rước đây, phần tự luận nếu không nắm chắc kiến thức sẽ không thể viết ra được đáp án. Nhưng với hình thức thi trắc nghiệm, giờ đây có một số câu các em chỉ cần hiểu kiến thức ở mức bình thường là có thể chọn ra được đáp án chính xác. Do đó tôi nghĩ không dễ để đạt điểm tuyệt đối, nhưng điểm thi ở mức khá và cao sẽ nhiều hơn và phổ điểm môn Tiếng Anh sẽ cao hơn. Thực ra, vẫn có những câu đảm bảo tính phân hóa của đề nhưng để đạt tỷ lệ 6040 như Bộ nói thì chưa được. Lượng câu hỏi phân hóa khá giỏi theo tôi mới chỉ đạt khoảng 30 câu. Với 60 phút, học sinh vẫn hoàn toàn có thể đủ thời gian xoay xở. Ở môn Tiếng Anh, chỉ có phần bài đọc là hơi mất thời gian phân tích, còn tất cả các phần ngữ pháp thì chỉ cần nhìn qua là có thể làm được luôn. Năm trước là 3 bài đọc với 30 câu hỏi, nhưng giờ 3 bài đọc chỉ với 20 câu hỏi, do đó tôi nghĩ với mức độ khó của đề thi như thế này thì học sinh hoàn toàn có thể xử lý được.
Trang 1SỞ GD&ĐT BẮC GIANG
(Đề thi gồm 04 trang)
KỲ THI THỬ THPT QUỐC GIA NĂM 2018
MÔN: TIẾNG ANH
Thời gian làm bài: 60 phút không kể thời gian phát đề
Họ, tên thí sinh: Số báo danh:
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
Question 1: What the politician was saying fell on deaf ears last night.
A What the politician was saying deafened the listeners last night.
B The politician fell deaf when he was speaking last night.
C No one listened to what the politician was saying last night because they had deaf ears.
D No one listened to what the politician was saying last night.
Question 2: What a pity! I did not take my camera.
A If only I had taken my camera B My camera used to be taken.
C I regret taking my camera D I wish I took my camera
Question 3: We asked some workers to redecorate the house last year.
A We had the house redecorated last year.
B We redecorated the house by ourselves last year.
C The workers refused to redecorate the house last year.
D The house was not redecorated by any workers last year.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of the primary stress in each of the following questions.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 6: In remote communities, it's important to replenish stocks before the winter sets in.
Question 7: Strongly advocating health foods, Jane doesn’t eat any chocolate.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 8: In America, when a woman and a man are introduced, shaking hands is up to the woman.
Question 9: Thanks to better healthcare, there are more and more centenarians nowadays.
A people who live 100 years or more B people who suffer from fatal diseases
C children whose parents can’t afford their study D children who die at birth
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions
Question 10: We wouldn’t share our opinions so quickly if there isn’t Internet connectivity.
Question 11: Having weekly family talks can be an important means of exploring sensitive family issues,
redefining sibling relationships, and to foster new familial bonds.
Question 12: The lifestyle of the people who live in each culture area reflect the geography of that area.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 14: A student B university C uniform D customer
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 15 to 21
In the past, both men and women were expected to be married at quite young ages Marriages were generally arranged by parents and family, with their children having little chance to say no in the
Mã đề thi 201
Trang 2matter In the past it was not surprising to find that a bride and groom had only just met on the day of their engagement or marriage.
In modern Vietnam, this has changed completely as people choose their own marriage-partners based
on love, and in consideration primarily to their own needs and wants Moreover, early marriage is quite illegal The traditional Vietnamese wedding is one of the most important of traditional Vietnamese occasions Regardless of westernization, many of the age-old customs practiced in a traditional Vietnamese wedding continue to be celebrated by both Vietnamese in Vietnam and overseas, often combining both western and eastern elements Besides the wedding ceremony, there is also an engagement ceremony which takes place usually half a year or so before the wedding The number of guests in attendance at these banquets is huge, usually in the hundreds Several special dishes are served Guests are expected to bring gifts, often money,
which the groom and bride at one point in the banquet will go from table to table collecting.
Question 15: In the past, .
A parents had no right to interfere their children's marriage
B Vietnamese couples were free to make a decision on the marriage
C Vietnamese marriage was decided by parents and family
D getting married at an early age was not allowed
Question 16: With what is the passage mainly concerned?
A The change in marriages in Vietnam B Marriages in modern Vietnam.
C Traditional marriages in Vietnam D The traditional Vietnamese wedding.
Question 17: In former days, the fact that a bride and groom had only first met just on the day of their
engagement or marriage was .
Question 18: According to the passage, .
A overseas Vietnamese people do not like to organize a traditional wedding
B many of the age-old customs practised in a traditional Vietnamese wedding do not exist nowadays
C there is an engagement ceremony which takes place usually half a year or so before the wedding
D there are usually thousands of guests attending the wedding banquet
Question 19: Which sentence is referred about Vietnamese modern marriage, according to the passage?
A All marriages are arranged by parents and family B Couples do not get married at quite young ages.
C Most young people do not have their marriage based on love D Marriage is quite westernization.
Question 20: What does the word "which" in line 13 refer to?
Question 21: Which does NOT exist in a Vietnamese wedding party?
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.
Question 22: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut It is the second largest city in the state.
A Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, is the second largest city in the state.
B The capital of Connecticut, Hartford which is the second largest city in the state.
C Hartford, the second largest city in the state, which is the capital of Connecticut.
D Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, that is the second largest city in the state.
Question 23: He had just finished eating his breakfast Then he fell down.
A Hardly had he finished eating his breakfast when he fell down.
B Hardly he had finished eating his breakfast when he fell down.
C Hardly did he finish eating his breakfast when he fell down.
D Hardly have he finished eating his breakfast when he fell down.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each
of the following exchanges.
Question 24: Lora: “How did you feel when you first started work?” - Jane: “ _”
Question 25: Tim: “What are you going to do for the vacation?” - Tom: “ ”
C I’m not sure, but I might go camping for a few days D I will take some tests.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 26 to 33.
Trang 3ĐÁP ÁN CHUẨN CÁC MÃ ĐỀ
CÂU 201 202 203 204
10. C D B A
11. D C B D
12. C B A B
13. D B B B
14. D D A D
15. C A D C
16. A A C A
17. B C C B
18. C A C D
19. B D C D
20. A A A B
21. A B D D
22. A C C C
23. A D A A
24. C D B C
Trang 425. C B A A
26. B C B B
27. C B D B
28. D C A D
29. A A D C
30. B B A C
31. B C B C
32. A B B D
33. A D B B
34. D A D B
35. C A C C
36. A A A B
37. A C D C
38. B C C A
39. C D D C
40. D C B A
41. C A D C
42. B D C A
43. D B B C
44. D D B A
45. B C D D
46. B B C A
47. D B A B
48. C D C D
49. C D A C
Trang 550. A A D B
You can usually tell when your friends are happy or angry by the looks on their faces or by their actions This is useful because reading their emotional expressions helps you to know how to respond to them Emotions
have evolved to help us respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others But does raising the
eyebrows and rounding the mouth say the same thing in Minneapolis as it does in Madagascar? Much research on emotional expressions has centered on such questions
According to Paul Ekman, the leading researcher in this area, people speak and understand substantially the same “facial language” Studies by Ekman’s group have demonstrated that humans share a set of universal emotional expressions that testify to the common biological heritage of the human species Smiles, for example, signal happiness and frowns indicate sadness on the faces of people in such far-flung places as Argentina, Japan, Spain, Hungary, Poland, Sumatra,the United States, Vietnam, the jungles of New Guinea, and the Eskimo villages north of Artic Circle Ekman and his colleagues claim that people everywhere can recognize at least seven basic emotions: sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness, and surprise There are, however, huge differences across cultures in both the context and intensity of emotional displays – the so-called display rules In many Asian cultures, for example, children are taught to control emotional responses, especially negative ones, while many American children are encouraged to express their feelings more openly Regardless of culture, however, emotions usually show themselves, to some degree, in people’s behavior From their first days of life, babies produce facial expressions that communicate their feelings
The ability to read facial expressions develops early, too Very young children pay close attention to facial expressions, and by age five, they nearly equal adults in their skill at reading emotions on people’s
faces This evidence all points to a biological underpinning for our abilities to express and interpret a basic set
of human emotions Moreover, as Charles Darwin pointed out over a century ago, some emotional expressions seem to appear across species boundaries Cross-cultural psychologists tell us that certain emotional responses carry different meanings in different cultures For example, what emotion do you suppose might be conveyed
by sticking out your tongue? For Americans, this might indicate disgust, while in China it can signify surprise Likewise, a grin on an American face may indicate joy, while on a Japanese face it may just as easily mean embarrassment Clearly, culture influences emotional expressions.
Question 26: According to the passage, we respond to others by .
A watching their actions B observing their emotional expressions
C observing their looks D looking at their faces
Question 27: Many studies on emotional expressions try to answer the question whether .
A raising the eyebrows has similar meaning to rounding the mouth
B eyebrow raising means the same in Minneapolis and Madagascar
C different cultures have similar emotional expressions
D rounding the mouth has the same meaning in Minneapolis and Madagascar
Question 28: The word “evolved” in line 3 is closest in meaning to .
Question 29: Paul Ekman is mentioned in the passage as an example of .
A investigators on universal emotional expressions
B researchers on universal language
C researchers who can speak and understand many languages
D communicators good at expressing emotions
Question 30: The biggest difference lies in _.
A how long negative emotions are displayed B how intensive emotions are expressed
C how emotional responses are controlled D how often positive emotions are shown
Question 31: Unlike American children, Asian children are taught to _.
A display their emotions openly B control their emotions
C conceal their positive emotions D change their behaviour
Question 32: The phrase “This evidence” in line 20 refers to .
A the fact that children are good at recognizing others’ emotions
B human facial expressions
C a biological underpinning for humans to express emotions
D the fact that children can control their feelings
Question 33: The best title for the passage is _.
Trang 6A Cultural universals in emotional expressions B Ways to control emotional expressions
C Review of research on emotional expressions D Human habits of displaying emotions
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 34 to 38.
BRINGING THE LEARNING OUTDOORS Kindergarten is a fun place (34) young children learn In some special kindergartens, children learn outside most of the day!
Some kindergartens are (35) the forest In these forest kindergartens, children play freely They're
outside in all kinds of weather At forest kindergartens, children learn by climbing trees and picking fruit They also learn about and (36) animals For example, they collect chicken eggs and feed baby mice.
Little Flower Kindergarten is in Dong Nai, Vietnam At this school, children learn about farming They also learn that it is important (37) healthy food They grow vegetables in gardens - on the roof! They eat the vegetables they grow in their lunches.
At Fuji Kindergarten in Tokyo, Japan, trees grow inside the building! The classroom windows and sliding doors (38) open to the outside most of the year The roof is a big, wooden circle Children love to play
and run on it (Source: Discoveries magazine, April 2016)
Question 36: A take care of B take over C take after D take on
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 39 to 50.
Question 39: Mr Pike _ for this company for more than thirty years, and he intends to stay here until he _.
Question 40: The noise of the typewriter really me off I just couldn’t concentrate.
Question 41: we save, we can buy a new house.
A More money/ the soon B The much money/ the less soon
C The more money/ the sooner D More money/ sooner
Question 42: My father _ an interest in collecting stamps some years ago and now he has a valuable
stamp collection.
Question 43: You _ the washing My sister could have done it for you.
A couldn't have done B hadn't to do C mustn't have done D needn't have done
Question 44: Mountain gorillas are endangered species _ habitats are being destroyed.
Question 45: she got the salary last week, she has complained that she is out of money.
Question 46: We believe that the conservation of natural resources and habitats should be part of technological
and economic
A strength B development C blossom D increase
Question 47: Neither the mother nor the children aware of the danger.
Question 48: The government has measures to promote the development of the economy.
Question 49: _ not to come late, the applicant set out for his job interview quite early.
Question 50: If we _ earlier in the morning, we at the village now.
A had departed/ would arrive B departed/ would have arrived
C departed/ would arrived D had departed/ would have arrived
- THE END
Trang 7-SỞ GD&ĐT BẮC GIANG
(Đề thi gồm 04 trang)
KỲ THI THỬ THPT QUỐC GIA NĂM 2018
MÔN: TIẾNG ANH
Thời gian làm bài: 60 phút không kể thời gian phát đề
Họ, tên thí sinh: Số báo danh:
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 3 to 14.
Question 3: If we _ earlier in the morning, we at the village now.
A had departed/ would arrive B departed/ would have arrived
C departed/ would arrived D had departed/ would have arrived
Question 4: _ not to come late, the applicant set out for his job interview quite early.
A People advised him B He was advised C Advised D Advising
Question 5: she got the salary last week, she has complained that she is out of money.
Question 6: The noise of the typewriter really me off I just couldn’t concentrate.
Question 7: we save, we can buy a new house.
C The much money/ the less soon D More money/ sooner
Question 8: Mountain gorillas are endangered species _ habitats are being destroyed.
Question 9: We believe that the conservation of natural resources and habitats should be part of technological and
economic
A strength B development C blossom D increase
Question 10: Neither the mother nor the children aware of the danger.
Question 11: The government has measures to promote the development of the economy.
Question 12: Mr Pike _ for this company for more than thirty years, and he intends to stay here until he
.
A is working/ will retire B has worked/ retires
Question 13: You _ the washing My sister could have done it for you.
A hadn't to do B needn't have done C mustn't have done D couldn't have done Question 14: My father _ an interest in collecting stamps some years ago and now he has a valuable
stamp collection.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 15: In remote communities, it's important to replenish stocks before the winter sets in.
Question 16: Strongly advocating health foods, Jane doesn’t eat any chocolate.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 17 to 24.
You can usually tell when your friends are happy or angry by the looks on their faces or by their actions This is useful because reading their emotional expressions helps you to know how to respond to them Emotions
Mã đề thi 202
Trang 8have evolved to help us respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others But does raising the
eyebrows and rounding the mouth say the same thing in Minneapolis as it does in Madagascar? Much research on emotional expressions has centered on such questions
According to Paul Ekman, the leading researcher in this area, people speak and understand substantially the same “facial language” Studies by Ekman’s group have demonstrated that humans share a set of universal emotional expressions that testify to the common biological heritage of the human species Smiles, for example, signal happiness and frowns indicate sadness on the faces of people in such far-flung places as Argentina, Japan, Spain, Hungary, Poland, Sumatra, the United States, Vietnam, the jungles of New Guinea, and the Eskimo villages north of Artic Circle Ekman and his colleagues claim that people everywhere can recognize at least seven basic emotions: sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness, and surprise There are, however, huge differences across cultures in both the context and intensity of emotional displays – the so-called display rules In many Asian cultures, for example, children are taught to control emotional responses, especially negative ones, while many American children are encouraged to express their feelings more openly Regardless of culture, however, emotions usually show themselves, to some degree, in people’s behavior From their first days of life, babies produce facial expressions that communicate their feelings
The ability to read facial expressions develops early, too Very young children pay close attention to facial expressions, and by age five, they nearly equal adults in their skill at reading emotions on people’s
faces This evidence all points to a biological underpinning for our abilities to express and interpret a basic set
of human emotions Moreover, as Charles Darwin pointed out over a century ago, some emotional expressions seem to appear across species boundaries Cross-cultural psychologists tell us that certain emotional responses carry different meanings in different cultures For example, what emotion do you suppose might be conveyed
by sticking out your tongue? For Americans, this might indicate disgust, while in China it can signify surprise Likewise, a grin on an American face may indicate joy, while on a Japanese face it may just as easily mean embarrassment Clearly, culture influences emotional expressions.
Question 17: According to the passage, we respond to others by .
A looking at their faces B observing their looks
C observing their emotional expressions D watching their actions
Question 18: Many studies on emotional expressions try to answer the question whether .
A different cultures have similar emotional expressions
B eyebrow raising means the same in Minneapolis and Madagascar
C raising the eyebrows has similar meaning to rounding the mouth
D rounding the mouth has the same meaning in Minneapolis and Madagascar
Question 19: The word “evolved” in line 3 is closest in meaning to .
Question 20: Paul Ekman is mentioned in the passage as an example of .
A investigators on universal emotional expressions
B researchers who can speak and understand many languages
C researchers on universal language
D communicators good at expressing emotions
Question 21: The biggest difference lies in _.
A how often positive emotions are shown B how intensive emotions are expressed
C how emotional responses are controlled D how long negative emotions are displayed
Question 22: Unlike American children, Asian children are taught to _.
A conceal their positive emotions B display their emotions openly
C control their emotions D change their behaviour
Question 23: The phrase “This evidence” in line 20 refers to .
A a biological underpinning for humans to express emotions
B the fact that children can control their feelings
C human facial expressions
D the fact that children are good at recognizing others’ emotions
Question 24: The best title for the passage is _.
A Review of research on emotional expressions B Ways to control emotional expressions
C Human habits of displaying emotions D Cultural universals in emotional expressions
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions
Trang 9Question 25: Having weekly family talks can be an important means of exploring sensitive family issues,
redefining sibling relationships, and to foster new familial bonds.
Question 26: The lifestyle of the people who live in each culture area reflect the geography of that area.
Question 27: We wouldn’t share our opinions so quickly if there isn’t Internet connectivity.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 28 to 34
In the past, both men and women were expected to be married at quite young ages Marriages were generally arranged by parents and family, with their children having little chance to say no in the matter In the past it was not surprising to find that a bride and groom had only just met on the day of their engagement or marriage.
In modern Vietnam, this has changed completely as people choose their own marriage-partners based
on love, and in consideration primarily to their own needs and wants Moreover, early marriage is quite illegal The traditional Vietnamese wedding is one of the most important of traditional Vietnamese occasions Regardless of westernization, many of the age-old customs practiced in a traditional Vietnamese wedding continue to be celebrated by both Vietnamese in Vietnam and overseas, often combining both western and eastern elements Besides the wedding ceremony, there is also an engagement ceremony which takes place usually half a year or so before the wedding The number of guests in attendance at these banquets is huge, usually in the hundreds Several special dishes are served Guests are expected to bring gifts, often money,
which the groom and bride at one point in the banquet will go from table to table collecting.
Question 28: In the past, .
A parents had no right to interfere their children's marriage
B Vietnamese couples were free to make a decision on the marriage
C Vietnamese marriage was decided by parents and family
D getting married at an early age was not allowed
Question 29: With what is the passage mainly concerned?
A The change in marriages in Vietnam B Marriages in modern Vietnam.
C Traditional marriages in Vietnam D The traditional Vietnamese wedding.
Question 30: In former days, the fact that a bride and groom had only first met just on the day of their
engagement or marriage was .
Question 31: According to the passage, .
A overseas Vietnamese people do not like to organize a traditional wedding
B many of the age-old customs practised in a traditional Vietnamese wedding do not exist nowadays
C there is an engagement ceremony which takes place usually half a year or so before the wedding
D there are usually thousands of guests attending the wedding banquet
Question 32: Which sentence is referred about Vietnamese modern marriage, according to the passage?
A All marriages are arranged by parents and family
B Couples do not get married at quite young ages.
C Most young people do not have their marriage based on love
D Marriage is quite westernization.
Question 33: What does the word "which" in line 13 refer to?
A Money B Gifts C Guests D Money and gifts Question 34: Which does NOT exist in a Vietnamese wedding party?
A Firecrackers B Dishes C Gifts D Guests.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.
Question 35: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut It is the second largest city in the state.
A Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, is the second largest city in the state.
B The capital of Connecticut, Hartford which is the second largest city in the state.
C Hartford, the second largest city in the state, which is the capital of Connecticut.
D Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, that is the second largest city in the state.
Question 36: He had just finished eating his breakfast Then he fell down.
Trang 10A Hardly had he finished eating his breakfast when he fell down.
B Hardly he had finished eating his breakfast when he fell down.
C Hardly did he finish eating his breakfast when he fell down.
D Hardly have he finished eating his breakfast when he fell down.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each
of the following exchanges.
Question 37: Lora: “How did you feel when you first started work?” - Jane: “ _”
Question 38: Tim: “What are you going to do for the vacation?” - Tom: “ ”
C I’m not sure, but I might go camping for a few days D I will take some tests.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 39 to 43.
BRINGING THE LEARNING OUTDOORS Kindergarten is a fun place (39) young children learn In some special kindergartens, children learn outside most of the day!
Some kindergartens are (40) the forest In these forest kindergartens, children play freely They're
outside in all kinds of weather At forest kindergartens, children learn by climbing trees and picking fruit They also learn about and (41) animals For example, they collect chicken eggs and feed baby mice.
Little Flower Kindergarten is in Dong Nai, Vietnam At this school, children learn about farming They also learn that it is important (42) healthy food They grow vegetables in gardens - on the roof! They eat the vegetables they grow in their lunches.
At Fuji Kindergarten in Tokyo, Japan, trees grow inside the building! The classroom windows and sliding doors (43) open to the outside most of the year The roof is a big, wooden circle Children love to play
and run on it (Source: Discoveries magazine, April 2016)
Question 41: A take care of B take over C take after D take on
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
Question 44: What a pity! I did not take my camera.
A I regret taking my camera B I wish I took my camera
C My camera used to be taken D If only I had taken my camera.
Question 45: We asked some workers to redecorate the house last year.
A The workers refused to redecorate the house last year.
B The house was not redecorated by any workers last year.
C We had the house redecorated last year.
D We redecorated the house by ourselves last year.
Question 46: What the politician was saying fell on deaf ears last night.
A The politician fell deaf when he was speaking last night.
B No one listened to what the politician was saying last night.
C What the politician was saying deafened the listeners last night.
D No one listened to what the politician was saying last night because they had deaf ears.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 47: Thanks to better healthcare, there are more and more centenarians nowadays.
A children who die at birth B people who live 100 years or more
C children whose parents can’t afford their study D people who suffer from fatal diseases
Question 48: In America, when a woman and a man are introduced, shaking hands is up to the woman.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of the primary stress in each of the following questions.