David mccullough the greater journey americans ris (v5 0)

ALSO BY DAVID MCCULLOUGH 1776 John Adams Truman Brave Companions Mornings on Horseback The Path Between the Seas The Great Bridge The Johnstown Flood & SCHUSTER 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 www.SimonandSchuster.com SIMON Copyright © 2011 by David McCullough All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever For information address Simon & Schuster Subsidiary Rights Department, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020 First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition May 2011 SIMON & SCHUSTER and colophon are registered trademarks of Simon & Schuster, Inc Designed by Amy Hill Manufactured in the United States of America 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McCullough, David G The greater journey : Americans in Paris/ David McCullough —1st Simon & Schuster hardcover ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index Americans—France—Paris—History—19th century Intellectuals—France—Paris—History—19th century Artists—France—Paris—History—19th century Authors, American—France—Paris—History—19th century Physicians—France—Paris—History—19th century Paris (France)—Intellectual life—19th century Americans—France—Paris—Biography Paris (France)—Biography Paris (France)—Relations—United States 10 United States—Relations—France—Paris I Title DC718.A44M39 2011 920.009213044361—dc22 2010053001 ISBN 978-1-4165-7176-6 ISBN 978-1-4165-7689-1 (ebook) The illustration facing the title page is Man at the Window by Gustave Caillebotte; on p 1: the exterior of Notre-Dame; on p 137: the Place Vendôme; on p 265: the Eiffel Tower under construction The front endpaper is the rue de Rivoli; the back endpaper is avenue de l’Opéra Pages 559-560 constitute an extension of the copyright page Ricord, Philippe, 105 Rigault, Raoul, 309, 313–14 Archbishop Darboy arrested by, 311–12 death of, 322 Lillie Moulton’s interview with, 310–11 Right Bank, 45 Rives, William C., 94, 201, 205 Robinson, Theodore, 335, 415 Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 241 Rocher de Cancale, 52 Rocky Mountains, The (Bierstadt), 249 Roderick Hudson (James), 332 Rodin, Auguste, 449 Roebling, Emily, 252 Roebling, Washington, 252 Rollon, Duke of Normandy, 23 Romantic revolt, 65 Rondel, Frederick, 250 Roosevelt, Theodore, 257, 454–55, 456 Roquette Prison, La, 322, 325 Rosina (model), 389 Rouen Cathedral, 22–23, 41, 215, 226, 229, 444 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 189–90, 298 Roux, Philibert-Joseph, 112–14, 132 Royal Academy, London, 79, 249 Royal College of Surgeons, 423 Royal Guards, Prussian, 305 Rubens, Peter Paul, 90 Stowe on, 215–16 Rubini, Giovanni Battista, 49 rue de Rivoli, 209, 218, 260, 261, 322, 441 rue Herschel, 363 rue Lafayette, 207–8 rue Lalande, 298 Rush, Anna Marie, 180 Rush, Benjamin, 180 Rush, Richard, 179–82, 184–88, 196, 199, 201 Rush, Sarah Catherine, 180 Russia, 219, 228 Saint-Augustin, order of, 111 St Bartholomew’s Church (New York), 368 St Botolph Club, 410 Saint-Gaudens, Andrew, 240, 260, 264 Saint-Gaudens, Augusta Homer (Gussie), 431–32, 449, 451 child born to, 382 deafness of, 358, 434 description of, 357–58 Gus’s correspondence with, 359, 437–39, 442 Gus’s courting of, 359–60 Gus’s first meeting with, 357–58 Gus’s infidelity to, 434–35 health of, 358, 362, 432 marriage of, 361 Paris life of, 362–64, 365, 369–70, 371, 376, 379 in Spain, 440 in Switzerland, 376 White’s dislike of, 369–70, 434 Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, ix, 250, 258, 260, 263–64, 391, 410, 416, 423, 427 Adams Memorial by, 430, 440–41 in Amiens Cathedral visit, 444–46 background of, 239–41, 245 cameo carving apprenticeship of, 241–43 “Celtic spirit” of, 245 Civil War memories of, 243–44, 372–73 death of, 455 depression and melancholy of, 245–46, 432–33, 438–39, 442, 449 descriptions of, 245, 255, 433 deteriorating health of, 450–51, 454–55 at École des Beaux-Arts, 254–56, 358 extramarital affair of, 433–35 first Paris visit of, 239–40 guiding principles of, 256 Gussie’s correspondence with, 437–39, 442 Gussie’s first meeting with, 357–58 honorary Harvard degree of, 431 in Italy tour, 376 last portrait by, 454–55 Lincoln’s portraits by, 430, 435 McKim’s friendship with, 366–67 marriage of, 361 mutual admiration of Sargent and, 372 opera and theater loved by, 257–58, 371 in Paris sojourn of 1889, 425–26 poverty endured by, 246, 257 public acclaim of, 384–85 public monuments to Civil War by, 385 relief portraits by, 431 rich tenor singing voice of, 245, 438 Rodin’s tribute to, 449 Shaw Memorial by, 430, 448–49 Sherman Monument by, see Sherman Monument success and recognition of, 429–31 as teacher, 431 in tour of southern France, 367–69 in Universal Exposition of 1900, 448–49 wealth achieved by, 430 White’s collaboration with, 367, 369–71, 376–77, 378, 382–83 White’s friendship with, 366, 369–70, 376–77 women in private life of, 254–55, 359 Saint-Gaudens, Bernard, 240, 242, 243, 36465, 38485 Saint-Gaudens, Franỗois, 246 Saint-Gaudens, Homer, 382, 431, 432, 433, 435, 437, 440, 443, 449, 455 Saint-Gaudens, Louis, 240, 364–65, 378, 383, 432, 442, 443, 453 Saint-Gaudens, Mary McGuiness, 240 Saint-Gaudens Memorial, 455 St John the Baptist as a Child (Dubois), 250 St Thomas Church (New York), 366 Salle de Concert, 161, 163, 166 Salle Le Peletier, 48–49 Salle Pleyel, 160, 163, 164–65 Salle Sainte-Cécile, 195 Salle Valentino, 169, 172, 175 Samaritaine, La, 251 Sand, George, 10, 88–89, 190, 201, 212, 336 Catlin’s Indian exhibit experience of, 173–74 Chopin’s love affair with, 165 Sanderson, John, 10, 19, 20, 21, 30, 33, 34, 37, 40, 43, 46, 50, 52, 56, 116 first Paris impression of, 26 Paris book of, 58 on Paris dining, 35, 52–53 on Paris omnibuses, 31–32 on public spaces, 44–45 unabashed art enthusiasm of, 47–48 Sargent, Emily, 345, 349 Sargent, FitzWilliam, 253, 345, 346, 347, 390, 400, 420 Sargent, John Singer, 253, 335, 355, 372, 387, 437, 448, 455 art in childhood of, 346–47 awarded Legion d’Honneur, 419 back-and-forth working manner of, 409–10 Boit’s portrait by, see Daughters of Edward Darley Boit Carolus-Duran’s portrait by, 387–88 death of, 456 description of, 344–45 El Jaleo by, 395, 397, 398, 410 Ellen Terry depicted by, 420 family background of, 345–46 father’s death and, 420 first major portrait by, 387–88 first one-man show of, 410 first U.S visit of, 349–50 Gautreau’s portrait by, see Madame X genius of, 390, 395 Impressionists and, 389 increasing income and acclaim of, 389–90, 401 knighthood offered to, 456 London exhibition of, 420–21 music and the flamboyant loved by, 392 mutual admiration of Saint-Gaudens and, 372 Pailleron as patron of, 390 on painting, 348 paintings done while traveling by, 388–89 Paris residences and studios of, 347, 389 phenomenal productivity of, 389 as portraitist, 389–92, 395–96, 410 praise of, 388, 420–21 reading habits of, 410 in Spain, 389 Stevenson’s description of, 409–12 as student of Carolus-Duran, 343–44, 348–49 tributes to, 419–20 in Universal Exposition of 1889, 419 virtuosity of, 389, 390–91 vitality in brushwork of, 390–91, 397 women’s relationships with and, 390–93 Sargent, Mary Singer, 345–36, 347, 349 Sargent, Violet, 345, 347, 431 Sartain, Emily, 338–39, 341 Sasse, Marie, 257 “Savane, La” (Gottschalk), 176 Sax, Adolphe, 248 saxophone, 248 Scènes de la Vie de Bohémienne (Murger), 221 School of Athens (Raphael), 62 School of Design for Women, 341 Scientific American, 241–42, 446 Scott, Walter, 72 Scribner’s Monthly, 375, 384 Second Bull Run, Battle of, 243 Second Empire, 204–5, 206, 239, 257 collapse of, 259 Sedan, Battle of, 259 Seine River, 21, 26, 40, 41, 44, 121, 206, 296, 425, 450, 451 Bennett’s praise of, 148 changing moods of, 46–47 sightseeing boats of, 247 Stowe’s observation of, 214 Senate, U.S., 152–53, 177, 197, 275 Brooks’s physical attack on Sumner in, 223, 224–25, 231 Sumner’s anti-slavery speech in, 223–24 Sumner’s disability and, 229–30, 231 Senones, 25 Seventh Symphony (Beethoven), 256, 366 Shakespeare, William, 301, 312, 366 Shattuck, George, 130, 133 Shaw, Robert Gould, 430 Shaw Memorial, 430, 448–49 Sheppard, Nathan, 270, 284–85, 287–88, 289, 294, 296 Sheridan, Philip, 259 Sherman, William Tecumseh, 336, 431 Sherman Monument, 431–32, 438, 446 difficulties with, 437, 439–40, 443 finishing of, 453–54 pedestal of, 454 plaster cast of, 439–40 in Salon exhibition, 439–40 size and scale of, 436–37 studio for, 436–37 in Universal Exposition of 1900, 448–49 unveiling of, 453–54 Victory figure in, 443, 451, 454 She Who Bathes Her Knees, 169 ships, 11–13 luxury, 210–11, 219 steam engines of, 139–40 Sibbet, Robert, 288, 298 Sichel, Jules, 119 Siddons, Sarah, 79 Silliman, Benjamin, 84, 96 Simmons, Edward, 399 Sirius, 139–40 Sketch Book, The (Irving), 12–13 Sketches of Paris: In Familiar Letters to His Friends; by an American Gentleman in Paris (Sanderson), 58 Skinner, Thomas Harvey, 150 slavery, 195–96 Sumner’s denunciation of, 223–24 Uncle Tom’s Cabin and, 211–12 Smith, Ashbel, 73–74, 86–87, 107–8 Smithson, James, 180 Smithsonian Institution, 180, 447 Société Anonyme des Artistes, La, see Impressionists soda fountains, 248 Soeurs de la Charité, 111 Soir, Le, 304 Sorbonne, 7, 29, 30, 106, 118, 119, 223 Sumner at, 59, 130, 131 Spain, 389, 395 Spotsylvania, Battle of, 278 Spy, The (Cooper), 70 Stamaty, Camille, 164 Statue of Liberty (Liberty Lighting the World), 334, 404–5 Stendhal, 410 Sterne, Laurence, 37 Stevenson, Fanny, 409 Stevenson, Mary, see Cassatt, Mary Stevenson, Robert Louis, 409–10, 431, 432, 448 Stewart, A T., 342 Stowe, Calvin, 212 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 192, 201, 211–18, 228, 236, 329 European tour of, 217 Louvre visits of, 215–17 Raft of the Medusa admired by, 216–17 Seine observed by, 214 in Tuileries Gardens, 213 Stratton, Charles, see Thumb, Tom Strauss, Johann, 247 Strutting Pigeon, 168 Stuart, Gilbert, 8, 75, 78–79, 144, 146, 148 Studio, The (Homer), 250 Sturges, Jonathan, 428 Subercaseaux, Madame Ramón, 391–92 Suez Canal, 253, 256–57 Sullivan, Louis, 335, 408 Sully, 98–99 Sully, Thomas, 8–9, 63, 78–79, 146 Sumner, Charles, 3, 9, 10, 15, 62, 97, 199, 211, 223–29, 232, 235, 236, 240, 313, 424 Appleton’s relationship with, 226–29 on arrival in France, 20–21 Brooks’s physical attack on, 223, 224–25 description of, in Europe tour of 1857, 229, 233 first Paris impressions of, 30–31 Louvre visited by, 42, 47 at Notre-Dame Cathedral, 39 at opera and theater, 49, 52 Paris convalescence of, 225–31 racial insight of, 131–32 at Rouen Cathedral, 23–24, 444 slavery opposed by, 223–24 at Sorbonne, 59, 130, 131 statue of, 360 in trans-Atlantic voyage, 13–14 women’s relationship with, 227 Supper at Emmaus (Titian), 91 Swager, Charles, 298 Sweden, 269 Swinburne, John, 290–91, 298 Switzerland, 98, 269 Sylphide, La (ballet), 120 Taglioni, Marie, 120, 135 description of, 49 Willis’s praise of, 49–50 Taglioni, Philippe, 49 Tanner, Henry O., 427–28, 448 Tannhäuser (Wagner), 235, 451 Tarbell, Edmund, 411 telegraph, 99–100, 406 American patent sought for, 152, 155–56 Atlantic cable and, 231–32, 233 British patent sought for, 153 daily life and, 248 demonstrations of, 152, 153–54, 159–60 French patent sought for, 153, 155, 156–57, 177 Morse code devised for, 152 Morse’s apparatus for, 151–52 operating line opened for, 159 telephone, 406 Temps, Le, 406–7 Terry, Ellen, 420 Thalberg, Sigmund, 164–65 Thayer, Abbot, 335 theater, 48–51 Emerson’s enthusiastic view of, 48 Théâtre de l’Opéra, 208, 236 Théâtre des Variétés, 89 Thộõtre du Vaudeville, 172 Thộõtre Franỗais, 51, 33132 Thộõtre Italien, 48–49 Thiers, Adolphe, 308, 317–18, 336 Third Republic, 259 prosperity of, 407 Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment, 243 Thoreau, Henry, 218 Thumb, Tom, 160–63, 166, 172, 176, 356, 416 Thursby, Emma, 336 Times (London), 326, 403, 420–21 Tintoretto, 344 Titian, 75, 80, 90–91, 145, 344, 424 Tobit and the Angel (Rembrandt), 63 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 15, 32, 172, 181, 182, 196, 197, 227 on Napoleon III, 202 Tocqueville, Madame de, 196 Tortoni’s, 52 transcontinental railroad, 253, 256 Treaty of Paris (1783), 104 Trinity Church (Boston), 366, 372 Trochu, Louis, 283, 284, 287, 300 Trois Frốres Provenỗaux, 53, 120, 227, 229, 232 Trollope, Frances, 92 Trumbull, John, 8, 64, 78–79, 84, 146 Tuileries, Garden of, 27, 29, 57, 67, 144–45, 148, 161–62, 183, 213, 226, 235, 268, 296, 306, 326 American views on marble statues of, 42–43 formal design of, 43–44 Morse and Cooper observed in, 84–85 Tuileries, Palace of, 29, 144, 162, 168, 172, 183, 184, 247, 252, 260, 347, 415 destroyed in Paris Commune, 321, 326 Tunis, 389 Turgenev, Ivan, 228, 332 Turkey, 219 Twachtman, John, 411–12 Twain, Mark, 248, 329, 372 Tyler, John, 146 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 211–12, 215 Unitarianism, 77 United States, 293 first woman doctor of, 191–92 French Republic recognized by, 185 medical education in, 106–7, 115–16, 425 post–Civil War ascendancy of, 251–52 Sargent’s first visit to, 349–50 transcontinental railroad of, 253, 256 Universal Exposition of 1867, 239 displays in, 248 official opening of, 247–48 painting and sculpture in, 249–50 Paris in aftermath of, 257 theme of, 247 Twain’s visit to, 248 Universal Exposition of 1889, 405, 407–8, 410 art exhibit in, 415–16, 419 attendance at, 414, 416–17 Edison’s display in, 415 glamour of, 416 opening of, 414 Palais des Machines of, 414 Sargent’s portraits at, 419 theme of, 416 Wild West Show in, 416 Universal Exposition of 1900: American art in, 448 American products in, 447 attendance at, 446 criticism of, 446–47 Galerie des Machines in, 447 Henry Adams at, 447–48 size of, 446 Vail, Alfred, 152, 155, 159 Valet, Mathilde, 456 Van Buren, Martin, 153, 160 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 431 Vanderlyn, John, 64 Van Dyck, Anthony, 90 Véfour, 53 Velázquez, Diego, 332, 339, 341, 343, 348, 351, 389 Velpeau, Alfred-Armand-Louise-Marie, 105–6, 114–15, 125, 130, 132 Vendôme Column, demolition of, 316–17 Venus de Milo, 326–27 Verdi, Giuseppe, 229 Verne, Jules, 256–57 Veronese, Paolo, 62, 90–91, 95 Versailles, 146, 176, 308, 311, 318 Véry’s, 52, 227 Veteran in a New Field, The (Homer), 243 Vibrio cholerae, 87 Victoria, Queen of England, 143, 161, 183–84, 219, 232 Victoria Hotel, 166 Voltaire, 57, 147, 298, 410, 425, 456 Wagner, Richard, 235, 451 Wall of the Communards, 324 Walsh, Robert, 181, 196 Warner, Olin, 255, 264, 298, 304 War of 1812, 79, 144 Warren, Anna Crowninshield, 134 Warren, John Collins, 6, 14, 110, 133 Warren, Jonathan Mason, 6, 14, 30, 34, 53, 108–10, 112–13, 114, 118, 119, 120, 123, 124–25, 127–30, 135, 424 description of, 109 Paris revisited by, 136 surgical practice of, 133 Washburn, Cadwallader, 269, 275, 276, 278 Washburn, Israel (E B Washburn’s brother), 275, 277, 280 Washburn, Israel (E B Washburn’s father), 274 Washburn, Martha Benjamin, 274–75 Washburn, Reuel, 276 Washburne, Adele Gratiot, 269, 272, 277–79, 280, 305, 306, 315, 327, 355 Washburne, Elihu, Jr., 269 Washburne, Elihu B., 244, 258, 259, 261, 267, 268–69, 303, 304, 310, 334, 336 attempts to save Archbishop Darboy by, 313–15, 318–21, 325 background of, 273–76 on Civil War era, 278 “e” added to name of, 275 education of, 276 on fall of Second Republic, 260 Fish’s praise of, 293–94, 305 Galena, Ill “Golden Years” of, 276–77 on German occupation of Paris, 305–6 Grant’s appointment of, 273–74, 278–79 Healy’s portraits of, 269, 355 Lincoln and, 278 marriage of, 277 office of, 271 in Paris Commune, 305–15, 318–21, 323, 325 Paris Commune diary of, 312–13, 321, 324–25, 328–29 political career of, 277–78 on post-Civil War era, 251–52 resignation of, 355 siege diary of, 285–86, 287, 289, 290, 291–94, 295, 297, 298–301 in siege of Paris, 269–70, 271, 281, 282–83, 304–6 tributes to, 328 Washburne, Gratiot, 269, 283, 291, 294, 300, 313, 319 Washburne, Hempstead, 269 Washburne, Marie, 269, 279 Washburne, Susie, 269 Washburne, William, 269 Washington, George, 11, 75, 94, 144, 145, 146, 360 Washington Monument, 405 Watts, Fanny, 392 Webster, Daniel, 146, 149, 177, 197–98, 205, 223–24 Webster, Noah, 83–84 Webster’s Reply to Hayne (Healy), 197–99 first showing of, 198 notable figures in, 197 purchases of, 198–99 size and composition of, 197 Weir, J Alden, 335, 343, 348, 349, 415–16 Weir, John Ferguson, 249 Welles, Gideon, 273–74, 279 Welles, Samuel, 120 West, Benjamin, 8, 64, 78–79, 96 Western Union, 248 Wharton, Edith, 257 Whistler, George, 221 Whistler, James McNeill, 221–22, 249, 351, 409, 428, 448 White, Stanford, 366, 373, 381, 385, 410, 430 Gussie Saint-Gaudens disliked by, 369–70, 434 murder of, 454 Saint-Gaudens’s collaboration with, 367, 369–71, 376–77, 378, 382–83 Saint-Gaudens’s friendship with, 366, 369–70, 376–77 in tour of southern France, 367–68 White Cloud, 168, 171 White Girl (Whistler), 249 Whittlesey, Elmira, 263 Wilde, Oscar, 10, 423 Willard, Emma Hart, 4, 59, 206, 215 background of, 4–5 Cooper admired by, 74 first Paris impression of, 26, 28–29 on Italian Opera and “genteel society,” 48–49 Lafayette and, 29, 58 Louvre visited by, 42–43, 58 mail service deplored by, 55–56 Paris described by, 40–41 on Roman Catholicism, 23 in trans-Atlantic voyage, 18–19 Willard, John, Williams, Henry, 133 Willis, Nathaniel Parker, 9–10, 20, 34, 36, 37, 44, 47, 49, 50, 55, 58, 62, 67, 68, 74, 92, 129, 151 cholera epidemic and, 85–86, 88 Cooper observed by, 84–85 in journey to Paris, 22, 24, 26–27 Morse and Cooper observed by, 84–85 in trans-Atlantic voyage, 14–16 Wissembourg, Battle of, 259 Woman Reading (Cassatt), 387 Woman with the Glove, The (Carolus-Duran), 343 Woolsey, Melancthon T., 37–38, 70 Worth, Charles Frederick, 252 Wörth, Battle of, 259 Yale University, 70, 75 Morse at, 76–77, 80 Yardley, Olivia, see Bowditch, Olivia Yardley Young Stethoscopist, The (Bowditch), 133 Zarafa (giraffe), 45 Zola, Émile, 332 This and the following page constitute an extension of the copyright page Illustration Credits The illustrations appear courtesy of the following sources: akg-images / The Image Works, Woodstock, NY: 22 • Alinari Archives / The Image Works, Woodstock, NY: • Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: 63 (R.L Ormond material), 77 (Artists in their Paris studios collection), 82 (Everett Shinn collection) • The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, Friends of American Art Collection, No 1924.37: 83 • Author’s Collection: front and back endpapers, 1, 5, 28, 29, 48, 137 • Bibliothèque de la Sorbonne, Paris, France / Archives Charmet / The Bridgeman Art Library International: 24 • Boston Art Commission, Boston, MA: 34 • Bowditch, Vincent Life and Correspondence of Henry Ingersoll Bowditch,Vol I Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1902: 17 • The Bridgeman Art Library International: iv • Bridgeman-Giraudon /Art Resource, New York, NY: 78 • The British Library / HIP / The Image Works, Woodstock, NY: • Charles Sumner Papers, bMS AM 1.60 (6), Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA: 26 • Château de Versailles, France / Giraudon / The Bridgeman Art Library International: 58 • Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH, George Peter Alexander Healy, Self-Portrait, 1852 Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, No 1915.601.: 12 • Collection of the City of New York Photograph by Glenn Castellano Courtesy of the Design Commission of New York, NY: •Erich Lessing / Art Resource, New York, NY: 56, 60 • Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, Bouguereau’s Atelier at the Académie Julian, Paris (detail), Gift of Mr and Mrs John D Rockefeller 3rd, No 1979.7.26: 81 • Flint Institute of Arts, Flint, MI, Gift of the Whiting Foundation, No 1967.32: 69 • Fenimore Art Museum, Cooperstown, NY, James F Cooper, 1822 by John Wesley Jarvis, N0146.1977 Photograph by Richard Walker: 10 • Galignani’s New Paris Guide, 1830 Published by A and W Galignani, Paris, France: • Collecíon Gasca / Iberfoto / The Image Works, Woodstock, NY: 30 • George Eastman House, International Museum of Photography and Film, Rochester, NY: 32 (detail) • Getty Images, Chicago, IL: (Kean Collection); 16 (Rischgitz); 31, 51 (Apic); 35, 44 (Hulton Archives); 36 (Museum of the City of New York); 45 (Popperfoto) • Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Gernsheim Collection, Insurgés non réclame: 57 • Harper’s Weekly, January 11, 1868: 15 • Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA: 19, 20, 21 • Robert Henri Papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: 84 • The Hermitage: Home of President Andrew Jackson, Nashville, TN: 33 • Illustrated London News, August 22, 1857: 47 • Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, MA: 74 • Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: xii-xiii, xiv-xv, 37, 43, 54, 55, 61, 79 • Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, MA: 18, 86 • The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY / Art Resource, New York, NY: 64, 70, 76 • Musée de la Ville de Paris, Musée Carnavalet, Paris, France: The Bridgeman Art Library, New York, NY: 52, 53 • Musée Carnavalet / Roger-Violett / The Image Works, Woodstock, NY: 4, 85 • Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, Gift of Mary Louisa Boit, Julia Overing Boit, Jane Hubbard Boit, and Florence D Boit in memory of their father, Edward Darley Boit, No 19.124: 75 • National Park Service, Longfellow House-Washington Headquarters National Historic Site Archives, Cambridge, MA: 25, 27 • National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C / Art Resource, New York, NY: 62, 80 • ND / Roger-Viollet / The Image Works, Woodstock, NY: 88 • Collection of the NewYork Historical Society, New York, NY, The Reading Club: Portrait of John Singer Sargent seated with another man reading Shakespeare, ca 1875; Accession # 1935.85.2.151 and In the Atelier of Carolus-Duran: John Singer Sargent Painting in the Company of Frank Fowler and unidentified artist; Accession # 1935.85.2.245; by James Carroll Beckwith: 73 • New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Music Division, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundation, New York, NY: 38 • Private Collection, Peter Newark American Pictures / The Bridgeman Art Library, New York, NY: 40 • Private Collection, Christie’s Images / The Bridgeman Art Library International, New York, NY: 68 • Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Paris, France / Art Resource, New York, NY: 14, 39 • Roger-Viollet / The Image Works, Woodstock, NY: 87, 265 • Ruthmere, Elkhart, IN: • SaintGaudens Papers, Dartmouth College, Rauner Library, Hanover, NH: 66, 90 • Scala / Art Resource, New York, NY: 42, 46 • Scala / White Images / Art Resource, New York, NY: • Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA: 50 • Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C / Art Resource, New York, NY: 41 • Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, MA / The Bridgeman Art Library, New York, NY: 71 • Tate Gallery, London / Art Resource, New York, NY: 72 • Terra Foundation for American Art, Chicago, IL / Art Resource, New York, NY, Samuel F B Morse, Gallery of the Louvre, Daniel J Terra Collection, 1992.51: 11 • U.S Dept of Interior, National Park Service, Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site, Cornish NH: 49, 65, 67 (photograph by Dewitt Clinton Ward), 89, 91 (photograph by Kevin Daley) • Wellcome Library, London: 23 • Emma Willard School Archives, Troy, NY: 13 Text Permissions The author gratefully acknowledges permision from the following sources to use material in their control: Moore College of Art and Design Archives, Philadelphia, PA, for excerpts from the letters of Emily Sartain • National Academy Museum and School of Fine Arts, New York, NY, for excerpts from the Papers of James Carroll Beckwith • Philadelphia Museum of Art, Carl Zigrosser Collection, Philadelphia, PA, for excerpts from the Family Letters of Mary Cassatt • Harvard Medical School Library, Countway Building, Boston, MA, for excerpts from the Papers of James Jackson Sr and Jr (H MS c8.1 folders 1–9 and H MS c8.2 folders 1016) ... ISBN 97 8-1 -4 16 5-7 17 6-6 ISBN 97 8-1 -4 16 5-7 68 9-1 (ebook) The illustration facing the title page is Man at the Window by Gustave Caillebotte; on p 1: the exterior of Notre-Dame; on p 137: the Place... the front in the coupe, six in the intérieur, and six more in the rotonde in the rear Each of these sections was separate from the others, thereby dividing the rich, the middling, and the poor “If... both these young men, going to Paris was as much the heart’s desire of their fathers as it was their own Wendell Holmes, on the other hand, had to overcome the strong misgivings of a preacher father