZED 23 BOMBER LEADER 24 INTO THE LION’S DEN 25 MOSCOW OPTS FOR ROCKETS 26 A NUCLEAR REACTOR IN THE SKY 27 LOW-LEVEL TACTICS AND THE FLYING BOOM 28 THE LAST TANGLE AND AN AMBUSH BOOK IV STARTING A RACE 29 SEEKING SCIENTIFIC VALIDATION 30 WHEN HUNGARY WAS MARS 31 A FASCINATION WITH EXPLOSIONS 32 FINDING AN ALLY 33 MARSHALING THE EXPERTISE 34 THE TEA POT COMMITTEE 35 GETTING STARTED 36 “OKAY, BENNIE, IT’S A DEAL” BOOK V WINNING A PRESIDENT 37 A SCHOOLHOUSE AND A RADICAL NEW APPROACH 38 THE GURU OF ROCKETS 39 A PROBLEM WITH TOMMY POWER 40 HOW GREED CORRUPTS 41 AN ASSAULT FROM AN U NEXPECTED QUARTER 42 A SENSE OF ADVENTURE 43 NO TIME FOR FAMILY 44 GETTING TO IKE 45 A DIFFICULT DIALOGUE AT GENEVA 46 DAZZLING THE MONARCH 47 NO MORE NITPICKING 48 A RADAR IN TURKEY BOOK VI 49 A COMPETITOR BUILDING THE UNSTOPPABLE 50 THE TEAM OF METTLER AND THIEL 51 JOHN BRUCE MEDARIS AND WERNHER VON BRAUN 52 THE CAPE OF THE CANEBRAKE VS “MOOSE” MATHISON 53 A FEW GRAINS OF SAND 54 MEDARIS GOES FOR THE ICBM 55 THE RELUCTANT RESCUER 56 THOR VS JUPITER 57 SPUTNIK 58 THOR READIES FOR ENGLAND 59 JAMIE WALLACE’S THOR SHOW 60 THE BIGGEST AIRLIFT SINCE BERLIN 61 “ROY … I WANT YOU TO GET ME CAMP COOKE” 62 A TIE 63 BLACK SATURDAY 64 THE TRIALS OF ATLAS AND A CHRISTMAS SURPRISE 65 WHOSE MISSILE GAP? 66 A VICTORY DESPITE THE BUGS 67 MINUTEMAN: ED HALL’S TRIUMPH 68 “YOU COULDN’T KEEP HIM IN THAT JOB” BOOK VII A SPY IN ORBIT AND A GAME OF NUCLEAR DICE 69 A WOULD-BE SPY IN THE SKY GOES AWRY 70 MATHISON SNATCHES THE PRIZE 71 DISCOVERER GOES “BLACK” INTO CORONA 72 A HAREBRAINED SCHEME 73 PALM TREE DISGUISES 74 KEEPING THE MILITARY ON THE LEASH 75 “U SE ’EM OR LOSE ’EM” 76 LEMAY AND TOMMY POWER AS THE WILD CARDS 77 AVOIDING GÖTTERDÄMMERUNG 78 BUYING TIME FOR THE EMPIRE TO IMPLODE EPILOGUE THE SCHRIEVER LUCK 79 JOHNNY VON NEUMANN FINDS FAITH BUT NOT PEACE 80 “THE SLOWEST OLD TREV HAS EVER GONE IN A CADILLAC” 81 LOSING IT ALL AND FORGIVING A BROTHER 82 “ONLY IN AMERICA” 83 A REUNION WITH HAP ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTERVIEWS SOURCE NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY Wallace, Col Richard Jacobson, General Schriever, and Squadron Leader H Basil Williamson, RAF (Ret.) Air Marshal Sir Reginald Harland, RAF (Ret.), who spent several years in the United States as a liaison o cer on missile development, working with Schriever’s organization, arranged my interview in England with Squadron Leader Williamson and was most informative on the British-American agreement on Thor and its deployment Chapter 61: Interviews with General Schriever; Col Roy Ferguson, Jr., USAF (Ret.); Lt Gen Richard Henry, USAF (Ret.) Chapter 62: Interviews with Squadron Leader Williamson, Air Marshal Harland, Col Richard Jacobson, and Lt Col Jamie Wallace; Wynn’s RAF Nuclear Deterrent Forces; interview with Lt Gen Benjamin Bellis, USAF (Ret.); Neufeld, Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945–1960; Medaris’s “Jupiter Story” monograph Chapter 63: Neufeld, Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945–1960; Space and Missile Systems Organization: A Chronology, 1954–1979, monograph, O ce of History (SAMSO was a successor to Schriever’s WDD); interview with Lt Col Charles Getz III, USAF (Ret.), for Black Saturday Chapter 64: Schriever interviews; Space and Missile Systems Organization; Neufeld, Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945–1960; John Chapman’s 1960 Atlas: The Story of a Missile; interviews with Dr Ruben Mettler and Adolf Thiel on the faulty engine turbopump; interviews with Mettler and Brig Gen Maurice Cristadoro, USAF (Ret.), one of the Atlas project o cers, on throwing an Atlas into orbit with a 1958 Christmas greeting from Eisenhower; interview with Col Prentice Peabody, USAF (Ret.), for the X-17 rocket and the successful development of an ablative warhead Chapter 65: Schriever interviews; interviews with Sidney Graybeal and Albert Wheelon; William Taubman’s Khrushchev: The Man and His Era; Harford’s Korolev; Heppenheimer’s Countdown Chapter 66: Schriever interviews; Neufeld, Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945–1960; interview with Gen Benjamin Bellis Chapter 67: Schriever and Edward Hall interviews; Edward Hall’s unpublished autobiography; interview with Lt Gen Charles Terhune, USAF (Ret.), Schriever’s deputy at WDD; Robert Piper’s 1962 unpublished monograph, “The Development of the SM-80 Minuteman,” a secret history of the Minuteman program, written for the Historical O ce of the Deputy Commander for Aerospace Systems of the Air Force Systems Command and subsequently declassi ed, with attachments, was a source of important details and helped to correct lapses in the memories of Schriever and Hall; General Terhune rmed Curtis LeMay’s positive reaction to Hall’s brie ng at the Pentagon and his support for Hall during the subsequent briefing for Secretary Neil McElroy Chapter 68: Interviews with Schriever, Edward Hall, Lt Gen Charles Terhune, Sidney Greene, Col Richard Jacobson; Air Force biographical sketch of Gen Samuel Phillips; Roy Neal’s 1962 Ace in the Hole: The Story of the Minuteman Missile, which also provided more biographical information on General Phillips Colonel Hall had preserved the telegram from Maj John Hinds among his papers and gave me a copy BOOK VII A SPY IN ORBIT AND A GAME OF NUCLEAR DICE Chapters 69–71: Schriever interviews; interviews with Col Frederic “Fritz” Oder, USAF (Ret.), Lt Gen Forrest McCartney, USAF (Ret.), Colonel Charles Mathison, and Richard Leghorn; Space and Missile Systems Organization; The Corona Story, the o cial history of the Discoverer-Corona project, completed in 1987 by Colonel Oder, James E Fitzpatrick, and Col Paul Worthman, USAF (Ret.), and declassi ed by the National Reconnaissance O ce in 2007 R Cargill Hall, who served as historian at the NRO for a time, kindly obtained a copy for me Also Forging the Shield: Eisenhower and National Security for the 21st Century, 2005, chapter by Cargill Hall entitled “Clandestine Victory: Eisenhower and Overhead Reconnaissance in the Cold War.” Chapters 72–77: Neufeld, Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945–1960; Heppenheimer’s Countdown; Zubok and Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War; Taubman’s Khrushchev; Robert Kennedy’s 1968 Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis; Fred Kaplan’s 1983 The Wizards of Armageddon; Anatoly Dobrynin’s 1995 In Confidence; Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali’s 1997 One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964; The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Ernest May and Philip Zelikow’s 1997 editing of the tapes of the White House meetings during the crisis; Max Frankel’s 2004 High Noon in the Cold War: Kennedy, Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis; Fursenko and Naftali’s 2006 Khrushchev’s Cold War; Michael Dobbs’s 2008 One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War; the o cial SAC history, The Development of Strategic Air Command; Wynn’s RAF Nuclear Deterrent Forces Chapter 78: Leonid Brezhnev’s cynical remark to his brother is recounted in the 1995 memoir by his niece, Luba Brezhneva’s The World I Left Behind: Pieces of a Past EPILOGUE THE SCHRIEVER LUCK Chapter 79: The John von Neumann Papers, Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress; 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War, 1941–1945 New York: E P Dutton, 1964 Williams, Beryl, and Samuel Epstein The Rocket Pioneers: On the Road to Space New York: Julian Messner, 1958 Williamson, Samuel R., Rearden Steven L The Origins of U.S Nuclear Strategy, 1945–1953 New York: St Martin’s, 1993 Wynn, Humphrey The RAF Strategic Nuclear Deterrent Forces: Their Origins, Roles and Deployment, 1946–1969 London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1994 Yergin, Daniel Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977 Zubok, Vladislav, and Constantine Pleshakov Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998 ABOUT THE AUTHOR NEIL SHEEHAN was a Vietnam War correspondent for United Press International and The New York Times and won a number of awards for his reporting In 1971 he obtained the Pentagon Papers, which brought the Times the Pulitzer Prize gold medal for meritorious public service His landmark book A Bright Shining Lie won the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for nonfiction in 1989 Sheehan lives in Washington, D.C Copyright © 2009 by Neil Sheehan All rights reserved Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York RANDOM HOUSE and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sheehan, Neil A fiery peace in a cold war: Bernard Schriever and the ultimate weapon/Neil Sheehan p cm eISBN: 978-1-58836-905-5 Schriever, Bernard A United States Air Force—Officers—Biography Military engineers—United States—Biography ballistic missiles—United States—History Generals—United States—Biography Intercontinental ballistic missiles—History Nuclear weapons—United States—History Military—Research—United States—History Intercontinental Cold War 10 Astronautics—Research—United States—History E745.S34S44 2009 355.0092—dc22 [B] 2009002247 www.atrandom.com v3.0 Aeronautics, I Title ... weapon in the history of warfare that was meant to deter rather than to be fired in anger—the intercontinental ballistic missile BOOK I BECOMING AN AMERICAN ELLIS ISLAND AND A TRAGEDY IN TEXAS... you have to refrain from interfering and let them accomplish a task in their way He made certain as well that his was a happy camp He had Army trucks haul the boys into Lordsburg for baseball and... mountains His mother had a scare when a British gunboat hailed the ship and an inspection party came aboard She was afraid they would be seized as German nationals and taken o , but fortunately