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Chichester New York Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto Copyright ¸ 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 1UD, England National 01243 779777 International (+44) 1243 779777 e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1P 9HE, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the publication Neither the author(s) nor John Wiley & Sons Ltd accept any responsibility or liability for loss or damage occasioned to any person or property through using the material, instructions, methods or ideas contained herein, or acting or refraining from acting as a result of such use The author(s) and Publisher expressly disclaim all implied warranties, including merchantability of fitness for any particular purpose There will be no duty on the author(s) or Publisher to correct any errors or defects in the software Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks In all instances where John Wiley & Sons is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or capital letters Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, Pappelallee 3, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons (Canada) Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Rexdale, Ontario, M9W 1L1, Canada John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalogue record from the Library of Congress has been applied for British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 471 81375 Produced in 10/12pt Times from the author’s files by Deerpark Publishing Services, Ltd, Shannon Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry, in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology: Air Interface Techniques for Future Mobile Systems Jonathan P Castro Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Print ISBN 0-471-81375-3 Online ISBN 0-470-84172-9 To: My family for they endurance, and to my friends and colleagues for their understanding; because while putting together this book I stole too many precious moments from them And To all the 3GPP contributors for their dedication to make the UMTS specifications a reality, without whom some of the contents of this book would not have been possible The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology: Air Interface Techniques for Future Mobile Systems Jonathan P Castro Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Print ISBN 0-471-81375-3 Online ISBN 0-470-84172-9 Acknowledgements It is impossible to acknowledge every one who had contributed in some way to the conception and realization of this book Nonetheless, to the best of my ability I shall attempt to so I would thus thank Mark Hammond from John Wiley, who encouraged me to go ahead and undertake the idea of writing this book; and who also patiently motivated me to go forward when time was not on my side to complete the manuscript I would also like to thank Mark’s team, Sarah Hinton and Kirsten Evans for making all the practical arrangements to produce the book Special thanks also to Lorna O’Brien who took the files to the finish My gratitude goes also to Orange Communications SA for providing a practical and stimulating environment to deploy 2G and prepare for 3G mobile networks In particular I would like to thank the Orange UMTS Engineering team, who devoted extra time from their demanding tasks to join me in the 3G project to conceive a complete UMTS network I am especially would like to be grateful to those in NSS and BSS Engineering for supporting my technical activities while I was writing this book and to those in Radio Planning for being there, to consolidate ideas and test assumptions I would like also to thank my colleagues in Procurement who tirelessly joined the team to look at the investment side of the UMTS network elements and motivate and cheer the writing of this book In addition, I am also grateful to Ericsson’s, Nokia’s, Alcatel’s and other 3G suppliers’ teams in Switzerland who joined the Orange UMTS team to consider the dimensioning, deployment (new and co-located sites) and configuration of forthcoming UMTS networks Last, but not least, I would also like to thank all those in the standardization bodies, e.g (formerly SMG in ETSI), 3GPP, who despite all controversies or delays kept the specification work of UMTS on target to reach the milestones like R99 and go forward with future releases The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology: Air Interface Techniques for Future Mobile Systems Jonathan P Castro Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Print ISBN 0-471-81375-3 Online ISBN 0-470-84172-9 CONTENTS Preface xix Acronyms xxiii (92/9,1* 02%,/( 1(7:25.6 1.1 The Growth of Mobile Communications 1.1.1 Convergence of Fixed and Mobile Networks 1.2 Third Generation Mobile System Requirements 1.2.1 UMTS Services Aspects 1.2.2 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Aspects 1.3 Enhancing Technologies 1.3.1 Capacity Increasing Antennas 1.3.2 Multi-user Detection Techniques 1.3.3 Software Radio Applications 1.3.4 Implementation and Integration Aspects 1.4 Conclusions References 8 9 10 11 11 6 SIRtarget then the TPC command enables transmission of ‘0’, otherwise if SIRest < SIRtarget then the TPC command enables transmission of ‘1’ Upon receipt of one or more TPC commands in a slot, the UE derives a single TPC command, TPC_cmd, for each slot, i.e it combines multiple TPC commands if more than one is received in a slot The UTRAN uses two algorithms supported by the UE2 to realize a TPC_cmd Algorithm 1 UE not in soft handover, each slots receives only one TPC command, then: If the received TPC_cmd = then TPC_cmd for that slot = –1 _ The step size D TPC is a UE specific parameter, under UTRAN control , which can have values dB or dB 110 The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology If the received TPC_cmd = 1, then TPC_cmd for that slot = UE is in soft handover, each slot may receive multiple TPC commands from different cells in the active set In receiver diversity (i.e softer handover), the UTRAN transmits the same command in all the serving cells the UE is in softer handover with, and the TPC commands known to be the same get combined into one TPC command (see more details in [11]) Algorithm 23 UE is not in soft handover, each slot receives only one TPC command and the UE processes received TPC commands on a 5-slot cycle The non-overlapping sets of slots align to the frame boundaries The TPC_cmd logic is a follows: The first slots of a set have TPC_cmd = In the fifth slot of a set, the UE uses hard decisions on each of the received TPC commands as follows [11]: If all hard decisions within a set are then TPC_cmd = in the 5th slot If all hard decisions within a set are then TPC_cmd = -1 in the 5th slot Otherwise, TPC_cmd = in the 5th slot UE is in soft handover, each slot receives multiple TPC commands from different cells in the active set UE is in soft handover, each slot may receive multiple TPC commands from different cells in the active set In receiver diversity (i.e softer handover), the UTRAN transmits the same command in all the serving cells the UE is in softer handover with, and the TPC commands known to be the same get combined into one TPC command (see more details in [11]) After deriving the combined TPC command TPC_cmd using one of the two supported algorithms, the UE adjusts the transmit power of the uplink DPCCH with a step of DDPCCH (in dB), which is given by DDPCCH = DTPC TPC_cmd Out of sync handling The UE shuts its transmitter off when the UE estimates the DPCCH quality over the last 200 ms period to be worse than a threshold Qout This criterion never occurs during the first 200 ms of the dedicated channel’s existence The UE can turn its transmitter on when the UE estimates the DPCCH quality over the last 200 ms period to be better than a threshold Qin This criterion always occurs during the first 200 ms of the dedicated channel’s existence At the transmission resumption the power of the DPCCH shall remain the same as when the UE transmitter went off [12] _ Allows emulation of smaller step sizes than the minimum power control step or to turn off uplink power control The UTRA Physical Layer Design 4.3.6.2 111 Compressed Mode Power Control The compressed mode, which has compressed frames containing transmission gaps, uses the same transmit power control function outlined in the preceding section, but with additional features aiming for fastest recovery of the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) close to the target SIR after each transmission gap In this mode, compressed frames may exist either in the uplink or the downlink or both In the first case, the DPDCH(s) and DPCCH uplink transmissions stop during the gaps In the 2nd case, if the gaps cause the absence of downlink TPC commands, the corresponding TPC_cmd derived by the UE goes to zero A transmit power change of the uplink DPCCH compensates the variation in the total pilot energy in both compressed and non-compressed frames in the uplink DPCCH due the different number of pilot bits per slot Thus, at the start of each slot the UE derives a power offset DPILOT value The compensation uses the value in the most recently transmitted slot; DPILOT (in dB) follows: D 3,/27 = ORJ SLORW SUHY 1 SLORWFXUU where Npilot,prev is the number of pilot bits in the most recently transmitted slot, and Npilot,curr is the number of pilot bits in the current slot If no compensation takes place during transmission gaps in the downlink, DPILOT = zero Furthermore, during compressed mode the UE will adjust the transmit power of the uplink DPCCH with a step of DDPCCH (in dB) as follows: D =D 9Q8CC UQ8 73&BFPG + D ÃQDGPU Ã ... 0-471-81375-3 Online ISBN 0-470-84172-9 The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology Air Interface Techniques for Future Mobile Systems Dr Jonathan P Castro... planted for each one used for paper production The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology: Air Interface Techniques for Future Mobile Systems Jonathan P Castro Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons. .. Terrestrial Radio Access Network VBR Variable Bit Rate WCDMA Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology: Air Interface Techniques for Future Mobile Systems