Praise for FDR “Miraculous … a careful, intelligent synopsis of the existing Roosevelt scholarship … and a meticulous re-interpretation of the man and his record … At last we have the biography that is right for the man.” —The Washington Post “Magisterial … The author’s eloquent synthesis of FDR’s complex and compelling life is remarkably executed and a joy to read.… This erudite but graceful volume illuminates FDR’s life for scholars, history buffs and casual readers alike.” —Publishers Weekly (starred review) “[A] remarkable, sympathetic biography … [Smith] does a fine job.” —The New Yorker “Compelling … richly researched … one of those monumental works that … does not lose sight of the individual at its heart.” —The Denver Post “An outstanding biography of ‘the most gifted American statesman of the twentieth century’ … an exemplary and highly readable work that ably explains why FDR merits continued honor.” —Kirkus Reviews (starred review) “A marvelous book.” —The Dallas Morning News “Especially deft … Smith vibrantly captures the complete drama of an American original.” —Newark Star-Ledger “An intricate network of personal detail … deeply moving.” —The New York Sun “Smith’s towering new biography brings the great man to vivid life once more, o ering us a valuable chance to ponder again the crucial mystery of leadership.” —JON MEACHAM, author of Franklin and Winston and American Gospel “[Smith] is an accomplished biographer, and he lays out in the most charming prose the dynamics of a gifted politician.” —The Washington Times “This page-turner is the best single-volume biography available of America’s thirtysecond president Essential.” —Library Journal (starred review) ALSO BY JEAN EDWARD SMITH Grant John Marshall: Definer of a Nation George Bush’s War Lucius D Clay: An American Life The Conduct of American Foreign Policy Debated (ED., WITH HERBERT M LEVINE) The Constitution and American Foreign Policy Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Debated (ED., WITH HERBERT M LEVINE) The Papers of General Lucius D Clay (ED.) Germany Beyond the Wall Der Weg ins Dilemma The Defense of Berlin Copyright © 2007 by Jean Edward Smith All rights reserved Published in the United States by Random House Trade Paperbacks, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York RANDOM HOUSE TRADE PAPERBACKS and colophon are trademarks of Random House, Inc Originally published in hardcover in the United States by Random House, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., in 2007 Grateful acknowledgment is made to HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., for permission to reprint brief excerpts from Working with Roosevelt by Samuel I Rosenman, copyright © 1952 by Harper & Brothers Copyright renewed © 1980 by Dorothy R Rosenman, Robert Rosenman, and James R Rowen Used by permission Unless otherwise noted, the photographs in this work are courtesy of the Franklin D Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Hyde Park, New York LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Smith, Jean Edward FDR / Jean Edward Smith p cm eISBN: 978-1-58836-624-5 Roosevelt, Franklin D (Franklin Delano), 1882–1945 Presidents—United States—Biography I Title E807.S58 2007 973.917092—dc22 [B] www.atrandom.com v3.1_r1 2006043087 To the memory of my parents, Eddyth and Jean—proud Mississippians devoted to Franklin Roosevelt HE LIFTED HIMSELF FROM HIS WHEELCHAIR TO LIFT THIS NATION FROM ITS KNEES Preface THREE PRESIDENTS DOMINATE American history: George Washington, who founded the country; Abraham Lincoln, who preserved it; and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who rescued it from economic collapse and then led it to victory in the greatest war of all time Elected for an unprecedented four terms, Roosevelt proved the most gifted American statesman of the twentieth century When he took o ce in 1933, one third of the nation was unemployed Agriculture lay destitute Factories were idle, businesses were closing their doors, and the banking system teetered on the brink of collapse Violence lay just beneath the surface The Hoover administration had deployed tanks and tear gas to drive a bedraggled remnant of World War I veterans (the Bonus Marchers) from Washington but otherwise appeared incapable of responding to the crisis Roosevelt seized the opportunity He galvanized the nation with an inaugural address (“the only thing we have to fear is fear itself”) that ranks with Lincoln’s Second Inaugural, declared a banking holiday to restore dence in the nation’s banks, and initiated a flurry of legislative proposals to put the country back on its feet Under FDR’s energetic leadership the government became an active participant in the economic life of the nation More important, he restored the country’s dence Roosevelt revolutionized the art of political campaigning, revitalized the Democratic party, and created a new national majority that included those previously cast aside His reside chats brought the presidency into every living room in America And what may be more remarkable, he did this while paralyzed from the waist down For the last twenty-three years of his life, Franklin Roosevelt could not stand unassisted The literature on the Roosevelt era is immense Virtually every major participant has written his or her memoirs, scholars have lled library shelves with analytic studies, and the nation’s most proli c writers have addressed the New Deal, the Second World War, and the outsize personalities who dominated American life in the 1930s and ’40s Biographies of Franklin Roosevelt are only slightly less numerous than those of Washington or Lincoln, and there is little that has not been said, somewhere, about the president These works are easily accessible to the student of history, yet are seldom consulted by the general public In recent years, biographies of lesser gures—Truman, MacArthur, Eisenhower, the numerous Kennedys—have shaped popular perceptions of the period Rummaging through the life of Eleanor Roosevelt has become a cottage industry As a result, Roosevelt himself has become a mythic gure, looming indistinctly out of the mist of the past The riddle for a biographer is to explain how this Hudson River aristocrat, a son of privilege who never depended on a paycheck, became the champion of the common man The answer most frequently suggested is that the misfortune of polio changed Roosevelt By conquering adversity he gained insight into the nature of su ering and found new sources of strength within himself That is undoubtedly true But it does not go far enough FDR’s e ort to recover from polio took him to Warm Springs, Georgia Year after year at Warm Springs he was exposed to the brutal reality of rural poverty All around him he saw hardworking people who were “ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished.” Roosevelt’s patrician instincts rebelled, and he began to formulate the economic ideas that came to fruition in the New Deal As governor of New York when the Great Depression hit, FDR was the only state chief executive to organize extensive relief e orts “Modern society, acting through its government,” he said, “owes the de nite obligation to prevent the starvation or the dire want of any of its fellow men and women who try to maintain themselves but cannot.” Roosevelt was too talented to be ned by the circumstances of his birth His devotion to his career and his conviction that he was a man of destiny far outweighed any tribal loyalty A social conservative by instinct and upbringing, he did more to alter the relationship between ordinary citizens and their government than any other American And he shaped our notion of the modern presidency In that sense Roosevelt was a natural He was not especially gifted in any eld except politics But in politics he had no equal Roosevelt knew the Democratic party better than anyone It was said he could draw a line on a map from the East Coast to the West Coast and name every county the line intersected In most counties he knew the Democratic leader and one or two o ceholders as well And he kept close watch on party patronage His appointments were calculated not only to reward, but co-opt As his rst secretary of war, he appointed Utah isolationist George Dern For secretary of state he chose conservative Tennessee senator Cordell Hull—a sheet anchor to protect the administration from carping redneck legislators His vice president, hard-drinking John Nance Garner of Texas, former Speaker of the House, solidi ed southern support To dole out federal money at the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, FDR chose conservative Texas banker Jesse Jones When the Securities and Exchange Commission came into being, he appointed Joseph Kennedy to head it “It takes a thief to catch a thief,” The Washington Post chortled FDR’s administrative style was a legendary mixture of straightforward delegation, owchart responsibility, Machiavellian cunning, and crafty deception James MacGregor Burns called him a lion and a fox Frances Perkins, FDR’s long-serving secretary of labor, said Roosevelt was “the most complicated human being I have ever known.” He kept major decisions in his own hands, played his cards close to his chest, and enjoyed the consternation of opponents when his maneuvers were revealed “I’m a juggler,” Roosevelt told Treasury secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr “I never let my right hand know what my left hand is doing.” Occasionally he overreached His wrongheaded 1937 Court-packing scheme boomeranged badly, as did his ill-considered intervention in Democratic senatorial primaries in 1938 He made mistakes Some were catastrophic, such as his 1937 decision to slash federal expenditures, precipitating the “Roosevelt recession” of 1938–39 Roosevelt expected cabinet o cers to run their own shows, but did not hesitate to ——— The First New Deal New York: Harcourt, Brace & World 1966 ——— Masters of Politics New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1949 Monaghan, Frank, and Marvin Lowenthal This Was New York, the Nation’s Capital in 1789 New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1943 Moran, Lord Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran; The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965 Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966 More, Paul Elmer The Complete Poetical Works of Lord Byron Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1905 Morgan, Ted FDR: A Biography New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985 Morison, Elting E Admiral Sims and the Modern American Navy Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1942 ——— Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L Stimson Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960 Morison, Samuel Eliot The Oxford History of the American People New York: Oxford University Press, 1965 ——— Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636–1936 Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1936 Morley, J W., ed The Fateful Choice: Japan’s Advance into Southeast Asia, 1939–1941 New York: Columbia University Press, 1980 Morris, Edmund The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1979 ——— Theodore Rex New York: Random House, 2001 Morris, Sylvia Jukes Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1980 Morrison, Joseph L Josephus Daniels: The Small-d Democrat Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966 Morse, Arthur D While Six Million Died New York: Random House, 1968 Morton, H V Atlantic Meeting: An Account of Mr Churchill’s Voyage in H.M.S Prince of Wales, in August, 1941, and the Conference with President Roosevelt Which Resulted in the Atlantic Charter New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1943 Moscow, Warren Politics in the Empire State New York: Knopf, 1948 ——— Roosevelt and Willkie Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968 Mowry, George E The Era of Theodore Roosevelt New York: Harper & Row, 1958 ——— Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1946 Mullen, Arthur Western Democrat New York: W Funk, 1940 Murphy, Robert Diplomat Among Warriors New York: Doubleday, 1964 Murray, Arthur C At Close Quarters London: John Murray, 1946 Murray, Robert K The 103rd Ballot: Democrats and the Disaster in Madison Square Garden New York: Harper & Row, 1976 Murray, Williamson, and Allan Millett A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000 Myers, Gustavus The History of Tammany Hall New York: Burt Francis, 1968 Myers, William S., and Walter H Newton The Hoover Administration: A Documented Narrative New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936 Neal, Steve Happy Days Are Here Again New York: HarperCollins, 2004 ——— Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie New York: Doubleday, 1984 Neillands, Robin The Dieppe Raid: The Story of the Disastrous 1942 Expedition Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006 Nesbitt, Henrietta White House Diary New York: Doubleday, 1948 Neufeld, Michael J., and Michael Berenbaum, eds The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It? New York: St Martin’s Press, 2000 Neustadt, Richard E Presidential Power New York: New American Library, 1960 Nevins, Allan The New Deal and World Affairs, 1933–1945 New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1950 Newton, Don, and A Cecil Hampshire Taranto London: W Kimber, 1959 Newton, Verne W., ed FDR and the Holocaust New York: St Martin’s Press, 1996 Nicolson, Harold Diaries and Letters, 1930–1939 New York: Atheneum, 1966 Nitti, Francesco Rivelazioni: dramatis personae Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiani, 1948 Norris, George W Fighting Liberal: The Autobiography of George W Norris New York: Macmillan, 1945 Nourse, Edwin G Three Years of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1937 O’Connor, Harvey The Astors New York: Knopf, 1941 O’Connor, Raymond G Diplomacy for Victory: FDR and Unconditional Surrender New York: Norton, 1971 O’Connor, Richard The First Hurrah, A Biography of Alfred E Smith New York: Putnam, 1970 Oshinsky, David M Polio: An American Story New York: Oxford University Press, 2005 Overacker, Louise Money in Elections New York: Macmillan, 1932 Owen, David Edward British Opium Policy in China and India New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1934 Parks, Lillian Rogers, and Frances S Leighton The Roosevelts: A Family in Turmoil Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981 Partridge, Bellamy The Roosevelt Family in America: An Imperial Saga New York: Hillman-Curl, 1936 Patterson, James T Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967 ——— Mr Republican: A Biography of Robert A Taft Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972 Paul, John R A History of Poliomyelitis New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1971 Pearson, Drew, and Robert S Allen Nine Old Men at the Crossroads New York: Doubleday, 1936 Peel, Roy V., and Thomas C Donnelly The 1932 Campaign: An Analysis New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1935 Pendar, Kenneth Adventure in Diplomacy: Our French Dilemma New York: Dodd, Mead, 1945 Perkins, Dexter The New Age of Franklin Roosevelt Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957 Perkins, Frances The Roosevelt I Knew New York: Viking Press, 1946 Perlmutter, Amos FDR and Stalin: A Not So Grand Alliance, 1943–1945 Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993 Perras, Galen Roger Franklin Roosevelt and the Origins of the Canadian-American Security Alliance, 1933–1945: Necessary but Not Necessary Enough Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1998 Perry, Elisabeth Israels Belle Moskowitz: Feminine Politics and the Exercise of Power in the Age of Alfred E Smith New York: Oxford University Press, 1987 Persico, Joseph E Roosevelt’s Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage New York: Random House, 2001 Peters, Charles Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing “We Want Willkie!” Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World New York: PublicAffairs, 2005 Picchi, Blaise The Five Weeks of Giuseppe Zangara: The Man Who Would Assassinate FDR Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishers, 1998 Pogue, Forrest C George C Marshall: Education of a General, 1880–1939 New York: Viking Press, 1963 ——— George C Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939–1942 New York: Viking Press, 1966 ——— George C Marshall: Organizer of Victory, 1943–1945 New York: Viking Press, 1973 ——— The Supreme Command Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1954 Pottker, Jan Sara and Eleanor New York: St Martin’s Press, 2004 Potts, Steve Franklin D Roosevelt: A Photo Illustrated Biography Mankato, Minn.: Bridgestone Books, 1996 Prange, Gordon W At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981 Prange, Gordon W with Donald M Goldstein and Katherine V Dillon Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History New York: Penguin, 1991 Pratt, Fletcher The Navy’s War New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944 Pratt, Julius W Cordell Hull, 1933–1944 vols New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1964 Preston, Diana Lusitania: An Epic Tragedy New York: Walker, 2002 Pringle, Henry F The Life and Times of William Howard Taft New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1939 ——— Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1931 Pritchett, C Herman The Roosevelt Court: A Study in Judicial Politics and Values, 1937–1947 New York: Macmillan, 1948 Proceedings of the 1932 Democratic National Convention Washington, D.C.: Democratic National Committee, 1932 Proceedings of the 1936 Democratic National Convention Washington, D.C.: Democratic National Committee, 1936 Proceedings of the 1940 Democratic National Convention Washington, D.C.: Democratic National Committee, 1940 Proskauer, Joseph M A Segment of My Times New York: Farrar, Straus, 1950 Pusey, Merlo J Charles Evans Hughes vols New York: Macmillan, 1951 Putnam, Carleton Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958 Reilly, Michael F., and William J Slocum Reilly of the White House New York: Simon & Schuster, 1947 Reynolds, David From Munich to Pearl Harbor: Roosevelt’s America and the Origins of the Second World War Chicago: Ivan R Dee, 2001 Reynolds, Quentin The Amazing Mr Doolittle: A Biography of Lieutenant General James H Doolittle New York: Arno Press, 1953 Rhodes, Richard The Making of the Atomic Bomb New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986 Richberg, Donald My Hero: The Indiscreet Memoirs of an Eventful but Unheroic Life New York: G P Putnam’s Sons, 1954 ——— The Rainbow: After the Sunshine of Prosperity, the Deluge of the Depression, the Rainbow of the NRA, What Have We Learned? Where Are We Going? New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1936 Rixey, Lillian Bamie New York: McKay, 1963 Robertson, David Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F Byrnes New York: Norton, 1994 Robinson, Corinne Roosevelt My Brother, Theodore Roosevelt New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921 Robinson, Edgar E The Roosevelt Leadership 1933–1945 Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1955 Robinson, Greg By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001 Rogers, Will Sanity Is Where You Find It: An Affectionate History of the United States in the 20’s and 30’s Donald Day, ed Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1955 Rollins, Alfred B., Jr Roosevelt and Howe New York: Knopf, 1962 Roosevelt, David B Grandmère: A Personal History of Eleanor Roosevelt New York: Warner Books, 2002 Roosevelt, Eleanor The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961 ——— Christmas, 1940 New York: St Martin’s Press, 1986 ——— The Eleanor Roosevelt Oral History Collection of the Franklin D Roosevelt Library Roger Daniels, ed vols Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1991 ——— Eleanor Roosevelt’s My Day vols New York: Pharos Books, 1989–1991 ——— It Seems to Me New York: Norton, 1954 ——— This I Remember New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949 ——— This Is My Story New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937 ——— You Learn by Living New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960 Roosevelt, Eleanor, and Lorena Hickok Empty Without You: The Intimate Letters of Eleanor Roosevelt and Lorena Hickok Roger Streitmatter, ed New York: Free Press, 1998 Roosevelt, Elliott As He Saw It New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1946 ——— Hunting Big Game in the Eighties: The Letters of Elliott Roosevelt, Sportsman Eleanor Roosevelt, ed New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1932 Roosevelt, Elliott, and James Brough A Rendezvous with Destiny: The Roosevelts of the White House New York: G P Putnam’s Sons, 1975 ——— An Untold Story: The Roosevelts of Hyde Park New York: G P Putnam’s Sons, 1973 Roosevelt, Franklin D Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D Roosevelt 25 vols New York: Da Capo Press, 1972 ——— FDR: His Personal Letters Elliott Roosevelt, ed vols New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1947–1950 ——— F.D.R Columnist: The Uncollected Columns of Franklin D Roosevelt Donald S Carmichael, ed Chicago: Pellegrini & Cudahy, 1947 ——— The Happy Warrior, Alfred E Smith: A Study of a Public Servant Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928 ——— On Our Way New York: John Day, 1934 ——— Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D Roosevelt Samuel I Rosenman, ed 13 vols New York: Random House, Macmillan, Harper & Brothers, 1933–1950 ——— The Public Papers of Franklin D Roosevelt, Forty-eighth Governor of the State of New York, 1929–1932 vols Albany, N.Y.: J B Lyon, 1930–1939 ——— The Roosevelt Letters: Being the Personal Correspondence of Franklin Delano Roosevelt Elliott Roosevelt, ed vols London: George G Harrap, 1949–1952 ——— The Wit and Wisdom of Franklin D Roosevelt Maxwell Meyersohn, ed Boston: Beacon Press, 1950 Roosevelt, Franklin D., and Winston Churchill Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence Loewenheim, Francis L., Harold Langley, and Manfred Jonas, eds New York: Saturday Review Press, 1975 Roosevelt, Franklin D., and Pope Pius XII Wartime Correspondence Between President Roosevelt and Pope Pius XII Myron C Taylor, ed New York: Macmillan, 1947 Roosevelt, Hall, with Samuel Duff McCoy Odyssey of an American Family: An Account of the Roosevelts and Their Kin as Travelers from 1613–1938 New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939 Roosevelt, James, and Sidney Shalett Affectionately, F.D.R.: A Son’s Story of a Lonely Man New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1959 Roosevelt, James, with Bill Libby My Parents: A Differing View Chicago: Playboy Press, 1976 Roosevelt, Mrs James [Sara Delano] As told by Isabel Leighton and Gabrielle Forbush My Boy Franklin New York: R Long & R R Smith, 1933 Roosevelt, Nicholas A Front Row Seat Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1953 Roosevelt, Theodore Letters from Theodore Roosevelt to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, 1870–1918 New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1924 ——— The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt Elting E Morison, ed vols Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954 ——— Progressive Principles: Selections from Addresses Made During the Presidential Campaign of 1912 New York: Progressive National Service, 1913 ——— Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography New York: Macmillan, 1913 ——— Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children Joseph Bucklin Bishop, ed New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1919 ——— The Works of Theodore Roosevelt Hermann Hagedorn, ed 24 vols New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923–1926 Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr All in the Family New York: G P Putnam’s Sons, 1929 Roper, Daniel C Fifty Years of Public Life Durham: Duke University Press, 1941 Rosen, Elliot A Hoover, Roosevelt, and the Brains Trust: From Depression to New Deal New York: Columbia University Press, 1977 Rosen, Robert N Saving the Jews: Franklin D Roosevelt and the Holocaust New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2006 Rosenman, Samuel I Working with Roosevelt New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952 Ross, Leland M., and Allen W Grobin This Democratic Roosevelt: The Life Story of “F.D.”; An Authentic Biography New York: E P Dutton, 1932 Rossi, Mario Roosevelt and the French Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1993 Rotberg, Robert I., and Theodore K Rabb, eds The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989 Rozell, Mark J., and William D Pederson, eds FDR and the Modern Presidency: Leadership and Legacy Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1997 Rusbridger, James Betrayal at Pearl Harbor: How Churchill Lured Roosevelt into World War II New York: Summit Books, 1991 Sainsbury, Keith Churchill and Roosevelt at War: The War They Fought and the Peace They Hoped to Make New York: New York University Press, 1994 Saloutos, Theodore, and John D Hicks Agricultural Discontent in the Middle West, 1900–1939 Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1951 Sandifer, Irine Reiterman Mrs Roosevelt as We Knew Her Silver Spring, Md.: Sandifer, 1975 Santoyo, Elsa M., ed Creating an American Masterpiece: Architectural Drawings of the Old Executive Office Building, 1871– 1888 Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects Press, 1988 Savage, Sean J Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945 Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1991 Scammon, Richard M., ed America at the Polls: A Handbook of American Presidential Election Statistics Pittsburgh: Governmental Affairs Institute, 1965 Scharf, Lois Eleanor Roosevelt: First Lady of American Liberalism Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987 Schewe, Donald B., ed Franklin D Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs, January 1937–August 1939 10 vols New York: Garland Publishing, 1979 Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr The Coming of the New Deal Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958 ——— The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919–1933 Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957 ——— The New Deal in Action, 1933–1939 New York: Macmillan, 1940 ——— The Politics of Upheaval Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960 ——— The Vital Center Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1949 ———, ed Running for President: The Candidates and their Images, 1900–1992 New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994 Schriftgiesser, Karl The Amazing Roosevelt Family, 1613–1942 New York: W Funk, 1942 Sears, Stephen W George B McClellan: The Young Napoleon New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1988 Sherwin, Mark, and Chales L Markmann One Week in March New York: G P Putnam’s Sons, 1961 Sherwood, Robert E Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948 Shirer, William L The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich New York: Simon & Schuster, 1959 Shogan, Robert Hard Bargain: How FDR Twisted Churchill’s Arm, Evaded the Law, and Changed the Role of the American Presidency New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1995 Shoumatoff, Elizabeth FDR’s Unfinished Portrait: A Memoir Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990 Sims, William S The Victory at Sea New York: Doubleday, 1920 Small, Melvin, and J David Singer Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816–1980 Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982 Smith, A Merriman Thank You, Mr President: A White House Notebook New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946 Smith, Alfred E Up to Now: An Autobiography New York: Viking Press, 1929 Smith, Amanda Hostage to Fortune: The Letters of Joseph P Kennedy New York: Viking Press, 2001 Smith, Jean Edward The Constitution and American Foreign Policy St Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., 1989 ——— The Defense of Berlin Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963 ——— George Bush’s War New York: Henry Holt, 1992 ——— Grant New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001 ——— John Marshall: Definer of a Nation New York: Henry Holt, 1996 ——— Lucius D Clay: An American Life New York: Henry Holt, 1990 Smith, Richard Norton Thomas E Dewey and His Times New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982 Soames, Mary, ed Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999 Spedding, James, Robert Leslie Ellis, and Douglas Denon Heath, eds The Works of Francis Bacon 15 vols New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1872 Speer, Albert Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs New York: Macmillan, 1970 Stafford, David Roosevelt and Churchill: Men of Secrets Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press, 2000 Stalin, Joseph, Winston S Churchill, C R Attlee, Franklin D Roosevelt, and Harry S Truman Correspondence Between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the USA and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 vols Moscow: Progress, 1957 Starling, Edmund W., and Thomas Sugrue Starling of the White House: The Story of the Man Whose Secret Service Detail Guarded Five Presidents from Woodrow Wilson to Franklin D Roosevelt New York: Simon & Schuster, 1946 Steeholm, Clara and Hardy The House at Hyde Park New York: Viking Press, 1950 Steel, Ronald Walter Lippmann and the American Century Boston: Little, Brown, 1980 Stein, Leon The Triangle Fire Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1962 Steinberg, Alfred Mrs R.: The Life of Eleanor Roosevelt New York: G P Putnam’s Sons, 1958 ——— Sam Rayburn: A Biography New York: Hawthorn Books, 1975 Stettinius, Edward R The Diaries of Edward R Stettinius, Jr., 1943–1946 Thomas M Campbell and George C Herring, eds New York: New Viewpoints, 1975 ——— Roosevelt and the Russians: The Yalta Conference New York: Doubleday, 1949 Stiles, Lela The Man Behind Roosevelt: The Story of Louis McHenry Howe Cleveland: World, 1954 Stillwell, Paul Air Raid, Pearl Harbor: Recollections of a Day of Infamy Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1981 Stimson, Henry L., and McGeorge Bundy On Active Service in Peace and War New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948 Stinnett, Robert B Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor New York: Free Press, 1999 Stokes, Thomas L Chip off My Shoulder Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1940 Stoler, Mark A The Politics of the Second Front: American Military Planning and Diplomacy in Coalition Warfare, 1941– 1943 Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977 Storke, Thomas M California Editor Los Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1958 Strouse, Jean Morgan: American Financier New York: Perenial, 2000 Sulzberger, C L A Long Row of Candles: Memoirs and Diaries, 1934–1954 New York: Macmillan, 1969 Sumner, William Graham The Forgotten Man and Other Essays New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1918 Swain, Martha H Pat Harrison: The New Deal Years Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1978 Swift, Will The Roosevelts and the Royals: Franklin and Eleanor, The King and Queen of England, and the Friendship That Changed History Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2004 Tansill, Charles C Back Door to War: The Roosevelt Foreign Policy, 1933–1941 Chicago: Regnery, 1952 Taylor, Charles Carlisle The Life of Admiral Mahan New York: George H Doran, 1920 Taylor, F J The United States and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 New York: Bookman Associates, 1956 Teague, Michael Mrs L: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth New York: Doubleday, 1981 Tehan, Arline Boucher Henry Adams in Love New York: Universe Books, 1983 Teichmann, Howard Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1979 Thomas, Gordon, and Max Morgan-Witts The Day the Bubble Burst New York: Doubleday, 1979 Thompson, Robert Smith A Time for War: Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the Path to Pearl Harbor New York: PrenticeHall, 1991 Timmons, Bascom N Garner of Texas: A Personal History New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948 ——— Jesse H Jones: The Man and the Statesman New York: Henry Holt, 1956 Truman, Harry S Memoirs vols New York: Doubleday, 1956 Tuchman, Barbara W The Guns of August New York: Macmillan, 1962 ——— The Zimmermann Telegram New York: Viking Press, 1958 Tucker, Ray Thomas The Mirrors of 1932 New York: Brewer, Warren & Putnam, 1931 Tugwell, Rexford G The Brains Trust New York: Viking Press, 1968 ——— The Democratic Roosevelt: A Biography of Franklin D Roosevelt New York: Doubleday, 1957 ——— In Search of Roosevelt Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972 ——— Roosevelt’s Revolution New York: Macmillan, 1977 Tully, Grace F.D.R.: My Boss New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949 Tumulty, Joseph P Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921 Underhill, Robert FDR and Harry: Unparalleled Lives Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1996 United States Civilian Production Administration Industrial Mobilization for War Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1947 United States Congress Pearl Harbor Attack: Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack 39 vols Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1946 United States Congress, House, Committee on Naval Affairs Hearings, 1915 Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1915 United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census Statistical History of the United States from Colonial Times to the Present Stamford, Conn.: Fairfield Publishers, 1965 United States Department of Justice Annual Report of the Attorney General of the United States Washington, D.C.: U.S Department of Justice, 1913 United States Department of State Foreign Relations of the United States, 1908 Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1912 ——— Foreign Relations of the United States, 1914, Supplement Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1928 ——— Foreign Relations of the United States, 1915, Supplement Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1928 ——— Foreign Relations of the United States, 1924 Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1939 ——— Foreign Relations of the United States, 1940 vols Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1955– 1961 ——— Foreign Relations of the United States, 1941 vols Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1956– 1963 ——— Foreign Relations of the United States, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1955 ——— Foreign Relations of the United States, Conferences at Cairo and Teheran, 1943 Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1961 ——— Foreign Relations of the United States, Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943 Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1968 ——— Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931–1941 Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1943 ——— Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States, 1776–1949 Charles I Bevans, ed 13 vols Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1968–1976 United States Department of the Army The Army Almanac Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1950 United States Department of the Navy Ships’ Data: U.S Naval Vessels Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1914 United States Federal Writers’ Project Washington: City and Capital, Federal Writers’ Project Works Progress Administration … Washington, 1937 Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1937 United States Public Works Administration America Builds: The Record of the PWA Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1939 Utley, Jonathan G Going to War with Japan, 1937–1941 Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985 Vandenberg, Arthur H., and Joe Alex Morris The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, Jr Farewell to Fifth Avenue New York: Simon & Schuster, 1935 Van Minnen, Cornelius A., and John F Sears, eds FDR and His Contemporaries: Foreign Perceptions of an American President New York: St Martin’s Press, in association with the Roosevelt Study Center, 1992 Van Natta, Don First Off the Tee: Presidential Hackers, Duffers, and Cheaters, from Taft to Bush New York: PublicAffairs, 2003 Verrier, Anthony Assassination in Algiers: Churchill, Roosevelt, de Gaulle, and the Murder of Admiral Darlan New York: Norton, 1990 Von Drehle, David Triangle: The Fire That Changed America New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003 Waite, John G The President as Architect: Franklin D Roosevelt’s Top Cottage Albany, N.Y.: Mount Ida Press, 2001 Walker, Turnley Roosevelt and the Warm Springs Story New York: A A Wyn, 1953 Walker, William O., III Opium and Foreign Policy Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991 Wallace, Henry A The Price of Vision: Diary of Henry A Wallace, 1942–1946 John Morton Blum, ed Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973 Walzer, Michael Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations New York: Basic Books, 1977 Ward, Geoffrey C Before the Trumpet: Young Franklin Roosevelt, 1882–1905 New York: Harper & Row, 1985 ——— A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt New York: Harper & Row, 1989 ———, ed Closest Companion: The Unknown Story of the Intimate Friendship Between Franklin Roosevelt and Margaret Suckley Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995 Warner, Emily Smith, and Hawthorne Daniel The Happy Warrior: A Biography of My Father, Alfred E Smith New York: Doubleday, 1956 Warren, Charles The Supreme Court in United States History vols Boston: Little, Brown, 1926 Warren, Earl The Memoirs of Earl Warren New York: Doubleday, 1977 Warren, Harris Gaylord Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression New York: Oxford University Press, 1959 Watkins, T H Righteous Pilgrim: The Life and Times of Harold L Ickes, 1874–1952 New York: Henry Holt, 1990 Watson, Mark S The United States Army in World War II: Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1950 Watt, Donald Cameron How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939 New York: Pantheon, 1989 Webb, Beatrice The Diary of Beatrice Webb Norman and Jeanne MacKenzie, eds., Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982–1985 Wedemeyer, Albert C Wedemeyer Reports! New York: Henry Holt, 1958 Wehle, Louis B Hidden Threads of History, Wilson Through Roosevelt New York: Macmillan, 1953 Weil, Martin A Pretty Good Club: The Founding Fathers of the U.S Foreign Service New York: Norton, 1978 Weiss, Nancy J Charles Francis Murphy, 1858–1924: Respectability and Responsibility in Tammany Politics Northampton, Mass.: Smith College, 1968 ——— Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983 Weizmann, Chaim Trial and Error: The Autobiography of Chaim Weizmann New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949 Welles, Sumner Seven Decisions That Shaped History New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951 ——— Time for Decision New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944 Werner, M R Bryan New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1929 ——— Tammany Hall New York: Greenwood Press, 1968 West, J B., with Mary Lynn Kotz Upstairs at the White House New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1973 Wharton, Don The Roosevelt Omnibus New York: Knopf, 1934 Wharton, Edith The Age of Innocence New York: D Appleton, 1920 Wheeler, Burton K Yankee from the West New York: Doubleday, 1962 Wheeler-Bennett, John W King George VI: His Life and Reign New York: St Martin’s Press, 1958 ——— The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics, 1918–1945 New York: St Martin’s Press, 1954 White, G Edward The Constitution and the New Deal Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000 White, Graham J F.D.R and the Press Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979 White, Walter A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White New York: Viking Press, 1948 White, William L Bernard Baruch New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1950 Whittelsey, Charles B The Roosevelt Genealogy, 1649–1902 Hartford, Conn.: Burr, 1902 Williams, T Harry Huey Long New York: Knopf, 1969 Willis, Resa FDR and Lucy: Lovers and Friends New York: Routledge, 2004 Wilson, Theodore A The First Summit: Roosevelt and Churchill at Placentia Bay, 1941 Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969 Wilson, Woodrow Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1885 Winfield, Betty Houchin FDR and the News Media New York: Columbia University Press, 1994 Wise, John Sargeant Recollections of Thirteen Presidents New York: Doubleday, 1906 Wohlstetter, Roberta Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962 Wolf, Thomas P., Byron W Daynes, and William D Pederson Franklin D Roosevelt and Congress: The New Deal and Its Aftermath Armonk, N.Y.: M E Sharpe, 2001 Wordsworth, William Wordsworth’s Poems in Two Volumes (1807): A Facsimile London: British Library, 1984 Wyman, David The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945 New York: Pantheon, 1984 Yeager, M Hildegarde The Life of James Roosevelt Bayley Washington, D.C.: Catholic University Press, 1947 Yergin, Daniel Shattered Peace Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977 Young, Louise Japan’s Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998 Acknowledgments THIS BOOK COULD not have been written without the assistance of Rhonda Mullins of the Communications Department (President’s O ce) of Marshall University I write in longhand with a ballpoint pen on yellow legal pads Ms Mullins not only was able to read my writing but translated it to typescript with remarkable e ciency Over the course of four years and endless drafts, she provided me with nished copy on a daily basis I am eternally grateful Writing contemporary biography requires consulting vast collections of primary documents I am indebted to the John and Elizabeth Drinko Foundation for providing the assistance that permitted my frequent visits to the Franklin D Roosevelt Library at Hyde Park; the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress; the special collections of personal papers at Princeton, Harvard, and Yale; and the Oral History Project at Columbia John and Elizabeth’s contribution to higher education is truly remarkable Over the last thirty years they have established nine endowed chairs, supported more than a dozen academic programs, and provided the funds for the construction of the Ohio State University Law School, the Marshall University Library, and the Performing Arts Recital Hall at Cleveland State Neither John nor Elizabeth was a fan of Franklin Roosevelt, but that did not prevent them from providing unstinting support To those who have read the manuscript, I am indebted beyond measure Their suggestions have been invaluable, and I thank them for the time and e ort they generously granted The entire manuscript was read by the “Gang of Thirteen”—old friends, colleagues, and former students, many of whom helped with Clay, Marshall, and Grant: Thomas Bergquist, Paul Ehrlich, Bennett Feigenbaum, Joanne Feld, Ellen Feldman, Alan Gould, Sanford Lako , William Nelson, John Seaman, John Simon, Kelly and David Vaziri, and Frank Williams Portions of the manuscript were read by George Carter, Michael Donnelly, Harry Moul, Roger Newman, Kent Newmyer, Dan O’Hanlon, and Simon Perry, to whom I am also grateful My classmates Alan Blumberg and Brice McAdoo Clagett provided valuable assistance pertaining to New York divorce proceedings and the 1932 Democratic National Convention Dr Sonya Vaziri of the Harvard Medical School helped me understand the problems of FDR’s hypertension The bibliography was prepared by Aaron Arthur, Jessica Watkins, and Jarrett Gerlach The reference librarians at the Franklin D Roosevelt Library, Mark Renovitch, Virginia Lewick, and Alycia Vivona, were helpful beyond description The copyediting was done by Lynn Anderson, Dennis Ambrose was the production editor, and Simon Sullivan was the book’s designer To my agent, Elizabeth Kaplan, I am especially grateful for navigating the tricky shoals of contract negotiation and helping to place this book with Random House I cannot say too much about the pleasure of working with Vice President and Executive Editor Robert Loomis Mr Loomis is justly regarded as the nation’s premier editor of non ction and is a man of wonderful warmth and diligence This is his ftieth year at Random House, and I am pleased that FDR has appeared in time to mark the occasion JEAN EDWARD SMITH is the author of twelve books, including highly acclaimed biographies of Chief Justice John Marshall, General Lucius D Clay, and Ulysses S Grant (a 2002 Pulitzer Prize nalist) A graduate of Princeton University and Columbia, Smith taught at the University of Toronto thirty- ve years before joining the faculty at Marshall University, where he is the John Marshall Professor of Political Science ... Hyde Park, New York LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Smith, Jean Edward FDR / Jean Edward Smith p cm eISBN: 97 8-1 -5 883 6-6 2 4-5 Roosevelt, Franklin D (Franklin Delano), 1882–1945... calmly guided the nation into a prosperous, peaceful future JEAN EDWARD SMITH Huntington, West Virginia * A close parallel to Sara’s role vis-à-vis Franklin is that of her contemporary Mrs Arthur MacArthur... EIGHT NINE TEN ELEVEN TWELVE THIRTEEN FIFTEEN SIXTEEN EIGHTEEN NINETEEN TWENTY-TWO TWENTY-THREE TWENTY-FOUR TWENTY-FIVE | KEEPING THE NAME IN THE FAMILY | ALBANY | AWAKENING | ANCHORS AWEIGH |