John wiley sons pattern oriented software architecture vol 1

SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE A Other titles in the Wiley Series in SOFTWARE DESIGN PATTERNS PATTERN-ORIENTED SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE VOLUME 2: Patterns for Concurrent and Networked Objects Douglas Schmidt, Michael Stal, Hans Rohnert, Frank Buschmann Designing application and middleware software to run in concurrent and networked environments is a significant challenge to software developers This book presents 17 interrelated patterns ranging from idioms through architectural designs They cover core elements of building concurrent and network systems: service access and configuration, event handling, synchronization, and concurrency All patterns present extensive examples and known uses in multiple programming languages, including extensive examples and known uses in multiple programming languages, including C++, C and Java 471 60695 cloth ~ ~ 2000 A PATTERN APPROACH TO INTERACTION DESIGN J a n Borchers Discover the power of the pattern format in user interface design Key features of this book include a comprehensive pattern language for the interface design of interactive exhibits as well as a thorough introduction to original pattern work and its application in software development This book offers invaluable practical guidance for interface designers, project managers and researchers working in HCI, as well as for designers of interactive systems 47 49828 cloth ~ ~ 200 Frank Buschmann Regine Meunier Hans Rohnert Peter Sornmerlad Michael Stal of Siemens AG, Germany J O H N WlLEY & SONS Chichester New York Brisbane Toronto Singapore Copyright J' 1996 by John'Wiley & Sons Ltd B a n s Lane Chichester West Sussex PO19 IUD England National 01243 779777 International [+44) 1243 779777 e-mail [for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-bookst%vilev.co.uk Visit our Home Page un http://u?uw.u4le)~o.uk or http.//www ullcy com All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted In any form or by any means electmnlc mechanical, photocopying, recordlng scannlng or otherwise, except under the terms o f t h e Coovrieht .> Deslens and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence Issurd hy t h r ~ n p ) n ~ Llcrnsing ht Qency 90 Tollenham Coun Road London WiP BHE IIK withnut t h r prrmlsslon in u-rltmg of the puhlishrr, N t h t h r rxcepllon of any matenal supplied s p c ~ : ~ I l ~ afor l l ytlw purpose of k i n g entered and executed a n a computer system for exclusive u s e by the purchaser of the publication Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed a s trademarks In all instances where J o h n Wlley & Sons is aware of a claim, the product names appear in Initial capltal or all capllal letters Readen, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and regstration Other Wiley Editorial O m s J o h n Wiley & Sons Inc n l r d Avenue New York NY 10158-0012 USA WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Pappelallee D-69469 Weinheim Germany Jacaranda Wlley Ltd 33 Park Road Mllton Queensland Australia J o h n Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, Clementi Loop 602-01 J i n Xlng Dlstrlpark Singapore 129809 J o h n Wiley & Sons Canada) Ud 22 Worcester Road Rexdale Ontario M9W 1L1 Canada Couer d h t m l w n Bascd upon a photograph of Chnnrrs Cnthrdr:,l I Monlquc Jacot / Network Photographers I.ld British Libraq Cataloguing i n Pvblication D a t a A catalogue record for this book is avallablc fmrn the British Library ISBN 471 95889 Pn~duccdlrom camcra-ready copy supphcd by the authors uslny FrmeMaker W n t r d and hound in Grrat Britdn by Bookcrd (Bath) I.td I h l s b w k is prlntcd on acld-frw paper r n p n s l h l y m a n u l a ~ t u r dfrum subwinable forestry, in which at least two tre&&e planted for each one used for paper production el, Anja a n d Regine Meunier For Ute H a n s Rohnert For Andrea Peter Sommerlad e h ,Macho, Merlin Michael Stal Table of Contents About this Book Patterns What is a Pattern? What Makes a Pattern? Pattern Categories Relationships between Patterns Pattern Description Patterns and Software Architecture Summary Architectural Patterns lntroduction Guide to the Reader From Mud to Structure Layers Pipes and Filters Blackboard Distributed Systems Broker Interactive Systems Model-View-Controller Presentation-Abstraction-Control Adaptable Systems Microkernel Reflection viii Contents Design Patterns Introduction Structural Decomposition Whole-Part Organization of Work Master-Slave Access Control Proxy Management Command Processor View Handler Communication Forwarder-Receiver Client-Dispatcher-Server Publisher-Subscriber Idioms Introduction What Can Idioms Provide? Idioms and Style Where Can You Find Idioms? Counted Pointer Pattern Systems What is a Pattern System? Pattern Classification Pattern Selection Pattern Systems as Implementation Guidelines The Evolution of Pattern Systems Summary 6.3 6.4 6.5 e Architecture Patterns in Software Architecture Enabling Techniques for Software Architecture Non-functional Properties of Software Architecture Summary 383 384 391 397 404 411 TheRoots Leading Figures and their Work The Community 413 414 415 416 419 420 423 424 426 427 42 Community 7.1 7.2 7.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Go? Pattern-Mining Pattern Organization and Indexing Methods and Tools Algorithms Data Structures and Patterns FomalizingPatterns A Final Remark Notations Glossary ces 429 433 441 455 rns Design Pattern xiv 12, 22 1, 363 Device Context 184 Device Driver 175 Directory Service 115 Dispatcher 321 324, 325 330 Distributed Server 323 Service 101 Systems 26, 97, 305, 364 Distributed Smalltalk 32 Distribution 100 Divide and Conquer 243,246,403 Document-View 140 Domain 435 Domain Analysis 180 Domain-specific Patterns 42 Drag and Drop 435 Dynamic Binding 435 Dynamic Client-Server Model 102 Dynamic Lookup 274 E Economics 97 Efficiency 50, 68, 69 94, 120 140, 167, 218, 241, 259, 274, 289, 302, 321, 336, 407 Emergent Behavior 226 Emulator 177 Enabling Technique 397 Encapsulation 143, 289, 305, 321, 399 Error Handling 43 63, 69 ET++ 124, 141 240, 287, 294 Ethernet 44 Event Handling 130, 139 283 289 Loop 138 Event Channel 341 Event-driven System 55 Exception Handling 205 Exchangeability 259, 308 336 Expert System 73 Extensibility 119 190 259 302, 406 External Interface 160 External Server 173, 176, 185 F Fault Tolerance 93, 120, 190, 246, 336, 408 Filter 55, 62 Recombination 62 Synchronization 62, 69 Firewall Proxy 27 Flexibility 67 68, 100 126, 190, 284 288, 32 Forwarder 309, 15 Forwarding 232 Four-layer Architecture 47 Fragile Base Class Problem 46 Framework 129 139 140, 142 396 420, 435 Fresco 240 From Mud to Structure 26, 29 364 Frozen Spot 396 Function Call Mechanism 195, 196 Functional Core 132, 172 Functional Property 389, 435 G Gamma, Erich xii, 415 Gang-of-Four xiii 22 1, 379, 15 Garbage Collection 205, 347 Gatekeeper 34 Gateway 114 Generic Function 14 Generic Function Invocation 14 Generic++ 347 GoF (see Gang-of-Four) Graph Theory 245 Graphical User Interface 123, 172, 435 Gray-box Approach 40 Index GUI (see Graphical User Interface) H Handle 354 357 Hardwiring 435 HEARSAY-I1 87 Helm, Richard xii, 359, 415 Heuristics Hierarchical Component Structures 224 Hillside Group 18 423 Horizontal Structuring 32 Hot Spot 396 HTML (see Hypertext Markup Language) Human-computer Interaction 132, 146, 157, 158 Hypertext Markup Language 102 Hypothesis 75 I IBM S / Warp 97, 173, 186 Idiom xiv, 14, 345, 363, 420 IDL (see Interface Definition Language) IDL Compiler 116 Implementation 402 Information Hiding 399 Information Provider 323 Infrastructure Systems 46 Inheritance 436 Inlining 436 Inspector 206 Inspiration 40 Instance 436 Instantiation 436 lnteractive Systems 26 123 364 lntercession 436 Inter-component Communication 186 Interface 402 Interface Definition Language 101, 111 Internal Server 173, 175, 185, 192 Internet 45 Interoperability 120 407 Interpreter 53 Inter-process Communication 62, 100 178, 196 205.308 328 337, 436 Asynchronous 182, 317, 319 Asynchronous Invocation 108 Broadcast 115 Connection Policy 337 Direct 106 14 Dynamic Invocation 112, 115 Indirect 106 Off-board 17 One-way 19 Protocol 106 Static Invocation 112 Synchronous 182 Synchronous lnvocation 108 Two-way 19 Interviews 287 Intranet 100 436 Introspection 200 215 436 IPC (see Inter-process Communication) J Jackson Michael 392 Java 43 102 234,420 Java Virtual Machine 46 Johnson, Ralph xii, 15 JVM (see Java Virtual Machine) K Knowledge Source 75 76 82, Action-part 77 Application Strategy 77 Condition-part 77, L LAN (see Local Area Network) Layer 34, 39, 48, 118, 183, 199 Layer Cake Lazy Construction 270 Library 420 Life, the Universe and Everything 345 Linda 258 Load-on-demand 274 Local Area Network 97 Location Transparency 119, 305, 336 Logging 278, 285 288 Lowest Common Ancestor 156 Methods 23,424 Booch 23, 372,392 Coad/Yourdon 372,392 Object Modeling Technique 23, 372 392 Shlaer/Mellor 372, 392 Microkernel 173, 174, 183 Microsoft MFC (see Microsoft Foundation Class Library) Microsoft Foundation Class Library 124, 141 Object Linking and Embedding 98, 111, 119 170 217, 273 Mach 170, 188 Macro 278, 284, 288 Mailbox 183 Maintainability 92, 100, 405 Management 222, 276, 365 Marshaling 104, 232, 308 Martin, Robert 16 Master 246, 247, 250, 252 Mechanism 174, 182, 190 Memory Management 346, 354 Mental Building-block Message 436 Backbone 188 Buffer 115, 183 Call 101 Header 33 Passing 182 Port 187 Protocol 13 Queue 308, 317, 330 Reception 17 Message Sending 15 Message Sequence Chart 43 Message Transfer 11 Meta Level 195, 196, 199 Metaobject 115, 195, 196, 206 Metaobiect Protocol 115 195 198 208 Method 437 Method Tables 111 OLE (see Object Linking and Embedding) Win16 186 Win32 186 Windows3.11 171 186 Windows 95 125, 186 Windows NT 47,97, 170, 186, 189 Word 302 Migration Transparency 336 Mill, John Stuart 13 Mixed-mode Proxy 272 Mix-In 437 Model 126, 127, 132 Modularization 400 Module 437 Monitoring 307 Mostly Harmless 29 MSC (see Message Sequence Chart) Multiple Inheritance 437 Multiprocessing System 97 Multi-tasking 162, 166 Multi-threading 330 Multi-user System 162 Mutual Exclusion 270 Name Mapping 308.3 13,320 Repository 330 Service 104, 115 Index Space 313 Named Pipe 66, 332 Network Failure 324 Network Management 307 Networking Protocol NeXTSTEP 171 188, 273 NlHCL 347 Non-blocking / 17 Non-functional Property 389 404, 437 Notification 36 NP-complete 245 Object 437 Composition 225 Creation 205, 11, 347 / 215 Model 101 111,205 Object Management Croup 97 118 Object Message Sequencing Chart 43 Object Modeling Technique 429 Object Technology 23 101 Observer 339 Off-board Communication 437 OMG (see Object Management Croup) OMSC (see Object Message Sequencing Chart) OMT (see Object Modeling Technique) One-way Coupling 41 On-the-wire Protocol 114 438 OpenStep 186 Operating System 97 169, 172 Opportunistic Problem Solving 74 Orbix 273 Organization of Work 222 243 364 Organizational Patterns 42 Original 264 OS17-Layer Model P PAC Agent 145 146, 148 158 PAC Hierarchy 146, 155 Page Swapping 205 Parallel Computing 246 255 Parallel Processing 68, 69 Parnas, David 405 Part 227.23 , 3 Passive Filter 55, 57, 62 Passive Server 185 Pattern xi, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 21, 411, 426 Catalog 23 Category 11,363, 368, 379 Classification 362, 423 Classification Schema 365,379 Combination 17 Context Description 19 Evolution 374 Forces Form 19 Formalization 427 Implementation 23 370 Language 360.422 Mining 352, 376 420 Problem Properties Refinement 16 Relationships 16 Selection 368 Solution 8, 10 System xiii, 22, 359, 360 Variation 16 Pattern Home Page xiv, 41 Pattern Languages of Programming 16 Pattern Mailing Lists 41 Peer' 308, 319 Peer-to-peer 438 Peer-to-peer Communication 44, 307 Performance 97,191 Persistence 193, 195, 200, 204 Personality 176 Pipe 55, 56, 61 Platform 438 PLOP(see Pattern Languages of Programming) Plug'n Play 170 Policy 174, 182, 190 401 Polling 339 Polymorphism 354, 438 Portability 120, 189, 260, 406 Portland Pattern Repository 423 Pree Wolfgang 16 Presentation 147, 158 Problem Category 364, 369, 379 Problem-Solution Pair 2, Processing Pipeline 55, 64 Producer-Consumer 342 Production System 86 Programming Style 345, 346 Protection Proxy 269 Protocol Stack 37 Proxy 264 265 Proxy Server 27 pSather 247 Publisher 339 Pull Model 40, 55, 61, 340 Push Model 40, 55, 61,340 R Rapid Prototyping 68 Real-time Constraint 204 REBOOT 321 Receiver 310 317 Redo 278, 286 Reenskaug, Trygve 403 Reference Counter 355 Reference Counting 270, 354, 357 Regression Testing 288 Relationship 386, 438 Reliability 97 190, 408 Remote Access 305 Remote Procedure Call 178, 182 205 305 308.335 Remote Proxy 268 Remoting of Interfaces 111 Replay 288 Repository 86, 315 Request 36, 309 Dispatching 185 Retrieval 182 Transmission 182 Requirement Specification 29 Resource Allocation 205 Handling 174, 365 Management 184 Sharing 305 Utilization 305 Response 309 Responsibility 438 Restructuring 406 Reuse 48,68,93, 120, 136, 241, 409 Robustness 93, 10, 218, 408 Role 438 Rollback 288 Routing 103 Table 307 RPC (see Remote Procedure Call) RlTI (see Run-time Type Information) Run-time Data Dictionary 16 Run-time Type Information 115 193, 195, 200, 205 206, 215 s S.E.P 345, 438 Sather 43 Scaleability 97, 100, 190 Scheduling 277,278, 288 Schmidt, Douglas C xv,4 15 Scripting Language 287 Index SDL 287, 431 Semaphor 270 Separation of Concerns 165 24 1, 259 400 Separation of Interface and Implementation 402 Separation of Policy and Implementation 40 Server 101 319, 324 327 331, 439 Failure 324 Registration 103 324, 331 Registry 326 Server-side Proxy 105, 113 Service Extension 379 Handler 337 Request 175, 183 Variation 379 Shared Library 180, 186 Shared Memory 182.205 328 330 Shell 63 64 SIMD (see Single Instruction Multiple Data) Single Inheritance 439 Single Instruction Multiple Data 255 Single Point of Reference 403 Slave 246, 247 250 251 Smalltalk 124, 126, 129 140, 141, 213, 347, 351 420 So Long and Thanks for All the Fish 383 Socket 45,308, 315, 328, 330, 332 Descriptor 330 Port 330 Software Aging 405 Software Architecture 1, 27, 384, 420 Software Design 390 Software Process 393 Solution Space 74 SOM (see System Object Model) Speech Recognition SQL 189 Standardization 48 Star Trek 419 Static Library 186 Step-wise Refinement 38 Structural Decomposition 222, 223 364 Structured Programming 39 Style Guide 349 Subject 339 Subscribers 339 Subsystem 175 439 Sufficiency, Completeness and Primitiveness 40 Superclass 439 Supplier 278 279, 292, 294 Synchronization 141 289 Synchronization Proxy 270 System 439 Evolution 194 Family 439 System Call 175 184 System Object Model 111, 119 System Resource 173 System-specific Dependencies 174 System-unique Identifier 13 T TCP/IP (see Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) Tee and Join 66 Telecommunication 42 Testability 288, 408 Testing 94, 121 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Thread 62 183, 248 257 330 Three-layer Architecture 47, 192 TLI (see Transport Layer Interface) Tool 424 Top-down Approach 23 Trader 117 Transaction Control 288 ~ O ~ O C204 O ~ Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol 32,44,305,314 Transparency 190 Transport Layer Interface 45,305 Traveling-salesman Problem 245,247,250, 253 Triple Modular Redundancy 243 Two-layer Architecture 47,i91 u UDP (see User Datagram Protocol) Uncertain Knowledge 72 Undo 277,281, 284,285 Unicode 313,439 UNIX 46,63,67,97,171,186,189,305 Filter 61, 62,66 Pipe 57,60,69 Unmarshaling 308 User Datagram Protocol 45 User Interface 126,146,169,199 Vertical Structuring 32 View 127,128.134,291,292,294,297,387 View Coordination 299 View Handler 292,293,298 View Management 293 Virtual Machine 53,192 Virtual Protocol 44 Virtual Proxy 270 Vlissides, John xii, 415 WAN (see Wide Area Network) White-box Approach 40 Whole 227,231,233 Wide Area Network 99 Workpool Model 258 World Wide Web 99,102,119,273,425 Wrapper 357 Wrapping 143 Writer's Workshop 375,417 WWW (see World Wide Web) X X Window System 46 Y Yo-yo Approach 38 .. .SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE A Other titles in the Wiley Series in SOFTWARE DESIGN PATTERNS PATTERN- ORIENTED SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE VOLUME 2: Patterns for Concurrent and Networked... Community 413 414 415 416 419 420 423 424 426 427 42 Community 7 .1 7.2 7.3 8 .1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Go? Pattern- Mining Pattern Organization and Indexing... Australia J o h n Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, Clementi Loop 602- 01 J i n Xlng Dlstrlpark Singapore 12 9809 J o h n Wiley & Sons Canada) Ud 22 Worcester Road Rexdale Ontario M9W 1L1 Canada Couer