ALSO BY RONALD C WHITE, JR … The Eloquent President: A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words Lincoln’s Greatest Speech: The Second Inaugural Liberty and Justice for All: Racial Reform and the Social Gospel An Unsettled Arena: Religion and the Bill of Rights (editor with Albright G Zimmerman) Partners in Peace and Education (editor with Eugene J Fisher) American Christianity: A Case Approach (with Garth Rosell and Louis B Weeks) The Social Gospel: Religion and Reform in Changing America (with C Howard Hopkins) For my wife, Cynthia Conger White CONTENTS … LIST OF MAPS CAST OF CHARACTERS CHAPTER A Lincoln and the Promise of America CHAPTER Undistinguished Families CHAPTER Persistent in Learning CHAPTER Rendering Myself Worthy of Their Esteem CHAPTER The Whole People of Sangamon CHAPTER Without Contemplating Consequences CHAPTER A Matter of Profound Wonder 1831–42 CHAPTER The Truth Is, I Would Like to Go Very Much 1843–46 CHAPTER My Best Impression of the Truth 1847–49 1809–16 1816–30 1831–34 1834–37 1837–42 CHAPTER 10 As a Peacemaker the Lawyer Has a Superior Opportunity CHAPTER 11 Let No One Be Deceived CHAPTER 12 A House Divided CHAPTER 13 The Eternal Struggle Between These Two Principles CHAPTER 14 The Taste Is in My Mouth, a Little CHAPTER 15 Justice and Fairness to All MAY 1860-NOVEMBER 1860 CHAPTER 16 An Humble Instrument in the Hands of the Almighty NOVEMBER 1860-FEBRUARY 1861 CHAPTER 17 We Must Not Be Enemies FEBRUARY 1861-APRIL 1861 CHAPTER 18 A People’s Contest APRIL 1861-JULY 1861 CHAPTER 19 The Bottom Is Out of the Tub JULY 1861-JANUARY 1862 CHAPTER 20 We Are Coming, Father Abraham JANUARY 1862-JULY 1862 CHAPTER 21 We Must Think Anew JULY 1862-DECEMBER 1862 CHAPTER 22 What Will the Country Say? JANUARY 1863–MAY 1863 CHAPTER 23 You Say You Will Not Fight to Free Negroes MAY 1863–SEPTEMBER 1863 CHAPTER 24 A New Birth of Freedom SEPTEMBER 1863–MARCH 1864 CHAPTER 25 The Will of God Prevails MARCH 1864–NOVEMBER 1864 CHAPTER 26 With Malice Toward None, with Charity for All DECEMBER 1864–APRIL 1865 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1849–52 1852–56 1856–58 1858 1858–60 NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ILLUSTRATION CREDITS LIST OF MAPS … THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT OF 1854 WASHINGTON, D.C., DURING THE CIVIL WAR BATTLEFIELDS OF THE CIVIL WAR CAST OF CHARACTERS … EDWARD DICKINSON BAKER (1811-61) A close friend, Baker served with Lincoln in the Illinois legislature Lincoln named his second son, Edward, after Baker Elected U.S senator from Oregon, he raised the California Regiment at the outbreak of the Civil War EDWARD BATES (1793-1869) Missouri lawyer and conservative Whig politician who took his time in entering the Republican Party Vied with Lincoln for the Republican nomination in 1860 and then served as attorney general during the Civil War MONTGOMERY BLAIR (1813-83) Member of a distinguished Democratic family who became a Republican over the slavery issue Served as counsel for Dred Scott Controversial postmaster general in Lincoln’s cabinet NOAH BROOKS (1830-1903) Correspondent for the Sacramento Daily Union who became a close friend of both Abraham and Mary Lincoln He reported on life inside Lincoln’s White House, and was slated to become Lincoln’s secretary in his second term ORVILLE HICKMAN BROWNING (1806-81) Conservative Illinois Republican who supported Edward Bates at the Republican convention After the death of Stephen Douglas in 1861, Browning was appointed to complete his term His diary is a source of information on Lincoln AMBROSE EVERETT BURNSIDE (1824-1881) A likeable and self-effacing West Pointer, Burnside and Lincoln struggled to nd the right strategy for the Army of the Potomac’s advance south and the curtailment of the Copperhead movement in the Midwest SIMON CAMERON (1799-1889) As a senator from Pennsylvania, he became a candidate for the Republican nomination for president in 1860 With some misgivings, Lincoln appointed him secretary of war in his cabinet PETER CARTWRIGHT (1785-1872) A Methodist circuit-riding evangelist who, as the Democratic candidate, ran against Lincoln in the 1846 congressional election SALMON P CHASE (1808-73) Ohio senator and governor, and an anti-slavery leader in politics, Chase became a candidate for the Republican nomination for president in 1860 Chase served as secretary of the treasury in Lincoln’s cabinet He tried to out ank Lincoln for the Republican nomination in 1864 Despite all their differences, Lincoln appointed Chase chief justice of the United States HENRY CLAY (1777– 1852) Lincoln admired Clay, a fellow Kentuckian, who three times ran unsuccessfully for president He advocated Clay’s “American System” of strong government support for economic growth Lincoln called Clay his “beau ideal of a statesman.” JAMES C CONKLING (1816-99) Lincoln’s neighbor and fellow lawyer; when Lincoln decided he could not return to speak to a Union rally in Springfield in September 1863, he sent Conkling his speech to read at the meeting DAVID DAVIS (1815-86) Illinois lawyer and judge and a close friend of Lincoln when they traveled together across the Eighth Judicial Circuit in the 1850s He served as Lincoln’s campaign manager at the Republican convention in Chicago in 1860 STEPHEN A DOUGLAS (1813-61) Illinois Democratic rival, sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 whose language about the extension of slavery into the territories helped prompt Lincoln’s return to politics Their debates in 1858 brought Lincoln national attention even though he lost to Douglas in a contest for the Senate Douglas ran against Lincoln in the presidential contest of 1860 FREDERICK DOUGLASS (1818-95) Editor and abolitionist, Douglass watched Lincoln from a distance starting in 1858, and then met him twice at the White House during the Civil War A former slave, Douglass formed a distinctive relationship with Lincoln, culminating in Douglass’s presence at Lincoln’s second inauguration JOHN C FRÉMONT (1813-90) The rst Republican candidate for president, he lost to James Buchanan in 1856 Lincoln appointed him commander of the Department of the West in July 1861, but the president, Frémont, and Frémont’s wife, Jessie, soon differed over government policy, including slavery ULYSSES S GRANT (1822-85) Having failed in several civilian jobs in the 1850s, Grant rose through the Union army to become general in chief by the end of the Civil War As Lincoln went through general after general in the rst years of the war, Grant gained the president’s admiration, which was returned in kind HORACE GREELEY (1811-72) Founding editor of the New York Tribune and powerful opinion maker, Greeley changed his opinion of Lincoln often Lincoln’s reply to Greeley’s plea for him to move faster on emancipation marked the beginning of a series of public letters to present his views to a wider public PHINEAS DENSMORE GURLEY (1816-68) Lincoln appreciated the sermons of this learned minister of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C Lincoln met Gurley in the years he was rethinking the meaning of faith and God’s activity in history JOHN J HARDIN (1810-47) A friend, lawyer, and Whig politician from Jacksonville, Illinois, Hardin opposed Lincoln on internal improvements in the Illinois legislature and defeated him for the Whig nomination for Congress in 1843 JOHN HAY (1838-1905) Young John Hay, a graduate of Brown, served as one of Lincoln’s secretaries With a literary Harrison, Lowell H, and James C Klotter A New History of Kentucky Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1997 Howe, Daniel Walker, ed Victorian America Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1976 Hay, John Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay Edited by Michael Burlingame and John R Turner 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University Press, 1943 Woldman, Albert A Lawyer Lincoln Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1936 Villard, Henry Memoirs of Henry Villard: Journalist and Financier 1835–1900 vols Boston: Houghton Mi in Company, 1904 Yates, Richard, and Catharine Yates Pickering Richard Yates: Civil War Governor Danville, Ill.: Interstate Printers and Publishers, [1966] Zarefsky, David Lincoln Douglas and Slavery: In the Crucible of Debate Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990 Zornow, William Frank Lincoln and the Party Divided Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954 Illustration Credits LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, PRINTS AND PHOTOGRAPHS DIVISION, WASHINGTON, D.C FROM THE COLLECTION OF LINCOLN FINANCIAL FOUNDATION FROM THE COLLECTION OF LINCOLN FINANCIAL FOUNDATION LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, PRINTS AND PHOTOGRAPHS DIVISION, WASHINGTON, D.C FROM THE COLLECTION OF LINCOLN FINANCIAL FOUNDATION FROM THE COLLECTION OF LINCOLN FINANCIAL FOUNDATION COURTESY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN MUSEUM OF LINCOLN MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY, 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AND PHOTOGRAPHS DIVISION, WASHINGTON, D.C LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, PRINTS AND PHOTOGRAPHS DIVISION, WASHINGTON, D.C LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, PRINTS AND PHOTOGRAPHS DIVISION, WASHINGTON, D.C LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, PRINTS AND PHOTOGRAPHS DIVISION, WASHINGTON, D.C LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, PRINTS AND PHOTOGRAPHS DIVISION, WASHINGTON, D.C ABOUT THE AUTHOR RONALD C WHITE, JR., is the author of Lincoln’s Greatest Speech, a New York Times Notable Book and a Washington Post and San Francisco Chronicle bestseller, and The Eloquent President, a Book-of-the-Month Club selection and a Los Angeles Times bestseller White earned his Ph.D at Princeton and has taught at UCLA, Princeton Theological Seminary, Whitworth University, Colorado College, and San Francisco Theological Seminary He is currently a Fellow at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California, and a visiting professor at UCLA He has lectured at the White House, the Library of Congress, and Gettysburg He lives with his wife, Cynthia, in La Cada, California Copyright © 2009 by Ronald C White, Jr Maps copyright © 2009 by David Lindroth All rights reserved RANDOM HOUSE and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA White, Ronald C (Ronald Cedric) A Lincoln: a biography / Ronald C White, Jr p cm eISBN: 978-1-58836-775-4 Lincoln, Abraham, 1809–1865 Presidents—United States—Biography United States—Politics and government —1861–1865 I Title II Title: Abraham Lincoln E457.W597 2009 973.7092—dc22 2008028840 [B] www.atrandom.com v3.0 ... congressional election SALMON P CHASE (180 8-7 3) Ohio senator and governor, and an anti-slavery leader in politics, Chase became a candidate for the Republican nomination for president in 1860 Chase... (181 5-7 8) As an anti-Nebraska Democrat, he voted against Lincoln in the legislative vote for the Senate in 1855 Judd became a prominent Republican, chaired the state committee, and became a voice... become a much-loved and criticized Union general who won victories at Atlanta and across the South in his controversial march to the sea JOSHUA F SPEED (181 4-8 2) A fellow Kentuckian, Speed became