Talking to terrorists, non violence, and counter terrorism

TALKING TO TERRORISTS, NON-VIOLENCE, AND COUNTER-TERRORISM Lessons for Gaza from Northern Ireland Andrew Fitz-Gibbon Talking to Terrorists, Non-Violence, and Counter-Terrorism Andrew Fitz-Gibbon Talking to Terrorists, Non-Violence, and Counter-Terrorism Lessons for Gaza from Northern Ireland Andrew Fitz-Gibbon State University of New York Cortland NY, USA ISBN 978-3-319-33836-1 ISBN 978-3-319-33837-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33837-8 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2016949374 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland To Ben PREFACE Operation Protective Edge (OPE), which lasted for 51 days in summer 2014, was the third Israeli military operation in Gaza in six years The human impact was extensive: 2132 Palestinians killed, 70 % of whom were civilians, including at least 501 children Over 11,100 Palestinians were injured Seventy-one Israelis were killed, five of whom were civilians, including one child Sixty-nine Israelis were injured Damage to the infrastructure of Gaza was massive: 12,400 housing units were destroyed with reconstruction costs estimated at $1.82bn In April 2015, 17,500 families were still homeless Fourteen health facilities, eight schools, and three universities and colleges were destroyed Thirty percent of agricultural land was damaged.3 * On September 12, 2014, Ian Richard Kyle Paisley, Baron Bannside died He had been active in politics in Northern Ireland for over 40 years Paisley, known for most of his career as the Reverend Ian Paisley, firebrand preacher, hater of Roman Catholics and homosexuals, was a controversial figure—“politically insatiable and highly divisive.”4 He spearheaded the Protestant retrenchment against a United Irish Republic, and was for a time the leader of a large body of Protestant paramilitaries He famously shouted, “Never, never, never, never!” outside Belfast City Hall as he addressed tens of thousands of Protestant loyalists about the November 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement To Pope John Paul II, on his visit to the European Parliament in October 1988, Paisley said, “I denounce you, Anti-Christ! I refuse you as Christ’s enemy and Antichrist with all your false doctrine.” About his enemies the Irish Republican Army (IRA), vii viii PREFACE Paisley said, “If an IRA man comes to a Protestant home and my men are there, they will kill that IRA man, yes sir.” Yet after his death, Northern Ireland Deputy First Minister, and former Deputy Leader of the Irish Republican Party Sinn Féin, Martin McGuinness, paid tribute to Paisley saying that he had “lost a friend.” After the Good Friday agreement of 1998, Paisley had taken his Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) into a power-sharing devolved government with Sinn Féin Paisley was selected as First Minister with McGuinness sitting at his right hand as Deputy First Minister of the new Northern Ireland Assembly, Stormont In his inaugural speech at Stormont, Paisley said, “I believe that Northern Ireland has come to a time of peace, a time when hate will no longer rule How good it will be to be part of a wonderful healing in our province.”5Like British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher who vowed never to talk to terrorists, both sides in the conflict, for decades, refused to talk to each other However, in time, Protestants and Catholics of Northern Ireland sat at table together, became colleagues in power-sharing, and, later, friends who mourn the loss of each other * In this brief account I look at the process of “talking to terrorists” in the Northern Ireland context, and suggest that just such a process will need to take place between Israel and the Palestinians for there to be any genuine peace in the Middle East As I will suggest, the Northern Ireland Peace Process was extraordinarily difficult and required much good faith and compromise on all sides It has not been a perfect peace, and sectarian factions still rumble Nonetheless, compared to the violence and loss of life of the 1970s and 1980s, it remains appropriate to say that peace has come to Northern Ireland The peace process between Israel and the Palestinians has been, and will be, different to that in Northern Ireland However, the two situations have so many factors in common that the comparison is at least worth considering I recognize, too, the complexities of the Palestinian situation and not pretend to answer them all in this short account However, I think that the lessons learned in the Northern Irish Troubles are pertinent, might lead to additional research, and perhaps help toward a just and peaceful solution to the Israeli/Palestinian situation I limit my consideration to Gaza, as this was the conversation I had with my son in summer and fall 2014 I am mindful that Gaza is only one PREFACE ix issue among many in Palestine I have left untouched the complexities of the Israeli settlements on the West Bank, of the difficult relationship between the Palestinians, other Arab nations and Iran, and the internally exiled Palestinian Israelis.6 I am aware that any solution for Gaza must ultimately be a viable solution for all Palestinian people Nonetheless, it was the violence of summer 2014 that gave the initial impetus to write, and so, for good or ill, I focus on the problems of Gaza in the recognition that much that can be said about Gaza can also be said about larger Palestinian issues NOTES At the time Benjamin was director of international programs, an associate professor of history and the Cleveland C Burton Professor of International Programs at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville He has since become a political officer in the Foreign Service of the USA. See his work on Ireland and the end of the British Empire, The Irish Experience During the Second World War: An Oral History (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2004), Turning Points in the Irish Revolution: The British Government and the Cost of Indifference, 1912–1921 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), Imperial Endgame: Britain’s Dirty Wars and the End of Empire (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), Continental Drift: Britain and Europe From the End of Empire to the Rise of Eurosceptism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016) For my work on nonviolence, see “Is Love Nonviolent?” The Acorn: Journal of the Gandhi-King Society, (Volume XIII, 2, Spring-Summer, 2007), “Spiritual Practice as a Foundation for Peacemaking.” Danielle Poe and Eddy Souffrant, Parceling the Globe: Philosophical Exploration in Globalization, Global Behavior, and Peace (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2008), “The War in Iraq: What Works?” Motives (Boston: Boston University, 2009), “The Praxis of Nonviolence,” The Journal for Peace and Justice Studies (19.2) (Philadelphia: Villanova University, 2009), Positive Peace: Reflections on Peace Education, Nonviolence and Social Justice VIBS, Philosophy of Peace Series (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2010), “Rehabilitating Nonresistance,” The Acorn: Journal of the Gandhi-King Society (2010), “Perpetual Violence? Mimesis and Anamnesis.” Rob Gildert and Dennis Rothermel Remembrance and Reconciliation (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2011), “Somaesthetics and Nonviolence.” Social Philosophy Today, North American Society of Social Philosophy (Vol 28, 2012), “The Reasonableness of Sentimentalism and  Violence.” Peace Review (Oct-Dec 24:4, 2012), “Loving Nonviolent (Re)Parenting: A Research Note.” With Jane Hall Fitz-Gibbon Social 78 CONCLUSION as a solution to terrorism pacify the population only temporarily, if at all, leaving deep resentment simmering Says Powell: [I]t is a dangerous suggestion to argue that dirty wars can succeed in the long term, akin to believing that Loyalist revenge killings of innocent Catholics in Northern Ireland helped persuade the IRA to end conflict rather than prolonging and complicating the violence (which it did).1 The IRA had broad popular support in Northern Ireland, the more so after British clampdowns Hamas has the broad support of the people of Gaza, the more so with Israeli violence in Gaza Something similar to the Northern Ireland peace process, applied to the dispute between Israel and Palestine, would require willingness on both sides, with each recognizing the other’s right to exist, and each making a commitment to end violence A binational, pluralist society might well be the best option for peace in the Middle East Talking with terrorists will always be risky—for the negotiators, for states, for the terrorists themselves—each with a constituency to please and appease, to not appear “soft” or “weak.” The alternative is a continued spiral of violence and further suffering for the peoples of the Land Talking to terrorists is the beginnings of a way forward NOTE Terrorists at the Table, 22 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ackerman, Peter, and Jack Duvall 2000 A force more powerful: A century of nonviolent conflict New York: Palgrave Adams, Gerry 2003 A farther shore: Ireland’s long road to peace New  York: Random House Amnesty International 2015 “Black Friday”: 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abuse http://www.btselem.org/ beating_and_abuse/20120704_border_police_officers_assaults_burqan B’Tselem—The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories 2015 Statistics on Palestinians in the custody of the Israeli security forces http://www.btselem.org/statistics/detainees_and_prisoners Bell, J. Bowyer 1996 Terror out of Zion: The fight for Israeli independence New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers © The Author(s) 2016 A Fitz-Gibbon, Talking to Terrorists, Non-Violence, and Counter-Terrorism, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33837-8 79 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY Blair, Tony 2010 A journey: My political life New York: Alfred A. Knopf Bunting, Edward (ed.) 2001 World War II: Day by day London: Dorling Kindersley Buntom, Martin 2013 The Palestinian-Israeli conflict: A very short introduction Oxford: Oxford University Press Cahill, Thomas 1996 How the Irish saved civilization: The untold story of Ireland’s heroic role from the fall of Rome to the rise of medieval Europe New York: Anchor Chenoweth, Erica, and Maria J.  Stephan 2011 Why civil resistance works: The strategic logic of nonviolent conflict New York: Columbia University Press Chomsky, Noam 2014 Master of mankind: Essays and lectures 1969–2013 Chicago: Haymarket Books Chomsky, Noam, and Ilan Pappé 2010 Gaza in crisis: Reflections on Israel’s war against the Palestinians, ed Frank Barat Chicago: Haymarket Books Chomsky, Noam, and Andre Vltchek 2013 On Western terrorism: From Hiroshima to drone warfare New York: Pluto Press Churchill, Winston S 1976 The Second World War Vol 1, The gathering storm New York: Houghton Mifflin Clarke, Liam, and Kathryn Johnston 2007 Martin McGuinness: From guns to government Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Conroy, John 1995 Belfast diary: War as a way of life Boston: Beacon Press Constitution of Ireland In Electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB) October 2015 http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article29_4_9 Coogan, Tim Pat 2002 The troubles: Ireland’s ordeal and 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not of the world: Christian social thinking at the end of the twentieth century Lanham: Lexington Books BIBLIOGRAPHY 81 Fitz-Gibbon, Andrew L 2007 Is Love Nonviolent? 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Peacekeepers? Women in Northern Ireland 1969–1995 Londonderry: INCORE Nacos, Brigitte L 2010 Terrorism and counter terrorism New  York: Penguin Academics Nagler, Michael 2004 The search for a nonviolent future: A promise of peace for ourselves, our families, and our world Maui: Inner Ocean Publishing Northern Ireland Peace Agreement April 10, 1998 http://peacemaker.un.org/ sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/IE%20GB_980410_Northern%20Ireland%20 Agreement.pdf Novak, Michael 1991 The spirit of democratic capitalism London: The IEA Health and Welfare Unit Pappé, Ilan 2006 The ethnic cleansing of Palestine London: Oneworld Publications Powell, Jonathan 2015 Terrorists at the table: Why negotiating is the only way to peace New York: Palgrave Macmillan BIBLIOGRAPHY 83 Ramsey, Jack 1996 SAS: The soldiers’ story London: Macmillan Reinhart, Tanya 2006 The road map to nowhere: Israel/Palestine since 2003 New York: Verso Sachedina, Abdulaziz 2001 The Islamic roots of democratic pluralism Oxford: Oxford University Press Said, Edward W 1992 The question of Palestine, 2nd ed New  York: Vintage Books Segev, Tom 1999 One Palestine, complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate (trans Haim Watzman) New York: Holt Paperbacks Shavit, Ari 2013 My promised land: The triumph and tragedy of Israel New York: Spiegel and Grau Shlaim, Avi 1994 War and peace in the Middle East: A concise history New York: Penguin Sinn Féin 1987 A scenario for peace ,May http://www.sinnfein.ie/files/2009/ AScenarioforPeace.pdf Spitzer, Robert J 2015 Guns across America: Reconciling gun rules and rights Oxford: Oxford University Press Stevens, John 2003 Stevens enquiry: Overview and recommendations, page compiled by Martin Melaugh 17 April http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/ stevens3/stevens3summary.htm Sutton, Malcolm 2014 An index of deaths from the conflict in Northern Ireland, 1995 http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Organisation_Summary.html Swisher, Clayton E 2004 The truth about Camp David: The untold story about the collapse of the Middle East peace process New York: Nation Books Taylor, Peter 1997 Behind the mask: The IRA and Sinn Féin New  York: TV Books Taylor, Peter 2001 Brits: The war against the IRA London: Bloomsbury The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement—Hamas 2006 Special dispatch 1092 Washington, DC: Middle East Media Research Institute, February 14 http://www.memri.org/report/en/print1609.htm Toolis, Kevin 1995 Rebel hearts: Journey’s within the IRA’s Soul New York: St Martin’s Press United Nations 1967 Security Council Resolution 242, November 22 http:// www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/un242.htm United Nations Human Rights Council 2015 Report of the detailed findings of the independent commission of inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1 United Nations: June 24 http://www.ohchr.org/ EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIGazaConflict/Pages/Repor tCoIGaza aspx#report US Department of State 2014 State sponsors of terrorism http://www.state gov/j/ct/list/c14151.htm 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY Walzer, Michael 2000 Just and unjust wars: A moral argument with historical illustrations, 3rd ed New York: Basic Books What Every American Needs to Know about Israel/Palestine: Israelis and Palestinians Killed in the Current Violence posted by If Americans Knew (source Ma’ariv, Oct 10, 2005, p. 6) http://www.ifamericansknew.org/stat/ deaths.html Williams, James G (ed.) 1996 The Girard reader New  York: The Crossroad Publishing Company Wilson, Heather A 1988 International law and the use of force by national liberation movements Oxford: Clarendon Press Wink, Walter 1992 Engaging the powers: Discernment and resistance in a world of domination Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Wink, Walter 1999 The myth of redemptive violence The Bible in Transmission, Spring http://www2.goshen.edu/~joannab/women/wink99.pdf Wright, Lawrence 2014 Thirteen days in September: Carter, Begin, and Sadat at Camp David New York: Alfred A. Knopf INDEX A Act of Union, Adams, Gerry 5, 16, 32–4, 37, 39, 40, 41, 46, 66 al-Aqsa intifada, 12 Al Husaini, Feisal, 52 anti-Semitism, 47 Aquinas, Thomas, 20 Arab-Israeli War, 9, 10, 58, 64 Arab League, 10 Arab Spring, 21 Arab states, 9, 56 Arafat, Yasser, 11, 12, 55, 56, 58 Ashrawi, Hanan, 52 Belen, Yosi, 52 Ben-Gurion, David, 55, 75n28 Black Friday (Amnesty International), 14n48, 24, 25, 29n34, 29n37 Blair, Tony, 31, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43n31, 53, 75n29 Brende, Borge, 47 British Mandate, 1, 7, 9, 10, 56, 57 British policy under colonial rule Ireland compared with Gaza, 10 Brooke, Peter, 34, 35 Bruton, John, 38 B-Specials, 23 Bush, H.W., 64 B back-channel negotiations British govt and IRA/Sinn Féin, 16, 45, 51–3 despite rhetoric of refusal, 51, 53 Israel and PLO, 17, 45, 46, 51, 52, 73, 74n4 Balfour Declaration, 8, 66 Begin, Menachem, 17 The Revolt, 17 C Cairo Conference of 2014, 47 Camp David Agreement Arab view of, 55, 56, 75n31 Carter, Jimmy, 55, 56 causes cultural change, 49, 60, 72, 73 ceasefires by IRA, 33, 36, 38, 39 prerequisite to negotiations, 38, 39, 62 © The Author(s) 2016 A Fitz-Gibbon, Talking to Terrorists, Non-Violence, and Counter-Terrorism, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33837-8 85 86 INDEX Chomsky, Noam, 14n35, 23, 29n30, 29n31, 29n40, 67, 75n29, 76n60 civil disobedience vs terrorist activity, 4, 5, 19 civilian populations targeted by states, 22, 23 civil rights movement, Irish, 4, 49 Clinton, Bill, 55 collateral damage, 22 Collins, Michael, colonization of Northern Ireland compared to Palestine, 4, 8, 10, 18, 57, 58, 64, 78 colonization by immigrants, 2, common cause with Irish, 57 Commonwealth of Nations, 49 conflict resolution requires disarmament and rejection of violence, 32, 40, 45, 57–9, 61–3 requires process that rejects violence, 59, 77 seven principles, 47 sometimes needs honest brokers, 53 Conservative Party in Great Britain coup unseating Thatcher, 35 opposed negotiations with Northern Ireland, 35, 36 criminalization policy of Great Britain, 33 crowd mentality, 63 De Valera, Eamon, dirty protests in H-Block, 69 disarmament as condition for negotiation, 61–3 D death toll statistics, 25, 46 Declaration of Independence (US), 20 Declaration of Principles on Palestinian Self-Rule (DOP), 11 de-colonization of the British Empire, 18 democracy in Koran, 73 detention camps built by Israel for Palestinians, 10, 11 G Gaza Strip, 6–12 compared to Northern Ireland, 7, 10 history, Israel blockade of 2007, 12 Israeli fence erected around, 11 organized and armed groups by 2014, 12 recognition by Arab League, 10 self-determination for, 64, 65, 67 E ECHR See European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) ECtHR See European Court on Human Rights (ECtHR) empathic narrative, 45, 47–51 causes cultural change, 49, 60, 72, 73 emerges from dialogue, 15, 36, 37, 52 European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR), 68 European Court on Human Rights (ECtHR), 68 F Fatah, 11, 12 Fenian Movement, See also Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) freedom fighter vs terrorist, 1, 5, 6, 10, 16–19, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28n13, 33, 52 fundamentalism fueled by persecution, 7, 72 political, 70–3 religious, 70–5 INDEX Girard, René, 60, 63, 75n45 Golan Heights, 56, 64 Good Friday Agreement, 31, 40, 52, 61, 62, 70 Great Britain assimilation of immigrants, 2, 7, H Haganah based on IRA, 57 Hamas compared to IRA, 17, 20, 46, 78 Hamas–Fatah rivalry rivalry, 11, 12 human rights abuses of Palestinians by, 12 role of Hamas terrorism in Gaza, 17, 19–21, 26, 28n9, 28n19, 29n27, 29n41 works for Muslim Palestine and to eradicate Jews, 11, 12, 17, 25, 71 Hannibal Directive, 25 Hirschfeld, Ya'ir, 52 Home Rule for Ireland, honest brokers, 53–9 Britain and Mitchell, 53, 54, 56, 61, 64 Ireland proposed for Middle East, 53, 54, 57–9 for Middle East, 56, 58 hunger strikes, 42n11, 50, 52, 69 Hussein, Saddam, 61, 63, 64 I IDF See Israeli Defense Force (IDF) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 66 interrogation techniques vs torture, 10–12, 25, 68, 69 intifada, Palestinian 1987, 10 al-Aqsa intifada, 12 87 IPDF See Israeli–Palestinian Defense Force (IPDF) IRA See Irish Republican Army (IRA) Iran, 26, 52, 56 IRB See Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) Ireland binational solution, 66, 67 colonization by immigrants, 2, compared to Israel, 7, 10, 17, 20, 23, 27, 40, 45–7, 51–4, 57–9, 62, 64–7, 70, 71, 78 elected to UN Security Council, 63, 75n51 famine of the 1840s, impact on UN and EU Middle East policy, 58 influence of Irish monks, Norman invasion, partition of, 4, 38, 57 Republican sentiment in 19th C., Republic formed, 1–6, 16, 17, 32–4, 37, 39, 40, 42, 46, 47, 50, 51, 53, 57, 59, 66–9 united, 17, 20, 26, 35, 37, 38, 40, 47, 54, 58, 59, 62, 66, 69 Ireland-Great Britain relationship history, 1, 3, 64 Irish Constitution, 57 Irish Free State, 4, 57 Irish rebellion of 1798, 3, Irish Republican Army (IRA), 1, back-channel communications with Britain, 16, 33, 35, 37, 38, 51–3 decommissioning of arms, 39 role of IRA terrorism in obtaining British negotiation, 16–20, 23, 26, 27 turned from terrorism to talking, 18, 23, 27 88 INDEX Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), 3, Irish Revolution factored in end of British Empire, 49, 60 Israel closest US ally in Middle East compared to United Kingdom, 62 options for future, 65 ramifications for criticizing, 47 struggle for statehood, 17 Israeli Defense Force (IDF), 1, 46 Israeli–Palestinian Defense Force (IPDF), 66 Israeli-Palestinian peace process Ireland's and Norway's role, 56 J Jefferson, Thomas, 20 Judaism, ultra-orthodox, 70 just war, 20, 22, 23, 29n30 K King, Tom, 34 Koran, 73 L Lord Mountbatten assassination, 33 Loyalist paramilitarism, 23 Lydda appropriation by Israel, 9, 10 M Madrid Conference, 52 Major, John, 31, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43n18, 43n21, 43n27, 43n37, 53 Mandelson, Peter, 53 Mayhew, Paddy, 37 McGuinness, Martin, 17, 28n6, 28n7, 33, 35–7, 39, 41, 42n7, 43n12, 43n17, 75n26 mediation, 53, 58 middle axioms, 62, 63 Middle East buffer zone between Eastern communism and Western capitalism, 56 Mitchell, George, 5, 39, 53 mononmyth, 60 See also myth of redemptive under violence (AU: Please check spelling) moral principles common to all great religions, 73 myth of redemptive, 59–61, 63, 75n43 myth of redemptive under violence, 59–61, 63 mythology (mythic narrative), 48 British imperial greatness, 49 Catholic narrative enriched by hero stories, 32, 49, 50, 73 empathic, 45, 48–51, 63 Protestant narrative imbued with fear of identity loss, 50 of redemptive violence, 59–61, 63 shapes cultural identity, 49 stories of past injustice reassert present injustice, 49 of violence and ethnic cleansing in Gaza, 50, 51 N nation-state, 20 Neave, Airey, 35 New Labour Party, 37, 39 Northern Ireland apartheid in, 4, 65 growing civil crisis by mid-1960s, INDEX opposed IRA-British negotiations, 16, 18, 27, 38, 39, 42, 51–3, 61, 70 peace process, 31–42 top priority for Britain, 35, 39, 54 Unionist parties, 36, 62 women's role in, 50, 51 Northern Ireland Peace Treaty, 51, 69 Northern Irish Protestantism, 4, 23, 47 O Oatley, Michael, 35, 52 Oldham, J. H., 62 Operation Demetrius, 68 Oslo Accords, 11, 52, 55 See also Declaration of Principles on Palestinian Self-Rule (DOP) P Palestine: errosion by Jewish immigration, 8, Jewish immigration to, 8, religious persecution in, 47, 50, 55, 60, 72 self-determination for, 64–7 two-state partition to form Israel, 9, 57, 58, 65–7, 74 Zionist colonization of, 8, 57 Palestine/Israeli conflict religious zealotry in, 11 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), XV Palestine problem binational solution, 66, 67 compared with Ireland problem, 39 reduced to Jewish/Muslim issue, 72 religious issues, 45, 47, 67, 70, 71, 73, 74 US viewed as pro-Palestinian, 56 89 Palestinian Authority (PA), 12 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 10, 11, 46, 52, 73, 74n4 call for state of Islam to replace Israel, 11 links with IRA, 10, 46, 52, 74n4 Palestinian rebellion quieted by Israeli brutality, 11 paramilitary violence of, partition, forced, 57 peace process during Blair years, 37–42 empathic narrative catalyst for, 47–51 Northern Ireland as model for Middle East, 31–42 requires pluralistic society, 72 requires release of detainees, 67, 70, 689 Peel Commission Report, persecution, 7, 47, 50, 55, 60, 72 Persian Gulf security, 56 physical force republicanism, 16, 61 PIRA See Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) PLO See Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) pluralism in Koran, 73 religious, 45, 70, 73, 74 Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSN), 62 political prisoners, 45, 67–70 POW status for, 67 repatriating, 45, 67–70 Protestant Orange Order, 39, 50 Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), xv, PSN See Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSN) 90 INDEX R Rabin, Yitzhak, 55 reconciliation, 40, 51, 70 Rees, Merlyn, 33 Reformation of the sixteenth century, regionalist vs globalist policies, 56 religion abuses or rights in unitary religious state, 74 civil strife caused by religious differences decentering religious in pluralistic society, 72, 73 shapes community, culture, and politics, 73 Report of the Detailed Findings of the Independent Commission of Inquiry Established Pursuant to Human Rights Council Resolution S-21/ 1, 14, 14n45, 24, 29n33, 57 Republican-Loyalist violence thaw after Mitchell intervention, 5, revolutions, just(ifiable), 20 Reynolds, Albert, 37 rioting and violence between Catholic IRA and Protestant Loyalists, Roed-Larsen, Terje, 53 rogue states, 26 role of Hamas terrorism in Gaza, 19–21 Roman Catholicism in Ireland, 47, 70 Royal Commission on Palestine, 58 Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), RUC See Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) S Sadat, Anwar, 55 Saint George, See also Lydda appropriation by Israel scapegoating, 60 “A Scenario for Peace” (Sinn Féin), 31 SDLP See Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) Second Amendment to US Constitution, 20, 21 The Second World War (Churchill), 18, 22, 29n28, 55, 63 self-determination aided by honest brokers, 53, 63–7 codified in S/RES/242, 63 Irish support for Palestinian, 4, 31, 34, 42, 46, 47 Northern Ireland, 34, 38, 49, 53, 54, 63–7 opposed by Zionists for Palestine, 64 Sharon, Arial, 12 shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland, 34 Sinai region, 56 Sinn Féin British negotiation with, 5, 6, 31, 34, 36–9, 52, 61, 66 British reversal of policy, 31, 34–7 excluded from negotiations, 38 vs IRA, 5, 6, 34–9, 61 relationship with IRA, 37, 38 talks with SDLP, 34, 37 Six-Day Arab-Israeli War Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), 34 Soviet Union, fall of, 21, 72 Special Air Service, 32 spiritual vs political, 34 state-sponsored, 26–7 state vs non-state, Steele, Frank, 33 Stormont, 4, 23, 53, 56, 68 Suez crisis of 1957, 56 suicide bombers, 19, 47 INDEX T terrorism British t in Northern Ireland and Gaza, 16–18, 20, 22, 23, 26, 27, 35, 46, 49, 59, 77 common characteristics, 19 common to UK, Israel, and Palestine, 46 degrees of moral justification, 20 distinguished from other forms of criminality and violence, 19 ended by dialogue, 15 government action compared with, 15–21 governments' refusal to negotiate with terrorists, 16–23, 24–8 influence of Irish monks, internal uprisings labeled as, 21 Israeli, 17, 20, 24–7, 29n40, 29n47 Israeli model for world-wide, 17 Israeli sponsored terrorism in the West Bank, 26, 27, 46, 52, 53, 56, 64, 65 as moral judgment, 20 non-state terrorism, 15, 18–22 nonviolence compared with, 18, 61 Palestinian, 18, 24, 25, 27, 29n40, 29n47 political examples, 22, 26 role of Jewish terrorism in struggle for Israeli statehood, 17, 18 short-vs long-term efficacy, 17 The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism (Novak), 72, 76n72 state/political, 22–6 state-sponsored, 26–8 states' vs terrorists', 17, 20–2, 26, 27, 51, 58, 78 subjectivity in naming and categorizing, 27 sub-state, state, vs state-sponsored, 15, 22, 26–8 91 UK supported Loyalist paramilitaries, 4–6, 27, 32, 46 US-sponsored overthrow of hostile states, 26 in WWII, 49, 61 Thatcher, Margaret, 33, 35, 52 tolerance, 51, 72 torture, 10, 11, 25, 68, 69 ECtHR ruling on British treatment of Irish detainees, 68, 69 to extract information, 25 Troubles ended by virtue of peaceful dialogical negotiations, 38, 39, 42, 42n30, 45, 51–3, 59, 61, 62 low point, 31–4 realization that violence would not resolve, 28, 52 Two Treatises of Government (Locke), 20 U UDA See Ulster Defense Association (UDA) UDR See Ulster Defense Regiment (UDR) UDR Ulster Defense Regiment (UDR) UFF See Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) Ulster Covenant, Ulster Defense Association (UDA) paramilitary violence of, Ulster Defense Regiment (UDR), 5, 23 Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF), Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), Unionist parties, 36, 62 92 INDEX Unionist Protestantism, UN Partition Plan for Palestine (Resolution 181), 67 UNSC Resolution 1435, 58 UN Security Council Resolution 242, 63, 75n51 UVF See Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) V violence effectiveness of v for conflict resolution, 17, 18 mimetic, 60, 62, 63 myth of redemptive, 59–61, 63, 75n43 state vs non-state, 8, 15, 17–22, 26 W Walzer, Michael, 22, 29n30 West Bank Jewish settlement in, 8, 55 self-determination for, 53, 63–7 Westminster policy in Derry and Belfast brutalities during 1970s and 1980s, Whitelaw, William, 33 Wilson, Harold, 33 Wilson, Sir Henry, 45 Z Zionist immigration, Zionism common cause with Irish, 1, 7, 55 spiritual vs political, 34, 73 .. .Talking to Terrorists, Non- Violence, and Counter- Terrorism Andrew Fitz-Gibbon Talking to Terrorists, Non- Violence, and Counter- Terrorism Lessons for Gaza from Northern Ireland Andrew Fitz-Gibbon... conversation my work in nonviolence, peace, and conflict studies.2 As a historian, and a “pragmatic just-warist,” Benjamin brought his extensive work on terrorism, counter- terrorism, and the end of the... IRELAND The history of the relationship between Great Britain and Ireland (technically termed, together with over 6000 smaller islands, the British Isles) is a long and tortuous one According to